2.
TYPES OF BOILERS
2.01 CLASSIFICATION B. Watertube Boilers. Watertube boilers are made in a variety of congurations with respect to tube and drum arrangement.
The two most general classications of heating boilers pertain to the method of manufacture, i.e., by casting or fabrication. Those which are cast usually use iron, bronze, or brass in their construction. Those which are fabricated use steel, copper, or brass, with steel being the most common material used.
2.03
CAST IRON BOILERS
2.02
STEEL BOILERS
Cast iron boilers are made in three general types: horizontal sectional, vertical sectional, and one-piece. Most of the sectional boilers are assembled with push nipples or grommet type seals, but some are assembled with external headers and screwed nipples.
NOTE: Manufacturers recommendations should be followed when adjusting nipples or tie rods. Excess tension on tie rods may be detrimental to the boiler.
Steel boilers can be generally divided into two types, retube and watertube. In retube boilers, the gases of combustion pass through the tubes and the water circulates around them. In watertube boilers, the water passes through the tube and the combustion gases pass around them. A. Firetube Boilers (1) Horizontal Return Tube (HRT). Figure 2.02A1 shows a brick-set boiler of this type. The furnace may also be constructed of steel. (2) Scotch Type Boilers. The scotch boilers used in modern heating systems are similar to those originally designed for shipboard installation and are sometimes called scotch marine boilers. The furnace is a cylinder completely surrounded by water. See Fig. 2.02A-2. Most scotch boilers are of the dry-back or partial wet-back design and are arranged for multiple gas passes. See Fig. 2.02A-2. (3) Firebox Boilers. Firebox boilers have the rebox integral with the boiler, such as the oil eld or locomotive type, and may be single or multiple pass. The furnace of this type boiler is usually enclosed in water-cooled upper sheet, called a crown sheet. Various tube and shell congurations, characterizing different manufacturers designs, complete the boilers. See Figs. 2.02A-3, 2.02A-4, and 2.02A-5. (4) Vertical Firetube Boilers. In vertical retube boilers, the products of combustion pass up through the tubes which are surrounded by water. See Fig. 2.02A-6.
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A. Horizontal Sectional Cast Iron Boilers. Horizontal sectional cast iron boilers are made up of sections stacked one above the other, like pancakes, and assembled with push nipples. See Fig. 2.03A. B. Vertical Sectional Cast Iron Boilers. Vertical sectional cast iron boilers are made up with sections standing vertically like slices in a loaf of bread. See Fig. 2.03B. C. One-Piece Cast Iron Boilers. One-piece cast iron boilers are those in which the pressure vessel is made as a single casting.
2.04
MODULAR BOILERS
Modular boilers utilize a grouping of small boilers to act as a larger boiler with modulated input. The small boilers are called modules and are manifolded together at the job-site. Cast iron modules and fabricated modules are commonly used.
2.05
VACUUM BOILERS
Vacuum boilers are factory sealed steam boilers that are operated below atmospheric pressure.
Fig. 2.02A-1
1998 SECTION VI
Fig. 2.02A-2
FIG. 2.02A-1 HORIZONTAL RETURN TUBE, BRICK-SET
FIG. 2.02A-2 GAS FLOW PATTERNS OF SCOTCH-TYPE BOILERS
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Fig. 2.02A-3
2. TYPES OF BOILERS
Fig. 2.02A-4
FIG. 2.02A-3 TYPE C FIREBOX BOILER
FIG. 2.02A-4 THREE-PASS FIREBOX BOILER
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Fig. 2.02A-5
1998 SECTION VI
Fig. 2.02A-6
FIG. 2.02A-5 LOCOMOTIVE FIREBOX BOILER
FIG. 2.02A-6 VERTICAL FIRETUBE BOILER 18
Fig. 2.03A
2. TYPES OF BOILERS
Fig. 2.03B
FIG. 2.03A HORIZONTAL SECTIONAL CAST IRON BOILER
FIG. 2.03B VERTICAL SECTIONAL CAST IRON BOILER
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