Chart Energy & Chemicals IOM Manual

Installation, Operation, and Maintenance Instructions for Chart Brazed Aluminum Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers, Core-In-Kettle, and Transition Joints

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 2 3 4 6 7 10 13 15 FOREWORD I. INTRODUCTION A. Configuration B. Codes and Materials of Construction II. INSTALLATION A. Arrival Inspection B. Storage C. Lifting and Handling 1. Single Exchangers 2. Multiple Exchanger Assemblies 3. Cold Boxes 4. Core-in-Kettle Assemblies D. Mounting and Bracing 1. Support Angle Mounting System 2. Pedestal Base Mounting System 3. Cold Boxes and Core-in-Kettle Assemblies E. Pipe Connections 1. Pipe Loads 2. Connection Configurations a. Slugged b. Flanged c. Weld Prepared 3. Transition Joints F. Venting G. Insulation III. TESTING AND OPERATION A. Field and/or Shop Proof Testing B. Fouling and Corrosion Protection 1. Filtering 2. Hydrate Suppression (Methanol Injection) 3. Corrosion Protection C. Start Up, Operation and Shut Down IV. MAINTENANCE A. Field and/or Shop Leak Testing 1. Pressure Decay Test 2. Air-Soap Test 3. Nitrogen-Trace Gas Test B. Cleaning 1. Deriming, Back Flushing, and Drying 2. Back Puffing C. Mothballing D. Repair and Service E. Warranty and Liability

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FOREWORD
The following instructions are Chart recommendations regarding installation, operation, and maintenance of Chart brazed aluminum plate-fin heat exchangers, assemblies, and Core-in-Kettle assemblies. Chart instructions are based on extensive experience, including more than 50 years in the design and manufacture of heat exchangers for low temperature applications, including air separation and liquefaction, natural gas processing and liquefaction, helium liquefaction, and hydrogen, ethylene, and other light hydrocarbon product recoveries. THROUGHOUT THIS MANUAL, SAFETY ITEMS ARE HIGHLIGHTED IN CAPITAL LETTERS AND LABELED WITH THE CAUTION MARK SHOWN HERE.

THESE ITEMS SHOULD BE READ WITH CARE AND THOROUGHLY UNDERSTOOD PRIOR TO ANY INSTALLATION, OPERATION, OR MAINTENANCE OF CHART EQUIPMENT. FAILURE TO PROPERLY FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS SO DESIGNATED COULD RESULT IN RUPTURES OR EXPLOSIONS OR OTHER DANGEROUS SITUATIONS WHICH COULD CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH. DO NOT MAKE MODIFICATIONS TO THE EQUIPMENT OR DEVIATE FROM THE PROCEDURES RECOMMENDED IN THIS MANUAL. THE CONTRACTOR OR OWNER INSTALLING CHART EQUIPMENT SHOULD PAY CLOSE ATTENTION TO THESE RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES ALONG WITH ANY LIFTING AND HANDLING INSTRUCTIONS PROVIDED WITH INDIVIDUAL UNITS. When these recommendations are followed, extended and reliable service from a Chart heat exchanger, Core-inKettle, or assembly can be expected. Recommended procedures do not, of course, cover all possible variations in equipment design or provide answers to all specific installation and operating questions which may occur. If for any reason these recommendations cannot be followed, Chart Energy & Chemicals must be contacted for further information.

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I. INTRODUCTION
I. A. Configuration (See Figure I, inside cover) Chart brazed aluminum plate-fin heat exchangers are constructed of aluminum. The basic construction consists of layers of corrugated fins which are furnace brazed between parting sheets. The exchanger dimension created by this stack of layers is referred to as the stack height dimension of the exchanger. The rectangular plate-fin block created by this stack of layers is also referred to as a core and is normally specified by its outside block dimensions of W (width) times H (stack height) times L (length). A heat exchangers size, number of layers, type of fins, stacking arrangement, and stream circuiting will vary depending on the application requirements. The basic components of a brazed aluminum heat exchanger are as follows. I. A. 1. Nozzles Nozzles are the pipe sections used to connect the heat exchanger headers to the customer piping. I. A. 2. Headers Headers are the half cylinders which provide for the distribution of fluid from the nozzles to or from the ports of each appropriate layer within the heat exchanger. I. A. 3. Ports Ports are the openings in either the side bar or the end bar, located under the headers, through which the fluids enter or leave individual layers. I. A. 4. Distributor Fins Distributor fins distribute the fluid between the port and the heat transfer fins. The distributor fin used adjacent to a port is called a port fin. The distributor fin used between a port fin and a heat transfer fin is called a turning fin. The typical distributor fin thickness is .016 inch. I. A. 5. Heat Transfer Fins Heat transfer fins provide an extended heat transfer surface. All fins, both heat transfer and distributor, provide a connecting structure between the parting sheets, thereby creating the essential structural and pressure holding integrity of the heat exchanger. Typical heat transfer fin thicknesses are .007, .008, .010, and .016 inch. I. A. 6. Parting Sheets Parting sheets (sometimes referred to as separator sheets) contain the fluids within individual layers in the exchanger and also serve as primary heat transfer surface. Typical parting sheet thicknesses are .040, .080, and .125 inch. I. A. 7. Outside sheets Outside sheets (sometimes referred to as cap sheets) serve as the outside parting sheets. They are typically .25 inch thick and serve as the outer protective surface of the exchanger as well as a land for weld attachment of the headers.

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I. A. 13. Cold Box A cold box consists of a welded airtight carbon steel casing, usually rectangular in shape, which supports and houses heat exchangers, piping, other related cryogenic equipment, and insulation material. I. A. 14. Transition Joint A transition joint is a bimetallic coupling used to make the transition from aluminum to stainless steel piping. Transition joints are available in various configurations. I. A. 15. Core-in-Kettle A Core-in-Kettle consists of a cylindrical pressure vessel, usually carbon or stainless steel, which contains and supports one or more brazed aluminum heat exchangers and associated piping including transition joints. In operation, one fluid is piped through the headered stream of the exchanger and the other partially fi lls the vessel and communicates with the open (unheadered) stream of the exchanger. I. B. Codes and Materials of Construction Chart brazed aluminum heat exchangers are normally designed and manufactured in accordance with Section VIII, Division I of the ASME Pressure Vessel Code, carry the U stamp, and are registered with the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors. Associated piping is normally designed and manufactured in accordance with the ASME B31.3 Piping Code. The ASME Pressure vessel and piping code boundaries are indicated on the Chart drawing. Chart heat exchangers and piping are sometimes designed and manufactured to other (international) codes. The governing international code is specified on the Chart drawing and exchanger nameplate. The following table indicates the typical materials of construction for the brazed aluminum heat exchanger components.

I. A. 8. Side and End Bars Side and end bars enclose individual layers and form the protective perimeter of the exchanger. Solid extruded forms are used. Typical bar widths are .81, 1.0, and 1.5 inch. I. A. 9. Support Angles Support angles are typically 90 extruded aluminum angles welded to the exchanger bar face for the purpose of supporting or securing an exchanger in its installed position. Other support configurations, such as pedestal bases, are also available (see Figure VIII). I. A. 10. Lifting Lugs Lifting lugs (aluminum) are lift attachment points strategically welded to the exchanger block or a header/nozzle assembly for the specifi c purpose of lifting the exchanger into its installed position. Note: The remainder of this section (I. A. 11 thru I. A. 15.) defines terminology used to describe Chart heat exchanger assemblies and associated piping. I. A. 11. Modular Exchanger Assembly A modular exchanger assembly consists of two or more exchanger blocks, welded together prior to attaching the headers, to form a single piece exchanger. This form of construction is used when the customers heat exchange requirements exceed the maximum block size which can be furnace brazed. Modular construction eliminates the need for costly piping to interconnect separate, individual exchangers. I. A. 12. Multiple Exchanger Assembly A multiple exchanger assembly, often referred to as a battery, consists of two or more exchangers piped or manifolded together into a single assembly with the individual exchangers arranged either in a parallel, series, or combination parallel series arrangement. Multiple exchanger assemblies are used when the customers heat transfer requirements are too large for either single piece or modular heat exchanger construction.

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C.
COMPONENT - TYPICAL MATERIALS (Aluminum Alloy) Outside Sheets Parting Sheets Side and End Bars Heat Transfer Fins Distributor Fins Headers & Nozzles Flanges Support Angles Lifting Lugs 3003 3003 3003 3003 3003 5083* 6061-T6* 6061-T6* 5083*

*Actual materials may differ and are specified on the

Chart assembly drawing.

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CHART ENERGY & LS, INC.6

II. INSTALLATION
II. A. Arrival Inspection Upon arrival the heat exchanger should be inspected for shipping damage and contamination. Closely examine all units for external damage. For units shipped unpressurized, check under the shipping covers for contamination of the port openings. For units shipped pressurized (normally to 15 psig) with dry air or nitrogen, each headered or manifolded stream is provided with a valve and coupling to which a pressure gauge can be mounted (See Figure IX). A positive pressure should be indicated on the gauge when the valves are opened. If a stream does not indicate a positive pressure and the valve and coupling connections have been checked for leakage, it should be repressurized with dry air or nitrogen to 15 psig. If a leak in the heat exchanger, shipping damage or internal shipping contamination is confirmed, contact Chart Energy & Chemicals for further direction. II. B. Storage An indoor storage area away from any main work area is recommended. Indoor storage is required for exchangers having open layers or nozzles not covered with welded or bolted covers. Any ingress of moisture into these open layers should be avoided. In all storage areas, the following additional recommendations should be followed. III. B. 1. The heat exchangers are shipped in protective crates or on wood or steel channel skids and should be stored in the original shipping package. Stacking of exchangers in crates should not be more than two high and should be limited to exchangers of the same size only. DO NOT STACK skidded exchangers.

NEVER STACK CRATED EXCHANGERS WHEN TRANSPORTING. NEVER STACK EXCHANGERS SHIPPED WITH SKIDS ONLY (NO CRATE). IMPROPER STACKING OF EXCHANGERS COULD RESULT IN AN EXCHANGER FALLING FROM ITS STACKED POSITION CAUSING SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH AS WELL AS IRREPARABLE DAMAGE TO THE EXCHANGER. IV. B. 2. The storage area should provide level, uniform support with good drainage. If the heat exchanger has been removed from its crate, it should be laid on wooden sleepers in a horizontal position on the outside sheet face of the exchanger. The wooden sleepers should be at least six (6) inches wide and extend beyond the edges of the exchanger. Failure to extend sleepers beyond the edges of the exchanger can result in internal damage to the outside layers. Use only two sleepers one near each end of the exchanger at a distance from each end that is approximately one fourth the exchangers length. Avoid positioning the sleepers under any headers. Use a soft, resilient material such as fiber board as a buffer between the sleeper and the heat exchanger. II. B. 3. The storage area should be located where the heat exchanger is not subjected to fluids or atmospheres which are corrosive to aluminum.

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II. B. 4. The storage area should be located where the heat exchanger is not subjected to vibration. II. B. 5. Avoid a location where other work activity or falling objects will be in the vicinity of the stored heat exchanger. External denting of the heat exchanger can damage the internal matrix of the heat exchanger and cause leakage. II. B. 6. Avoid a location which is subject to large fluctuations in temperature (especially below 32F), or high humidities when the exchanger is not sealed and weather proofed, as this can cause condensed water to accumulate in the exchanger and freeze when the exchanger is placed in storage or operation. Water freezing inside the heat exchanger can damage its internal matrix. II. B. 7. Heat exchangers must be properly covered and sealed in such a manner that dirt, sand, water, or foreign materials cannot enter open nozzles, ports, or through any other access into the heat exchanger. For heat exchangers that are shipped pressurized, dry air or nitrogen with a dew point of 32F or less should be sealed in each stream during storage. The dry air or nitrogen pressure should be 15 psig or one third the stream design pressure whichever is less. Periodically, the heat exchanger should be checked to ensure that the pressure is maintained. For heat exchangers which are not shipped with pressure and do not have welded shipping covers on the nozzles, all nozzle openings on the heat exchanger should be covered and sealed while the unit is in a dry condition. II. B. 8. Cold boxes are constructed to be both air and water tight. Prior to storage, all closed openings should be inspected for sealing. Precautions should be taken to avoid water, dirt, sand, etc., from entering the cold box during storage. Cold boxes should be stored in the horizontal position with the weight concentrated at the cold box structural frame members in accordance with the Chart drawing. If the cold box is to

be stored for more than thirty (30) days, it is recommended that a dry environment be maintained within the cold box (for example, continuously purge with dry air). II. C. Lifting and Handling

FAMILIARIZATION WITH ALL APPLICABLE CHART DRAWINGS IS REQUIRED BEFORE ANY INSTALLATION WORK PROCEEDS. PARTICULAR CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN WHENEVER OFF LOADING, MOVING, OR LIFTING THE HEAT EXCHANGER.

FAILURE TO HANDLE EQUIPMENT PROPERLY COULD RESULT IN THE EXCHANGER BEING DROPPED OR SOME OTHER EQUIPMENT ACCIDENT WHICH COULD CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH AS WELL AS IRREPARABLE DAMAGE TO THE EXCHANGER. Confirm the weight, dimensions, and lift connection locations of the heat exchanger. Select the appropriate hoisting machines, spreader bars, slings, shackles, and other material handling tools in consideration of the height, the exchanger weight, and the angle and direction of the hoisting. Care should be taken to avoid impacts to the heat exchanger. Rough or improper handling can cause damage to the internal matrix of the heat exchanger. II. C. 1. Single Exchangers II. C. 1. a. Crated (Lifting and Moving in a Horizontal Position) Crated or skidded heat exchangers should be handled following the methods shown in Figure II. Crated heat exchangers can be moved with a fork truck to lift or tow (wood skidded/crated exchanger only), or with a crane using slings to lift the unit, use a spreader bar as shown. When lifting with fork trucks have the forks horizontal. DO NOT RAM! II. C. 1. b. Uncrated (Lifted and Moving in a Horizontal Position) The following instructions should always be adhered to when lifting and handling the uncrated exchanger in the horizontal position. (See Figure III).

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NOT PROVIDED, AND SPECIFIC LIFTING INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE UNIT ARE NOT AVAILABLE, CONTACT CHART ENERGY & CHEMICALS. DO NOT LIFT USING THE NOZZLES OR ANY OTHER PIPING UNLESS SPECIFICALLY SHOWN IN THE CHART DRAWING FOR THE UNIT.

FIGURE IV TYPICAL METHOD FOR ROLLING HEAT EXCHANGER FROM SHIPPING ATTITUDE TO ALTERNATE SIDES. (UNCRATED EXCHANGERS) USE ONLY WHEN AUTHORIZED ON CHART ASSEMBLY DRAWING.

FAILURE TO HANDLE EQUIPMENT PROPERLY COULD RESULT IN THE EXCHANGER BEING DROPPED OR SOME OTHER EQUIPMENT ACCIDENT WHICH COULD CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH AS WELL AS IRREPARABLE DAMAGE TO THE EXCHANGER. II. C. 2. Multiple Exchanger Assemblies Considering the numerous possible variations in heat exchanger and piping assembly configurations, size and weight, a single lifting, handling, and erection procedure for multiple exchanger assemblies is not possible. For these assemblies, lifting instructions are included on the Chart assembly drawing or on a separate erection drawing. Multiple exchanger assemblies should be handled with the same care afforded individual heat exchangers.

position will depend upon heat exchanger configuration and weight. Lifting instructions are provided on the Chart drawings shipped with the unit. There are two basic methods for lifting to the vertical position. Other methods are approved only if specified on the Chart drawing for the unit. Both methods are similar except for the point of lifting attachment. One method involves the use of lifting lugs provided with the Chart unit (See Figure V). The other method involves lifting off the exchanger nozzles (See Figure VI). These lifting methods are used for both support angle mounting and pedestal base mounting of heat exchangers.

LIFTING LUGS SHOWN IN THE CHART DRAWINGS SHOULD ALWAYS BE USED. DO NOT LIFT FROM THE MANIFOLD PIPING UNLESS SPECIFICALLY INDICATED IN THE CHART LIFTING INSTRUCTIONS SUPPLIED WITH THE UNIT.

FAILURE TO HANDLE EQUIPMENT PROPERLY COULD RESULT IN THE ASSEMBLY BEING DROPPED OR SOME OTHER EQUIPMENT ACCIDENT WHICH COULD CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH AS WELL AS IRREPARABLE DAMAGE TO THE EXCHANGER ASSEMBLY. II. C. 3. Cold Boxes For each cold box assembly, lifting, handling, and erection instructions are provided on a Chart Drawing.

IF LIFTING LUGS ARE PROVIDED, THEY SHOULD BE USED AS THE ATTACHMENT LIFTING POINT. IF LIFTING LUGS ARE

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II. C. 4. Core-in-Kettle Assemblies

Core-in-Kettle assemblies are provided with appropriate lifting lugs on the kettle. Core-in-Kettle assemblies should be handled with the same care afforded shell and tube exchanger assemblies.

plane to this same standard. Shimming is acceptable but is not preferred. II. D. 1. c. Since these exchangers are normally installed in cryogenic services, some method of insulating between the Chart aluminum support angles and the customer mating support surface is recommended. A minimum of .5 inch thick piece of Micarta (phenolic canvas base laminate) block is recommended for this purpose. The insulation material thickness should be sufficient to minimize heat leak and prevent frost spots from developing on the cold box walls during operating conditions. II. D. 1. d. Provisions for thermal expansion and contraction of the heat exchanger in the horizontal plane at the support location must be provided. The expected thermal movement should be calculated in both horizontal directions by the following equation. D=12.6 x 10-6 x L x T Where L is the distance in inches between extreme bolts in the direction under consideration, T is the change in temperature in F at the support location from the installed (ambient) temperature to the coldest possible operating temperature, and D is the expected thermal movement in inches which will result from this calculation. If the expected thermal movement in both directions is .5 inch or less, the bolt hole diameters in the aluminum support angles should be oversized by adding the maximum expected thermal movement to the bolt diameter. If the expected thermal movement exceeds .5 inch in one of the horizontal directions, a slotted hole should be used with a slot length equal to the bolt diameter plus the maximum expected thermal movement, and a slot width equal to the bolt diameter plus the expected thermal movement in the other direction.

LIFTING LUGS PROVIDED ON CHART COREINKETTLES FOR LIFTING AND HANDLING SHOULD BE USED WHENEVER MOVING THE CORE-IN-KETTLE ASSEMBLY.

FAILURE TO HANDLE THIS EQUIPMENT PROPERLY COULD RESULT IN THE CORE-IN-KETTLE ASSEMBLY BEING DROPPED OR SOME OTHER EQUIPMENT ACCIDENT WHICH COULD CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH AS WELL AS IRREPARABLE DAMAGE TO THE CORE-IN-KETTLE ASSEMBLY. II. D. Mounting, Bracing and Shipping Support Removal II. D. 1. Support Angle Mounting System (Single Or Multiple Exchanger Assemblies) Chart heat exchangers are normally installed vertically with the warm end up (See Figure VII). Other orientations are permissible only if specified on the Chart assembly drawing. Chart heat exchangers are normally provided with aluminum support angles welded directly to the side bar face of the exchanger for mounting purposes. The following are general mounting recommendations for both single exchangers and for multiple exchanger assemblies utilizing support angle mounting systems. (See Figure VII) II. D. 1. a. All shipping supports should be removed as shown on the Chart drawings. Extreme care should be taken to keep all steel working torches and fl ame cutting tools at a proper distance from the aluminum heat exchanger(s) in order to prevent severe damage to brazed joints and to the internal matrix. II. D. 1. b. The support angle surfaces on the exchanger are in plane within .06 inch. The mating support surface (by customer) should be a continuous member and be in

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II. D. 1. e. Bolts employed to secure the exchanger to the supporting surface must be finger tight only. (Note: This requirement applies to all mounting systems, angle type and pedestal base type.) Do not use lock washers. Use a double nut or interrupt the bolt threads to prevent the nut from working loose. Wrench tightening the bolts could allow relatively small horizontal pipe loads applied to either end of the exchanger to develop bending moments on the exchanger which may produce unacceptable stress concentrations at the support angles. II. D. 1. f. To avoid excessive bending moments on the support angle itself, the supporting surface must not extend beyond 1.0 inch of the exchanger side bar face. A distance of 0.5 inch is recommended. II. D. 1. g. The support system should be safeguarded by the provision of a sway brace, located at the opposite end of the exchanger away from the main support angles or pedestal base, whenever the total external loads (pipe, wind and earthquake) are sufficient to cause lateral movement of the exchanger. A close fit between the exchanger scuff plate and the sway brace is required since ambient to operating cryogenic temperatures at this position can produce .12 inch clearance from thermal contraction. Scuff plates can be furnished on the exchanger by Chart. Do not fasten any sway brace directly to the exchanger! The exchanger must be free to move in the vertical direction. II. D. 1. h. For reversing (air separation service) exchangers, supporting directly from the bottom (warm end) manifolds is acceptable if provided for on the Chart assembly drawing. Warm end manifolds for reversing exchangers should always be provided with sumps and drains of adequate size to return any condensed water from the manifold piping so that water will not be entrained in the fl uid stream or slugged into the exchanger during pressure reversals.

If the expected movement exceeds .5 inch in both directions, the holes in the aluminum support angles should be slotted as per above in one direction and the holes in the stainless steel support beam should be slotted as per above in the other direction with slot widths equal to the bolt diameter plus .12 inch.

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It is the customers responsibility to provide sufficient piping flexibility or anchor points in the customer piping to ensure that the combined loads on each nozzle and on the exchanger are within the allowable limits specified by Chart. Failure to provide sufficient pipe flexibility or anchor points could result in combined pressure and external pipe loads being applied which exceed the allowable loads and cause failure of the exchanger.I FLANGE RAISED FACE WELD NECKNUM FLANGE INSTRUCTIONALION FOR FIELD CUT OFF FIGURE IX TYPICAL CONNECTIONS FOR EXCHANGERS AND ASSEMBLIES SHIPPED WITH PRESSURE

II. D. 2. Pedestal Base Mounting System (Single or Multiple Exchanger Assemblies) An alternate method to the support angle mounting system is an aluminum pedestal base mounting system provided with the exchanger (See Figure VIII). The pedestal base mounting system is generally employed when cold box installation is not required and the exchangers can be mounted at ground level as this is usually a less costly method for mounting. The same recommendations regarding shimming, insulation, bolt hole size, bolt tightness, and bracing for support angle mounting systems in Section II. D. 1. should be followed for pedestal base mount systems. II. D. 3. Cold Box assemblies Following installation of a cold box assembly on its foundation and prior to making pipe connections, all identified temporary shipping supports should be removed. Temporary shipping supports are normally identified with yellow paint. II. D. 3. Core-in-Kettle assemblies The holes for the anchor bolts are slotted in the sliding saddle to allow for thermal contraction and expansion. When installing the Core-In-Kettle it is critical to align the anchor bolts in the center of the slots. In rare cases the saddle geometry may require the anchor bolts be installed offset in the slots. In these cases the required positioning is specified on the Core-InKettle drawing. II. E. Pipe Connections II. E. 1. Pipe Loads A table indicating maximum allowable pipe loads for the heat exchanger or assembly is provided with the Chart drawing. This table indicates the maximum allowable bending moment and the axial load which can be applied at each header location on the exchanger. These maximum loads are not to be applied simultaneously. Instructions for summing applied moments and forces are supplied with this table.

Valve and Coupling

Slugged End Location for field cut off

TYPICAL SLUGGED CONNECTION

Blind Flange

Raised Face Weld Neck Aluminum Flange Instructional Tag Showing 15 PSIG Dry Air or N2 Charge
TYPICAL FLANGED CONNECTION C

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II. E. 2. Connection Configurations II. E. 2. a. Slugged Connections Slugged connections do not always ship with slugged ends (test closures) which are compatible with the design pressure of the heat exchanger or assembly. IF A FIELD PRESSURE TEST IS TO BE CONDUCTED WITH PRESSURE ABOVE 25 PSIG BEFORE THE BLIND FLANGE IS REMOVED, CONTACT CHART TO CONFIRM THE MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE RATING OF THE BLIND FLANGE.

IF A FIELD PRESSURE TEST IS TO BE CONDUCTED WITH PRESSURE ABOVE 25 PSIG BEFORE THE SHIPPING SLUG IS REMOVED, CONTACT CHART TO CONFIRM THE MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE RATING OF THE SLUGS SHIPPED WITH THE HEAT EXCHANGER OR ASSEMBLY.

OVERPRESSURIZATION OF A HEAT EXCHANGER OR ASSEMBLY WITH BLIND FLANGES NOT DESIGNED FOR PRESSURE TEST PURPOSES COULD RESULT IN A RUPTURE OF THE FLANGED ENDS AND CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH. Prior to removing the plug or pressure gauge from the shipping valve, be sure the valve is in the closed position. Exercise caution and accepted safety procedures for removal of a plug from a pressure vessel.

OVERPRESSURIZATION OF A HEAT EXCHANGER OR ASSEMBLY WITH SLUGGED ENDS NOT DESIGNED FOR PRESSURE TEST PURPOSES COULD RESULT IN A RUPTURE OF THE SLUGGED ENDS AND CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH. Prior to removing the plug or pressure gauge from the shipping valve, be sure the valve is in the closed position. Exercise caution and accepted safety procedures for removal of a plug from a pressure vessel.

FAILURE TO CONFIRM THE SHIPPING VALVE IS IN THE CLOSED POSITION PRIOR TO REMOVAL OF THE PLUG OR PRESSURE GAUGE CAN RESULT IN THE PLUG OR GAUGE BECOMING A PROJECTILE AND CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH. Aluminum or steel (stainless for cryogenic service) mating flanges are typically used with the Chart flanged connection. Care should be exercised to protect the machined face of the flange against scratches, dents, etc. that will reduce the effectiveness of the gasket in making a proper seal. The two mating surfaces of the flanges should be parallel with each other prior to connecting. Flange faces should be aligned to the design plane to within .06 inch/foot (0.5%) maximum, measured across the diameter of the fl ange mating face, and flange bolt holes should be aligned to within .12 inch maximum offset. Connections should be made utilizing the procedure of gradually tightening diametrically opposite bolt pairs and tightening the pairs in a sequence which most uniformly loads the gasket. Installed bolts and gaskets shipped with the blind flange should not be used for making final

FAILURE TO CONFIRM THE SHIPPING VALVE IS IN THE CLOSED POSITION PRIOR TO REMOVAL OF THE PLUG OR PRESSURE GAUGE CAN RESULT IN THE PLUG OR GAUGE BECOMING A PROJECTILE AND CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH. The proper cut off location of the nozzle or pipe can be found on the Chart assembly drawing (See Figure IX). Beveling and welding procedures should be followed per the applicable code requirements. Before making final connections to the exchanger, care should be exercised to remove any saw chips, torch slag, or other foreign material from the pipe, nozzle and header area. These items can plug the exchanger. II. E. 2. b. Flanged Connections Flanged connections do not always ship with blind flanges (covers) which have a design pressure rating compatible with the design pressure of the heat exchanger itself.

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connections as they are not designed for cryogenic service. Stainless steel bolts and nuts should be used for the final fi eld connection for cryogenic service. Stainless steel washers should be used under the bolt heads or nuts on the aluminum fl ange, and threads should be lubricated for proper torque wrench applications.
Gasket recommendations: Chart recommends the use of gaskets with "m" value not exceeding 3.0 and "Y" value not exceeding 5000 lb/in2. If spiral wound gaskets are used they should be of the "low seating stress" type. If higher seating stress gaskets are selected consult Chart to determine if Chart's standard recommend bold torques are adequate. Bolting recommendations: Down to -50F Studs Nuts SA193 B7 A194 GR 2H Below 50F Stud Diameters thru 1.5 SA320 B8 CL2 SA194 GR 8 Below 50F Stud Diameters above 1.5 SA320 B8M2 SA194 GR 8

FIGURE X TYPICAL TRANSITION JOINTS FOR PIPING CONNECTIONS

ALUMINUM

STAINLESS STEEL
CHART STANDARD TRANSITION JOINT

STAINLESS STEEL

Recommended Bolt Torques: Bolt torques for use with 6061-T6 aluminum flanges: All bolting shall be given a final tightening by torque wrench. Bolts are to be torqued to the full value shown in the table below and then re-torqued after 15 minutes. Torque values are based on a resultant bolt stress of 25,000 lb/in2 assuming well lubricated studs, nuts and washers.
Bolt Size

ALUMINUM

DO NOT REMOVE WELD

FLANGE REINFORCED TRANSITION JOINT Beveling of the mating pipe and welding procedures should be per the applicable code requirements. Before making fi nal connections to the exchanger, remove any saw chips, torch slag, or other foreign material from the pipe, nozzle and header area. These items can plug the exchanger.

(in)
5/8 7/8 1 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-3/8 1-1/2 1-5/8 1-3/4 1-7/8 2 2-1/4 2-1/2 2-3/4 3

TPI 13 11 10 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Torque (ft lbs) 25 50 92 142 217 313 438 596 771 1000 1250 1552 1883 2717 3750 5021 6563

Torque Increments

Snug, then full torque

Snug, 1/2 torque, then full torque

Snug, 1/3 torgue, 2/3 torque, Then full torque

II. E. 3 Transition Joints (See Figure X) Unless authorized by the joint manufacturer, transition joints are to be attached only to piping components. To prevent failure of the bond during welding, precautions must be taken to avoid overstressing the bond due to differential expansion between the aluminum and stainless steel joint components. These stresses can be maintained within allowable limits by taking the following precautions:

Snug, 1/4 torque, 1/2 torque, 3/4 torque, Then full torque

II. E. 2. C. Weld Prepared Connections Weld prepared connections are properly trimmed to length and beveled for welding. The trim length and beveling detail is provided on the Chart drawing. Connections prepared for welding are covered during shipments. The exchanger or assembly does not ship with pressure.

Y & CHE

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Place a chill block or damp rags on the aluminum/steel overlapping bond area. If damp rags are used, care should be taken to keep the rags or cloths damp. A dry cloth will allow the joint to become excessively hot. Temperature in the aluminum/steel overlapping area must be held to a maximum of 300F (149C), unless higher temperatures are permitted by the joint manufacturer. When installing a loose transition joint, weld the stainless steel end first whenever possible. This will provide a larger sink for the heat generated by the aluminum welding. Use weld techniques and sequences to minimize the heat input. Care should be taken to avoid non-uniform heating, weld sequences or weld techniques which would cause isolated high stress areas, i.e. "Block Welding,"local repair welds, or other similar types of localized welding. When installing or working with flange reinforced transition joints: Do not loosen the nuts or bolts. Do not attempt to pry the flanges apart. No internal gasket is used with this part. Servicing is not required. Loads on transition joints are to be maintained within allowable limits See II. E. 1. II. F. Venting External venting of inactive or non operational internal zones of some exchangers is required when specified on the Chart drawing. Examples of inactive zones that require venting are: 1) the modular space formed by welding together two exchanger blocks; 2) the dead corner of a reversing stream warm end distributor employing the slant bar drainability feature; 3) the space formed between two tandem streams having adjacent side headers at mid exchanger; or 4) other special cases. Chart exchangers which have an inactive zone are normally designed to be self venting and simply require that the plastic shipping plugs be removed by the installing contractor just prior to insulating and pressurizing any stream. This requirement is stated on the Chart drawing and on a tag attached to exchanger. If you wish to monitor an inactive zone by attaching a vent line, be sure to extend the vent line outside the cold box or insulation and provide a relief valve on the vent line to protect the inactive zone of the exchanger against pressurization over 15 psig. Maintain the vent line in an internally frost free condition to eliminate the possibility of line blockage from freezing liquids. A 3/4" NPS or larger line is recommended to avoid potential flow restriction.

FAILURE TO LIMIT THE PRESSURIZATION OF INACTIVE ZONES IN THE HEAT EXCHANGER TO A MAXIMUM OF 15 PSIG COULD RESULT IN A RUPTURE OF THE HEAT EXCHANGER AND CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH. ALWAYS FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS ON THE CHART DRAWING. II. G. Insulation Since brazed aluminum heat exchangers usually operate at cryogenic temperatures, highly effi cient insulation should be applied by the customer to minimize heat leak. Insulation material is normally applied after the unit is installed at the job site. Flammable materials should be avoided for insulation. Insulation materials are not normally applied to the exchanger(s) prior to installation because insulation materials are easily damaged in transit, they restrict the use of shipping tie downs and supports, and they would impair accessibility to the unit for lifting, mounting, leak testing, and other installation preparations. Typically, the exchanger is mounted inside a cold box which is insulated by filling the cold box with expanded perlite granules according to the requirements of the engineering contractor. Normally, an expanded perlite density of three (3) to five (5) pounds per cubic foot is specified. CHART ENERGY & CHEMICALS, INC.

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Rock wool is an alternative material used for this purpose. When the exchanger is not mounted inside a cold box, the exchangers exterior is normally insulated with rigid polyurethane foam, or other alternative such as Foamglass insulation, according to the thickness and requirements specified by the engineering contractor. These insulations are positioned and fastened around the exchanger and covered with a vapor barrier. Protective metal coverings or flashing can be used for this purpose. In all installations, some form of insulation such as a Micarta spacer should be used between the heat exchanger support member and the supporting beam or platform (see Section II. D. 1. c.). Caution should always be exercised whenever welding or flame cutting near insulation materials. III. TESTING AND OPERATION III. A. Field and/or Shop Proof Testing Most codes require a pressure test of the piping system after the exchanger or assembly is installed. A pneumatic test is most often performed. Only clean, dry gases should be used for pneumatic proof and subsequent leak testing. Water, or any fluid that may freeze should not be used in any testing or cleaning of the Chart exchanger as it is extremely difficult to dry the exchanger in the field. Trapped water, which can eventually freeze in the exchanger matrix, can develop hydraulic pressures sufficient to rupture the internals of the exchanger without any external evidence. If water is accidentally introduced into the exchanger, see Section IV. B. 1. for drying procedures. In Section IV. A., several practical field tests are recommended for determining leaks. The pneumatic proof test pressure shall comply with National Board Inspection Code requirements or, if applicable, international pressure vessel code inspection requirements and shall not exceed 1.1 times the maximum working pressure specified on the Chart nameplate.

OVERPRESSURIZATION OF THE HEAT EXCHANGER COULD RESULT IN A RUPTURE OF THE HEAT EXCHANGER AND CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH. III. B. Fouling and Corrosion Protection Brazed aluminum plate-fin heat exchangers are capable of handling a wide variety of fluids. Fluids should be clean, dry, and noncorrosive to aluminum. Fluids containing particulate matter, waxy components or corrosive elements should not be used in the exchanger. III. B. 1. Filtering The presence of particulates in the fl uid may not only lead to exchanger fouling but may also cause erosion in the high velocity areas of the exchanger. If there is any potential for the presence of particulates in any fluid stream entering the exchanger, the fluid should be filtered with a 177 micron (80 Mesh Tyler Standard) screen, or finer, directly upstream of the heat exchanger. The user should consider a dual filter system with sufficient valving to allow a filter to be changed without shut down. A heavy duty, cleanable filter or strainer is recommended. All connecting pipelines carrying heat exchanger fluids should be thoroughly cleaned of all pipe scale, dirt, sand, and other debris before placing the heat exchanger in service. Strainers may be needed for startup, particularly on liquid streams that wash particulates toward the heat exchanger. Once the system is flushed clean, these startup filters can normally be removed. Fouling of the heat exchanger can be detected by a gradual or sudden increase in pressure drop and a loss of heat transfer performance. III. B. 2. Hydrate Suppresion (Methanol Injection) During start up, upset, or even normal operating conditions, the presence of hydrates or heavy hydrocarbons in the feed or other streams may freeze out in the exchanger at operating temperatures. These hydrates or heavy hydrocarbons may eventually block some or all of the layers in the exchanger.

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If water contamination is an ongoing problem, any upstream equipment where water could enter the heat exchanger stream should be inspected for leaks. Some applications use an inhibited ethylene glycol-water mixture injection to inhibit the formation of hydrates in wet feed gases. If this alternative is being considered, contact Chart Energy & Chemicals for further recommendations. III. B. 3. Corrosion Protection Trace impurities of H2S, NH3, CO2, SO2, NO2, CO, CI and other acid-forming gases do not create corrosion problems when liquid water is not present in the stream. Under certain conditions, mercury can corrode aluminum and therefore caution must be used when handling mercury containing fluids. However, Chart heat exchangers have been successfully used with fluids containing mercury provided the proper equipment design and operating procedures are implemented. If mercury is suspected or anticipated, contact Chart Energy & Chemicals about specific conditions and mercury tolerant features available on Chart exchangers. Process fluids containing water can be detrimental to brazed aluminum heat exchangers. If allowed to freeze, accumulated water in trapped areas of the exchanger can structurally damage the internals of the exchanger. Certain water acidity levels can cause corrosion of the aluminum. To avoid corrosion, the PH level of the water condensate should be between 5 and 7. Carefully guard against the ingress of water vapor or liquid during commissioning or similar plant events where the heat exchanger is vulnerable to water ingress (for example, during core repair involving removal of piping to the exchanger). External surface corrosion can be avoided by keeping the externals of the exchanger under a dry environment during installation and operation. Such precautions will eliminate the potential for intergranular corrosion attack or stress corrosion cracking of the exchanger components.

When complete shut down for deriming is undesirable (see Section IV. B. 1.) methanol injection can be used to remove hydrates during operation if the operating temperature is warmer than -170F (methanol freezes at approximately -170F). This method of hydrate suppression involves injecting methanol into the process fluid upstream of the Chart exchanger. For this purpose, an aluminum sparge pipe injector can be provided inside the header of the Chart exchanger (See Figure XI). Methanol is injected into the incoming feed gas via this sparge pipe. The feed gas then carries the methanol into the exchanger. If a methanol injection sparge system is not to be used for an extended period of time, the methanol should be purged from the piping to eliminate the potential for methanol corrosion. This can be accomplished by blowing dry air or nitrogen through the methanol piping. Drain holes on the underside of the sparge pipe are provided for draining purposes.

CHART ENERGY & CH

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III. C. Start Up, Operation and Shut Down III. C. 1. Prior to start up, purge and dryout, procedures should be completed to remove moisture and heavy hydrocarbons which may freeze out at cryogenic operating temperatures. A thorough dryout must be carried out at the commissioning and after subsequent shutdown where moisture may reach the cryogenic equipment. A warm (70 to 100F) dry gas must be used to achieve adequate dryness. All dead legs in the piping must be drained and purged. Cold box interiors can be kept dry by maintaining a dry air or nitrogen purge utilizing the purge system provided with the Chart cold box. III. C. 2. III. C. 3. As with any pressure containing heat exchanger, stresses in each component of a brazed aluminum plate-fin heat exchanger must be maintained within allowable limits during operation. Pressure loads, externally applied loads (e.g. piping forces and moments) and thermally induced loads each produce stress in the components. The resultant stress from these loadings must be controlled within allowable limits to prevent component damage or failure. A margin above the stress created by the mechanical (pressure and externally applied) loads is available for thermally induced stresses which may occur in service. The conditions which produce thermal stress must be controlled to maintain the thermal stresses within this margin. These conditions are associated with transient or other unstable operating conditions that create local metal temperature differences within the exchanger. Brazed aluminum plate-fin exchangers are compact and highly effective heat transfer devices. Unlike less effective exchangers, brazed aluminum plate-fin exchangers respond rapidly to transient thermal inputs. The heat transfer surfaces (finsand parting sheets) locally exposed to the thermal input will respond quickest to the thermal input. The response of the structural support components (for example the end and side bars) will lag. This difference in response rate produces local metal temperature differences within or between the components which provides one of the two elements necessary for thermal stress. As a compact exchanger, the components in the exchanger are relatively close and rigidly attached in all directions. This rigidity provides restraint to the expanding or contracting components which is the second element necessary to create thermal stress. If the local metal temperature differences are large, the margin for thermal stress can be exceeded and the resultant of the thermally induced stress and mechanical stress can exceed the yield strength and possibly the ultimate strength of the material. Stresses exceeding the material yield strength subject the exchanger to possible failure by fatigue with repeated thermal

ALL OPERATING CONDITIONS MUST BE WITHIN THE SPECIFIED CHART NAMEPLATE LIMITS AND THE CHART SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE HEAT EXCHANGER BEING OPERATED. THE MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURES ARE SHOWN ON THE CHART NAMEPLATE AND THE CHART DRAWING (See Figures XII and XIII, back inside cover).

THE HEAT EXCHANGER SHOULD BE OPERATED AT PRESSURES WHICH DO NOT EXCEED THE MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE FOR EACH STREAM ON THE CHART NAMEPLATE. THE HEAT EXCHANGER SHOULD ALSO BE OPERATED AT TEMPERATURES WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE CHART NAMEPLATE WORKING TEMPERATURES.

EXCEEDING ANY OF THE MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURES OR TEMPERATURES SPECIFIED ON THE CHART NAMEPLATE COULD RESULT IN A RUPTURE OF THE HEAT EXCHANGER AND CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH. Appropriate pressure relief valves with settings below the Chart nameplate maximum working pressures should be provided by the user.

cycles. Stresses at or above the ultimate strength subject the exchanger to failure

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with only one thermal cycle. Large local metal temperature differences are inherently unstable, particularly in metals having high thermal conductivity such as aluminum. Therefore large local metal temperature differences develop from and can only be supported or maintained in the exchanger by instabilities inherent in the operating conditions (transient or cyclic thermal or hydraulic inputs) or transients associated with start-up, shutdown or upset conditions. Operational instabilities can result from unstable boiling within the exchanger or from externally produced hydraulic fluctuations caused by poor control systems. Detrimental transients associated with start-up, shutdown or upset conditions can result from improper procedures. To prevent component damage or failure during these service conditions the following is recommended: Limit pressure and external loads in the heat exchanger to those specified by Chart. As with any piece of thermal equipment, the exchanger should be brought to or from operating or derime conditions slowly. Limit the temperature difference between the inlet fluids and the exchanger metal where the fluid enters the exchanger to 50F (28C). If the temperature difference between an inlet fluid and the exchanger metal has the potential to exceed 50F (28C), the flow must be slowly introduced and carefully increased in controlled increments up to full flow conditions. The rate of change in metal temperature should not exceed 1.8F (1C) per minute as the flows are introduced and the flow rates increased. This can be achieved by bringing the flows incrementally up to full flow over a period in minutes not less than the maximum ITD in F 1.8F (maximum ITD in C 1C). The maximum ITD (Initial Temperature Difference) is the maximum difference between any of the entering streams or exchanger metal temperatures at the time the flow is introduced. For example, an exchanger at 80F with streams to be introduced at 100F and -80F has a maximum ITD of 180F [100-(-80)]. The flows to this exchanger should be slowly introduced and incrementally increased to full flow over a span of not less than 100 minutes [180F 1.8F/min]. Likewise, an exchanger at 80F having streams to be introduced at -100F and -190F, has a maximum ITD of 270F [80-(-190)]. The flows to this exchanger should be slowly introduced and incrementally increased to full flow over a span of not less than 150 minutes (270F 1.8 F/min). Flow control is particularly critical when introducing liquid or two-phase streams. Liquid and two-phase fluids have a tremendous capacity to rapidly change metal temperature in the exchanger. The flow control is less critical when introducing and sensibly heating or cooling vapors due to the limited capacity of the vapor to rapidly change metal temperature in the exchanger. For this reason, cooling or warming of the exchanger to or from operating conditions with a vapor prior to introducing a liquid stream is highly recommended. Review plant operations to identify operational conditions beyond normal start-up that have the potential for thermal shock and develop procedures to prevent thermal shock during these events (e.g. flow control). Typical conditions include cold and warm restart. Cold restart is a condition where the heat exchanger is shutdown and allowed to cool due to resident cold fluids. At restart the inlet warm streams could flow into a cold exchanger. Warm restart is a condition where the heat exchanger is shutdown and allowed to warm due to the continued flow of warm fluids. At restart the inlet cold streams could flow into a warm heat exchanger. The potential of these and other similar conditions need to be considered when identifying thermal shock events that can occur in the operation of the plant. Exercise extreme care in applications where the fluid must be totally vaporized CHART ENERGY & CHE

MICALS, INC.

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in the exchanger and there is potential for unstable boiling. The relatively large temperature differences associated with unstable boiling along with surging of the vaporizing fluid within the exchanger can cause thermally induced cyclic fatigue failure. When unstable boiling is suspected, the 50F (28C) maximum temperature difference between the liquid and metal at any location within the exchanger must be strictly adhered to. Design and operate the plant equipment and piping connected to the heat exchanger to prevent flow excursions and instabilities (for example, intermittent slugging of liquid to the exchanger). This is extremely important with boiling streams. Limit the cyclic temperature fluctuations of any stream to 1.8F (1C) per minute. In instances where it is not possible to adhere to these guidelines, contact Chart Energy & Chemicals to discuss your specifi c operation. III. C. 4. Operating flow rates should be within the Chart specification limits for design or over design flow conditions. If higher flow rates are being considered, contact Chart Energy & Chemicals, for recommendations regarding maximum velocities inside the heat exchanger. III. C. 5. Precautions should be taken to prevent the transmission of operating fluid pulsations or vibrations (eminating from pumps, compressors, etc.) to the heat exchanger. III. C. 6. During prolonged or indefinite shut downs (mothballing), see Section IV. C. for recommendations. III. C. 7. For air separation reversing exchangers, limit the number and duration of upsets and cold or emergency shut downs in order to prevent repeated freezing of moisture which may have accidentally accumulated in the exchanger.

CHART
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IV. MAINTENANCE

CHART ENERGY & CHEMICALS, INC.

Beyond the precautions for installation and operation already recommended in these instructions, no periodic maintenance is required for these exchangers. It is recommended that a maintenance log be kept to record normal operating procedures, any plant upsets, shut downs, and any operating conditions available.

smell, audible sounds of leaking fluid, external gas monitoring equipment, or localized cold spots appearing on the external insulation or cold box casing. External leaks in exchangers mounted in a cold box are also generally indicated by excessive venting through the breather valve or cold spots on the cold box casing. It is recommended that any leaking heat exchanger be repaired as soon as practical and that the cause of the leak be identified and corrected. Prolonged operation may lead to further damage of the unit when the cause is due to cyclical thermal or mechanical fatigue. Prolonged operation of an externally leaking exchanger installed in a perlite insulated cold box may lead to further damage and increased leakage due to perlite erosion of the exchanger metal. Common field and /or shop tests used for determining leaks are described below. IV. A. 1. Pressure Decay Test Pressurize a stream with dry air or nitrogen.

PRIOR TO THE INSPECTION, TESTING, OR REPAIRING OF ANY UNIT, EITHER IN SERVICE OR RECENTLY TAKEN FROM OPERATIONS, THE SYSTEM MUST BE SAFETY CHECKED AND CLEARED PRIOR TO THE ADMITTANCE OF PERSONNEL FOR ANY SERVICE FUNCTION.

CAUTION MUST BE EXERCISED WITH REGARD TO THE FLAMMABILITY, TOXICITY, EXPLOSION POTENTIAL, OR PRESSURE POTENTIAL OF ANY FLUID OR STREAM WITHIN, OR IN THE PROXIMITY OF, THE EXCHANGER. ALL PERSONNEL INVOLVED WITH INSTALLATION OR MAINTENANCE OF COLD BOX ASSEMBLIES SHOULD BE MADE AWARE OF THE DANGERS OF SUFFOCATION, ESPECIALLY IN NITROGEN FILLED CONTAINERS.

DO NOT EXCEED THE MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE SPECIFIED FOR EACH STREAM ON THE CHART NAMEPLATE! OVERPRESSURIZATION COULD RESULT IN A RUPTURE OF THE HEAT EXCHANGER AND CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH. A stream is considered leak free if it maintains the original pressure for over eight hours with correction for temperature changes. Keep in mind that the pressure decay time test is a function not only of the leak size but the test pressure, temperature, and exchanger size, as well. CHA

FAILURE TO OBSERVE PROPER SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN THIS REGARD COULD RESULT IN EQUIPMENT RUPTURE, FIRES, TOXIC GAS OR FLUID ESCAPE, SUFFOCATING GAS ATMOSPHERES OR OTHER ACCIDENTS WHICH COULD CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH. IV. A. Field and/or Shop Leak Testing Internal leaks in a brazed aluminum heat exchanger are generally indicated by a change of purity in any of the fluid streams. External leaks can be determined by sight,

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For large exchangers and assemblies with large internal volumes, and/or for leak tests at lower pressures (less than 50 psig), leaks may take longer than eight hours to detect, depending upon the size of the leak. The exchanger temperature should be the same at the two pressure checks since any change in temperature will change the air pressure in the exchanger. If it is impractical to make the two pressure checks when the temperatures are the same, the following pressure correction can be used: P1 T2 P2 = --------T1 Where P= T= 1= 2= Absolute Pressure Temperature (R or K) Initial Reading Final Reading

DO NOT EXCEED THE MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE SPECIFIED FOR EACH STREAM ON THE CHART NAMEPLATE! OVERPRESSURIZATION COULD RESULT IN A RUPTURE OF THE HEAT EXCHANGER AND CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH. A trace gas detector is used to sense the presence of the nitrogen-trace gas mixture. The exterior of the exchanger should be checked and, if no leaks are detected on the exchanger exterior, then the nozzles of the other streams should be checked. The presence of a trace gas in the nozzle of another stream indicates an internal (cross pass type) leak between the two streams involved. Air-trace gas mixtures can be used in lieu of nitrogen-trace gas, but only with proper precaution regarding the explosion potential of air-trace gas mixtures.

For individual recommendations, contact CHART ENERGY & CHEMICALS. IV. A. 2. Air-Soap Test (External Leaks) If the stream does not maintain the original pressure during the decay test, above, determine what kind of leak exists by repressurizing the stream and checking the exterior of the exchanger with a soap bubble test.

NEVER USE AIR-FREON MIXTURES CONTAINING FREON IN EXCESS OF 50% OF THE MIXTURE BY VOLUME AS THIS MIXTURE CAN EXPLODE UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS OF APPLIED PRESSURE AND HEAT. FAILURE TO OBSERVE THIS RULE COULD RESULT IN AN ACCIDENTAL EXPLOSION AND CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH.

DO NOT EXCEED THE MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE SPECIFIED FOR EACH STREAM ON THE CHART NAMEPLATE! OVERPRESSURIZATION COULD RESULT IN A RUP TURE OF THE HEAT EXCHANGER AND CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH. If the exchanger passes this test, the leak is internal. IV. A. 3. Nitrogen-Trace Gas Test (External or Internal Leaks) The second method for checking the nature of a leak is the nitrogen-trace gas test. Normally, the suspect stream is pressurized to 5 psig with a trace gas or nitrogen-trace gas mixture. The stream then is pressurized with nitrogen to 50 psig or the maximum working pressure, whichever is lower.

IN ANY TRACE GAS TESTING, PRECAUTIONS SHOULD ALSO BE TAKEN TO PREVENT SUFFOCATION OF PERSONNEL IN CLOSED AREAS OR VESSELS WHERE TRACE GAS COULD ACCUMULATE. The method used to locate the individual layer leak involves a soap test over each port of the stream in question while air or nitrogen pressure is applied to the other stream. This operation normally involves removal of the header and should only be performed by authorized Chart service personnel. IV. B. Cleaning If the heat exchanger is fouled or plugged, several options are available to the user for cleaning the exchanger. When the fouling is solid and coats the fins in the heat exchanger, the exchanger will normally have to be cleaned by chemical removal through

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the maximum working temperature on the Chart nameplate is higher. Do not exceed the maximum working temperature specifi ed on the Chart nameplate. IV. B. 1. b. The derime, back flushing or drying media shall be noncorrosive to aluminum. Always use clean fluids. If any vessels, piping, or temporary pipe sections are used during the cleaning, it is important to clean them of pipe scale, dirt, weld slag, or any other foreign material which could enter and plug the exchanger. IV. B. 1. c. When liquid solvents are used for purposes of deriming or back fl ushing the exchanger, the nozzle fluid velocity should not exceed ten (10) feet per second to prevent erosion inside the heat exchanger. Liquid solvents or any cleaning fluids should always be circulated through the exchanger in the reverse direction of normal operating flow. IV. B. 1. d. Cleaning solvents should always be chosen with regard to the suspected fouling agent. If the fouling agent is unknown, a sample of it should be chemically analyzed to determine its composition. If any special procedures are required to meet uncommon derime, back fl ushing or drying conditions, contact Chart Energy & Chemicals, for further evaluation. IV. B. 2. Back Puffing When proper precautions are taken regarding filtering, many years of clean service can be expected. However, when foreign material (pipe scale, perlite, desiccant, mole sieve, etc.) is introduced into the heat exchanger itself, by accident or misoperation, back puffing can be an effective method for removing entrained particulates. Since particulates normally cause blockages in the heat exchanger at the inlet ports and distributors, puffing in the reverse direction of normal operating flow is required to prevent pushing the particulates farther into the heat exchanger. The back puffing procedure involves attaching a rupture disk to the inlet nozzle or flange of the heat exchanger stream to be backpuffed and

a series of deriming, back flushing, and drying procedures (see Section IV. B. 1.). If the heat exchanger is fouled or plugged by hydrates and/or ice, a warm derime is required and consideration given to other methods for hydrate suppression (see Section III. B. 2.). If the heat exchanger is fouled or plugged by particulate matter, back puffing procedures are usually successful in cleaning the exchanger (see Section IV. B. 2.). The piping and instrumentation diagrams should be carefully reviewed at the plant design phase to ensure adequate nozzles and valves on the piping are available to carry out any of the above cleaning procedures that are anticipated. IV. B. 1. Deriming, Back Flushing, and Drying Deriming and back flushing involves the use of heat and/or solvents to remove hydrates, heavy hydrocarbons, waxy materials, compressor oils, or other soluble matter which freeze or collect in the heat exchanger. The presence of these materials is detected by an increase in the stream pressure drop and/or loss of heat transfer performance. When systems for injecting methanol during operation have not been provided (see Section III. B. 2.), shut down and purge the heat exchanger and allow it to warm and defrost itself by natural heat leak or by an approved derime procedure. Normally, the combination of warming and back flushing with a solvent rinse such as trichloroethane, toluene, propylene, or methanol are successful for this purpose. Prior to startup, purge and dryout the exchanger in accordance with III.C.1. If a water based solvent is used to derime or back flush, or if water accidentally gets introduced into the exchanger, the heat exchanger must be completely dried before returning to service in order to prevent plugging or rupture caused by freezing. Use dry air or nitrogen or other dry gas as the drying medium. IV. B. 1. a. The derime, back flushing, or drying temperature should not exceed 150F, unless

CHA

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pressurizing the stream with a dry gas up to the approved pressure described below. Following the drying operation, each stream should be pressurized with dry air or nitrogen with a dew point of less than minus forty (-40)F. This low dew point is recommended to prevent galvanic corrosion in the exchanger which could result if traces of rust or other foreign materials have gained access to the exchanger during operation. The dry air or nitrogen pressure should be 15 psig or one third the stream design pressure whichever is less. The 15 psig pressure level should be checked periodically to assure that there are no leaks in the exchanger. In addition, the storage recommendations in Section II. B. should also be followed. IV. D. Repair and Service If a leak is detected, Chart Energy & Chemicals should be notified for repair recommendations. Chart is well qualified and staffed to perform field or factory service and repair on this type of heat exchanger equipment. Refer to the National Board Number and the Chart serial number shown on the ASME U-1 data report form or unit nameplate when contacting Chart. All ASME repairs must be certified by an R stamp and must be in accordance with the Chart Energy & Chemicals Quality Assurance Policy, the National Board Inspection Code, and the ASME Code or any local jurisdictional requirements. Repair to the heat exchanger should be made only by authorized Chart personnel. The Chart Warranty will be voided if repairs made to the Chart exchanger during the warranty period are made by unauthorized service personnel. Improper welding or brazing procedures on the exchanger block can damage the braze joints. Repairs not made in accordance with ASME procedure, and identified by the R stamp on the Chart nameplate, will invalidate the National Board registration of the heat exchanger.

IT IS THE USERS RESPONSIBILITY TO TAKE THE APPROPRIATE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS REGARDING PERSONNEL, CLEARING THE TEST AREA, AND THE SUITABILITY OF THE SUPPORTS AND BRACING TO WITHSTAND THE REACTION FORCES DEVELOPED WHEN THE RUPTURE DISK BURSTS.

EXTREME CAUTION SHOULD BE EXERCISED AS THE RUPTURE OF THE DISK AND THE RELEASE OF GAS CAN RESULT IN A RAPID DISCHARGE OF GAS AND FLYING DEBRIS WHICH COULD CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH. The plugged stream is slowly fi lled with dry air or nitrogen until the rupture disk bursts. The sudden release of gas out of the exchanger will help dislodge particulate matter. This back puffing procedure should be repeated fi ve (5) to ten (10) times, or until the amount of particulate removed becomes minimal and the discharge cloud is clear.

EXTREME CAUTION MUST BE EXERCISED SO AS NOT TO EXCEED THE MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE OF THE STREAM ON THE CHART NAMEPLATE, OR 100 PSIG, WHICHEVER IS LESS.

FAILURE TO LIMIT PRESSURIZATION TO THESE LIMITS COULD RESULT IN A RUPTURE OF THE HEAT EXCHANGER AND CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH. If the maximum allowable pressure is reached and the rupture disk has not burst, the stream should be depressurized and a new rupture disk installed. IV. C. Mothballing Brazed aluminum heat exchangers which have seen prior service should be dried and pressurized prior to storage. An eight hour or longer purge with dry air or nitrogen having a dew point less than 32F is recommended to dry the exchanger.

IMPROPERLY REPAIRED EXCHANGERS MAY NOT BE SUITABLE TO WITHSTAND THE NAMEPLATE MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE RATINGS. C

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RT ENERGY & C PRESSURIZATION OF AN IMPROPERLY REPAIRED EXCHANGER COULD RESULT IN A RUPTURE OF THE HEAT EXCHANGER AND CAUSE SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH. IV. E. Warranty and Liability Chart will warrant to the Buyer for a period of twelve (12) months from date of equipment start-up, but not to exceed eighteen (18) months from date of shipment, whichever occurs first, that the equipment provided: (1) is free from defects in material and workmanship; (2) is new and in accordance with Chart brazed aluminum heat exchanger specification and drawings; and (3) has the performance (i.e., capacities and ratings) set forth in Chart brazed aluminum heat exchanger specification and drawings. Chart brazed aluminum heat exchanger specification and drawings which govern this entire warranty are those which are submitted specifically for this equipment by Chart and approved as final by the Buyer. The express warranties defined above do not apply to defects or performance problems resulting from corrosion, erosion, and/or deterioration. Chart does not warrant equipment performance and/or mechanical design: (1) if the equipment is operated at process conditions, including, but not limited to, flowrates, temperatures, pressures, fluid compositions, mean temperature differences, and turndown conditions which are more severe than those specified on Chart brazed aluminum heat exchanger specification and drawings; (2) if the equipment is not operated within the conditions specified on the equipment nameplate (for pressure testing, when not specified on the equipment nameplate, the governing pressure vessel code shown on the nameplate shall apply to pressure testing limits); (3) for damage due to improper installation, operation, or maintenance; or (4) for damage resulting from external forces applied to the equipment from the connecting piping or support system which exceed those conditions specified in Chart brazed aluminum heat exchanger specification

and drawings. The Buyers conformance to the above conditions of use for this equipment is outside Charts control and responsibility. Charts warranty obligation and liability are limited to the repair, modification, or replacement of Chart equipment, if Charts equipment is found not to be in compliance with the stated warranty. In no event shall any of the above remedies exceed the purchase price of Chart equipment found to be defective. In no event shall Chart be obliged to pay for the cost of: (1) gaining access to Chart equipment; (2) installing repaired, modified, or replaced equipment; (3) lost product; (4) lost production; (5) lost profits; (6) special, indirect damages; (7) incidental damages; and/or (8) consequential damages. Any reasonable costs and expenses which Chart may assume in connection with a repair or modification of Chart equipment shall be approved in writing by an Officer of Chart. In the case of a replacement of Chart equipment, Charts obligation and liabilities are limited to furnishing FOB factory, freight delivered to Buyers city (or port of export for shipment outside the United States) replacement equipment only. No Chart liability for equipment shown to be defective exists until such time as the equipment has been paid for. The express warranty set forth in the prior paragraphs is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, in law or in fact, including any implied warranty or merchantability and any implied warranty of fitness for a particular use. This express warranty precludes any other claims of relief, whether in contract or in negligence, strict liability or in tort, or any alleged breach of warranty outside the scope of the express warranty. The limitations on liability set forth in the prior paragraphs are in lieu of any and all other liability claims. CHART ENERGY & CHEMICALS, INC.

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FIGURE XII TYPICAL CHART BRAZED ALUMINUM HEAT EXCHANGER NAMEPLATE

FIGURE XIII

TYPICAL CHART BRAZED ALUMINUM HEAT EXCHANGER ASSEMBLY DRAWING NOTE: A copy of a Chart assembly drawing can be obtained by contacting Chart with the serial number of the exchanger.

Chart Energy & Chemicals, Inc. is an ISO:9001 Registered Company through

TV CERT

Certificate Registration No. 12 100 4343

Chart Energy & Chemicals, Inc. A Chart Industries, Inc. Company 2191 Ward Avenue La Crosse, WI 54601 Phone: 608-787-3333 Fax: 608-787-2141 www.chart-ec.com September 2009