Response Modification Factor
Prepared by: Ahmed Shaban Refat Taha Sulaiman Nayef Ezzat Hassan
University of Cairo at Egypt With the support of the Dr. Osman Ramadan
Version 1 - April 2011
Response Modification Factor
1 - Introduction and Objectives 2 - Over-Strength Factor , Rs 3 - Ductility Reduction Factor , R 4 - Summary 5 - Reference
Response Modification Factor
1 - Introduction and Objectives 2 - Over-Strength Factor , Rs 3 - Ductility Reduction Factor , R 4 - Summary 5 - Reference
Code Philosophy for Earthquake-Resistant Design
Objective: -Prevent collapse in the extreme earthquake likely to occur at a building site. ( return period =475 years) -Ensure elastic behavior under a moderate earthquake ( return period equal to the life of the structure) Objectives are not to (at extreme EQ) : - Limit damage - Maintain function - Provide for easy repair
Design EQ Loads per Egypt Code:
Sd ( T ) = Se ( T ) / R
Where : Sd the design horizontal response spectrum Se the elastic horizontal response spectrum R response modification factor
R = Rs R Rr
Where : Rs R Rr Over-Strength Factor Ductility Reduction Factor Redundancy Factor
response modification factor
Is it allowable to reduce the wind force by R ?
Why it is allowable to reduce seismic force by R ?
yield H
yield
< failure
failure
failure
yield
yield failure
< failure
failure failure
failure failure
Time required to failure
yield
failure
- R = 1 in wind for long time of loading. -Return period for extreme E.Q = 475 years. -Return period for extreme wind = 50 years. (short return period) -Factor of safety is required for short return period load cases. -No over strength reaction is allowed - R = Rs R = 1 x 1 = 1
Response Modification Factor
1 - Introduction and Objectives 2 - Over-Strength Factor , Rs 3 - Ductility Reduction Factor , R 4 - Summary 5 - Reference
Over-Strength Factor , Rs : Sources :
- Higher actual strength of material than specified. - Material reduction factor. - Over load Factor (1.4 D.L ) -Some designers taget demand/capacity ratios < 0.9. -Increase the size of some members in order to limit the number of different structural shapes that are used on a project.
Sources (cont. ):
-Architects may request the use of larger members than required for structural purposes. -Member sizes are controlled to limit drift -Special ductility requirement such as strongcolumn & weak-beam.
The overstrength values range from 2 to 5, and significantly
higher if slab contribution and masonry distribution are taken into consideration.
Overstrength is generally beneficial for seismic resistance
in that it allows a structure to resist more intense.
Response Modification Factor
1 - Introduction and Objectives 2 - Over-Strength Factor , Rs 3 - Ductility Reduction Factor , R 4 - Summary 5 - Reference
To Survive Strong Earthquake without Collapse:
Design for Ductile Behavior
Ductility is an important parameter for seismic resistance because it enables the design of structures that do not have adequate strength to resist strong earthquake shaking elastically to still survive such shaking through inelastic response. Structures that do not have ductility will fail when they are subjected to ground motion that deforms them beyond their elastic limit.
Ductility in Steel Structures: Yielding Nonductile Failure Modes: Crushing &Buckling
Ductility = Yielding Failure = Fracture or Instability
Non-ductile
yield
failure
Ductility Factor =
failure yield
H
Helastic
3/4 *Helastic
1/2 *Helastic
Strength Reqd Ductility
1/4 *Helastic
MAX
T < 0.1 sec short period structures
the ductility does not help in reducing the response of the structure. Hence, for such structures, no ductility reduction factor should be used.
R = 1.0
0.1 < T < 0.5 sec moderate period structures
the energy that can be stored by the elastic system at maximum displacement is the same as that stored by an inelastic system.
R = ( 2 1 )1/2
Fe Fy A B R = Fe / FY u = y Area under OAB = area under OAC O y ye u
0.5 < T < 3 sec long-period structures,
that inertia force obtained from an elastic system and the reduced inertia force obtained from an inelastic system cause the same maximum displacement.
R =
Response Modification Factor
1 - Introduction and Objectives 2 - Over-Strength Factor , Rs 3 - Ductility Reduction Factor , R 4 - Summary 5 - Reference
If Happ < Hplastic
H
Hplastic Happ
yield
If Happ Hplastic
H
Happ
Hplastic
yield
failure
If Happ Hplastic
H
Happ
Time required to failure
Hplastic
yield
failure
yield
failure
Ductility Factor =
failure yield
H
Helastic
3/4 *Helastic
1/2 *Helastic
Strength Reqd Ductility
1/4 *Helastic
MAX
Important Of Ductile Behavior
Ductility enables the design of structures that do not have adequate strength to resist strong earthquake. Without ductility structure will fail when they are subjected to ground motion that deforms them beyond their elastic limit.
Factor Of Safety & Load Return Period - R = 1 in wind for long time of loading. -Return period for extreme E.Q = 475 years. -Return period for extreme wind = 50 years. (short return period) -Factor of safety is required for short return period load cases. -No over strength reaction is allowed - R = Rs R = 1 x 1 = 1
Response Modification Factor
1 - Introduction and Objectives 2 - Over-Strength Factor , Rs 3 - Ductility Reduction Factor , R 4 - Summary 5 - Reference
AISC Website
Series of PowerPoint modules cover basic concepts on seismic-resistant design
AISC Website
http://www.aisc.org/content.aspx?id=21490
Jordon University of Science and Technology
Paper A Step towards Evaluation of the Seismic Response Reduction Factor in Multi-storey Reinforced Concrete Frames by SAMAR A. BARAKAT
Questions?
