Engineering Design & Materials 1
(Unit 2 Engineering Materials)
Tutorial No. 2 Solutions/Hints
Subject No.: 436 220
Ref: William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction
6
th
Ed. (Chapter 9. in both 5
th
and 6
th
editions)
Tutorial Questions:
No. 1 (9.5 in 5
th
& 6
th
Ed. Note: Values slightly different in 5
th
Ed.)
Cite the phases that are present and the phase compositions for the following alloys:
(a) 15 wt% Sn 85 wt% Pb at 100C
(b) 25 wt% Pb 75 wt% Mg at 425C
(c) 85 wt% Ag 15 wt% Cu at 800C
(d) 55 wt% Zn 45 wt% Cu at 600C
(e) 1.25 kg Sn and 14 kg Pb at 200C
Ans:
(a) For an alloy composed of 15 wt% Sn-85 wt% Pb and at 100C, from Figure 9.7,
and phases are present, and
C
= 5 wt% Sn-95 wt% Pb
C
= 98 wt% Sn-2 wt% Pb
(b) For an alloy composed of 25 wt% Pb-75 wt% Mg and at 425C, from Figure 9.18,
only the phase is present; its composition is 25 wt% Pb-75 wt% Mg.
(c) For an alloy composed of 85 wt% Ag-15 wt% Cu and at 800C, from Figure 9.6,
and liquid phases are present, and
C
= 92 wt% Ag-8 wt% Cu
C
L
= 77 wt% Ag-23 wt% Cu
(d) For an alloy composed of 55 wt% Zn-45 wt% Cu and at 600C, from Figure 9.17,
and phases are present, and
C
= 51 wt% Zn-49 wt% Cu
C
= 58 wt% Zn-42 wt% Cu
(f) For an alloy composed of 1.25 kg Sn and 14 kg Pb and at 200C,
Hint: First determine the Sn and Pb concentrations as percentage by wt.
From Figure 9.7, only the phase is present; its composition is 8.2 wt% Sn-91.8 wt% Pb.
No. 2 (9.7 in 5
th
& 6
th
Ed.)
Determine the relative amounts (in terms of mass fractions) of the phases for the
alloys and temperatures given in problem 1 above.
Ans:
(a) , 0.89 = W
0.11 = W
(b) W
= 1.0
(c) , 0.53 = W
0.47 = W
L
(d) , 0.43 = W
0.57 = W
(e) W
= 1.0
No. 3 (9.18 in 5
th
& 6
th
Ed. Note: Values slightly different in 5
th
Ed.)
Is it possible to have a copper nickel alloy that, at equilibrium, consists of a liquid
phase of composition 20 wt% Ni 80 wt% Cu and also an phase of composition 37
wt% Ni 63 wt% Cu? If so, what will be the approximate temperature of the alloy?
If this is not possible, explain why.
Ans: (9.18) It is not possible to have a Cu-Ni alloy, which at equilibrium, consists of a liquid
phase of composition 20 wt% Ni-80 wt% Cu and an phase of composition 37 wt% Ni-
63 wt% Cu. From Figure 9.2a, a single tie line does not exist within the + L region
that intersects the phase boundaries at the given compositions. At 20 wt% Ni, the L-( +
L) phase boundary is at about 1200C, whereas at 37 wt% Ni the (L + )- phase
boundary is at about 1230C.
No. 4 (9.22 in 5
th
& 6
th
Ed. Note: Values slightly different in 5
th
Ed.)
A 65 wt% Ni 35 wt% Cu alloy is heated to a temperature within the + liquid phase
Region. If the composition of the phase is 70 wt% Ni, determine
(a) The temperature of the alloy
(b) The composition of the liquid phase
(c) The mass fractions of both phases.
Ans: (9.22) (a) Construct a tie line across the + L phase region of Figure 9.2a that
intersects the solidus line at 70 wt% Ni; this yields a temperature of about 1340C.
(b) The composition of the liquid phase at this temperature is determined from the
intersection of this same tie line with liquidus line, which corresponds to about 59 wt%
Ni.
(c) The mass fractions of the two phases are determined using the lever rule, Equations
(9.1) and (9.2) with C
o
= 65 wt% Ni, C
L
= 59 wt% Ni, and C
= 70 wt% Ni,
W 0.55 and 0.45 =
= W
L
No. 5 (9.33 in 5
th
& 6
th
Ed. Note: Values slightly different in 5
th
Ed.)
For a lead tin alloy of composition 80 wt% Sn 20 wt% Pb and at 180C do the
following:
(a) Determine the mass fractions of and phases
(b) Determine the mass fractions of primary and eutectic microconstituents.
(c) Determine the mass fraction of eutectic .
Ans:
(a) Employ the lever rule using a tie line that extends entirely across the + phase field
(Figure 9.7) (at 180C). 0.224 = W
0.776 = W
(b) Use the lever rule and a tie line that extends from the maximum solubility of Pb in the
phase at 180C (i.e., 97.8 wt% Sn) to the eutectic composition (61.9 wt% Sn).
Thus W 0.504 =
'
0.496 = W
e
(c) W
e
= W
- W
'
= 0.776 - 0.504 = 0.272
No. 6 (9.38 in 5
th
& 6
th
Ed. Note: Values slightly different in 5
th
Ed.)
For a 76 wt% Pb 24 wt% Mg alloy, make schematic sketches of the microstructure
that would be observed for conditions of very slow cooling at the following
temperatures: 575C, 500C, 450C, and 300C. Label all phases and indicate their
approximate compositions.
Ans: (Ref. Figure 9.18 Magnesium Lead phase diagram) Schematic sketches of the
microstructures that would be observed for a 76 wt% Pb-24 wt% Mg alloy at temperatures of
575C, 500C, 450C, and 300C are shown below. The phase compositions are also
indicated.
