CALAMANSI
Calamansi or calamondin (Citrfortunella
microcarpa) is a fruit tree native to the
Philippines. It is the most commonly grown
backyard tree among the citrus species. It can
thrive in a wide variety of environmental
conditions.
It is a small tree with a height ranging from 2 meters to 7 meters at maturity. Its broad egg-
shaped leaves are dark green in the upper surface and pale green underneath. The fruit is round,
about 2 cm to 4.5 cm in diameter, and greenish - yellow in color.
Like its relatives, such as the mandarin, pomelo and sweet orange, the calamansi is rich in
phosphorous, calcium, iron and Vitamin C or ascorbic acid. It is the most popular and most
commonly used citrus fruit in the country. Its juice is nutritious and traditionally made into a
fruit drink that helps prevent respiratory diseases. It also helps strengthen the bones and stimulate
growth especially among growing children. It can be used as a flavoring ingredient in desserts,
e.g. leche flan, or as an additive in various food preparations, such as fish steak. Its pulp is used
as a major ingredient in beverages, syrups, concentrates, and purees. The peel is made into jams,
candies, and marmalade. With its alkalinizing effect, on the body calamansi helps circulate blood
evenly and facilitates normal digestion.
Filipinos can have a year-round supply of this versatile citrus fruits by growing the plant right in
their front yards or backyards or even in big boxes.
SOIL AND CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS
It is easy to cultivate calamansi. This plant grows well in cool and elevated areas and in sandy
soils rich in organic matter. Waterlogged areas are not suitable for cultivation because calamansi
plants cannot tolerate too much moisture.
PROPAGATION
Calamansi can be propagated by seeds, still, it is much better to grow this citrus crop using its
vegetative parts. It is best to buy planting materials from reliable sources, particularly from the
Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI), or government agency under the Department of Agriculture.
PLANTING
Establish the planting materials at the start of the rainy season. Dig a hole, at least 40 cm wide
and 40 cm deep. Set the seedling into the hole and put back the dug soil mixed with compost.
Water the plant daily, at least every morning.
SPACING
The usual distance for planting calamansi is five meters between plants.
FERTILIZATION
To produce big, luscious fruits, it is recommended to fertilize the plants regularly. Apply 50 g to
100g ammonium sulfate or urea, around each tree one month after planting. Do this every four
(4) months but on the second year, increase the amount of fertilizer to 200g or 300g. Use the
same kind of fertilizer per tree every four months thereafter.
The tree bears fruit on the fourth year, it is best to apply complete fertilizer, like ammophos and
potash, to increase fruit yield at the rate of 500g per tree. At eight (8) to ten (10) years old, apply
more fertilizers to the trees, from two to three kg per tree, three times a year. First, during the
rainy season before the flowering stage; next, two months after flowering, and last, after
harvesting.
To properly apply the fertilizer, mix it with the soil. It is also good to cover the soil around each
tree with dry leaves to conserve moisture. Weed from time to time.
PESTS AND THEIR CONTROL
To keep the trees healthy and allow them to attain maximum yield, it is always best to protect
them from pests and diseases. Pests in calamansi are easy to spot. Zigzag marks, savoyed cuts,
and rugged edges on the bark indicate that the tree is infested with citrus bark borers. These are
light brown or bluish-black beetles that lay their eggs in the cuts and cavities of the calamansi
bark. When the eggs hatch, the larvae feed on the bark and leaves.
To control the citrus bark borers, spray the trees with pesticides recommended for citrus trees. To
prevent the pest from spreading, cut off the infected parts and burn them.
Another harmful insect pest is the aphid. This greenish or brownish insect not only retards the
plant's growth, but also acts as a disease carrier. To control, spray the trees with pesticides
recommended for aphids but if the pests have already attacked, cut off the infected parts of the
plants and burn them.
Other harmful pests of the calamansi are the Purple Scale and Glover's Scale. These pests suck
the tree's sap until its leaves and fruits wither and fall, and the tree finally dies.
DISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL
Aside from pests, the calamansi is also prone to diseases, such as gummosis, citrus canker, and
citrus scab. Gummosis is caused by either a lack of, or an excess of fertilizer, or damage from
insect pests or machinery. The disease is marked by a dark sticky substance or gum oozing out of
the infected branches and trunk. As the disease worsens, gum secretion increases. It is
recommended that as soon as this gum-like substance is noticed, spray the trees with chemicals
especially recommended for gummosis control. Apply the chemical directly to the diseased bark.
Citrus canker, a disease caused by bacteria, is characterized by raised lesions and glazed
margins, with an oily appearance. Citrus canker affects the leaves, twigs, branches and the fruits.
To control the canker, spray the trees with fungicide solutions when the trees area at dormant
stage. Consult the dealers of fungicides for proper application of the chemicals.
Citrus scab is a disease caused by a fungus. It starts as a small pale-orange, somewhat circular,
elevated spot on the leaf. A severely infected leaf becomes so distorted, crinkled and stunted that
whatever remains has very little semblance to a normal leaf. To control this disease, spray with a
copper fungicide solution. Following the manufacturer's recommended application or formula.
Spray when new flushes of growth have developed, or during blooming stage when two-thirds of
the petals have fallen and, also two weeks thereafter until the fruits are half mature.
HARVESTING
Calamansi trees will start to bear fruit one or two years after planting. To harvest, pick the fruits
from the branch, either by hand or by using a pair of scissors. Take extra care to prevent damage
to the branches or to the leaves. To keep the fruit fresh, leave a portion of the stem attached to
the fruit and avoid injury to the skin when harvesting.
PROCESSING OF CALAMANSI
CALAMANSI NIP (SYRUP)
Use freshly harvested mature calamansi
Wash and drain
Cut across the upper portion to avoid cutting the seeds
Squeeze out the juice by hand or use a fruit juice squeezer.
Strain
For every part of the juice, add 1 13/4 parts sugar (60oB)
Stir to dissolve the sugar.
Allow to stand undisturbed for three (3) days, preferably in a refrigerator
When the fruit pulp and other fruit sediments have floated and the clear calamansi juice
has settled, this clear solution is called the calamansi nip.
Siphon the nip into a dry sterile, narrow mouth glass bottle with a stopper.
Fill containers completely
Refrigerate at 50oF or below.
CALAMANSI PRESERVE
Select big, green calamansi fruits
Cut slits in the lower end of the fruit to extract the seeds and the juice
Soak the de-juiced fruit in water overnight
Boil in a copper vat with enough water
Remove from the fire when the natural green color of the fruit has set
Soak again in water for three (3) days but change the water often.
Boil in plenty of water three or 4 times but change the water after boiling
Drain
Cook in syrup (2 parts sugar to 1 part water) for 15 minutes. Soak overnight
Boil in the same syrup until it begins to thicken.
Drain syrup
Pack calamansi in jars and pour strained syrup
Remove bubbles, refill, half-seal, and sterilize 12 oz jars for 20 minutes in boiling water
Reference:
1. How to Grow Calamansi, Bureau of Plant Industry
2. The Citrus Industry (Calamansi), Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research Development, DOST, J une
1999
3. Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables, Bureau of Plant Industry
