Model MLA Citations

for The Penguin Handbook and The Brief Penguin Handbook

by Lester Faigley
32. Single chapter written by the same
author as author as the book
33. Selection in an anthology or a
chapter in an edited collection
34. Article in a reference work
35. Religious texts
36. Book with an editor focus on the
editor
37. Book with an editor focus on the
author
38. Book with more than one editor
39. Book with a translator
40. Second or subsequent edition of a
book
41. One volume of a multivolume work
42. More than one volume of a
multivolume work
43. Book in a series

In-Text Citations
1. Author named in your text
2. Author not named in your text
3. Work by single author
4. Work by two or three authors
5. Work by four or more authors
6. Work by no named author
7. Work by a group or organization
8. Quotations of four lines or longer
9. Online source
10. Work in an anthology
11. Two or more works by the same
author
12. Different authors with the same last
name
13. Two or more sources within the
same sentence
14. Two or more sources within the
same citation
15. Work quoted in another source
16. Work in more than one volume
17. Poems, plays, and classic works

Journals and Magazines

44. Journal or magazine article:

a. By one author
b. By two or three authors
c. By four or more authors
d. By an unknown author
e. Title in a foreign language
45. Monthly or seasonal magazines or
journals
46. Weekly or biweekly magazines
47. Article in a journal paginated by
volume
48. Article in a journal paginated by
issue
49. Review
50. Letter to the editor
51. Editorial
52. Published interview
53. Article on microfilm

Works Cited Entries

Books

18. Book by one author

19. Two or more books by the same
author
20. Book by two or three authors
21. Book by four or more authors
22. Book by an unknown author
23. Book revised by a second author
24. Book by a group or organization
25. Title within a title
26. Title in a foreign language
27. Book published before 1900
28. Books that include a special
imprint of the publisher
29. Book with no publication date
30. Reprinted works
31. Introduction, preface, foreword,
or afterword

Newspapers

54. Newspaper article:

a. By one author
b. By two or three authors
c. By four or more authors
d. By an unknown author
e. Title in a foreign language

78. Online synchronous communication

(MOOs, MUDs)
79. Email communication
80. Online newsgroup or listserv posting
81. Course home page
82. Work in more than one medium

f. That continues to a
nonconsecutive page
55. Review
56. Letter to the editor
57. Editorial
58. Unsigned editorial
59. Article on microfilm

Visual Sources

83. Cartoon
84. Advertisement
85. Map, graph, or chart
86. Table reproduced in your text
87. Painting, sculpture, or photograph
88. Online map
89. Online work of art
90. Online cartoon

Other Sources

60. Government documents:

a. In text
b. Congressional Record
61. Published proceedings of a
conference
62. Bulletin or pamphlet
63. Published letter
64. Unpublished letter
65. Published dissertation or thesis
66. Unpublished dissertation or thesis

Multimedia Sources
91. Musical composition
92. Sound recording
93. Online video or sound file
94. Film
95. Video or DVD
96. Television or radio program
97. Telephone interview
98. Broadcast interview
99. Musical, dramatic, dance or artistic
performance
100. Speech, debate, mediated
discussion, or public talk

Online Publication Sources

67. Online publication:

a. By a known author
b. By a group or organization
c. With an author and a group
affiliation
d. Where the authors name is a
pseudonym or unconventional
68. Online scholarly project or database
69. Personal home page
70. Online periodicals:
a. Article in a scholarly journal
b. Article in a newspaper
c. Article in a popular magazine
71. Online book
72. Document within a scholarly
project or database
73. Work from a library subscription
service
74. Work from a person subscription
service
75. Online government publication

CD-ROM, Software, and

Unedited Online Sources

76. Publication on CD-ROM:

a. By a known author
b. Periodically revised database on
CD-ROM
c. Multidisc CD-ROM
77. Computer software

In-Text Citations
1. Author named in your text
Put the authors name in a signal phrase in your sentence. You may want to add the
authors title or organizational affiliation to show how authoritative the source is:
Sociologist Daniel Bell called this emerging U.S. economy
the postindustrial society (3).

2. Author not named in your text

In 1997, the Gallup poll reported that 55% of adults in the
United States think secondhand smoke is very harmful,
compared to only 36% in 1994 (Saad 4).

3. Work by single author

The authors last name comes first, followed by the page number. There is no
comma.
(Bell 3)

4. Work by two or three authors

The authors last names follow the order of the title page. If there are two authors,
join the names with and. If there are three, use commas between the first two
names and a comma with and before the last name.
(Francisco, Vaughn, and Lynn 7)

5. Work by four or more authors

You may use the phrase et al. (meaning and others) for all names but the first, or
you may write out all the names. Make sure you use the same method for both the
in-text citations and the works-cited list.
(Abrams et al. 1653)

6. Work with no named author

Use a shortened version of the title that includes at least the first important word.
Your reader will use the shortened title to find the full title in the works-cited list.
A review in The New Yorker of Ryan Adamss new album
focuses on the artists age (Pure 25).

Notice that Pure is in quotation marks because it refers to the title of an article.
If it were a book, the short title would be underlined.
7. Work by a group or organization
Treat the group or organization as the author, but try to identify the group author
in the text and place only the page number in the parentheses. Shorten terms that
are commonly abbreviated.

According to the Irish Free State Handbook, published by

the Ministry for Industry and Finance, the population of
Ireland in 1929 was approximately 4,192,000 (23).

8. Quotations of four lines or longer

NOTE: When using indented (block) quotations of four lines or longer, the
period appears before the parentheses enclosing the page number.
In her article Art for Everybody, Susan Orlean attempts to
explain the popularity of painter Thomas Kinkade:
People like to own things they think are valuable . . . .
The high price of limited editions is part of their appeal:
it implies that they are choice and exclusive, and that
only a certain class of people will be able to afford them.
(128)
This same statement could possibly also explain the popularity of
phenomena like PBSs Antiques Road Show.

If the source is longer than one page, provide the page number for each quotation,
paraphrase, and summary.
9. Online sources
If an online source includes paragraph numbers rather than page numbers, use par.
with the number.
(Cello, par. 4)

If the source does not include page numbers, consider citing the work and the
author in the text rather than in the parentheses.
In a hypertext version of James Joyces Ulysses, . . .

10. Work in an anthology

Cite the name of the author of the work within an anthology, not the name of the
editor of the collection. Alphabetize the entry in the list of works cited by the
author, not the editor. For example, Melissa Jane Hardie published the chapter
Beard in Rhetorical Bodies, a book edited by Jack Selzer and Sharon Crowley.
In Beard, Melissa Jane Hardie explores the role assumed
by Elizabeth Taylor as the celebrity companion of gay
actors including Rock Hudson and Montgomery Cliff (278-79).

If the citation had been completely parenthetical, Hardie, not Selzer and Crowley,
would still be cited.

(Hardie 278-79)

11. Two or more works by the same author

Use the authors last name and then a shortened version of the title of each source.
The majority of books written about coauthorship focus on
partners of the same sex (Laird, Women 351).

Note that Women is underlined because it is the name of a book; if an article were
named, quotation marks would be used.
12. Different authors with the same last name
If your list of works cited contains items by two or more different authors with the
same last name, include the initial of the first name in the parenthetical reference.
Web surfing requires more mental involvement than channel
surfing (S. Johnson 107).

Note that a period follows the initial.

13. Two or more sources within the same sentence
Place each citation directly after the statement it supports.
Many sweeping pronouncements were made in the 1990s that
the Internet is the best opportunity to improve education
since the printing press (Ellsworth xxii) or even in the
history of the world (Dyrli and Kinnaman 79).

14. Two or more sources within the same citation

If two sources support a single point, separate them with a semicolon.
(McKibbin 39; Gore 92)

15. Work quoted in another source

When you do not have access to the original source of the material you wish to use
and only an indirect source is available, put the abbreviation qtd. in (quoted in)
before the information about the indirect source.
National governments have become increasingly what Ulrich
Beck, in a 1999 interview, calls zombie institutions
institutions which are dead and still alive (qtd. in
Bauman 6).

16. Work in more than one volume

If you refer to more than one volume of a multivolume work, give the volume
number in the parenthetical reference before the page number, with a colon
separating the two.

Contrary to the legend that Vincent van Gogh succumbed to

personal demons before his suicide in 1890, his letters
from the last two months describe feelings of calmness and
an end to his recurrent nightmares (Walther and Metzger 2:
647).

17. Poems, plays, and classic works

Poems
If you quote all or part of two or three lines of poetry that do not require special
emphasis, put the lines in quotation marks and separate the lines using a slash (/)
with a space on each side.
John Donnes The Legacy associates the separation of
lovers with death: When I died last, and, Dear, I die / As
often as from thee I go (lines 1-2).

If they are available, use line numbers, not page numbers, in the parentheses. Use
the word line or lines when you cite a line number. In subsequent references give
only the numbers. If the poem is separated into parts, give the part number first,
then the line numbers.
(2: 34-35).

Plays
Give the act, scene, and line numbers when the work has them, the page numbers
when it does not.
(Ham. 3.2.120-21).

Classic Works
To supply a reference to classic works, you sometimes need more than a page
number from a specific edition. Readers should be able to locate a quotation in any
edition of the book. Give the page number from the edition that you are using,
then a semicolon and other identifying information.
Marriage is a house is one of the most memorable lines in
Don Quixote (546; pt. 2, bk. 3, ch. 19).

Works Cited Entries

BOOKS
18. Book by one author
The authors last name comes first, followed by a comma, the first name, and a
period. If an editor, follow the name with a comma and the abbreviation ed.
Kavanagh, Peter, ed. Lapped Furrows. New York, Hand, 1969.

19. Two or more books by the same author

In the entry for the first book, include the authors name. In the second entry,
substitute three hyphens and a period for the authors name. List the titles of books
by the same author in alphabetical order.
Behan, Brendan. Borstal Boy. 1958. London: Corgi
Transworld, 1970.
---. Confessions of an Irish Rebel. London: Hutchinson,
1965.

20. Book by two or three authors

The second and subsequent authors names appear first name first. A comma
separates the authors names. If all are editors, use eds. after the names.
Cruz,

Arnaldo

and

Martin

Globalizations:
Colonialism.

Manalansan,

Citizenship

and

the

eds.

Queer

Afterlife

of

New York: New York University Press,

2002.

21. Book by four or more authors

You may use the phrase et al. (meaning and others) for all authors but the first, or
you may write out all the names. You need to use the same method in the in-text
citation as you do in the works-cited list.
(Ellmann et al.)
Ellmann, Richard et al. The Norton Anthology of Modern and
3rd. ed. New York: W.W. Norton,

Contemporary Poetry.
2003.

22. Book by an unknown author

Begin the entry with the title.
Encyclopedia of Americana.

New York: Somerset, 2001.

23. Book revised by a second author

Place the editors name after the book title:
Strunk, William. Elements of Style. Ed. E. B. White. 4th
ed. Boston: Allyn, 2000.

24. Book by a group or organization

Treat the group as the author of the work.
United Nations.

The Charter of the United Nations: A

Commentary.

New York: Oxford University Press,

2000.

25. Title within a title

If the title contains the title of another book or a word normally italicized, do not
underline that title or word:
Higgins, Brian and Hershel Parker. Critical Essays on
Herman Melvilles Moby Dick.

New York: G.K. Hall,

1992.

26. Title in a foreign language

If the title is in a foreign language, copy it exactly as it appears on the title page.
Fontaine, Jean.

Etudes de Litterature Tunisienne.

Tunis:

Dar Annawras, 1989.

27. Book published before 1900

You may omit the publisher for books published prior to 1900.
Rodd, Renell.

Rose Leaf and Apple Leaf.

Philadelphia,

1882.

28. Books that include a special imprint of the publisher

Use a hyphen to attach the special imprint to the publishers name.
OBrien, Flann. The Poor Mouth. London: Flamingo-Harper,
1993.

29. Book with no publication date

If no year of publication is given, but can be approximated, put a c. (circa) and
the approximate date in brackets: [c. 1999]. Otherwise, put n.d. (no date).
OSullivan, Colin. Traditions and Novelties of the Irish
Country Folk. Dublin [c. 1793].
James, Franklin. In the Valley of the King. Cambridge:
Harvard UP, n.d.

30. Reprinted works

For works of fiction that have been printed in many different editions or reprints,
give the original publication date after the title.

Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. 1818. New York: Bantam, 1991.

31. Introduction, Foreword, Preface, or Afterword

Give the author and then the name of the specific part being cited. Next, name the
book. Then, if the author for the whole work is different, put that authors name
after the word By. Place inclusive page numbers at the end.
Walker, Franklin. Introduction. Heart of Darkness. By
Joseph Conrad. New York: Bantam, 1981. vii-xiv.

32. Single chapter written by same author as the book

Greenblatt, Stephen J. Filthy Rites. Learning to Curse:
Essays in Early Modern Culture. New York: Routledge,
1992. 59-79.

33. Selection in an anthology or a chapter in an edited collection

Auden, W. H. 1929. W. H. Auden: Collected Poems. Ed.
Edward Mendelson. New York: Vintage-Random, 1991. 4549.

34. Article in a reference work

You can omit the names of editors and most publishing information for an article
from a familiar reference work. Identify the edition by date. There is no need to
give the page numbers when a work is arranged alphabetically. Give the authors
name, if known.
Utilitarianism. The Columbia Encyclopedia 6th ed. 2001.

A full entry is required for less familiar works.

35. Religious texts
In MLA format, use a period to separate the chapter and verse in the in-text note.
In-text
(John 3.16)

Works Cited
Holy Bible. King James Text: Modern Phrased Version. New
York: Oxford UP, 1980.

36. Book with an editor focus on the editor

In-text
(Page vii)

Works Cited
Page, Norman, ed. Jude the Obscure. By Thomas Hardy. New
York: Norton, 1999.

37. Book with an editor focus on the author

In-text
(Hardy 55)

Works Cited
Hardy, Thomas. Jude the Obscure. Ed. Norman Page. New York:
Norton, 1999.

38. Book with more than one editor

In-text
(Kaplan and Monod x-xi)

Works Cited
Kaplan, Fred, and Sylvre Monod, eds. Hard Times. By
Charles Dickens. New York: Norton, 2001.

39. Book with a translator

Debord, Guy. The Society of the Spectacle. Trans. Donald
Nicholson-Smith. New York: Zone, 1994.

40. Second or subsequent edition of a book

Include the number of the edition after the title.
Hawthorn, Jeremy, ed. A Concise Glossary of Contemporary
Literary Theory. 2nd ed. London: Arnold, 1994.

41. One volume of a multivolume work

Identify both the volume you have used and the total number of volumes in the
set.
Theweleit, Klaus. Male Fantasies. Vol. 1. Minneapolis: U of
Minnesota P, 1993. 2 vols.

42. More than one volume of a multivolume work

Identify the specific volume in your in-text citations, and list the total number of
volumes in Works Cited.
Theweleit, Klaus. Male Fantasies. 2 vols. Minneapolis: U of
Minnesota P, 1993.

43. Book in a series

Give the series name just before the publishing information. Do not underline or
italicize the series name.

10

Kavanagh, Peter, ed. Patrick Kavanagh: Man and Poet. Man

and Poet Series. Orono, ME: National Poetry
Foundation, 1986.

JOURNALS AND MAGAZINES

44. Journal or Magazine Article:
a. By one author
Margolis, Stacy. Huckleberry Finn; or, Consequences. PMLA
116 (2001): 329-43.

The authors last name comes first, followed by a comma and the first name.
b. By two or three authors
The second and subsequent authors names are printed in regular order, first name
first:
Shamoo, Adil E., and Jonathan D. Moreo.

Ethics of

Research Involving Mandatory Drug Testing of High

School Athletes. The American Journal of Bioethics
1 (2004):25-31.

Notice that a comma separates the authors names.

c. By four or more authors
You may use the phrase et al. (meaning and others) for all authors but the first, or
you may write out all the names. You need to use the same method in the in-text
citation as you do in the works-cited list.
(Breece et al.)
Breece, Katherine E. et al. Patterns of mtDNA Diversity in
Northwestern North America.

Human Biology 76

(2004): 33-54.

d. By an unknown author
Begin the entry with the title.
Idol Gossip. People Magazine 12 April 2004: 34-35.

e. Title in a foreign language

If the title is in a foreign language, copy it exactly as it appears on the title page,
paying special attention to accent marks and capitalization.

11

Frostin, Georges.

Les Colons de Saint Dominigue. Revue

Historique 237 (1967): 67-78.

45. Monthly or seasonal magazines or journals

For magazines and journals identified by the month or season of publication, use
the month (or season) and year in place of the volume. Abbreviate the names of all
months except May, June, and July.
Barlow, John Perry. Africa Rising: Everything You Know
about Africa Is Wrong. Wired Jan. 1998: 142-58.

46. Weekly or biweekly magazines

For weekly or biweekly magazines, give both the day and month of publication, as
listed on the issue. Note that the day precedes the month and no comma is used.
Toobin, Jeffrey. Crackdown. New Yorker 5 Nov. 2001: 5661.

47. Article in a journal paginated by volume

For continuously paginated journals, such as PMLA in the first example, include
the volume number before the year, but do not include the issue number.
Lerer, Seth. Medieval English Literature and the Idea of
the Anthology. PMLA 118 (2003): 1251-1267.

48. Article in a journal paginated by issue

For journals paginated separately in each issue, list the volume number, a period,
and then the issue number (here, 2/3) before the year and page numbers.
Davis, Jim. Rethinking Globalisation. Race and Class
40.2/3 (1999): 37-48.

49. Review
Provide the title, if given, and name the work reviewed. If there is no title, just
name the work reviewed.
Berger, Sidney E. Rev. of The Evolution of the Book, by
Frederick G. Kilgour. Library Quarterly 69 (1999):
402.

50. Letter to the editor

Add the word Letter after the name of the author.
Patai, Daphne. Letter. Harpers Magazine Dec. 2001: 4.

If it is a reply to a previous letter, add Reply to the letter of [name] followed by a period.
51. Editorial
If the editorial is unsigned, put the title first.

12

Stop Stonewalling on Reform. Editorial. Business Week 17

June 2002: 108.

52. Published interview

Olson, Gary A., and Lester Faigley. Language, Politics,
and Composition: A Conversation with Noam Chomsky.
JAC 11 (1991): 1-35.

53. Article on microfilm

Cite an article on microfilm or microfiche as you would the original.
Bowen, Elizabeth. The Case for Summer Romance.

Glamour

43 (1960): 94-95, 180.

NEWSPAPERS
54. Newspaper article:
a. By one author
The authors last name comes first, followed by a comma and the first name.
Boyd, Robert S. Solar System Has a Double. Montreal
Gazette 14 June 2002, final ed.: A1.

b. By two or three authors

The second and subsequent authors names are printed in regular order, first name
first:
Davis, Howard, June Allstead, and Jane Mavis.
Testimony

to

9/11

Commission

Rices

Leaves

Unanswered

Questions. Dallas Morning News 9 April 2004, final

ed.: C5.

Notice that a comma separates the authors names.

c. By four or more authors
You may use the phrase et al. (meaning and others) for all authors but the first, or
you may write out all the names. You need to use the same method in the in-text
citation as you do in the works-cited list.
Watson, Anne et al.

Childhood Obesity on the Rise.

Daily Missoulian 7 July 2003: B1.

13

The

d. By an unknown author
Begin the entry with the title.
Democratic Candidates Debate Iraq War.

Austin American

Statesman 19 Jan. 2004: A6.

e. Title in a foreign language

If the title is in a foreign language, copy it exactly as it appears on the title page,
paying special attention to accent marks and capitalization.
Iraq, Liberati gli Ostaggi Sudcoreani. Corriere Della
Sera 8 April 2004: A1.

f. That continues to a nonconsecutive page

If the article continues to a nonconsecutive page, add a plus sign after the number
of the first page.
Kaplow, Larry, and Tasgola Karla Bruner. U.S.: Dont Let
Taliban Forces Flee. Austin American-Statesman 20
Nov. 2001, final ed.: A1+.

55. Review
Fox, Nichols. Whats for Dinner? Rev. of Eating in the
Dark: Americas Experiment with Genetically Engineered
Food by Kathleen Hart. Washington Post 16 June 2002:
T9.

56. Letter to the editor

Canavan, Jim. Letter. Boston Globe Dec. 2001: 4.

57. Editorial
Add the word Editorial after the name of the author.
Dowd, Maureen. The Iraqi Inversion. Editorial. The New
York Times 8 April 2004, late ed.: A11.

58. Unsigned editorial

If the editorial is unsigned, put the title first.
High Court Ruling Doesnt Mean Vouchers Will Work.
Editorial. Atlanta Journal and Constitution 28 June
2002, home ed.: A19.

14

59. Article on microfilm

Cite an article on microfilm or microfiche as you would the original.
Greenhouse, Linda. Supreme Court Roundup; Court to Review
Suits on H.M.O. Policies. The New York Times 4 Nov.
2003: A9.

OTHER SOURCES
60. Government documents
If you are citing a congressional document other than the Congressional Record, be
sure to identify the congress, and, when necessary, the session after the title of the
document.
a. In-text
(Malveaux 10)

If there is no author, try to mention the document in the text and place only the
page number in parentheses.
Works Cited
Malveaux, Julianne. Changes in the Labor Market Status of
Black Women. A Report on the Study Group on
Affirmative Action to the Committee on Education and
Labor. U.S. 100th Cong., 1st sess. H. Rept. 100-L.
Washington: GPO, 1987. 231-55.
United States. Office of the Surgeon General. The Health
Consequences of Involuntary Smoking: A Report of the
Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Public Health
Service, 1986.

b. Congressional Record
Cong. Rec. 8 Feb. 2000: 1222-46.

61. Published proceedings of a conference

Zelazny, John, and J. Scott Feierabend, eds. Proceedings of
a Conference: Increasing Our Wetland Resources,
Washington, October 4-7, 1987. Washington: National
Wildlife Federation, 1988.

15

62. Bulletin or pamphlet

If there is no author, try to mention the document in the text.
The Common Cold. Austin, TX: U of Texas Health Center,
2001.

63. Published letter

Gramsci, Antonio. To Teresina. 20 Feb. 1928. In Letters
from Prison: Antonio Gramsci. Ed. Lynn Lawner. New
York: Noonday-Farrar, 1989. 120-21.

64. Unpublished letter

Mentioning the letter and the information from the letter in the text itself is
preferable to a parenthetical citation.
ONolan, Brian. Letter to Longmans. 1 May 1939. Morris
Library, Boston.

65. Published dissertation or thesis

When the dissertation you are citing has been published by University Microfilms
International (UMI), provide the order number as the last item in the works-cited
entry.
In-text
(Price 34)

Works Cited
Price, Jennifer Jaye. Flight Maps: Encounters with Nature
in Modern American Culture. Diss. Yale, 1998. Ann
Arbor: UMI, 1998. 9835237.

66. Unpublished dissertation or thesis

Schorn, Susan. The Merciful Construction of Good Women:
Actresses in the Marriage-Plot Novel. Diss. U of
Texas, 2000.

ONLINE PUBLICATION SOURCES

67. Online publication:
a. By a known author
Authorship is sometimes hard to discern for online sources. If you know the
author or creator, follow the rules for periodicals and books.
Kaplan, Nancy. E-literacies: Politexts, Hypertexts, and
Other Cultural Formations in the Late Age of Print.
Working paper, 24 Jan. 1995. 2 July 1999
<[Link]

16

b. By a group or organization
If the only authority you find is a group or organization, list its name after the date
of publication or date of revision.
Healthy Swimming While Youre on Spring Break.

25 March

2004. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

<[Link]

c. With an author and a group affiliation

If both an author and an organization or institution are affiliated with the site, list
the name of the organization or institution after the publication date or revision
date.
Edwards, Rebecca. Socialism. 1896. 2000. Vassar College.
20 Nov. 2001 <[Link]
[Link]#debs>.

d. Where the authors name is a pseudonym or unconventional

If the authors or creators name is a pseudonym or is unconventional, list it exactly
as it appears on the Web site.
Mordeci. Home page. 20 Nov. 2001. 4 Feb. 2003 <http://
[Link]/IvyHall/mordecix/>.

68. Online scholarly project or database

Web sites are often made up of many separate pages or articles. Each page or
article on a Web site may or may not have a title. If you are citing a page that has a
title, treat the title like that of an article in a periodical. Otherwise, treat the name of
the Web site itself as you would a book, as in the following example.
The Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities in the American
Civil War. Ed. Edward L. Ayres, 2001. Virginia Center
for Digital History, U of Virginia. 1 July 2002
<[Link]

69. Personal home page

If there is no title for the Web site, list it by author or creator. If it is a personal
home page, place the words Home page after the name of the owner of the page.
Stallman, Richard. Home page. 21 Mar. 2004. 8 April 2004
<[Link]

17

70. Online periodicals:

NOTE: Because most online periodicals do not have page numbers, you should
identify the site in the text. That way, you can avoid awkward parenthetical
citations.
a. Article in a scholarly journal
The volume and issue number follow the name of the journal. The date in
parentheses is the date of publication.
Agre, Phil. The Internet and Public Discourse. First
Monday 3.3 (Mar. 1998). 14 July 1999
<[Link]

b. Article in a newspaper
The first date is the date of publication, the second is the date of access.
Erard, Michael. A Colossal Wreck. Austin Chronicle 16
Nov. 2001. 21 Nov. 2001
<[Link] dispatch/2001
11-16/pols_feature.html>.

c. Article in a popular magazine

The first date is the date of publication, the second is the date of access.
Cohen, Jesse. When Harry Met Maggie. Slate 16 Nov. 2001.
21 Nov. 2001 <[Link]

71. Online book

Glantz, Stanton A., and Edith D. Balbach. Tobacco War:
Inside the California Battles. Berkeley: U of
California P, 2000. 22 May 2002
<[Link]
[Link]>.

72. Document within a scholarly project or database

Give, in MLA format, the author and title of the work first, as well as its date and
place of publication if it is a book. Then give the name of the project or database,
its editor, version or revision date, affiliation, and date of access. The address is the
address of the document itself.
Calhoun, John C. The Southern Address. Nineteenth Century
Documents Project. Ed. Lloyd Bensen. 2000. Furman U.
21 Nov. 2001 <[Link]
[Link]>.

18

73. Work from a library subscription service

Begin with the print publication information, then state the name of the database
(underlined), the name of the service, the name of the library or library system, date
of access, and the URL of the services home page.
Snider, Michael. Wired to Another World. Maclean's 3
March 2003: 23-24. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO.
Founders Memorial Lib., Northern Illinois U. 14 March
2003 <[Link]

74. Work from a personal subscription service

For a personal subscription service that allows you to retrieve material by entering a
keyword, write Keyword followed by a colon and the word you entered at the end of
the entry.
Anasazi. Comptons Encyclopedia Online. Vers. 2.0. 1997.
America Online. 12 Dec. 2001. Keyword: Comptons.

75. Online government publication

Begin with the same information you would give for printed government works
and conclude with information for the electronic source.
United States. Dept. of the Treasury. Your Rights as a
Taxpayer. August 2000. 24 Nov. 2001
<[Link] forms_pubs/[Link]>.

CD-ROM, SOFTWARE, AND UNEDITED ONLINE

SOURCES
76. Publication on CD-ROM
a. By a known author
When page numbers arent available, use the authors name in the text to avoid an
awkward parenthetical citation.
Boyer, Paul, et al. The Enduring Vision, Interactive
Edition. 1993 ed. CD-ROM. Lexington, MA: Heath, 1993.

b. Periodically revised database on CD-ROM

For a CD-ROM database that is often updated (e.g., ProQuest or InfoTrac), provide
the publication dates for the article you are citing as well as for the data disc itself.
(Roper 425)
Roper, Jill. Why Dont We Teach Reading in High School?
Journal of Secondary Education 22 (1999): 423-40.
ProQuest General Periodicals. CD-ROM. UMI-ProQuest.
June 2000.

19

c. Multidisc CD-ROM
Follow the publication medium with either the total number of discs or the number
of the specific disc you are using. Mentioning the CD-ROM in the text itself is
preferable to a parenthetical citation.
The Norton Anthology of English Literature Audio Companion.
CD-ROM. 2 discs. New York: Norton, 2001.

77. Computer software

Provide the authors name (if known), the version number (if any), the
manufacturer, and the date. You can also list the operating system, if relevant. Also,
if you have downloaded the software from the Internet, list the URL for the
download site. For in-text notes, mentioning the software in the text itself is
preferable to a parenthetical citation.
AOL. Vers. 6.0. America Online, 2001.

78. Online synchronous communication (MOOs, MUDs)

Provide the speaker and/or site, the title and date of the session, the forum for
communication (if specified), the date of access, and the electronic address.
Sirius, B. Discussion of popularity of Harry Potter. 12
December 2000. LinguaMOO. 24 Nov. 2001
<telnet:[Link] 8090>.

79. Email communication

Give the name of the writer, the subject line, a description of the message, and the
date.
Wilson, Samuel. Email to the author. 18 Sept. 2002.

80. Online newsgroup or listserv posting

Give the authors name (or alias), the subject line, the descriptor Online posting, the
date of posting, the name of the newsgroup or listserv, the date of access, and the
URL of the posting.
IrishMom. Re: Spain Will Send Troops to Aid US. Online
posting. 2 Nov. 2001. Ireland List. 21 Nov. 2001
<ireland_list-og@[Link]>.

81. Course home page

Begin with the instructors name, the name of the course, the words Course home
page, the dates of the course, the name of the department, school, date of access,
and URL.
Kirkpatrick, Judith. American Literature Online. Course
home page. Jan.-May 2003. Dept. of English. Kapiolani
CC. 21 Feb.2003.<[Link]
[Link]>.

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82. Work in more than one medium

Specify all of the media that constitute the publication (book, CD-ROM, diskette,
etc.) or list only the media you used. Mentioning the work in the text itself is
preferable to an awkward parenthetical citation.
Suffredini, Ana, ed. German Complete Course. Book, audio
cassettes. New York: Random, 1998.

VISUAL SOURCES
83. Cartoon
Chast, Roz. First-Period Algebra. Cartoon. New Yorker 19
Nov. 2001: 69.

84. Advertisement
Discover Card. Advertisement. Newsweek 29 October 2001: 4041.

85. Map, graph, or chart

Treat a map, graph, or chart as an anonymous book, but add the appropriate
descriptive label.
Baltimore Street Map and Visitors Guide. Map. Baltimore:
MAP, 1999.

86. Table reproduced in your text

This is how a table might appear in your text:
In The Republic, Plato explains how the three parts of the
individual soul should be repeated in the structure of the
ideal city-state (see Fig. 1).
Soul

Reason

Courage

Appetites

State

Elite guardians

Soldiers

Masses

Fig. 1. Platos politics, chart from Richard Osborne,

Philosophy for Beginners (New York: Writers and Readers,
1992) 15.
Works Cited
Platos Politics. Chart. New York: Writers and Readers,
1992. 15.

21

87. Painting, sculpture, or photograph

Provide the artists name, the title of the work, the name of the institution or
individual who owns the work, and the city. If you are citing a photograph of a
work, give the information for the work, followed by the publication information
for the source that you got the photograph from. Include the slide, plate, figure, or
page number, as relevant. In the text, mentioning the work and the artist in the text
itself is preferable to a parenthetical citation.
Cloar, Carroll. Odie Maude. 1990. David Lusk Gallery,
Memphis, TN.

88. Online map

The Political World. Map. National [Link].
National Geographic Society. 24 Nov. 2001.

89. Online work of art

Lawrence, Jacob. Street Shadows. 1959. Museum of Modern
Art, New York. 24 Nov. 2001
<[Link]
[Link]>.

90. Online cartoon

Cullum, Leo. Roaming Charges. Cartoon. [Link].
19 October 1998. 24 Nov. 2001
<[Link]

MULTIMEDIA SOURCES
91. Musical composition
If you have the sheet music or a score, list the publication information. If not, just
provide the composer, the title of the composition, and the year.
Gershwin, George. Cuban Overture. 1932.

92. Sound recording

Tedeschi, Susan. Just Wont Burn. Tone-Cool Records, 1998.

93. Online video or sound file

Isabella. Perf. James Gandolfini and Edie Falco. The
Sopranos. 1998. HBO. 24 Nov. 2001
<[Link]
season1/episode_12.shtml#>.

22

94. Film
The Blair Witch Project. Dir. Daniel Myrick and Eduardo
Snchez. Perf. Heather Donahue, Michael C. Williams,
and Joshua Leonard. Haxan Films, 1999.

95. Video or DVD

Note the format of the work in the citation.
Long Shots: The Life and Times of the American Basketball
Association. Prod. George Roy and Steven Stern.
Videocassette. HBO, 1997.

96. Television or radio program

Provide the title of the episode or segment, followed by the title of the program
and series (if any). After the titles, list any performers, narrators, directors, or others
who might be pertinent. Then give the name of the network, call numbers and city
for any local station, and the broadcast date.
Commendatori. The Sopranos. Perf. James Gandolfini and
Edie Falco. HBO. 16 Dec. 2001.

97. Telephone interview

McConaughey, Matthew. Telephone interview. 27 May 1999.

98. Broadcast interview

For interviews conducted for broadcast on radio or TV, add the broadcast
information.
Cage, Nicholas. Interview. Fresh Air. WHYY-FM.
Philadelphia. 13 June 2002.

99. Musical, dramatic, dance or artistic performance

Lipstick Traces. By Griel Marcus. Adapted by Kirk Lynn.
Dir. Shawn Sides. Perf. Lana Lesley and Jason
Liebrecht. Off Center. Austin, TX. 31 Aug. 2000.

100. Speech, debate, mediated discussion, or public talk

Jobs, Steve. Remarks at Macworld. New York. 21 July 1999.

23