1

Declaration
The Courthouse Museum

Edward Cheng Mun Kit

The Courthouse Museum, Jalan Changkat, Batu Gajah, Perak.

Edwin Ho Khai Vun

This report is submitted for the subject ARC 1215 / ARC 60305

Evin Looi Jynn

Methods of Documentation and Measured Drawings to School of

Architecture, Building, Design of Taylors University to obtain 5 credits

Felicia Novera

for Practicum 1.

Felicia Tiong Ying Min

It is a group effort by:

Hiew Kin Vui

Yii Hong Gin

Lim Pui Yee

Cheah Teck Wei

Ng Wan Zew

Chew Ung Heng

Nur Natasya Liyana Zulkairi

Chia Yi Ling

Ong Huey Fen

Chua Chang Yeong

Ooi Zhi Qian

Chung Wei Jin

Pua Kai Jing

Dayang Puteri Syahirah Binti Aband Omar

Sean Wee Yen Xhiong

Stanley Wong Khung You

Tan Jou Wen
Tan Kai Chong
Tsang Hao Ren
Yeow Yi Chuan

Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

January 2015
Taylors University
Supervised by:
Mr. Mohd Adib Bin Ramli

Acknowledgement
We would like to express our greatest gratitude to the curator and the
accommodating staff from the Courthouse Museum, Batu Gajah for
their assistance during the days of our site visit as well as Mr. Mohd
Adib bin Ramli as our group mentor, for his patience, guidance and
useful critiques on our research and measurement works. Our grateful
appreciation also goes out to the lecturers who have evaluated us
during the interim and presentation sessions. Their comments have
been helpful in further improving our quality of work. We truly thank the
staff of the National Archives (Arkib Negara) and the Tun Razak
Library,Ipoh for their kind assistance while we were conducting our
research. Furthermore, we would like to extend our thanks to the
Taylors University staff whom have been accommodating in providing
us a venue to work on our project and also transportation to and from
our site. Lastly, we would like to express our utmost gratitude to our
fellow team members who have sacrificed a lot of time and invested a
whole lot of effort into making this measurement exercise a successful

Sketch by Chia Yi Ling

and memorable project.

Introduction to Research
This research documents the importance of The Courthouse Museum
on various aspects such as the architecture, history and culture of the
building. This report is also a supporting document to the set of
measured drawings of The Courthouse Museum. In this report, we also
highlight the relationship in between the architecture of the courthouse
and the history of the building, and how these two aspects affect the
inhabitation of the building.

Figure 1.0

List of Figures, Diagrams and Tables

Figures
Figure 1.0 The Courthouse Museum

Figure 2.4 The previous look of the Courthouse Museum

Figure 1.1 Raffia String

Figure 3.1 The Courthouse Museum exterior

Figure 1.2 Bosch laser measuring device

Figure 3.2 Names of Perak Sultan, Frank Swettenham and Caulfield

Figure 1.3 Measuring tape

were displayed on the front elevation of the building.

Figure 1.4 Team members measuring the reliefs on the wall

Figure 3.3 Front of the Courthouse Museum before renovation

Figure 1.5 Team members measuring the roof

Figure 3.4 Plaque placed in front of the building.

Figure 2.1 Tin mining being carried out in Batu Gajah

Figure 3.5 List of District Officers of Batu Gajah

Figure 2.2 Shop lots located in Batu Gajah

Figure 3.6 District Officers House

Figure 2.3 An old photo of Batu Gajah Town

Figure 3.7 Batu Gajah Police Station

Figure 4.1 The Courthouse Museum showing influence of the British

Figure 4.10 Pilasters acting as a decorative element to the walls

colonial architecture

Figure 4.11 Windows arranged at a constant distance

Figure 4.2 The Courthouse Museum before renovation

Figure 4.12 The side elevation of the building

Figure 4.3 Pediment that is in the shape of a triangle

Figure 4.13 Courthouse Museum with pediments and columns

Figure 4.4 Pediment is also seen above the plaque on the front

highlighted

elevation of the building

Figure 4.14 Vilnius Cathedral with pediments and columns highlighted

Figure 4.5 Dentils seen in the bed mould of the cornice

Figure 4.15 Courthouse Museum with its pediments highlighted

Figure 4.6 Pediments decorated by dentils

Figure 4.16 Madison County with its pediments highlighted

Figure 4.7 Rectangular shaped columns seen along the corridor

Figure 4.17 Courthouse Museum with its pediments, dentils and

Figure 4.8 Circular shaped columns seen on the front faade of the

columns highlighted

building

Figure 4.18 Maison Carree with its pediments and columns highlighted

Figure 4.9 Pilasters decorate the front faade of the building

Figure 4.19 The Sultan Abdul Samad Building

Figure 4.20 The Municipal Council Building

Figure 5.11 Repetition of windows

Figure 5.1 Idris Ibni Iskander Shah (Sultan of Perak)

Figure 5.12 Repetition of spindles

Figure 5.2 Frank A. Swettenham (British Resident of Perak)

Figure 5.13 Pitch roof of courthouse museum

Figure 5.3 Map showing location of Batu Gajah in Perak

Figure 6.1 Windows located on top of the door

Figure 5.4 Thousands of Chinese labourers from China flooded in the

Figure 6.2 Door has prominent panels and is painted in a dark color

area as miners in Kinta Valley

Figure 6.3 Fixed window with stained glass located at the second floor

Figure 5.5 Railway map from Perak to Selangor

Figure 6.4 Double casement windows and round fixed window

Figure 5.6 The Courtroom

Figure 6.5 Weathered brick

Figure 5.7 Meeting Room

Figure 6.6 Plaster attacked by fungi

Figure 5/8 Courthouse Museum viewed from the side

Figure 6.7 Rusted Marseille Terracotta Roof Tile

Figure 5.9 Courthouse Museum rear elevation

Figure 6.8 Corroded granite tile

Figure 5.10 Symmetrical faade

Figure 6.9 Stained Gypsum Partition Board

Figure 6.10 Decayed timber window

Figure 7.11 Front faade of the Court House finished with plaster

Figure 6.11 Stained glass with accumulated dirt

Figure 7.12 Elevation of the Court House finished with plaster

Figure 7.1 The partition board in the office

Figure 7.13 Plaster bas relief formed by lime plaster

Figure 7.2 Partition boards used to divide the space

Figure 7.14 Table in the courthouse made of wood

Figure 7.3 Granite steps leading to the courtroom

Figure 7.15 The woven elements seen in the seats of the chairs.

Figure 7.4 Granite steps at the entrance of the faade

Diagrams

Figure 7.5 Timber flooring on the first floor (Courtroom)

Figure 7.6 Timber flooring on the second floor (Attic)
Figure 7.7 Top view of the roof
Figure 7.8 Pattern of the roof tiles as seen from side view
Figure 7.9 Rose window on the second floor
Figure 7.10 Decorated tall window on the first floor

Diagram 4.1 Building structure shows symmetrical design

Diagram 4.2 Diagram showing the ornamentation of the building from
front elevation.
Diagram 4.3 Diagram showing the ornamentation of the building from
side elevation
Diagram 5.1 Ground Floor Plan with meeting room highlighted

Diagram 5.2 First Floor Plan with the courtroom highlighted

Diagram 6.4 Axonometric of Door 1

Diagram 5.3 Ground floor plan showing linear organization

Diagram 6.5 Elevation and plan view of Door 1

Diagram 5.4 Left elevation showing repetition of columns

Diagram 6.6 Axonometric of Door 2

Diagram 5.5 Ground floor plan showing types of spaces

Diagram 6.7 Elevation and plan view of Door 2

Diagram 5.6 First floor plan showing types of spaces

Diagram 6.8 Axonometric of Door 3

Diagram 5.7 Diagram shows access and circulation of ground floor

Diagram 6.9 Elevation and plan view of Door 3

plan

Diagram 6.10 Axonometric of Door 4

Diagram 5.8 Diagram shows access and circulation of first floor plan

Diagram 6.11 Elevation and plan view of Door 4

Diagram 5.9 Diagram shows advantages of pitch roof

Diagram 6.12 Axonometric of Door 5

Diagram 6.1 Ground floor plan with doors labelled

Diagram 6.13 Elevation and plan view of Door 5

Diagram 6.2 First floor plan with doors labelled

Diagram 6.14 Axonometric of Door 6

Diagram 6.3 Second floor plan with doors labelled

Diagram 6.15 Elevation and plan view of Door 6

10

Diagram 6.16 Axonometric of Door 7

Diagram 6.28 Ground floor plan with windows labelled

Diagram 6.17 Elevation and plan view of Door 7

Diagram 6.29 First floor plan with windows labelled

Diagram 6.18 Axonometric of Door 8

Diagram 6.30 Second floor plan with windows labelled

Diagram 6.19 Elevation and plan view of Door 8

Diagram 6.31 Axonometric of Window 1

Diagram 6.20 Axonometric of Door 9

Diagram 6.32 Elevation and plan view of Window 1

Diagram 6.21 Elevation and plan view of Door 9

Diagram 6.33 Axonometric of Window 2

Diagram 6.22 Axonometric of Door 10

Diagram 6.34 Elevation and plan view of Window 2

Diagram 6.23 Elevation and plan view of Door 10

Diagram 6.35 Axonometric of Window 3

Diagram 6.24 Axonometric of Door 11

Diagram 6.36 Elevation and plan view of Window 3

Diagram 6.25 Elevation and plan view of Door 11

Diagram 6.37 Axonometric of Window 4

Diagram 6.26 Front elevation of metal gril

Diagram 6.38 Elevation and plan view of Window 4

Diagram 6.27 Front and side elevation, plan view of glass door

Diagram 6.39 Axonometric of Window 5

11

Diagram 6.40 Elevation and plan view of Window 5

Diagram 6.52 Axonometric of Staircase 1

Diagram 6.41 Axonometric of Window 6

Diagram 6.53 Plan view of Staircase 2

Diagram 6.42 Elevation and plan view of Window 6

Diagram 6.54 Elevation and section of Staircase 2

Diagram 6.43 Axonometric of Window 7

Diagram 6.55 Axonometric of Staircase 2

Diagram 6.44 Elevation of Window 7

Diagram 6.56 Plan view of Staircase 3

Diagram 6.45 Section showing timber floor joists

Diagram 6.57 Elevation of Staircase 3

Diagram 6.46 Ground floor plan showing granite straight stairs

Diagram 6.58 Section of Staircase 3

Diagram 6.47 Ground floor plan showing granite half-landing stairs

Diagram 6.59 Axonometric of Staircase3

Diagram 6.48 First floor plan showing timber half-landing stairs

Diagram 6.60 Plan view of Staircase 4

Diagram 6.49 Plan View of Staircase 1

Diagram 6.61 Elevation and section of Staircase 4

Diagram 6.50 Elevation of Staitcase 1

Diagram 6.62 Axonometric of Staircase 4

Diagram 6.51 Section of Staircase 1

Diagram 7.1 Ground Floor Plan with brick masonry walls highlighted

12

Diagram 7.2 First Floor Plan with brick masonry walls highlighted
Diagram 7.3 Ground Floor Plan with gypsum partition boards
highlighted
Diagram 7.4 First Floor Plan with gypsum and timber partition boards
highlighted

Tables
Table 7.1 Table showing the materials used in the buildings
construction
Table 7.2 Table showing the advantages and disadvantages of lime
plaster

Diagram 7.5 Ground floor plan showing granite tiles

Diagram 7.6 First floor plan showing timber flooring and Marseille
Terracotta roof tiles
Diagram 7.7 Second floor plan showing timber flooring and Marseille
Terracotta roof tiles

13

Table of Content
Declaration
Acknowledgement
Introduction to Research
List of Figures, Diagrams and Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Measuring Tool
1.3 Methodology
1.4 Limitations
Chapter 2: History of Batu Gajah
2.1 Introduction to Batu Gajah
2.2 Origin of the Name
2.3 Timeline of Batu Gajah
Chapter 3: History of The Courthouse Museum
3.1 Introduction to Courthouse in Batu Gajah
3.2 Historical Background of the Courthouse Musuem
3.2 Ownership of the Building
3.3 Timeline of Courthouse
3.4 Site Context of the Building
Chapter 4: Architectural Style

4.1 Introduction to Architectural Style

4.2 Design Concept
4.3 Features and Characteristics
4.4 Comparison and Influence
4.5 Application
Chapter 5: Architectural Analysis
5.1 Site Selection
5.2 Spatial Organization
5.3 Architectural Spatial Organizational Schemes
5.4 Form and Hierarchy
5.5 Public, Semi-Private and Private Spaces
5.6Access and Circulation
5.7 Climate-conscious Design
Chapter 6: Construction Method and Details
6.1 Door
6.2 Window
6.3 Flooring System
6.4 Staircase
6.5 Building Conservation
Chapter 7: Building Materials
7.1 Climatic Conditions
7.2 Structural Materials
7.3 Finishing Materials

14

7.4 Furnishing Materials

7.5 Furniture
Chapter 8: Conclusion
8.1 Reflections
8.2 Limitations of Current Usage
8.3 Summary
Chapter 9: References
Chapter 10: Glossary
Chapter 11: Appendix
Chapter 12: Scaled Drawings

15

CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Measuring
Tool
1.3 Methodology
1.4 Limitations

16

1.1 Objective
The objective of this project is to obtain accurate and detailed record of
the Courthouse Museum located in Batu Gajah, Perak. The report will
contain an in-depth study and analysis of the significance of the
building and also the historical information behind this building which
complements the measured drawings. The main focus of this report is
towards two core aspects: the architectural influences and also the
historical background, highlighting information on how the two support
the inhabitation of the building and its relation to architecture.

Sketch by Chia Yi Ling

17

1.2 Measuring Tool

There are several equipments that we have used to obtain
measurements that are required to produce the detailed architectural
drawings. Raffia strings are used to measure curved surfaces. Marks
are made on the string to mark a start and an end point for the curved
surface. A measuring tape or ruler is then used to measure the

Figure 1.1 (Ruslan and complet)

distance in between the two points. The digital measuring device is

utilized to measure heights as well as spaces of vast distances. The
use of these laser devices help in maximizing accuracy as well as
reducing measuring time. Ladders were also used to measure building
structures at unreachable heights.
Figure 1.2 (Bosch Power Tools for Professionals)

Figure 1.3 (Length)

18

1.3 Methodology
In terms of documentation, acquiring information regarding the

and exterior spaces of the building. Digital laser devices proved to be

Courthouse Museum proved to be difficult since the building has

beneficial in situations where measuring lengths would be an issue

undergone various occupancies. Even so, the National Archives are

such as when one is measuring the height of a particular space. These

good sources for historical findings. By incorporating the relevance of

laser devices also proved to cut down measuring times and reduce

the neighboring buildings around the museum, we are able to

inaccuracies in measurements unlike measuring tapes which prove to

extrapolate the important events that occurred within the vicinity and

be inaccurate at times due to parallax errors when reading off values.

thus, understand the significance of the building. During the period in

During the field work, time management and teamwork among all was

between 18th to 23rd January 2015, a group of 25 students are

vital in completion of tasks.

involved in a field work consisting on-site measuring and

documentation of the The Courthouse Museum, Batu Gajah, Ipoh. We
are required to understand the principles of building preservation and
the method of recording it in four documentation methods: on-site
sketching,

measured

drawings,

written

documentation

and

photographic documentation. The group of students was delegated into

6 subgroups according to different tasks leading by a subgroup leader.
In terms of measured drawings, several methods were used to collect
measurement data. Measuring instruments such as measuring tapes
and digital laser devices are the main devices that were used to
measure the lengths of both interior

19

1.4 Limitations
1.4.1 Human error
The incorrect or improper use of a measuring instrument in measuring
the structure of the building. Parallax error may occur or team
members use an incorrect way of positioning the measuring instrument
against the structure of the building, thus causing the documentation of
incorrect measurements.
1.4.2 Lack of information
All information about the building was kept private and confidential.

Figure 1.4

JKR Perak did not disclose any information about the building and the
National Archive only had minimal information about the building,
mostly general.
1.4.3 Transportation
The only means of transportation was by the bus provided by the
university and also by the cars of students. It was very inconvenient to
acquire additional information as students have to travel a distance to
go back to the building.

Figure 1.5

20

CHAPTER 2
History of Batu Gajah
2.1 Introduction to Batu
Gajah
2.2 Origin of Name
2.3 Timeline of Batu Gajah

21

2.1 Introduction to Batu Gajah

Batu Gajah was one of the centers of tin mining, with hundreds of Chinese working their open-cast mines, easily exploiting the rich alluvial
deposits of tin. Before the arrival of the British, Batu Gajah was already
a busy river trading station. Tongkangs regularly berthed at its huge
stone jetty, where the goods were transferred to smaller boats for the
journey upriver, and where tin ore, coconuts and jungle products were
loaded for the fifty-mile return journey to the coast. There were rows of
Malay huts on both banks of the river.

Figure 2.1 ([Link])

22

2.2 Origin of the name

The name Batu Gajah came from a stone that resembled an
elephant. Many versions of this tale have been passed on for
generations.
The first version holds that when tin was discovered in the vicinity,
many immigrants came from Sumatra to trade in the ore. Some of
them were Buddhists, and they carved two elephants in place of
worship.
Another version holds that a very long time ago, as two wild elephants
were crossing the river, a deity called Sang Kelembai called out., and
they were immediately transformed into stones. These elephantshaped stones are believed to be located near Kampung Pisang but no
one has seen them.
Despite the origins of its name, Batu Gajah owed a lot to elephants for

Figure 2.2

the development of its early mines. They transported the heavy tin ore
from the mines to the boats and the necessities back for the miners.

23

2.3 Historical Timeline of Batu Gajah

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

24

CHAPTER 3
History of The Courthouse Museum
3.1 Introduction to Courthouse in Batu Gajah
3.2 Historical Background of the Courthouse
Museum
3.3 Ownership of the Building
3.4 Timeline of Courthouse Museum
3.5 Site Context of the Building

25

3.1 Introduction to Courthouse in Batu Gajah

The Courthouse, also known as District Court Complex was built in
1892 and owned by the British Resident of Perak, Frank Swettenham.
It is located in Batu Gajah, Perak, Malaysia and is the oldest
courthouse that is built in this small town. It is structured in the form of
three linked building blocks connected together by a covered walkway.
This three-block complex was originally occupied by several
government departments such as the District Office and Public Works
Department for the blocks on the sides and by the Batu Gajah Court,
which is the hall of Courthouse for the center block of the complex. The
court had a historical plaque placed on its front that was inscribed Idris
Ibni Iskander Shah as Sultan of Perak, Frank A. Swettenham as British
Resident and Francis St. G. Caulfield as State Engineer. The
Courthouse is a solid plaster-and-brick structure built of cruciform floor
plans that was based on the Christian church cultures in the west back

Figure 3.1

then. The building was designed to symbolize justice using the

Christianity culture principles typified in colonial architecture during the
Imperial era.

26

3.2 Historical Background of the Courthouse Museum

Figure 3.4
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.2

27

3.3 Ownership of the Building

The complex was originally owned by the very first British Resident of
Perak named Frank Swettenham along with the Sultan of Perak, Idris
Ibni Iskandar Shah. It was then passed on to the later generation of the
British colonial administrative to lead the court and other governmental
departments in the building. The list of building owners were taken
down and passed on to the local government and it was then framed in
the meeting room of the courthouse, though most of the history
background of the British and local owners of the building had gone
lost on track.

Figure 3.5

28

3.4 Site context of the building

These are the very old buildings found at the Heritage Trail that were
used for political and commercial purposes back in the olden days. The
route is located from the city Ipoh to the small town area of Batu Gajah
where the courthouse is located between both areas. Some of the
buildings that were previously owned by the British are now under our
local government and are occupied with offices for registration use
while some of them are abandoned. The courthouse is located near to
the podium, District Officers House, the Batu Gajah police station,
Batu Gajah hospital, the JKR office and St. George church.

Figure 3.6
0.0
Figure

Figure 3.7

29

CHAPTER 4
Architectural Style
4.1 Introduction to Architectural Style
4.2 Design Concept
4.3 Features and Characteristics
4.4 Comparisons and Influence
4.5 Application

30

4.1 Introduction to the Architectural Style

Aesthetically, British colonial architecture in Malaysia is essentially a
hybrid. Under Western influence, the buildings shows different
architectural styles that are modified to a greater or lesser degree by
the use of local building materials and architectural [Link]
administrative building during the British era, reflects western designs
and technology in construction with a mix and match kind of outlook,
adopting certain aspects of local design such as the faade, form, as
well as materials even when these buildings had unique characteristics
that were foreign to the local culture. In the 19th century, the British
had adopted an architectural style, originating from the British building

Figure 4.1

style, a mixture of the British and Mughal Architectural style (Indian

Muslim) in India; and is commonly used in administrative buildings.

31

4.2 Design Concept

British Colonial style compromises different classical design concepts
from the Western architecture with the original influences of the Indian
Mughal architectural style. The openings such as doors and windows,
the frames, the columns, the materials and other structures were all
designed to portray the Britishs ideology towards their dominacy and
to introduce the classical modernism in Malaya. The courthouse had a
mixture of different styles but the building plan was mainly Europeanstyle. Heritage of Malaysia Trust (1990) pointed out that this type of
building was easily found during the 1880s, with some Baroque
influence and Palladian style during Renaissance revivalism. The
Renaissance and Palladian buildings have a special feature, which is a
symmetrical design. However, the slight curve on the portico,

Diagram 4.1

ornateness of the gate and grand central stairs are of Baroque

influence.

32

4.3 Features and Characteristics

The Courthouse is one of the historical building that was influenced by
the European architecture style in terms of the tropical climate in our
country Malaysia. This European-influenced structure may be applied
just has how it is from the West, but our long term humid weather was
mainly in concern during the structural design and construction
process. The Courthouse Museum building itself has a Palladian style
faade, which is painted in striking black and white, featuring plaster
bas-reliefs of strange eye-like shapes, decorated gables and covered
walkways. The building complex was designed by Francis Caulfield,
one of the State Engineer in the early Perak Administrative office.
Despite of having a Palladian style faade, the courthouse building in
overall is a British Colonial architectural style [Link] court has a
floor plan with the shape of a cruciform that is influenced by the cultural
design of a Christian church. The choice of the columns are based on
the historical fact that the column was the object through which the
concept of kind was delivered within the Classical architecture that
was developed both logically and morphologically. The ionic columns
are arranged in such a way that they are individuated in the building

Figure 4.2

floor plan.

33

Diagram 4.2

34

Diagram 4.3

35

4.3.1 Pediment
One of the main features of the Courthouse that is designed in a
triangular gable is called a pediment. The pediment is a structure
element influenced by the classical, neoclassical and baroque
architecture. As mentioned, it has a shape of a triangle designed with
cornice and dentils. It is placed above the Courthouse towards the end
of the roof slope. It also being applied on the openings such as doors
and windows, and above the plague as decorative elements and a
symbol for the architectural style of the Courthouse.
Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

36

4.3.2 Dentil
Another main feature of the Courthouse that was influenced by the
classical architecture is the dentils. The dentils are rows of small
rectangular tooth-like blocks that is repetitively placed in the bedmould
of the cornice. It is commonly used as ornaments for the colonial
buildings in our country. The similar mouldings of the dentils are also
applied within the pediments of the doors and windows as decorative
ornaments.

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

37

4.3.3 Column
Another main feature that holds the Courthouse is the columns. The
columns are designed as both supporting structures and decorative
elements around the Courthouse. This feature comes in long
rectangular and circular shape. The circular column used is of the
classical Tuscan order that has a simple outlook of the capital and
base with flutings. This column is placed at the front top of the
Courthouse. The rectangular columns has the same outlook as the
Tuscan style only that it has no flutings. This type of column is placed
along the walkways around the building at ground floor.

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

38

4.3.4 Pilaster
The feature of the classical element that has an outlook of flat-faced
vertical projections attached agaisnt the faade of the Courthouse are
called pilasters. It acts as decorative ornaments around the
[Link] two types of pilaster design. One has a similar design
as the Tuscan column that are placed at the first floor, while the other
type has horizontal stripes wrapped around it at ground floor.

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10
Figure 0.0

39

4.3.5 Fenestration
This feature gives an outlook for the whole building consistency. This
design is called the fenestration. The opening such as doors and
windows are all arranged in such as way that is constant in distance to
one another agaisnt the wall. This applies on the first level exterior wall
and also the ground floor for the wooden windows.

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.12

Figure 0.0

40

4.4 Comparison and Influence

4.4.1 Comparing with Neo-classical architecture and its influence
The Courthouse has the similar column design as Vilnius Cathedral of
Neo-classical style, only that there is no fluting on the base shaft of the
Cathedrals columns at the entrance. The columns are both arranged
at the same position which is the entrance. These two buildings have
the same pediment design concept applied on the end of the roof and
for the ornaments on the exterior wall. Same goes for the dentils.
What differs the two similar building is the usage of the a few structures

Figure 4.13

such as the arrangement of the columns, the size of the dentils, the
amount of carved ornaments and the placing of domes. There is no
domes used on the Courthouse while the domes are placed towards
the end of the Cathedral building. There may be the use of pilaster
design, but stripe pattern is applied to the pilaster of the Courthouse
unlike the cathedral.

Figure 4.14 (Wikipedia)

Figure 0.0

41

4.4.2 Comparing with Renaissance architecture and its influence

The Courthouse has the same pediment concept as Madison County
Court House of Renaissance style, only that it doesnt apply for the
openings for the Madison court.
The Courthouse is not much of a Renaissance influenced structure.
The columns are of two different designs. The Madison Court has
significantly capital designs compared to the Courthouse as it doesnt
apply on its simple columns. The Courthouse does not have a dome,
the openings ornament and design are not as minimal as Madisons,

Figure 4.15

the balconies are not ad exposed with the use of metal grills as
Madisons.

Figure 4.16 ([Link])

42

4.4.3 Comparing with Roman architecture and its influence

The Courthouse is also influenced by Roman architecture. The same
pendiments concept, and it goes on with the other common classical
elements such as the columns, cornice and dentils.
The Maison Carree holds a much more simpler arrangement and the
amount of ornament and decorative structures are minimal. Though the
building may be kept to its minimal, the columns are more outstanding
compared to the Courthouses column designs. The shafts have more
flutings and the capital is completely different. The concept of an open
spatial design does not apply on The Courthouse, as much as it
stresses on the Roman architecture culture. Lastly, Roman architecture

Figure 4.17
Figure 0.0

holds culture beliefs, while the Courthouse design built to symbolises

modernism.

Figure 4.18
Figure 0.0

43

4.5 Application
British Colonial style was widely applied not only on the Courthouse,
but also on the local administrative buildings throughout our country
Malaysia and worldwide as the British government had dominated
many countries back then. The original local culturally designed
buildings were then evoluted and combined with the Europian structure
designs, resulting in these aesthetical historical monuments that are
now used as musuems and offices. These local buildings hold the
same architectural style as the Courthouse that can be seen from the
building structures such as the columns, the dentils, the arches and

Figure 4.19 (Flickr)

many more. They hold the same design concept with the same
dominancy intention and idealogy. The architecture has become one of
the main attractions in our countries that led to the attraction of many
visitors and tourists such as the Old General Post Office and Sultan
Abdul Samad building in Kuala Lumpur, Municipal Council Building in
Georgetown, Penang, Former Police Contigent Building in Klang and
Former State Secretariat Building in Seremban.

Figure 4.20 (Malaysia, Malaysia and profile)

44

CHAPTER 5
Architectural Analysis
5.1 Site Selection
5.2 Spatial Organization
5.3 Architectural Spatial Organizational Schemes
5.4 Form and Hierarchy
5.5 Public, Semi Private and Private Spaces
5.6 Circulation
5.7 Climate-conscious Design

45

5.1 Site Selection

5.1.1 Geography and Climate:
Batu Gajah is located in Perak, 20km away from Ipoh. Batu Gajah is a
large and fine village which is located near the left bank of the Kinta
River. The land was surrounded by century-old tropical trees and hills.
The good soil condition which was suitable for construction had
become one of the attractions towards the British. The warm and
stable climate whole year round has also attracted the British.
Figure 5.1 (Selangor)

Figure 5.2 (Malaysia and profile)

[Link]

Figure 5.3 Ipoh Worlds World

46

5.1.2 POPULATION:
In 18th century, Batu Gajah was chosen to be the administrative capital
for the Kinta district of Perak. Kinta valley was at the epicentre of a "tin
rush". It had tens of thousands of Chinese labourers flooded in the
area as miners. The Chinese population in the Kinta valley rose from
8,900 in 1879 to 58,587 in 1891. Due to the expansion of population,
the British colonial were attracted to the area.
5.1.3 ECONOMY:
During the British colonial period, Perak had become one of the

Figure 5.4 (Ipoh Worlds World)

wealthiest states due to the expansion of the tin mining industry. It was
the largest producer of tin mining. Batu Gajah was enjoying the Kinta
Valleys Tin Rush period during that time. It became the second most
important town in Perak after Taiping. It was then chosen as the capital
of the Kinta district and government offices were located here in year
1884. The economic boom has made it notable and caught the
attention of the British Officers. Besides, the railway service had eased
the transportation of tin from Batu Gajah to Teluk Anson port which
brought a major change to the town, further expanding the economy.
Figure 5.5 (Great Malaysian Railway Journeys)

47

5.2 Spatial Organization

The spaces in the Courthouse Museum are directly related to one
another. The repetition of form, size and function of the spaces in the
building are linked through a separate and distinct space and form a
series of spaces. Each side of the spaces has an exterior exposure.
There are a few organizations that can be showed through the spaces
of the Courthouse Museum.
As seen from Figure 0.0, the organisation of the structure greatly
emphasizes on two major areas, the courtroom and the meeting room

Diagram 5.1

by being larger in size as well as having good circulation with easy

access throughout the whole space.

Diagram 5.2

48

5.2.1 Spaces
The Courtroom is the main function of the structure. It was where the
British used to bring justice on those who had committed crimes. As
the main room, it has a larger area and heavy ornamentations in the
interior. The focal point of the room would be the judges table, having
higher ground, better seating and a special entrance which helps in
focusing the attention towards the judge. The courthouse was later
converted into a museum when it was not in use anymore.
The meeting room was also an important space. It is located right
below the courtroom with equal area but different height of ceiling and

Figure 5.6

lesser ornamentation. Even now, it is still in use, with new technology

installed and renovation taken place.

The office, which is another function of the building was not included in
the original plan but was renovated with plaster ceilings and partitions
when the courthouse is converted into a museum. They occupy the
unused rooms after the building no longer served as a courthouse.
Figure 5.7

49

5.3 Architectural Spatial Organizational Schemes

5.3.1 Architectural Order
There exists a natural diversity and complexity in architectural works
and requirements for buildings. Many architects and designers have
focused on the concept of order, and how concepts of order can
produce a sense of beauty, discipline, and meaning in buildings.
5.3.2 Organizational Schemes
The following spatial organizational scheme can be seen as

Figure 5.8

compositional 'constructs where diverse forms and spaces can be

arranged into an inter-related 'whole' via systematic and disciplined
forethought. The vast majority of buildings are composed of a number
of rooms or spaces related to one another by function, proximity, or a
circulation path. It is important to remember that organizational
schemes are inherently value-neutral organization schemes. They
become more or less valuable depending on the intentions of the
design.

Figure 5.9

50

[Link] LINEAR ORGANIZATION

A linear organization consists essentially of a series of spaces or
objects. These spaces can be directly related to one another or linked
through a separate and distinct space. Spaces that are functionally or
symbolically important to the organization can occur anywhere along
the linear sequence and their importance articulated by size and form.

Diagram 5.3

51

5.4 Form and Hierarchy

5.4.1 Symmetry
With the reference to the front rise, when a line is drawn through the
core of the pediment of the exterior in front, it demonstrates a
reasonable characteristic of symmetrical face. The reflected and
symmetrical structure demonstrates the dependability between the
both sides.
In addition, by alluding to the ground floor arrangement, a symmetrical
floor arrangement has been demonstrated. It can be seen that both
wings are symmetrical to one another, exemplifying a feeling of
balance to the building. The segments along the hall at both sides of
the building are situated and organized just as to one another.

Figure 5.10

52

5.4.2 Repetition
Repetition is the simplest method in designing. The columns and
windows in architecture, the legs of a piece of furniture, the pattern on
fabrics, tiles on the floor are obvious examples of repetition. Repetition
of unit usually conveys an immediate sense of harmony. Each
repetitive unit form is like the beat of some kind of rhythm, repeating art
elements in regular or cyclical fashion to create interest, movement,

Figure 5.11

and harmony.
Repeated use of a shape, color, or other art elements in a building
structure can help unify different parts into a whole. The repetition
might be limited to only an instance or two: not enough to create a
pattern or rhythm, but enough to cause a visual echo and reinforce or

Figure 5.12

accent certain aspects of the building.

Diagram 5.4

53

5.5 Public, Semi-Private and Private Spaces

A public space is a social space that is generally open and accessible
to people while private space is a self-governing enclave whose
restricted areas are owned by the residents and whose services are
provided by the private sector.
With the reference to the ground floor plan, the spaces marked in red
colour is considered as private spaces. Washrooms are considered as
private spaces. It is located behind the building to provide more space

Diagram 5.5

for access to the public. From the floor plan, it is noticeable that most
of the spaces in the building are opened to public such as the
courtroom for visitor and offices for administration work to be done .
Meeting room is considered as a semi private space which permits
pertinent powers and staff to enter this confined range to discuss on
private and confidential matters.

Diagram 5.6
Public spaces
Private spaces
Semi-private spaces

54

5.6 Access and Circulation

The structure was primarily designed as a courthouse, so the
circulation is greatly influenced by the position of the courtroom and
also the meeting room which is also a major function of this structure.
As per the ground carpet arrangement of Courthouse Museum, we can
see that there are three passages to enter the building. There are two
stairways built oppositely which go about as the primary way to lead

Diagram 5.7

the guests to the first floor and second floor. On the ground floor, there
is a meeting room and offices possess the spaces on both sides of the
staircase. On the first floor, there is a courtroom and offices spotted on
both sides of the staircase which is similar to the ground floor plan. The
courtroom has turned into a historical center for visitors. On the second
floor, there is a store room that keeps the old reports and data papers.
It is no longer utilized as an office just as it is in the pass. The
courtroom, being the main function of the building has 4 entrances in

Diagram 5.8

which 2 are located on the ground floor and another 2 are located on
the first floor.

As seen in Figure 0.0 and Figure 0.0,the red arrows

show the entrance to the building, the blue arrows
represent the entrance to the courtroom while green
arrows as the entrances to the meeting room.

55

5.7 Climate Conscious Design

Given Malaysia's hot and moist atmosphere accompanied by rainstorm
seasons, measures must be taken when embracing configuration
impacts from calm nations. Pitch roof help lessen the measure of
territory that is present to diminish direct daylight introduction. This will
along these lines help diminish the measure of hotness inside the
building.
The roof is designed based on the measure of temperature, humidity,

Diagram 5.9

atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall and other elements that determine

the weather in Malaysia. Monitor roof provides good air ventilation
because of the high ceiling. The amount of heat that is absorbed into
the building can be reduced with the design of monitor roof. Natural
light can penetrate into the building with the design of large windows
and high ceilings.

Figure 5.13

56

CHAPTER 6
Construction Method and Details
6.1 Door
6.2 Window
6.3 Flooring System
6.4 Staircase
6.5 Building Conservation

6.1 Door

6.1.1 Entrance Door

57

There are prominent panels, usually placed in two columns and

painted in a dark color. There is commonly a row of windows either on
the top of the door or in a transom above. The orientation of the
surface material is vertical with raised panels of varying sizes. There
are layered trim boards with decorative molding.

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2
6.1.2 Location of Door

58
Figure 0.0

D12

D3

D6

D2

D4

D6
D1

D6
D12
D3

Diagram 6.1

D13
D9

D7

D11

D6

D6

D7
D13

Diagram 6.2

59

D10
Diagram 6.3

60

6.1.3 Door details

D1: Door 1

Diagram 6.4 Wooden door for the locked storeroom opposite the
staircase located at ground floor.

Diagram 6.5 Elevation and Plan view of Door 1

61

D2: Door 2

Diagram 6.6 Wooden door for the registration office beside the
storeroom located at ground floor.

Diagram 6.7 Elevation and plan view of Door 2.

62

D3: Door 3

Diagram 6.8 Wooden door located outside the meeting room at the
ground floor.

Diagram 6.9 Elevation and Plan view of Door 3.

63

D 4: Door 4

Diagram 6.10 A plain door used for the switch room and the storeroom in
the meeting room.

Diagram 6.11 Elevation and plan view of Door 4.

64

D5: Door 5

Diagram 6.12 Partition door used for the meeting room.

Diagram 6.13 Elevation and plan view of Door 5.

65

D6: Door 6

Diagram 6.14 Wooden door with different ornaments located

outside the court room located at first floor.

Diagram 6.15 Elevation and plan view of Door

6.

66

D7: Door 7

Diagram 6.16 Black wooden door used in the court room located at first floor.
Diagram 6.17 Plan and elevation view of Door .7

67

D8: Door 8

Diagram 6.18 Another black wooden door located in the court

room on the first floor.

Diagram 6.19 Elevation and plan view of Door 8.

68

D9: Door 9

Diagram 6.20 A similar wooden door without glass frames that is used for
the attic at second floor.

Diagram 6.21 Elevation and plan view of Door 9.

69

D10: Door 10

Diagram 6.22 wooden door used for the office located opposite the court hall at first
floor.

Diagram 6.23 Elevation and plan view of Door 10.

70

D11: Door 11

Diagram 6.24 Small wooden door that is used to hide the sound system in the meeting room
at the ground floor.
Diagram 6.25 Elevation and plan view of Door 11.

71

D12: Door metal Grill and Glass Door

Diagram 6.26 Metal grill used for the exterior wooden

doors at the ground floor

Diagram 6.27 Glass door located at end of both sides of

the courtroom

72

6.2 Window
6.2.1 Double casement window
Most of the windows that are used in the building are double casement
windows of Georgian Colonial style . Double casement windows are
windows that swing outwards like doors, to give maximum ventilation
and sunlight to the interior. Colonial style windows are normally divided
into equally numbered panes and can be commonly seen in sets of
9,6, or 4. The window panes are constructed of aluminum.

Figure 6.3

6.2.2 Fixed window

A fixed window is a window that cannot be opened, in which its
function is only limited to allowing light to enter. In the attic room on
the second floor, there is an arch-half round colonial window decorated
with stained glass. Along the courtroom above the double casement
windows, there are also round colonial style windows. These windows
are all fixed windows.

Figure 6.4

73

6.2.3 Location of windows

W3

W3

W1

W3

W1

W1

W2

W3

W2

W3

W3

W1

Diagram 6.28

W6

W5

W6

W5

W5

W6

W5

W6

W5

W6

W5

W5

W5

W5

W6

W6

W5

W5
W6

W5

Diagram 6.29

74

W7
W4
W4
W7

Diagram 6.30

75

6.2.4 Window Details

W1: Window 1

Diagram 6.31 Double casement aluminum window

located at ground floor office.

.
Diagram 6.32

76

W2: Window 2

Diagram 6.33 Double casement aluminum window located in the

meeting room at the front elevation.
Diagram 6.34

77

W3: Window 3

Diagram 6.35 Double casement aluminum window located at the

right and left elevation of the meeting room.
Diagram 6.36

78

W4: Window 4

Diagram 6.38
Diagram 6.37 Double casement timber window located
on the second floor.

79

W5: Window 5

Diagram 6.39 Double casement aluminum window located at the

first floor courtroom.
Diagram 6.40

80

W6: Window 6

Diagram 6.41 Double casement aluminum window

located at the first floor courtroom

Diagram 6.42

81

W7: Window 7

Diagram 6.44
Diagram 6.43 Fixed timber window located on the second floor.

82

6.3 Flooring system

The floor joist system of the first floor of the building is a one-way
timber joist slab. It is constructed of timber framing in which it carries
both a floor and the ceiling with just a set of timber joists.

Diagram 6.45 Timber floor joist highlighted, which makes up the

the first floor floor joist.

83

6.4 Staircase
6.4.1 Straight staircase
The straight staircase in this building is made of granite. These
staircases lead from the exterior to the corridor of the building and also
from the corridor to the toilet located at the back of the building.

Diagram 6.46

84

6.4.2 Half-landing Staircase

There are two types of half-landing staircases in this building: Timber
half-landing staircase and granite half-landing staircase. The first halflanding staircase consists of granite staircase and timber staircase, as
highlighted in green in the diagrams on the right. They connect the
corridors on the ground floor to the courtroom on the first floor. Another
timber half-landing staircase is the main staircase located at the middle
of the building, connecting the ground floor to the second floor, which is
highlighted in red in the diagram on the right.

Diagram 6.47

Diagram 6.48

85

6.4.3 Staircase Details

Staircase 1

Diagram 6.50 Elevation of Staircase 1.

Diagram 6.49 Plan View of Staircase 1.

Diagram 6.51 Section of Staircase 1.

86

Diagram 6.52 Granite half-landing Staircase 1 and Timber

Staircase 1 that leads to the courtroom on the first floor.

87

Staircase 2

Diagram 6.54 Front elevation and section of Staircase

2.

Diagram 6.53

88

Diagram 6.55 Granite straight Staircase 2 leading from

the exterior to the corridor of the building

89

Staircase 3

Diagram 6.57 Front elevation of Staircase 3

Diagram 6.56 Plan view of Staircase 3

Diagram6.58 Section of Staircase 3

90

Diagram 6.59 Granite straight Staircase 3 leading from

corridor to the toilet located at the back of the building.

91

Staircase 4

Diagram 6.61 Section and rear elevation of Staircase 4.

Diagram 6.60 Plan view of Staircase 4.

92

Diagram 6.62 Timber half-landing Staircase 4 leading

from first to second floor.

93

6.5 Building Conservation

There are many causes of decay in the building structure.
6.5.1 Climatic cause
Wind, rain, temperature changes, solar radiation, humidity & moisture,
particulate, smoke, dust or sand particles are the main climatic cause
of decaying.
6.5.2 Biological and botanical causes
Fungus, incects, birds, moss and vermin are living things that inhabit
parts of the building, causing the decay of building structures.
6.5.3 Poor building management
Vandalisme by visitors is also one of the main cause of decaying.

94

6.6 Causes of decay on the building materials

6.6.1 Brick
Rainwater that percolates down through the open texture of the brick
accumulates on the ledges, decaying it overtime. Expansion of the
brickwork panels caused by sulphate attack on the bonding mortar lead
to the formation of vertical cracks.

Figure 6.5

95

6.6.2 Plaster
Cracking and failure are often caused by absorption of moisture or by
cyclical expansion and contraction of the clay. Moisture increases the
susceptibility to fungal rot and beetle attack. Mechanical damage is
also caused by contractors or window cleaners leaning against it.

Figure 6.6
Figure 0.0

96

6.6.3 Marseille Terracotta Roof Tile

Rust and corrosion of fixings may shatter terracotta. Failure of mortar
joints and the different movement patterns between terracotta and its
substructure can cause cracking.

Figure 6.7

Figure 0.0

97

6.6.4 Ceramic Tile

The corrosive actions of various substances (solid, liquid or gas) that
come into contact with the tile surface causes deterioration. Persistent
efflorescence arise from rising moisture where inadequate damp
resisting construction had been carried out.

Figure 6.8

98

6.6.5 Gypsum Partition Board

Gypsum Partition Boards can be damaged when it remains exposed to
water for an extended period of time. Moreover, the paper backing
found on most gypsum boards may be supportive to the growth of
mold.

Figure 6.9

99

6.6.6 Timber
Most timber decay if it is damp, and the rapidity depends upon its
durability. If the moisture content of wood exceeds 20%, fungal rots,
insect infestation and termite attack will take place.

Figure 6.10

100

6.6.7 Stained Glass

UV light from sunlight, indoor and outdoor man-made pollution, and
biological damage often causes panels to become encrusted with a
thick layer of dirt. The breakdown of the skeletal structure that holds
the glass in place often poses the greatest and imminent risk to stained
glass work.

Figure 6.11

101

CHAPTER 7
Building Materials
7.1 Climate Conditions
7.2 Structural Materials
7.3 Finishing Materials
7.4 Furnishing Materials
7.5 Furniture

102

7.1 Climatic Conditions

It is important to consider the climatic conditions of Malaysia and its
effect on building materials. Like many other tropical countries,
Malaysia has heavy rainfall and warm sunshine all year round. This
implies that buildings in the country tend to weather rapidly, particularly
in respect to external building materials which are exposed to external
causes such as rain, wind, solar radiation including ultra-violet light;
and atmospheric pollution. Fungal stain, harmful growth, peeling paint,
erosion of mortar joints and defective plastered rendering are a few
examples associated with this factor.
Most of the historical buildings in Malaysia use building materials which
are easily available locally. Such building materials include timber,
stone, brick and plaster. In the care and conservation of historical
buildings, understanding the nature of the building materials and
accurate diagnosis of defects is most important. This is because

Sketch by Edwin Ho

historic buildings are, like older people, vulnerable to all sorts of

diseases.

103

The construction of a building is a complex procedure and requires

many steps and precautions. Choosing appropriate building materials,
as well as taking into consideration the local climate conditions, are
important factors in the making of a quality building.
Batu Gajah is located in a tropical climate with high temperature and
humidity. Several materials can be found within the construction of the
courthouse as shown in Table 0.0.

Table 7.1

104

7.2 Structural Materials

7.2.1 Brick Masonry Walls
During the colonial period, people chose to use bricks because it can
form a permanent structure that can stand for a long period. Laying the
bricks perpendicular to the building can help to reinforce the structure,
keeping it stable and strong. Most of the walls at the Court House are
made of red brick masonry walls which have been plastered over and

Diagram 7.1

painted with light coloured reflective paint. Furthermore, bricks can

provide amazing soundproofing qualities that result in a quieter
environment. Brick walls are generally maintenance free except for the
occasional painting over. It is a fire resistant material and is also
termite resistant (Benets, 2007). In relation to the Court House, the
reason for the use of bricks is due to its ability to resist harsh weather
and UV degradation; since the building is located in a tropical climate.

Diagram 7.2
Brick masonry wall

105

7.2.2 Partition Boards

[Link] Timber Partition Boards
This type of partition walls consists of a wooden framework either
supported on the floor below or by side walls. The framework consists
of a rigid arrangement of timber members which may be plastered or
covered with boarding from both sides. Such partitions are not fireresistant and the timber forming the partition is likely to decay or be
eaten away by termites. With the introduction of new building materials,
the use of timber partitions is gradually reducing these days.

Diagram 7.3

Diagram 7.4
Timber partition board
Gypsum Partition Boards

106

[Link] Gypsum Partition Boards

Gypsum partition boards were installed to divide the floor area of the
building. They are located in the office at the ground floor, where it
separates the counter from the private office for the privacy purposes
of the buildings inhabitants. It also separates the meeting hall and
dining hall. It is a non-load bearing wall. Partition boards are easy to
install and disassemble if needed to. These walls are light in weight
(Advantages & Disadvantages of Partition Walls ,n.d.). As their cross
section is thin, they occupy less area of the floor.
Besides, gypsum partition boards are constructed with metal stud

Figure 7.1

being covered by two pieces of board on either side. Electrical and

networking cables and wiring are concealed in between the boards. In
this way, the work of wiring is made much easier and faster without the
hacking on the wall.

Figure 7.2

107

7.3 Finishing materials

7.3.1 Floor Finishes

Diagram 7.5
Granite tiles flooring

Timber flooring

Marseille double Terracotta roof tiles

Diagram 7.6

Diagram 7.7

108

[Link] Granite Tile Finish

Granite tiles are known for their superior strength, majestic
appearance, versatility and many other distinctive characteristics. They
have many special durable properties which makes them the most
popular natural stone tile. As they are formed from volcanic residues
and are igneous forms of rock, they are highly enduring and strong.
Due to the properties of being highly advantageous and easily
maintained, they are suitable to be used as the buildings flooring. The
usage of tiles can be seen mainly on the ground floor of the Court
House. Being one of the renovated materials, their sturdiness and

Figure 7.3

long-lasting nature make them the perfect option to compensate for the
high foot traffic on the ground floor.

Figure 7.4

109

[Link] Timber Flooring

They designed timber as flooring for the first floor of the Court house to
adapt to the hot tropical climate. It is mainly made up of Cengal
hardwood. Cengal is a popular form of timber because of its termite
resistivity and durabilty .Timber has outstanding thermal and sound
insulation properties which results in a more comfortable environment
and is a naturally cooling material. It can hold little heat and cools
adequately at night. They are easily contructed,simple to maintain and
the local materials are cheap during that period. The performance of
timber can be easily enhanced with preservative treatments, flame

Figure 7.5

retardants and surface coatings.

Both the first and second floor utilize timber flooring, as opposed to the
ground floor, which uses tiles. Timber has aesthetic value. More over,
timber construction do not require heavy lifting equipment, making
building sites safer work places.

Figure 7.6

110

7.3.2 Marseille Double Terracotta Roof Tiles

Instead of the traditional cement and mortar, roof tiles on the Court
House were installed using the dry fixing method, resulting in better
roof ventilation and energy saving. Marseille double terracotta roof tiles
are interlocked at the head and side for protection against harsh
weather. The tiles were laid staggered from the right to the left.
Terracotta tiles has the benefits of high colour retention and negligible
maintenance requirements. Unlike other materials, Terracotta roofing
substantially retains its appearance with age, maintaining the aesthetic
appearance of the courthouse over time.

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

111

7.3.3 Stained Glass

The term stained glass refers to coloured glass as a material or to
works created from it. Throughout its thousand-year history, the term
has been applied almost exclusively to the windows of churches and
other significant buildings. Classic transom lights are an important
feature of the Georgian [Link] installation of stained glass in the
building creates aesthetic value. These windows are used throughout
the building in windows in the courtroom and also in the attic.
Figure 7.9

Figure 7.10

112

7.4 Furnishing Materials

7.4.1 Plaster
Like timber, stone or brick; plaster tend to deteriorate over a period of
time. Plaster normally contains lime, sand and water. Plaster is used to
cover or sheath the brick surface, used as a finishing for the exterior
walls. It is durable and can protect the walls from wear and tear .
Besides, It is used widely in decorative panels, ceiling renderings,
cornices and internal walls. The main reason why they plaster the
surface of the building is to further fireproof a building. Plaster may
crack which usually occurs early in the life of the building but substrata

Figure 7.11

movement is often the reason for failure in historical situations. Most of

the ornamentations such as the decorative elements that can be found
within the building is also made of plaster.

Figure 7.12

113

7.4.2 Lime plaster

The plaster used in most lath and plaster construction is mainly lime
plaster, with a cure time of about a month. A modern form of this
method uses expanded metal mesh over wood or metal structures,
which allows a great freedom of design as it is adaptable to both
simple and compound curves.

Figure 7.13

Advantages

Disadvantages

Decorative appeal (ornamentation)

Repairing difficulties

Sound insulation
Fire resistance
Moisture control

Table 7.2

114

7.5 Furniture
The furniture construction of The Courthouse Museum built in the
British colonial period was simple, medieval, and based on a few tools.
The resulting shapes were massive, boxy, and mostly without
ornament, except for an occasional turning to emphasize leg, rungs,
stretchers, and backs. In all the colonies, chairs with straight backs and
rush seats were common, and new decorative elements found wide
acceptance.

Sketch by Yii Hong Gin

115

7.5.1 Dark wood furniture and floors

Ebony, teak, and mahogany are often used, along with other native
woods, to build furniture and houses. The furniture found in British
Colonial rooms are frequently of British style.
Chair Leg
Elaborate Turning - Turned leg with multiple types of turnings.
(Windsor chair leg)

Straight - Straight leg, vertical to chair seat.

Chair back seat

Ladderback or Slatback - Equally spaced horizontal flat slats, either
straight or curved.

Figure 7.14

Ornamentation
Spindle - Turned pieces split vertically, often affixed to the front
of case furniture.

116

Woven Elements
In the 19th century, caned furniture became associated mainly with
Dutch and English colonial furniture, because these countries had
colonies in places like Indonesia and India where rattan was easily
accessed and where the technique may had a long history. This
colonial aesthetic spread across the globe to other European colonies
as well; caned furniture made sense in tropical climes because, unlike
solid woods, it would not warp or crack from heat or humidity.

Figure 7.15

117

CHAPTER 8
Conclusion
8.1 Reflections
8.2 Limitations of Current Usage
8.3 Summary

118

8.1 Reflections
Unlike any other projects in our pass semesters, this short and

ending. However, our determination and cooperation was the fuel to

intensive practicum has been a huge challenge to us in terms of time-

fight the sleepless nights and drive us to complete this project. All in all,

management and also teamwork. With just a team of 25 students, we

this practicum has been a memorable and enriching experience that

were given only a weeks time to measure a large scale building like

we will never forget.

The Courthouse Museum. We were overwhelmed by the size of it and

was also worried about the time range given to us to complete our
measuring tasks. During the starting of the week of our site visit,
everything went well as planned but at the end of the week, many
problems started to surface as some of the team members discovered
mistakes in the measurements provided for the Autocad drawing due
to inconsistencies in the structures of the building. Team members had
to double check the measurements again which took up a significant
amount of time. We realized that accuracy in measurements was much
needed to ensure efficiency in our work. After the site visit, we had to
juggle our manpower in the autocad works, model-making and also the
completion of this report. As each of these tasks are linked together,
each sub group depends largely on each other. Thus, efficiency in
work was required and the stress in facing the dead lines was never

119

8.2 Limitations of Current Usage

To measure an occupied building was a challenging task to us as
some of the rooms were locked and were not accessible. The ceilings
and walls were also plastered and sealed up, which made it impossible
for us to understand the construction details of the building. Moreover,
false ceilings that were set up also covered the true measurement of
the floor to ceiling height, making it difficult for us to obtain accurate
measurements. Furthermore, the alignment of the columns were also
inconsistent, which was also one of the difficulties that we faced in
producing our measured drawing. Having explored most of the spaces
in the building, we discovered that the spaces in the building were not
fully used. Empty spaces under the stairs can be fully utilized as
storage spaces. There is also an abandoned attic on the highest floor
which could be utilized as an office instead of leaving it as a storage
space for old documents. Also, some parts of the building was poorly
managed and are left in a dirty condition. As a historical building and
also a tourist attraction, the condition of the building should be
constantly well-kept to maintain its reputation.

120

8.3 Summary
The Courthouse Museum went through many changes along the way,
changing occupancies as well as its overall outlook. Looking through
the history of this building and how it changed its function from a
District office to a tourist attraction, we can see its development from
being an important government building to a place where eople
understand Malaysias cultural heritage. As one of the buildings in the
Heritage Trail, it should be given more attention and also proper
management so that it remains as an important heritage of the Perak
State.

121

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Bills and Insurance Premiums. (2007). Benets of Masonry - Resistant
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Skills: Materials and Skills. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.

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of British architecture, 1600-2000. London: Routledge.

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(15th-21st Century) | Hazrina Haja - [Link]. (n.d.). Retrieved
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Spatial Organizations. (n.d.). Retrieved from

[Link]

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times. Retrieved from [Link]

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Building Styles and Motifs in Colonial Cities in Malaysia. (n.d.).
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125

10.0 Glossary
Balustrades
A railing at the side of a staircase or balcony to prevent people from
falling.
Colonial
Characteristic of a colony.
Columns
A structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of
the structure above to other structural elements below.
Cornice
A horizontal decorative molding that crowns a building or furniture
element.
Cruciform
The shape of a cross or a Christian cross.
Dentils
A small block used as a repeating ornament in the bedmould of a
cornice.
Efflorescence
The loss of water of crystallization from a hydrated or solvated salt to
the atmosphere on exposure to air.

Faade
One exterior side of the building.
Fluting
The shallow grooves running vertically along a surface.
Gables
A generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of a dualpitched roof.
Jalan
Road.
JKR
Jabatan Kerja Raya or also known as Public Works Department.
Kampung
Village.
Ledges
A narrow, flat surface that sticks out of the wall.
Ornate
Covered with decorations.

126

Parallax Error
A change in the apparent position of an object relative to more distant
objects, caused by a change in the observers line of sight towards the
object.
Pediment
An architectural element consisting of a gable, originally of a triangular
shape, placed above the horizontal structure of the entablature,
typically supported by columns.

Tongkang
A heavy sailing barge.
Transom
A crosspiece separating a door from a window above it.
Verandah
A roofed opened gallery or porch.

Plaque
A flat, thin piece of metal with writing on it that is used as a reminder of
a historical event.
Portico
A porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a
colonnade with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns
or enclosed by walls.
Proximity
Nearness in space.
Stretcher
A horizontal support element of a furniture.
Substrata
A layer of earth beneath the surface soil.

127

11.0 Appendix

128

By Yii Hong Gin

129

By Edwin Ho

130

By Yii Hong Gin

131

By Edwin Ho

132

By Edwin Ho

133

By Edwin Ho

134

By Edwin Ho

135

By Chia Yi Ling

136

By Chia Yi Ling

137

By Chia Yi Ling

138