Chapter IV
Work & Energy
1. Work done by a force : Line Integral
2. Kinetic Energy & Work-Energy Theorem
[Link] Forces and Potential
Energy
4. Potential Energy and Stability
Work Done by a Force
F( ri )
rA
rB
ri
W F r
F( ri )
ri
ri
WAB Lim
F( ri ) ri
ri 0
F( r ) d r
rB
rA
Line Integral in Two Dimensions
y
Let the equation of
the path be given
as : y(x )
Writing :
dr
xA
xB x
F(x, y) Fx (x, y) i Fy (x, y) j
and dr dx i dy j
dy
F dr Fx dx Fy dy Fx dx Fy dx
dx
(Fx Fy y) dx
and so,
WAB
xB
Fy ydx
xA
Here,
Fx (x, y(x)) & Fy (x, y(x))
are functions of x alone.
Example 4.10
Evaluate the work done by the force
3
2
F(x, y) = A(x i + x y j)
for the path from (0, 0) to (x0, ax02)
along the parabolic path :
y = ax
(A & a are constants with appropriate
dimensions)
(x0,ax02)
(0, 0)
x0
x0
WAB (Fx Fy y) dx A x 3 2a 3 x 6 dx
x 04 2 3 7
A
a x 0
7
4
Parametric evaluation of Line Integral
A curve in a plane can be represented
in terms of a parameter s : x(s) & y(s)
(x(s), y(s))
s2
s
s1
x
In parametric form :
dx
dy
F d r Fx (s)
Fy (s) ds
ds
ds
and
s2
WAB
dx
dy
Fx (s)
Fy (s) ds
ds
ds
s1
A known function of parameter s
Parameter :
0 2
Parametric Equations :
x() = R cos
y() = R sin
Example 4.10
Evaluate the line integral of
3
2
F(x, y) A(x i x y j)
from (0, 0) to (0, R) along the semicircle
shown.
y
R
x
Putting
x R sin & y R (1 cos )
Fx A R 3 sin 3 ; Fy A R 3 sin (1 cos ) 2
dx
dy
R cos ;
R sin
d
d
WAB AR 4 sin 3 cos (1 cos ) 2 sin 2 d
0
Substitute
cos x and integrate.
Work-Energy Theorem
The work done by the net force acting on
a particle is the change in the kinetic
energy of the particle :
W12 (KE) 2 (KE1 )
Proof :
2
dv
m
W12 F d r m v dt
dt
2
1
1
2
m 2
v 2 v12
2
d 2
1 dt (v ) dt
(KE) 2 (KE1 )
System of Particles : Total work done on all
the particles equals change in total KE.
For a system of particles, the internal
forces, in general, do work.
The change in the kinetic energy, is the
sum of work done by both the external
and internal forces.
In the absence of external forces, the
kinetic energy of a system of particles
may not be conserved.
However, for a special kind of a system
of particle, namely, the rigid body, the
internal forces do not do any work
A rigid body is a system of particles,
in which the distance between each
pair of particle is constant in time
r2
r1
r1
r2
d r1
d r2
d r2 - d r1
is the displacement of particle 2
with respect to particle 1
d r2 - d r1
d r2 - d r1 is perpendicular to the line
joining the two particles
Therefore,
W = W1 + W2
f12 dr1 f 21 dr2
f 21 (dr2 - dr1 ) 0
(Assuming that the force of interaction
is along the line joining the two
particles)
Prob. 4.5
Mass m whirls on a
m
frictionless table, held
to a circular motion by a
string which passes
through a hole in the
F
table. The string is
pulled through the hole
i) slowly ii)* in a general manner, so that
the radius of the circle changes from 1 to 2
Show that W-E theorem holds.
i) Equations of motion (Polar)
2
m(r r ) F
m(r 2r ) 0
d 2
(r ) 0
From the second equation :
dt
r 2 const. 12 1 22 2
2
1 1
Putting r 0 & 2 in the first equation
r
m 1412
F
3
r
m 14 12
W12 Fdx F dr
2
x1
1
x2
1
1
2 2
2 1
(KE) 2 (KE)1
1
(KE)1 m 12 12
2
ii)*
1
(KE) 2 m 2222
2
1212
F mr
3
r
dv r dr
dv r
1 d 2
dv r
vr
(vr )
r
dr dt
dr
2 dr
dt
1 d 2
1212
F m
(v r )
3
r
2 dr
W12 (KE) 2 (KE)1
Where,
1
2
2 2
KE m ( v r )
2
1
m v2
2
Conservative & Non-conservative
forces
Work done by a force in taking a body
from point A to point B in general
depends on the path joining the two
points
A force is said to be conservative if the
work done by it is independent of path.
Otherwise, it is non-conservative.
Example (Non-conservative force)
3
2
F(x, y) = A(x i + x y j)
y
( x 0 , ax 02 )
C2
C1
W12C1
x 04 2 3 7
A
a x 0
7
4
Equation of path C 2 : y (ax 0 ) x
x0
W12C2 (Fx Fy y) dx
0
x0
A ( x 3 a 3 x 30 x 3 ) dx
0
4
x
A(1 a 3 x 30 ) 0
4
W12C1
Conservative Force
Example I : Constant Force
2
W12 F d r F d r
( r2 r1 )
F ( r2 r1 )
r2
r1
Example II
Central Force :
A force whose magnitude depends only
on the distance of the particle from a
fixed point (centre of force) and whose
direction is radial
F( r ) f (r ) r
Infinitesimal Displacement Vector in Polar
Coordinates
dr
dr
r d
dr dr r r d
F dr f (r) dr
y
B
WAB
rB
rA
f (r ) dr
g(rB ) g(rA )
rB
rA
A
x
Where g(r) is the indefinite integral of f(r)
Potential Energy (Conservative Forces)
C2
U( r ) F d r
C1
ro
O
ro
(Work done by an external
agency in taking the body
from reference point to point
of interest, along any path)
U( ro ) 0
U( rB ) U( rA )
rB
rA
F dr
Examples of PE
1. Constant Force F F k
U( r ) F ( r ro ) F (z z o )
For gravity near earths surface,
F = - mg
And, U mg (z z 0 )
2. Central Force
r
U( r ) f (r ) dr
ro
a) Inverse-square attractive force
k
f (r ) 2
r
1 1
U(r ) k
r ro
for ro
b. Spring force
F f (r ) r
r
O
f (r) k (r )
r
1
U(r ) f (r ) dr k (r ) 2
2
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
From work-energy theorem,
WAB K B K A
From the definition of PE
WAB U A U B
K A UA K B UB
The man has done this work over a time
2s
t0
v
2s
3
s
8
2gs
Power developed by the man
Wman
P
3326 b ft s 1
t0
3326
6.0 hp
550
Or, E A E B
Where, E = K + U is the total mechanical
energy of the particle
