WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES

BLUETOOTH
TECHNOLOGY

Presented By:

K.AKSHAY ([email protected])
SHIVA PRASAD ([email protected])
B.Tech. 2/4 , E.C.E.
V.I.T.S. ENGG. COLLEGE
NALGONDA Dt,-508 284.
 ABSTRACT

Bluetooth is the name given to a new technology using short-range radio links. It is envisaged that it

will allow for the replacement of cables that connect devices. Its key features are robustness, low complexity,

low power and low cost. Designed to operate in noisy frequency environments, the Bluetooth radio uses a

fast acknowledgement and frequency hopping scheme. Bluetooth radio modules operate in the unlicensed

ISM band at 2.45 GHz, and avoid interference from other signals by hopping to a new frequency after

transmitting or receiving a packet. Compared with other systems in the same frequency band, the Bluetooth

radio hops faster and uses shorter packets of those available services. It access between the devices maximum

of 8 creating a PAN (Personal Area Network) or Piconet. Bluetooth can also be used to access the Internet

with a laptop computer by connecting wirelessly to a cell phone.

Bluetooth devices actually communicate to determine just how much power they need to use, selecting

the lowest possible power for the given distance. This provides the dual function of saving power reducing

the possibility of interference with other devices sharing the same range.
 INTRODUCTION:

There was once an era when it was known to everyone that wireless meant the radio. A generation later

when the television set had populated the living room of most homes, the meaning of wireless had faded, but

not really changed. Those times are now long gone though. The term wireless in present days refers to the cell

phone and such related matters as the computer wirelessly connecting to and syncing with cell phone, PDA,

DVD player, keyboard or mouse.

Bluetooth technology has emerged in recent years as a cable replacement technology, a popular way to

connect local devices wirelessly by embedding a Bluetooth chip and receiver into products. Typical uses

include automatically synchronizing contact and calendar information among desktop, laptop and palmtop

computers without connecting cables. Idealized by a group of electronics manufacturers looking for a

streamlined solution to a growing problem, it promises to uncomplicate the interconnectivity of devices, easing

manufacturing woes and end-user hassles. Bluetooth separates itself from other gadgets by using a very weak

signal that “flies under the radar”.

ORIGIN OF THE NAME:

This system is named after a Danish king Herald Bluetooth king of Denmark and Norway in 900s, known

for their unification. Bluetooth likewise is intended to unify different technologies like PCs, mobile phones, etc.

THE BLUETOOTH SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP (SIG):

It is a group of companies working together to promote and define the Bluetooth specification. The

Bluetooth SIG was founded in February 1998. The core promoters of SIG are:

• Ericsson mobile communication AB, Intel Corporation, IBM, Toshiba, Nokia mobile phones,

Microsoft, Lucent, 3com, Motorola.

BLUETOOTH APPLICATIONS:

• Wireless networking between desktops and laptops, or desktops in a confined space,

• Bluetooth peripherals such as printers, mice and keyboards.

 • Bluetooth cell phones are able to connect to computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs),

and various hands free devices. The standard also includes support for more powerful, longer-range

devices suitable for constructing wireless LANs.

• Transfer of files (images, mp3s, digital cameras etc) between mobile phones, personal digital

assistants.

Palmtop with Bluetooth Bluetooth GPS Receiver PDA with Bluetooth

Bluetooth headsets for mobile phones and smart phones

Medical applications-advanced medical electronics corporation is working on several devices

Certain GPS receivers transfer NMEA data via Bluetooth

• The Bluetooth car kits allow users with Bluetooth-equipped cell phones to make use of some of the

phone’s features, such as making calls, while the phone itself can be left in a suitcase or in the

boot/trunk, for instance. Companies like Parrot or Motorola manufacture Bluetooth hands-free car kits

for well-known brand car manufactures.

For remote controls where infrared was traditionally used.

Hearing aids-Starkey Laboratories have created a device to plug into some hearing aids.

Headset Bluetooth hand free car kit USB Adapter

 If the devices doesn’t have Bluetooth inbuilt, add on Bluetooth adapters are available for computers

(e.g. with a USB interface) and for PDAs (e.g. SD cards).

BLUETOOTH RANGE:

Bluetooth has three different defined ranges, based on their output power ratings.

Class Signal Strength Antenna Range Capacity

class 1 100mW 40 -100 m ( 130-330 ft ) most powerful
class 2 2.5mW 15 - 30 m ( 50-100 ft ) lower power
class 3 1mW 05 - 10 m ( 16-33 ft ) least power

GREATEST RANGE IS NOT NECESSARY THE BEST:

Bluetooth is basically intended for ‘personal’ networking. Its short range reduces the chance of interference

between devices, this is a very basic type of security measure. Also lower power means longer battery life.

SPECIFICATIONS AND FEATURES:

Bluetooth is also known as IEEE 802.15.1. The present versions of Bluetooth are Bluetooth 1.0, Bluetooth

1.0B, Bluetooth 1.1, Bluetooth 1.2 and Bluetooth 2.0.

S.No Version Comment

1 Bluetooth Had numerous problems and manufacturing difficulties.
1.0 also had mandatory Bluetooth Hardware Device Address
& 1.0B (BD_ADDR) transmission in the handshaking process,
rendering anonymity impossible at a protocol level, which was a major
set back for services for consumerism
2 Bluetooth Many errata found in 1.0B specifications were fixed.
1.1 Added support for non-encrypted channels.
received signal strength indicator(RSSI)
3 Bluetooth Adaptive Frequency-hopping spectrum (AFH), which improves
1.2 resistance to radio frequency interference by avoiding using crowded
frequencies in the hopping sequence
higher transmission speeds in practice
extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which improves voice
quality of audio links by allowing retransmissions of corrupted packets
Host Controller Interface (HCI) support for 3-wire URAT
HCI access to timing information for Bluetooth applications
4 Bluetooth Main enhancement-introduction of Enhanced Data Rate(EDR) of
2.0 2.1Mbps
3 times faster transmission speed (up to 10 times in certain cases).
Lower power consumption through reduced duty cycle.
 Simplification of multi-link scenarios due to more available bandwidth
Further improved BER (Bit error rate) performance.

COMMUNICATION:

A Bluetooth device playing the role of the “master” can communicate with up to 7 devices playing the role of

the “slave”. This network of “group of up to 8 devices” (1 master+ 7 slaves) is called a piconet. At any given

time, data can be transferred between the master and 1 slave; but the master switches rapidly from slave to

slave in a round-robin fashion. Bluetooth specification allows connecting 2 or more piconets together to form

a scatternet, with some devices acting as a bridge by simultaneously playing the master role in one piconet

and the slave role in another piconet. These devices have yet to come, though are supposed to appear next

year (2007).Bluetooth devices in the house are always communicating with one another as long as they are

powered on. Each device sends out a signal, received by the other devices that are sending out their own

signals. The devices scan all signals to see if any are addressing it. In this way, Bluetooth creates a personal-

area network (PAN) in the home and the user is not required to do anything special to get the devices to speak

to one another. They operate in perpetual interactive mode by default.

For example, let’s assume you are using your cell phone and headset while you copy a DVD from your

entertainment center to your desktop – meanwhile your digital camera is offloading its contents to your

laptop. The Bluetooth devices that have business with one another will initiate their own separate PAN (also

called a Pico net) and synchronize a random hopping scheme to create interference-free communications

LINK CONTROLLER & BASE BAND:

The link controller (LC) is responsible for carrying out link level operations over several data packet duration

in response to higher level commands from the link manager (LM). The base band is responsible for channel

coding and decoding and low level timing control and management of the link within the domain of a single

data packet transfer. The radio interfaces between on air channel medium and digital base band which formats

data supplied by LC for robust and reliable transmission over the channel and retrieves data from the channel

for passing up the stack.

The link control layer is responsible for managing device discoverability establishing connections and once

connected, maintaining the various on-air links. It does this through a set of state machines which drive the

base band through the following stages to establish links:

Host requests an inquiry -Inquiry is sent using the inquiry hopping sequence-Inquiry scanning devices

respond to the enquiry scanner with FHS packets which contain all the information needed to connect with

them.-The contents of FHS packets are passed back to the host.-The host requests connection to one of the

devices that responded to the inquiry.-Paging is used to initiate the connection with a selected device.-If the

selected device is page scanning, it responds to the page.-If the page scanning device accepts the connection,

it will begin hopping using the master’s frequency hopping segment and timing.

PAIRING: A device that wants to communicate only with a trusted device can cryptographically

authenticate the identity of the other device using Passkeys which are stored on the device’s file system so

that no one can listen in.

AIR INTERFACE: The protocol operates in the license- free ISM band at 2.45 GHz. in order to avoid

interfering with other protocols which use the 2.45 GHz band, the Bluetooth protocol divides the band into 79
channels (each 1 MHz wide ) and changes channels up to 1600 times per second in perfect unison.

Implementations with versions 1.1 and 1.2 reach speeds of 723.1kbps. Version 2.0 implementation feature

Bluetooth Enhanced Data Rate (EDR), and thus reach 2.1 Mbps. Technically version 2.0 devices have a

higher power consumption, but the three times faster rate reduces the transmission times, effectively reducing

consumption to half that of 1.x devices.

COMPARING BLUETOOTH WITH OTHER WIRELESS NETWORKS:

Type Speed Range Comment

IrDA 9.6kb- <6ft. Infra-red. the two devices must have their IR ports
115kb(- facing each other. For simple data exchange. Uses
4Mb) very little power.
Wi-fi 1Mb-54Mb - Wi-fi refers to any of the three 802.11 types of
wireless service below. Acts like a wired network.
either built in or available as add-on cards or adapters
for computers.
802.11a 1-54Mb 50-150ft Not commonly used, uses different frequency
than 802.11b/g
802.11b 1-11Mb 100-300ft Most common version at present
802.11g 1-54Mb 120-350ft The latest version backwardly compatible with
802.11b
Bluetooth 120-723Kb 30-300ft Class3 devices have a short 30ft range, high
powered class1 devices have longer range
either built in or available as add-on cards
GPRS <115Kb Wherever suitable Data service used by GSM cell phones and by
Cell coverage area
LAN 10-100Mb Not wireless Common type of cabled network in most
Offices
BLUETOOTH AND INTERNET:
Bluetooth can be used to connect between a device that has internet connectivity and another device that does

not, for e.g. we use Bluetooth to connect from PDA to laptop, the laptop uses Wi-fi to connect to a Wi-fi

router and from there we get connected to the internet. Hence a device with Bluetooth should be preferred to a

device with aWi-fi capability.

WHICH IS BETTER – BLUETOOTH OR Wi-fi:

Wi-fi is primarily used as an alternate to traditional cable based networks. It has a longer range than

Bluetooth, and supports faster data transfer speeds, and so it might seem better than Bluetooth.

But in reality Bluetooth and Wi-fi have different purposes. Bluetooth is intended for limited data transfer

between different types of devices, Wi-fi is more focused on faster data transfer between computers on a

network. One of the distinctive elements of Bluetooth is that it uses much less power than Wi-fi.

The next generation Bluetooth technology allows even faster transfer speeds and a much improved range. The

increased bandwidth and improved data rate may threaten to make Wi-fi technology obsolete. Since Bluetooth

penetration is largely driven by phone headsets and Wi-fi by internet access, it is quite possible that they

continue to coexist for different purposes.

FUTURE OF BLUETOOTH:

One of the ways Bluetooth technology may become more useful is in Voice Over IP (VOIP). When Voice

Over IP becomes more widespread, companies may find it unnecessary to employ telephones physically

similar to today’s analogue telephone hardware. Bluetooth may then end up being used for communication

between a cordless phone and a computer listening for Voice Over IP and with an infra red Peripheral

Component Interconnect (PCI) card acting as a base for the cordless phone. The cordless phone would then

just require a cradle for charging. Bluetooth would naturally be used to allow the cordless phone to remain

operational for a reasonably a longer period. At this point in its newly burgeoning evolution its main purpose

is to simplify the process of connecting products. Bluetooth is becoming more widespread and functional

everyday. Bluetooth is almost certainly in our future.

REFERENCES:
• Bluetooth revealed by Brent A. Miller and Chatchik Bisdikian
• Bluetooth in action- http://www.bluetooth.org.
• Add Bluetooth to your Mac- http://www.apple.com/bluetooth.
• David Blankenbeckler “An Introduction to Bluetooth”-Wireless Developer.