Bacteria and Archaea differ in

the make up of their cell walls

Escherichia coli is classified as

A bacterium

Which of the following is NOT a way in which Archaea and bacteria differ
Archaea follow the lytic cycle, while bacteria follow the lysogenic cycle
Which of the following may be members of the kingdomArchaea Methane producers
Figure 20-1 shows the structure of

A bacterium

Which structure or structures shown in Figure 20-1 have key difference in bacteria
and Archaea A and B
Which of the bacterial cells shown in Figure 20-2 is a coccus

Which of the following can survive either with oxygen or without it

Anaerobes

Facultative

Some prokaryotes are able to survive unfavorable conditions by forming

Endospores
What three characteristics are used to classify prokaryotes
they move, and how they get energy

By shape, how

Where are you likely to find a photoautotroph Near the surfaces of lakes and streams
During an experiment, a scientist observed prokaryotes that lived near volcanic
vents deep in the ocea, the scientist MOST likely observed Chemoautotrophs
During what process do prokaryotes exchange genetic information

Conjugation

What would be a direct consequence of the disappearance of nitrogen-fixing

prokaryotes Organisms would not be able to get the nutrients they need to make
proteins
Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and wastes are called
Decomposers
Nitrogen fixation involves each of the following EXCEPT

Fertilizer

Biologists think that prokaryotes living in extreme environments may be a good

source
Heat-stable enzymes
The outer protein coat of a virus is called a

Capsid

What three materials make up many viruses Proteins, nucleic acids, and lipsids
Proteins in the viral capsid or on the surface membrane function to
virus to the surface of a host cell

bind the

The instructions for making new copies of a virus are

DNA
What is the basic structure of a virus
Viruses

Coded in either RNA or

DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

vary gentle in size and structure

Which of the following characteristics of living things is NOT true about viruses
obtain and use energy
A lytic infection concludes with the
A prophage is made of

Viral DNA

Bacteriophage infect

bacteria

bursting of the host cell

Unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses do NOT Lyse the host cell right away
During a lytic infection, the host cell

is destroyed when it bursts

How do bacteria cause disease by destroying cells and releasing toxins

Bacteria that cause disease are called pathogens
Which of the following will NOT prevent many bacterial infections
food to cool completely before refrigerating
Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a bacterium

allowing

AIDS

Which of the following is NOT a reason emerging diseases are especially dangerous
to human health
emerging diseases can only be controlled by vaccines
What might people do to prevent the development of more superbugs they should
use antibiotics only when necessary
Viral diseases can be

prevented with vaccines but not treated with antibiotics

How do viruses cause diseases by destroying cells or affecting cellular processes

Viral infections can be prevented by vaccines, which are
or killed viruses

preparations of weakened

One reason common names are not useful to biologists is that they
more than one animal

can apply to

Linnaean classification involves both large and small categories of organisms

One goal of scientists is to assign every organism a universally accepted name
according to the system known as
binomial nomenclature

For many species, there are often regional differences in their

common names

At any level of organization, groups that have biological meaning are referred to as
Taxa
To be useful, a scientific name has to refer to A single species
According to the rules of binomial nomenclature, which of the terms is capitalized
The genus name only
Based on their names, you know that the baboon Papio annubis and Papio
cynocephalus do NOT belong to the same
species
How do binomial, or two-part, names compare with early versionsof scientifc names
they trend to be shorter
The second part of a scientific name is unique to each

species in its genus

Often, the second part of a scientific name is a description of a trait or habitat

Systematics is

the science of naming and grouping organisms

In Linnaeus's system of classification, how many levels are there seven

A genus is composed of a number of similar species
Several different classes make up

phylum

Which are the two highest level taxa in the Linnaean system
kingdom

phylum and

Animals that are warm-blooded, have body hair, and produce milk for their young
are grouped in the class Mammalia
The only "natural" taxa in Linnaeus's system is the species
Traditional classifications tended to take into account primarily
and differences

visible similarities

In evolutionary classifications, a monophyletic group includes one

and all its descendents

ancestor

The grouping of organisms based on their common descent is called

classification

evolutionary

In an evolutionary classification scheme, species within one genus should

be
more closely related to one another than they are to species in other genera
What kind of analysis focuses on the order in which derives characters appeared in
organism
cladistics analysis

In biology, a trait that arose in an ancestor and is passed along to its descendants is
referred to as a
derived character
Which of the following is a correct explanation of a derived character the presence
of hair is derived character of mammals because all mammals have hair and no
animals other than mammals have it
Each node on a cladogram represents the last point at which two groups shared a
common ancestor
What does a cladistics analysis show about organisms
relatedness among lineages

the relative degrees of

Similar to DNA sequences in genes can be evidence of

common ancestry

What do all organisms have in common

they all us DNA to pass information

What is true about dissimilar organisms such as a cow and yeast their degree of
relatedness can be estimated from their genes
Which of the following techniques can scientists use to determine how the DNA of
several species might indicate the species are related
cladistics analysis
DNA evidence
can solve evolutionary puzzles, such as how to classify
organisms that look similar to one species but share peculiar behaviors with one
another
What cell structures in eukaryotic cells contain DNA that can be used to determine
evolutionary relationships nuclei and mitochondria
All organisms in the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia are
eukaryotes
Which kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin

Fungi

In Linnaeus's time, all life was divided into which to kingdoms

animals and plants

In Linnaeus's time, all living things were grouped into two kingdoms. Later, there
were five kingdoms, and now we have six kingdoms. What is the main reason for
this increase as scientists learned more about genetics and biochemistry, some
organisms were moved out of existing kingdoms and into new ones
Why is the kingdom Protista not valid under evolutionary classification protista
contains groups that share closet common ancestors with other groups, rather than
with each other
Organisms in the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were previously grouped
in a kingdom calledMonera

The domain that corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria is

bacteria

The domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments is
archaea
The two domains composed of only unicellular organisms are
bacteria

archaea and

The three-domain system arose when scientists found that Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria were more
dissimilar than scientists thought
The three-domain system recognizes fundamental differences between two groups
of
Prokaryotes
What is thought to be true about the three domains of living things
they
delivered from a common ancestor before the evolution of the main groups of
eukaryotes
What are protists
kingdoms

Eukaryotes that are not part of the plant, animals, or fungi

Most protists are

single celled

Scientists once classified protists based on whether they had plantlike, funguslike,
or animal like characteristics. Why is the system problematic
some protists have
characteristics of more than one group
Which of the following organisms is a multicellular protest kelp
What is one reason why the classification of protists in one kingdom is difficult
protists are more closely resemble members of the other eukaryotic
kingdoms than they do other protists
Scientists developed the theory that protist and other eukaryotes evolved from
prokaryotes by studying genetic and fossil evidence
What is the relationship between multicellular protists and plants, animals, and
fungi multicellular protists and plants, animals, and fungi likely all have a common
ancestor
Modern protist classification systems
protists

will change as scientists learn more about

What structures do protists such as amoebas use for movement Pseudopods

Which of the following analogies best describes the motion of a nonmotile protist
a boat is moved forward by a current

Which of the following describes the structure of a pseudopod

projection

it is a cytoplasmic

To move, nonmotile protists depend on air or water currents and other organisms
The organisms shown in Figure 21-2 is an example of

a flagellate

Which of the following does not describe the macronucleus of a paramecium the
macronucleus does not disintegrate during conjugation
During what process do two protists exchange genetic material
In water models, what structure produces spores

conjugation

sporangium

Which structure of a paramecium holds a "reserve copy" of all the cell's genes?
the micronucleus
Many protists alternate between diploid and haploid stages during their life cycle in
a process known as
alternation of generations
Which of the following events might lead to an algal bloom
fertilizer washes of of fields into the ocean

nitrogen-rich

Ciliates get food by sweeping food particles into their gullet

In amoebas, what structure stores food for a short period of time vacuole
The spore-farming Plasmodium causes malaria
Which of the following organisms forms a mutualistic relationship with another
organism
Trichonympha
Protists living inside termites

produce an enzyme that breaks down cellulose

During fungal reproduction, which of the following process is first to occur after the
nuclei of opposite mating types fuse meiosis
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles is

Eukaryotic

Organisms that must obtain nutrients and energy by eating other organisms are
heterotrophic
A student looks at a slice of tissue on an unlabeled microscope slide. The student
concludes the tissue is not from an animal because the cells in the tissue have
cell walls
Which chordate characteristic is visible on the outside of an adult cat
extends beyond the anus
Homeostasis is a

stable internal environment

a tail that

Which of the following is NOT a viral disease Botulism

Scientists think that archaea may be the ancestors that is more recent than the
common ancestor of archaea and bacteria
TRUE
Many archaea live in harsh environments, such as hot springs

TRUE

Prokaryotes are different from eukaryotes because prokaryotic cells lack DNA
FALSE; a nucleus
Figure 20-2 shows the three shapes of viruses

FALSE; prokaryotes

In Figure 20-2, the spherical shaped organism labeled C is an example of coccus

TRUE
Photosynthetic prokaryotes are important producers in ecosystems

TRUE

Through genetic engineering, bacteria can be used to synthesize drugs TRUE

In Figure 20-4, the structure labeled D is called a tail fiber TRUE
In Figure 20-4 the structure labeled C is protein

FALSE; nucleic acid

An organism may have different common names that vary from area to are and
language to language
TRUE
Scientists try to organize living things into groups that have economic significance
FALSE; biological scientific
A dichotomous key, which consists of a series of paired statements, can be used to
identify organisms TRUE
In the name Ursus maritmus, the word Ursus refers to the species
genus
Linnaeus's system of classification has seven taxonomic levels

FALSE;

TRUE

An order is a broad taxonomic category composed of similar phyla

families

FALSE;

Modern biologists build classification diagrams called cladograms that reflect lines
of evolutionary descent TRUE
Cladistic analysis considers derived characteristics that have arisen as lineages
have evolved over time TRUE
American vultures are now classified with storks instead of with African vultures
because of molecular evidence based on body structure FALSE; DNA analysis

To determine evolutionary relationships among very dissimilar organisms, scientists

often analyze their DNA TRUE
Genetic evidence can sometime suggest alternative relationships among organisms
than suggested by their physical characteristics
TRUE
The six kingdoms of life are Eubacteria, Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and
Animalia
FALSE; archaebacteria
The kingdom Monera has been split into the kingdoms Eubacteria and Protista
FALSE; archaebacteria
The kingdom Eubacteria contains the same organisms as the domain Animalia
FALSE; bacteria
One way in which archaea differ from bacteria in that the cell walls of archaea lack
peptidoglycan
TRUE
Based on DNA sequences of key archaea genes, archaea and ____ seem to share a
more recent common ancestor than do archaea and___
Eukaryotes, bacteria
Prokaryotes that carry out photosynthesis in a manner similar to that of plants are
called_____ photoautotrophs
According to Figure 20-1, the structure labeled___, which is called a____, contains
peptidoglycan in bacteria but not archaea
A, CELL WALL
In Figure 20-2, the organism labeled A is an example of a______

Bacillus

The process in which prokaryotes change nitrogen gas to a form that plants can use
is called_____
nitrogen fixation
Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms in an ecosystem are called____
decomposers
Viruses are not considered to be alive because they cannot_____ reproduce
independently
The type of virus shown in Figure 20-4 is called a_____
In Figure 204- the structure labeled A is the_____

bacteriophage

head

French chemist Louis Pasteur helped establish the_____when he showed that

bacteria were responsible for a number of illnesses germ theory of disease
West Nile virus, drug-resistant tuberculosis, and MRSA are examples
of________,which pose a threat to human health because humans have little
resistance to these diseases
emerging diseases

_________can disrupt cellular homeostasis and can even lead to uncontrolled cell
division and the formation of cancers Viruses
In Linnaeus's system of classification, the two smallest categories are genus and
species
In systematics, the class Mammalia is grouped with the classes Aves, Repitlia,
Amphibia, and all classes of fishes into_____chordata
Phylum
Traditional classification is based on general similarities and differences among the
___________ of organisms body structures
_____ is the study of how living extinct organisms are related to each other.
phylogeny
Cladistic analysis relies on traits called ____________ that aris in a common ancestor
and are passed on to descendants.
derived characters
DNA analyses show that the _____ of many dissimilar organisms show similarities at
the molecular level genes
In cladistics analysis, similar genes that appear in dissimilar organisms indicate that
they share a common ________. ancestor
The six kingdoms of life include bacteria that have cell walls with peptidoglycan,
bacteria that have cell walls without peptidoglycan, protists, fungi, animals, and
_____ plants
Unlike the five kingdom system of classification, the six kingdom system breaks
_________ into two groups. bacteria
Eukaryotes that are not members of the plant, animal, and fungi kingdoms are
called _________.
protists
Amoebas move when _______ streams into a projection called a __________ and the
rest of the cell follows
cytoplasm, pseudopod
In Step 2 of figure 21-3 __________ of the micronucleus produces four __________
micronuclei meiosis, haploid
163. In ciliates __________ fuse with __________ which contain digestive enzymes that
break down food food vacuoles, lysosomes
164. Some protists Live in __________ relationships with other organisms, in which
both the protist and the other organism benefit
symbiotic