Assignment 5
MICROWAVE TRAINER
CONTENT
Horn Antenna Investigations
A test bench is set up to investigate the radiation pattern of a
rectangular waveguide pyramidal horn antenna. Polar radiation
diagrams are plotted and the 3 dB beamwidth of the antenna is
determined.
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED
OBJECTIVES
KNOWLEDGE LEVEL
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Qty
Identifying Letter
Description
Control console
Variable attenuator
Resistive load termination
Diode detector
Horn antenna
X-band oscillator
Supports
When you have completed this assignment you
Will appreciated the directional radiation characteristics of
a horn antenna and know how to plot its radiation pattern
Know how to measure the beamwidth and gain of an
antenna
Before you start this assignment it would be an advantage
To be familiar with the operation of the microwave bench
Know that microwave signals can be detected using a
diode detector and for low-level signals, that detected
output is proportional to power
To appreciate the role of antennas in the transmission and
reception of radio waves
2-5-1
Assignment 5
MICROWAVE TRAINER
INTRODUCTION
Horn Antenna Investigations
Antennas are essential components in the transmission and
reception of radio waves. In the microwave range, highly
directive antennas capable of producing the narrow beams
required for the line-of-sight links and satellite communications
can be designed. The horn antenna, whose radiation
characteristics are investigated in this assignment, plays an
important role as a radiator of microwave energy in its own right
and also as a primary feed for reflector antennas employed in
microwave radio links and radar.
The directional characteristics of an antenna - the directions it
radiates energy into space - can be visualised graphically by
plotting radiated power density versus angular direction. These
polar plots are known as far-field radiation diagrams, the latter
qualifying the condition that measurements are taken at a
sufficiently far distance from the antenna to represent the
characteristics as dependent primarily on angular direction.
Close to an antenna the radiation pattern is very complex and
seldom used in practice. The far-field conditions are satisfied at
distances,
r 2D2 /
where D = largest antenna dimension
= transmitted wavelength
To fully describe the directional properties of an antenna two
radiation diagrams are normally required: one in the horizontal
plane, in the case of the horn antenna this would be the
H-plane with respect to the horn sketched in Figure 2-5-1, and
one for the vertical plane, the E-plane in Figure 2-5-1.
Figure 2-5-1: Pyramidal Horn Antenna
A typical radiation diagram for an antenna with directional
2-5-2
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Assignment 5
MICROWAVE TRAINER
Horn Antenna Investigations
radiation (and receiving) properties such as a horn or a
parabolic reflector fed by a horn is shown in figure 2.5.2. The
angular spread on the main beam between points where the
power drops to one-half or by 3 dB from the maximum is known
as the 3-dB beamwidth and is an important measure of an
antenna's directivity. Not all radiation is confined to the main
beam and subsidiary beams at lower power levels and known
as side-lobes occur. side-lobes and spill-over radiation can
cause interference in microwave radio systems and their levels
must be carefully controlled by antenna designers.
Figure 2-5-2: A Typical Radiation Diagram for a Directional Microwave Antenna
One of the most important parameters of an antenna is its gain.
Antenna gain compares the power radiated in the direction of
the main beam with that of a hypothetical antenna radiating
equally in all directions. Antenna gain is defined as:
G = p/pi
where p = power density W/m2 radiated by antenna in given
direction
pi= power density radiated equally in all directions
= P/4pr2
P= total power radiated
r= distance from antenna
4pr2= surface area of sphere radius r
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2-5-3
Assignment 5
MICROWAVE TRAINER
Horn Antenna Investigations
For aperture type antenna such as horns and parabolic
reflectors, gain is given by the formula:
G =
where A = area of antenna aperture
= aperture illumination efficiency (typically between
0.5 and 0.8)
Gain is very often expressed in decibels, dB:
G dB = 10 log (p/pi) dBi
The i qualifying, isotropic, the fact that the reference antenna
radiates isotropically (equally in all directions). The product of
antenna gain G and radiated power P is known as the effective
isotropic radiated power normally abbreviated to EIRP:
EIRP = G x P
The power received in a line-of-sight radio link can be
expressed in terms of transmitted power and antenna gains; the
received power
2
PR
= PT GT x
x GR
4 r
where PT = transmitter radiated power
GT = gain of transmitter antenna
GR = gain of receiver antenna
l = wavelength
r = link distance
2-5-4
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Assignment 5
MICROWAVE TRAINER
Horn Antenna Investigations
The above formula is extremely useful in power budget
calculations for microwave radio links. It may also be used to
measure experimentally the gain of an antenna. If P R is
measured for a given transmitted power and a reference
antenna is used over a link of known length, G T can be
determined:
Gr
PR 4 r
PT
or in dB
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GR
P
Gr dB = 10 log R + 20 log
PT
4r
GR dB
2-5-5
Assignment 5
MICROWAVE TRAINER
Horn Antenna Investigations
Figure 2-5-3
2-5-6
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Assignment 5
MICROWAVE TRAINER
Horn Antenna Investigations
EXPERIMENTAL
PROCEDURE
WARNING:
Do NOT look directly into the transmitter antenna when
taking measurements in this experiment.
Remember, although the power levels produced by the
microwave source in the Trainer are low, microwave
radiation can cause harm and eyes are particularly sensitive.
1.
Connect up the equipment as shown in Figure 2-5-3. Switch the
X-band source to internal keying and the meter to detector
output.
2.
Ensure that the distance r between transmitter and receiver
horns is about 30 cm. This distance partially satisfies the
conditions that measurements are taken in the far-field, whilst
providing sufficient scope for the received signal levels to be
detected. The far-field condition is
r
2D 2
where D = maximum dimension of horn aperture = 8 cm
= wavelength = 2.88 cm for f = 10.425 GHz
so
r = 2D2/ 44 cm
Thus the condition is not quite satisfied. However, reasonably
accurate results for plotting a radiation diagram can be obtained
with r = 30 cm. It is also important to ensure that the radio path
between the antennas and their surrounds are free from
obstacles, particularly metallic structures, which could cause
reflections into the antennas and give rise to false results.
3.
Switch on the console power supply and X-band oscillator
source. Set the attenuator to a low attenuation setting, typically
40 on the attenuator scale, and turn the amplifier-detector
control up to maximum sensitivity.
Align the antennas for the line-of-sight 0 position. In this
position the transmitter antenna will be radiating directly in line
with the receiver and correspond to maximum antenna gains
and maximum received signal.
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2-5-7
Assignment 5
MICROWAVE TRAINER
Horn Antenna Investigations
Adjust attenuator and detector-amplifier sensitivity to obtain a
meter reading close to full scale deflection. Record this reading.
4.
The radiation diagram for the transmitter horn can now be
obtained by rotating the transmitter section from the 0 position
through steps of 5 up to 40 either side of the 0 position,
using the template provided (on the Manual CD or from the
Feedback Website: [Link]/).
Record measurement of received signal level as indicated on
the detector meter in a table such as that given below.
The angle of rotation can be set by use of the template,
aligning the supports with the template lines as indicated on the
template.
Angular direction
Diode detector
meter reading
I mA
Angular direction
+5
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
Diode detector
meter reading
I mA
Table for logging radiation diagram results
2-5-8
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Assignment 5
MICROWAVE TRAINER
Horn Antenna Investigations
Figure 2-5-4: Measurement of Radiation Polar Diagram of an Horn Antenna
5.
Plot the polar radiation diagram of the horn antenna on polar
graph paper, an example of which is shown below in Figure 25-5. is the angular direction and I, the diode detector output
current, is directly proportional to power for small signal levels.
Thus a polar plot of I versus represents the power radiation
diagram.
From the radiation diagram, determine the beamwidth between
half-power point (3 dB) levels; that is, the angle between points
on the polar curve where the power drops to half of the
maximum gain of the = 0 position.
Figure 2-5-5 Polar Graph Paper for Plotting Radiation Diagram
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2-5-9
Assignment 5
MICROWAVE TRAINER
Horn Antenna Investigations
6.
Interchange transmitter and receiver antennas so their
respective roles are changed and repeat the experiment to
obtain the radiation diagram of the second antenna. Compare
the two diagrams and their 3 dB beamwidth.
7.
The gain of an aperture type antenna is given by the formula:
G =
where = aperture efficiency
A = aperture area
Assuming that the aperture efficiency of the horn antenna is
60%, estimate the gain of the horns used in the experiment at
the 10.425 GHz source frequency.
8.
The gain of the antennas may be measured experimentally by
determining:
PT = total power transmitted
PR = power received
or the ratio PR/PT
and utilising the formula:
PR
= PT GT x
4 r
GR
where GT, GR = gain of transmitter, receiver antennas which in
our case can be assumed equal.
Outline how you would measure gain G of the horn antennas
and calculate G for the case
PT = 2.0 mW
PR = 0.05 mW
r = 0.5 m
f = 10.425 GHz
2-5-10
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Assignment 5
MICROWAVE TRAINER
SUMMARY
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Horn Antenna Investigations
The radiation diagram of horn antennas has been investigated
experimentally using a basic microwave test bench. The polar
radiation diagram has been plotted and the 3 dB beamwidth of
the antenna determined. The measurements taken were in the
H-plane and indicated the horn antenna to have a directive
radiation pattern.
2-5-11
Assignment 5
MICROWAVE TRAINER
Horn Antenna Investigations
Notes
2-5-12
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Assignment 5
MICROWAVE TRAINER
Typical Results and Answers
Angular direction
Q
Detector
I mA
Angular direction
Q
Detector
I mA
4.0
4.0
+ 10
3.1
- 10
3.1
+ 20
1.4
- 20
1.5
+ 30
0.38
- 30
0.4
40
- 40
Specimen Results
The radiation diagram is plotted in Figure 2-5-6
Half power points occur at -18 and +16
so 3-dB beamwidth = 18 + 16 = 34
Gain: dimension of horn aperture are:
7.3 cm x 4.8 cm
so Area A = 7.3 x 4.8 = 35.0 cm2
= 3 x 108/10.425 x 109
and l
= 0.0288 m = 2.88 cm at f = 10.425 GHz
Hence estimate of gain using
G=
A wit h = 0.60
= 0.6 x 4 x
35
= 31.8
2.882
or in dB 10 log G = 15.0 dBi
Gain using formula:
PR
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= PT GT x
4 r
GR
2-5-11
Assignment 5
MICROWAVE TRAINER
Typical Results and Answers
and assuming GT = GR = G
provides
P 4 r
G = R x
PT
0.05 4 x 0.5
=
x
= 34 or 15.4 dBi
2 0.0288
Figure 2-5-6: Radiation Diagram for Horn Antenna
2-5-12
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