A Practical Guide to the

CompTIA Linux+ Exams

LX0-101 and LX0-102
by
Mark G. Sobell
For use with
A Practical Guide to Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise
Linux, Sixth Edition
and/or
A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and
Shell Programming, Third Edition

August 15, 2012

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

Table of Contents
About this Document 5
Links to More Information 5
General Information 5
Fedora Information 6
Ubuntu Information 6
Debian Information 6
openSUSE Information 6

101 System Architecture 7

101.1 Determine and Configure Hardware Settings 7
101.2 Boot the System 8
101.3 Change Runlevels and Shutdown or Reboot System 9

102 Linux Installation and Package Management 10

102.1 Design Hard Disk Layout 10
102.2 Install a Boot Manager 11
102.3 Manage Shared Libraries 11
102.4 Use Debian Package Management 12
102.5 Use RPM and YUM Package Management 12

103 GNU and Unix Commands 13

103.1 Work on the command line 13
103.2 Process Text Streams Using Filters 15
103.3 Perform Basic File Management 17
103.4 Use Streams, Pipes and Redirects 19
103.5 Create, Monitor and Kill Processes 20
103.6 Modify Process Execution Priorities 23
103.7 Search Text Files Using Regular Expressions 23
103.8 Perform Basic File Editing Operations Using vi 24
3

4 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

104 Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 25

104.1 Create Partitions and Filesystems 25
104.2 Maintain the Integrity of Filesystems 26
104.3 Control Mounting and Unmounting of Filesystems 26
104.4 Manage Disk Quotas 27
104.5 Manage File Permissions and Ownership 27
104.6 Create and Change Hard and Symbolic Links 28
104.7 Find System Files and Place Files in the Correct Location 29

105 Shells, Scripting and Data Management 30

105.1 Customize and Use the Shell Environment 30
105.2 Customize or Write Simple Scripts 32
105.3 SQL Data Management 33

106 User Interfaces and Desktops 34

106.1 Install and Configure X11 34
106.2 Setup a Display Manager 34
106.3 Accessibility 35

107 Administrative Tasks 35

107.1 Manage User and Group Accounts and Related System Files 35
107.2 Automate System Administration Tasks by Scheduling Jobs 36
107.3 Localization and Internationalization 37

108 Essential System Services 38

108.1 Maintain System Time 38
108.2 System Logging 39
108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) Basics 39
108.4 Manage Printers and Printing 40

109 Networking Fundamentals 41

109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols 41
109.2 Basic Network Configuration 42
109.3 Basic Network Troubleshooting 43
109.4 Configure Client Side DNS 43

110 Security 44
110.1 Perform Security Administration Tasks 44
110.2 Setup Host Security 45
110.3 Securing Data with Encryption 45

Links to More Information

About this Document

A Practical Guide to Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux and A Practical Guide to Linux
Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming are used as the adopted texts in many college classes.
Because students who take these classes often seek Comptia certification, instructors have asked for
a mapping of Comptia Exam objectives to the material covered in these books. This document is the
resulting map.
As this document indicates, almost all of the exam objectives are covered in these two books. Where
coverage is missing, this document provides URLs that point to Web sites where students and
instructors can look for the missing information; see Links to More Information, below.
This document points to two sources of information:
A Practical Guide to Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Sixth Edition, by Mark G.
Sobell, Prentice Hall (August 2011). Page references to this book appear underlined in red
and are followed by the letter F:
History page 319F
A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming, Second Edition,
Prentice Hall (October 2009). Page references to this book appear underlined in mauve and
are followed by the letter C:
History page 326C
Please send comments, suggestions, and corrections to the author at mgs at sobell dot com. Pointers
to Web pages that cover exam objectives clearly and thoroughly and that may help other students
and instructors will be added to this document.

Links to More Information

For information that is not in the two books this document covers, refer to the following Web sites:

General Information
Where to Find Documentation page 125F (in A Practical Guide to Fedora ...)
Where to Find Documentation page 33C (in A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, ...)
Linux man pages: [Link]
Linux man pages: [Link]
The Linux Documentation Project: [Link]
GNU Documentation: [Link]/doc
Linux Forums: [Link]/forum
[Link]: [Link]/questions

6 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

Fedora Information
Documentation: [Link]
Mailing Lists: [Link]/wiki/Communicate#Mailing_Lists
IRC Channels: [Link]/wiki/Communicate#IRC_for_interactive_community_support

Ubuntu Information
Documentation: [Link]
Mailing Lists: [Link]
IRC Channels: [Link]/IRC/ChannelList
Forums: [Link]
Launchpad: [Link]/ubuntu

Debian Information
Documentation: [Link]/doc
Mailing Lists: [Link]/MailingLists/subscribe
IRC Channels: [Link]/IRC#Official_Debian_IRC_channels
Forum: [Link]
Wiki: [Link]

openSUSE Information
Documentation: [Link]
Mailing Lists: [Link]
IRC Channels: [Link]/openSUSE:IRC_list
Forums: [Link]

101 System Architecture 7

Certification Exam 1
Objectives: LX0-101
101 System Architecture
101.1 Determine and Configure Hardware Settings
Enable and disable integrated peripherals
Configure systems with or without external peripherals such as keyboards
Differentiate between the various types of mass storage devices
Set the correct hardware ID for different devices, especially the boot device
Know the differences between coldplug and hotplug devices
Hotplug page 516F
Determine hardware resources for devices
Tools and utilities to list various hardware information (e.g., lsusb, lspci, etc.)
lsusb: Lists USB Devices page 649F
lspci: Lists PCI Information page 648F
Tools and utilities to manipulate USB devices
Conceptual understanding of sysfs, udev page 516F, hald, dbus
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
/sys
/sys page 201F
/sys page 514F
/sys page 516F
/proc
/proc page 201F
/proc page 512F
proc page 520F
/dev
/dev page 200F
Device file page 232F
/dev page 503F
Device files page 516F
modprobe
modprobe page 594F

8 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

lsmod
lsmod page 594F
lspci
lspci: Lists PCI Information page 648F
lsusb
lsusb: Lists USB Devices page 649F

101.2 Boot the System

Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at boot time
Modifying Boot Parameters (Options) page 67F
GRUB: The Linux Boot Loader page 595F
Demonstrate knowledge of the boot sequence from BIOS to boot completion
Booting the System page 449F
GRUB: The Linux Boot Loader page 595F
BIOS page 1153F (Glossary)
BIOS page 1057C (Glossary)
Check boot events in the log file
dmesg: Displays Kernel Messages page 597F
dmesg page 787C (Command Reference section)
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
/var/log/messages
page 1116F
dmesg
dmesg: Displays Kernel Messages page 597F
dmesg page 787C (Command Reference section)
BIOS
BIOS page 595F
BIOS page 1153F (Glossary)
BIOS page 1057C (Glossary)
bootloader
GRUB: The Linux Boot Loader page 595F
kernel
See Chapter 15: Building a Linux Kernel page 583F
kernel page 1172F (Glossary)
kernel page 1076C (Glossary)
init
init daemon page 317F
The init Daemon page 426F
init daemon page 323C

101 System Architecture 9

101.3 Change Runlevels and Shutdown or Reboot System

Set the default runlevel
Setting the Persistent Runlevel page 432F
rc task and the runlevel event page 441F
rcS task and inittab page 442F
/etc/inittab page 507F
Change between runlevels including single user mode
Changing the Current Runlevel page 432F
Booting the System to Single-User/Rescue Mode page 450F
Going to Graphical Multiuser Mode page 451F
Shutdown and reboot from the command line
Bringing the System Down page 453F
Alert users before switching runlevels or other major system events
Keeping Users Informed page 625F
Properly terminate processes
kill: Aborting a Background Job page 243F
kill: Sends a Signal to a Process page 470F
killall: Kills a Command page 472F
kill: Aborts a Process page 1028F
Aborting Execution page 30C
kill: Aborting a Background Job page 147C
kill: Aborts a Process page 486C
kill page 846C (Command Reference section)
killall page 848C (Command Reference section)
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
/etc/inittab
rcS task and inittab page 442F
/etc/inittab page 507F
shutdown
Bringing the System Down page 453F
init
The systemd init Daemon (Fedora) page 426F
The Upstart init Daemon (RHEL) page 436F
SysVinit (rc) Scripts: Start and Stop System Services (Fedora/RHEL) page 442F
/etc/init.d
SysVinit (rc) Scripts: Start and Stop System Services (Fedora/RHEL) page 442F
telinit
telinit page 449F

10 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

102 Linux Installation and Package Management

102.1 Design Hard Disk Layout
Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks
Setting Up the Hard Disk page 34F
Tailor the design to the intended use of the system
Planning the Installation page 28F
Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting
Where to put the /boot partition page 39F
LBA addressing mode and the /boot partition page 595F
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
/ (root) filesystem
/ (root) page 38F
/ (root) page 192F
/ page 200F
root filesystem page 1186F (Glossary)
root filesystem page 1091C (Glossary)
/var filesystem
/var page 39F
/var page 201F
/home filesystem
/home page 40F
/home page 200F
swap space
(swap) page 39F
swap page 513F
swap space page 1191F (Glossary)
swap space page 1096C (Glossary)
mount points
Mount Points page 36F
Mount point page 521F

102 Linux Installation and Package Management 11

partitions
Partitions page 34F
Partition table page 34F
Primary, Extended, and Logical Partitions page 35F
Default Partitioning page 37F
Manual Partitioning: Planning Partitions page 38F
Example minimum partition sizes page 41F
Working with Partitions page 74F
partition page 1180F (Glossary)
partition page 1085C (Glossary)

102.2 Install a Boot Manager

Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options
Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB
GRUB: The Linux Boot Loader page 595F
Interact with the boot loader
Booting the System to Single-User/Rescue Mode page 450F
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities
/boot/grub/[Link]
Configuring GRUB page 596F
grub-install
grub-install: Installs the MBR and GRUB Files page 597F
MBR
Reinstalling the MBR page 456F
MBR page 595F
grub-install: Installs the MBR and GRUB Files page 597F
superblock
superblock page 1191F (Glossary)
superblock page 1096C (Glossary)
/etc/[Link]
lilo

102.3 Manage Shared Libraries

Identify shared libraries
Identify the typical locations of system libraries
Load shared libraries
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities
ldd
ldconfig
/etc/[Link]
LD_LIBRARY_PATH

12 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

102.4 Use Debian Package Management

Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages
Using apt-get to Install, Remove, and Update Packages page 1035C
Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed
Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation
status (whether or not the package is installed)
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
/etc/apt/[Link]
[Link]: Specifies Repositories for apt-get to Search page 1038C
dpkg
dpkg-reconfigure
apt-get
Using apt-get page 1034C
apt-cache
aptitude

102.5 Use RPM and YUM Package Management

See Chapter 13: Finding, Downloading, and Installing Software page 531F
Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM and YUM
JumpStart: Installing and Removing Packages Using yum page 534F
Updating Packages page 539F
Installing, Upgrading, and Removing Packages page 550F
Using yum to Install, Remove, and Update Packages page 1028C
Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures
Querying Packages and Files page 548F
Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from
Finding the Package That Holds an Application or File You Need page 537F
Querying Packages and Files page 548F
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
rpm
Querying Packages and Files page 548F
rpm2cpio
/etc/[Link]
[Link]: Configures yum page 542F
[Link] page 1032C
/etc/[Link].d/
yum Repositories page 543F
[Link].d page 1033C

103 GNU and Unix Commands 13

yum
yum page 533F
JumpStart: Installing and Removing Packages Using yum page 534F
Finding the Package That Holds an Application or File You Need page 537F
yum: Keeps the System Up-to-Date page 538F
Using yum to Install, Remove, and Update Packages page 1028C
yumdownloader
Downloading RPM Package Files with yumdownloader page 541F
Fedora yumdownloader page 586F

103 GNU and Unix Commands

103.1 Work on the command line
See Chapter 7: The Shell page 225F
See Chapter 9: The Bourne Again Shell page 279F
See Chapter 27: Programming the Bourne Again Shell page 969F
See Chapter 5: The Shell page 125C
See Chapter 8: The Bourne Again Shell (bash) page 275C
See Chapter 10: Programming the Bourne Again Shell (bash) page 417C
Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command
line
Chapter 5: : The Linux Utilities page 145F
Chapter 3: The Utilities page 49C
Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment
variables
Parameters and Variables page 301F
Parameters and Variables page 300C
Variables page 467C
Use and edit command history
History page 319F
History page 326C
Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path
Absolute versus relative pathnames page 230F
PATH: Where the Shell Looks for Programs page 308F
Absolute versus relative pathnames page 132C
PATH: Where the Shell Looks for Programs page 308C

14 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
.
. (Dot) or source: Runs a Startup File in the Current Shell page 284F
exec versus . (dot) page 1023F
. (Dot) or source: Runs a Startup File in the Current Shell page 280C
exec versus . (dot) page 481C
bash
Chapter 7: The Shell page 225F
Chapter 9: The Bourne Again Shell page 279F
Chapter 27: Programming the Bourne Again Shell page 969F
Chapter 5: The Shell page 125C
Chapter 8: The Bourne Again Shell (bash) page 275C
Chapter 10: Programming the Bourne Again Shell (bash) page 417C
echo
echo: Displays Text page 157F
echo e page 996F
echo: Displays Text page 61C
echo: getting rid of the RETURN page 371C
echo e page 445C
echo page 794C (Command Reference section)
env
env: Runs a Program in a Modified Environment page 471C
exec
Opening a file descriptor page 1003F
Duplicating a file descriptor page 1004F
exec: Executes a Command or Redirects File Descriptors page 1022F
Opening a File Descriptor page 453C
Duplicating a File Descriptor page 453C
exec: Executes a Command or Redirects File Descriptors page 480C
export
declare and typeset: Assign Attributes to Variables page 306F
export page 1008F
readonly and export page 306C
export: Puts Variables in the Environment page 468C
pwd
pwd page 190F
pwd page 86C
set
set o: Turns Shell Features On and Off page 341F
set: Initializes Command-Line Arguments page 1014F
set o: Turns Shell Features On and Off page 350C
set: Initializes Positional Parameters page 460C
set: Works with Shell Features, Positional Parameters, and Variables page 472C

103 GNU and Unix Commands 15

unset
unset: Removes a Variable page 305F
unset: Removes a Variable page 304C
man
man: Displays the System Manual page 126F
man: Displays the System Manual page 33C
man page 875C (Command Reference section)
uname
uname: Displays System Information page 475F
history
History page 319F
History page 326C
History page 374C (tcsh)

103.2 Process Text Streams Using Filters

Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard
UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package
Redirection page 234F
Pipes page 239F
Filters page 241F
Redirection page 135C
Pipelines page 141C
Filters page 144C
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
cat
cat: Displays a Text File page 148F
cat page 233F
Redirection page 234F
cat: Displays a Text File page 52C
cat page 135C
Redirection page 135C
cat page 735C (Command Reference section)
cut
cut page 766C (Command Reference section)
expand
expand/unexpand page 796C (Command Reference section)
fmt
fmt page 812C (Command Reference section)
head
head: Displays the Beginning of a File page 152F
head: Displays the Beginning of a File page 56C
head page 841C (Command Reference section)

16 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

od
od page 897C (Command Reference section)
join
join page 843C (Command Reference section)
nl
nl page 894C (Command Reference section)
paste
paste page 905C (Command Reference section)
pr
pr page 915C (Command Reference section)
sed
Chapter 15: The sed Editor page 653C
sort
sort: Displays a File in Order page 154F
sort: Displays a File in Order page 58C
sort page 942C (Command Reference section)
split
split page 951C (Command Reference section)
tail
tail: Displays the End of a File page 153F
tail: Displays the End of a File page 57C
tail page 965C (Command Reference section)
tr
tr page 159F
tr page 239F
tr page 63C
tr page 142C
tr page 987C (Command Reference section)
unexpand
expand/unexpand page 796C (Command Reference section)
uniq
uniq: Removes Duplicate Lines from a File page 154F
uniq: Removes Duplicate Lines from a File page 58C
uniq page 996C (Command Reference section)
wc
wc page 156F
wc page 1000C (Command Reference section)

103 GNU and Unix Commands 17

103.3 Perform Basic File Management

Copy, move and remove files and directories individually
cp: Copies a File page 149F
mv, cp: Move or Copy Files page 198F
mv: Changes the Name of a File page 150F
mv: Moves a Directory page 199F
rm: Deletes a File page 148F
rm: Removes a Link page 218F
rmdir: Deletes a Directory page 197F
cp: Copies a File page 53C
mv, cp: Move or Copy Files page 94C
mv: Changes the Name of a File page 54C
mv page 890C (Command Reference section)
cp page 754C (Command Reference section)
rm: Deletes a File page 52C
rm: Removes a Link page 115C
rm page 926C (Command Reference section)
Copy multiple files and directories recursively
cp page 754C (Command Reference section)
Remove files and directories recursively
rm page 926C (Command Reference section)
Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands
Filename Generation/Pathname Expansion page 244F
Pathname Expansion page 352F
Filename Generation/Pathname Expansion page 148C
Pathname Expansion page 362C
Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time
find page 804C (Command Reference section)
Usage of tar, cpio, and dd
tar: Packs and Unpacks Archives page 162F
tar: Archives Files page 607F
cpio: Archives Files page 609F
tar: Packs and Unpacks Archives page 66C
tar page 968C (Command Reference section)
cpio page 758C (Command Reference section)

18 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
cp
cp: Copies a File page 149F
mv, cp: Move or Copy Files page 198F
cp: Copies a File page 53C
mv, cp: Move or Copy Files page 94C
cp page 754C (Command Reference section)
find
find page 804C (Command Reference section)
mkdir
mkdir: Creates a Directory page 194F
mkdir: Creates a Directory page 90C
mkdir page 886C (Command Reference section)
mv
mv: Changes the Name of a File page 150F
mv, cp: Move or Copy Files page 198F
mv: Moves a Directory page 199F
mv: Changes the Name of a File page 54C
mv, cp: Move or Copy Files page 94C
mv page 890C (Command Reference section)
ls
ls: Lists the Names of Files page 148F
ls l: Displays Permissions page 202F
ls: Lists the Names of Files page 52C
ls l: Displays Permissions page 98C
Dereferencing Symbolic Links Using ls page 116C
ls page 861C (Command Reference section)
rm
rm: Deletes a File page 148F
rm: Removes a Link page 218F
rm: Deletes a File page 52C
rm: Removes a Link page 115C
rm page 926C (Command Reference section)
rmdir
rmdir: Deletes a Directory page 197F
rmdir: Deletes a Directory page 93C
rmdir page 928C (Command Reference section)
touch
touch page 985C (Command Reference section)
tar
tar: Packs and Unpacks Archives page 162F
tar: Archives Files page 607F
tar: Packs and Unpacks Archives page 66C
tar page 968C (Command Reference section)

103 GNU and Unix Commands 19

cpio
cpio: Archives Files page 609F
cpio page 758C (Command Reference section)
dd
dd page 772C (Command Reference section)
file
file: Identifies the Contents of a File page 156F
file: Identifies the Contents of a File page 60C
file page 802C (Command Reference section)
gzip
gzip: Compresses a File page 161F
gzip: Compresses a File page 65C
gzip page 838C (Command Reference section)
gunzip
gunzip and zcat page 161F
gunzip and zcat page 65C
gzip page 838C (Command Reference section)
bzip2
bzip2: Compresses a File page 160F
bzip2: Compresses a File page 64C
bzip2 page 732C (Command Reference section)
file globbing
Filename Generation/Pathname Expansion page 244F
Pathname Expansion page 352F
Filename Generation/Pathname Expansion page 148C
Pathname Expansion page 362C
globbing page 379C (tcsh)

103.4 Use Streams, Pipes and Redirects

Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error
Redirecting Standard Output page 234F
Redirecting Standard Input page 236F
Redirecting Standard Error page 285F
redirection page 1184F (Glossary)
standard input page 1190F (Glossary)
standard output page 1190F (Glossary)
standard error page 1190F (Glossary)
Redirecting Standard Output page 136C
Redirecting Standard Input page 137C
Redirecting Standard Error page 282C
redirection page 1089C (Glossary)
standard input page 1095C (Glossary)
standard output page 1095C (Glossary)
standard error page 1095C (Glossary)

20 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command

| (Pipe): Communicates Between Processes page 156F
Pipes page 239F
Filters page 241F
filter page 1164F (Glossary)
pipe page 1181F (Glossary)
| (Pipeline): Communicates Between Processes page 60C
Pipelines page 141C
Filters page 144C
filter page 1069C (Glossary)
pipeline page 1086C (Glossary)
Use the output of one command as arguments to another command
xargs page 1005C (Command Reference section)
Send output to both stdout and a file
tee: Sends Output in Two Directions page 242F
tee page 145C
tee page 973C (Command Reference section)
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
tee
tee: Sends Output in Two Directions page 242F
tee page 145C
tee page 973C (Command Reference section)
xargs
xargs page 1005C (Command Reference section)

103.5 Create, Monitor and Kill Processes

Run jobs in the foreground and background
Running a Command in the Background page 242F
Background process page 318F
background process page 1153F (Glossary)
foreground process page 1165F (Glossary)
Running a Command in the Background page 146C
Background process page 325C
background process page 1057C (Glossary)
foreground process page 1069C (Glossary)
Signal a program to continue running after logout
nohup page 896C (Command Reference section)

103 GNU and Unix Commands 21

Monitor active processes

Process Identification page 317F
ps page 470F
Process Identification page 324C
ps page 921C (Command Reference section)
Select and sort processes for display
Process Identification page 317F
ps page 470F
top: Lists Processes Using the Most Resources page 616F
Process Identification page 324C
ps page 921C (Command Reference section)
top page 981C (Command Reference section)
Send signals to processes
Aborting Execution page 140F
kill: Aborting a Background Job page 243F
kill: Sends a Signal to a Process page 470F
killall: Kills a Command page 472F
Aborting Execution page 30C
kill: Aborting a Background Job page 147C
kill: Aborts a Process page 486C
kill page 846C (Command Reference section)
killall page 848C (Command Reference section)
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
&
Running a Command in the Background page 242F
Background process page 318F
background process page 1153F (Glossary)
foreground process page 1165F (Glossary)
Running a Command in the Background page 146C
Background process page 325C
background process page 1057C (Glossary)
foreground process page 1069C (Glossary)
bg
CONTROL-Z and bg page 243F
bg: Sends a Job to the Background page 297F
Moving a Job from the Foreground to the Background page 243F
background process page 1153F (Glossary)
Moving a Job from the Foreground to the Background page 147C
bg: Sends a Job to the Background page 296C
background process page 1057C (Glossary)

22 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

fg
Foreground page 242F
Moving a Job from the Foreground to the Background page 243F
fg: Brings a Job to the Foreground page 296F
foreground process page 1165F (Glossary)
Foreground page 146C
Moving a Job from the Foreground to the Background page 147C
fg: Brings a Job to the Foreground page 295C
foreground process page 1069C (Glossary)
jobs
Determining the number of a job using jobs page 244F
jobs: Lists Jobs page 296F
Determining the number of a job using jobs page 148C
jobs: Lists Jobs page 295C
kill
kill: Aborting a Background Job page 243F
kill: Sends a Signal to a Process page 470F
Aborting Execution page 30C
kill: Aborting a Background Job page 147C
kill: Aborts a Process page 486C
kill page 846C (Command Reference section)
nohup
nohup page 896C (Command Reference section)
ps
Process Identification page 317F
ps page 470F
Process Identification page 324C
ps page 921C (Command Reference section)
top
top: Lists Processes Using the Most Resources page 616F
top page 981C (Command Reference section)
free
free: Displays Memory Usage Information page 74C
uptime
uptime page 169F
uptime: Displays System Load and Duration Information page 72C
killall
killall: Kills a Command page 472F
killall page 848C (Command Reference section)

103 GNU and Unix Commands 23

103.6 Modify Process Execution Priorities

Know the default priority of a job that is created
Process Identification page 317F
ps page 470F
Process Identification page 324C
ps page 921C (Command Reference section)
Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default
nice page 892C (Command Reference section)
Change the priority of a running process
renice page 925C (Command Reference section)
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
nice
nice page 892C (Command Reference section)
ps
Process Identification page 317F
ps page 470F
Process Identification page 324C
ps page 921C (Command Reference section)
renice
renice page 925C (Command Reference section)
top
top: Lists Processes Using the Most Resources page 616F
top page 981C (Command Reference section)

103.7 Search Text Files Using Regular Expressions

See Appendix A: Regular Expressions page 1105F and page 1011C
Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements
Appendix A: Regular Expressions page 1105F
Searching for a String page 184C (vim)
Regular Expressions page 550C (Perl)
Regular Expressions page 583C (Python)
Patterns page 622C (gawk)
Appendix A: Regular Expressions page 1011C
Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content
See preceding entry.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
grep
grep: Searches for a String page 152F
grep: Searches for a String page 56C
grep page 833C (Command Reference section)

24 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

egrep
egrep and fgrep page 834C
fgrep
egrep and fgrep page 834C
sed
Chapter 15: The sed Editor page 653C
regex(7)

103.8 Perform Basic File Editing Operations Using vi

A Practical Guide to Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Sixth Edition and A Practical Guide to
Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming, Second Edition cover the vim editor. All commands discussed here are compatible between vi and vim.
See Tutorial: Using vim to Create and Edit a File page 172F
See Chapter 6: The vim Editor page 159C
Navigate a document using vi
Moving the Cursor page 177F
Command Mode: Moving the Cursor page 174C
Use basic vi modes
Command and Input Modes page 174F
Command and Input Modes page 163C
Modes of Operation page 169C
Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text
Entering Text page 175F
Deleting Text page 178F
Correcting Text page 178F
Input Mode page 178C
Command Mode: Deleting and Changing Text page 179C
Copying, Moving, and Deleting Text page 190C
Searching and Substituting page 183C
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
vi
Tutorial: Using vim to Create and Edit a File page 172F
Chapter 6: The vim Editor page 159C
/, ?
. Any-Character Indicator page 185C
h,j,k,l
Moving the Cursor page 177F
l/h page 175C
j/k page 176C

104 Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 25

i, o, a
Entering Text page 175F
Entering Additional Text page 178F
i/a (Input mode) page 164C
o/O (Open) page 167C
c, d, p, y, dd, yy
Deleting Text page 178F
Change (c/C) page 181C
Delete (d/D) page 180C
Put (p/P) page 191C
Yank (y/Y) page 191C
Use dd to delete a single line page 180C
Use yy to yank one line page 191C
ZZ, :w!, :q!, :e!
Ending the Editing Session page 179F
Ending the Editing Session page 168C
Exit (ZZ) page 193C
Abnormal Termination of an Editing Session page 172C
:e! page 200C

104 Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy

Standard
104.1 Create Partitions and Filesystems
Use various mkfs commands to set up partitions and create various filesystems such as:
ext2
ext2 page 519F
ext2 to ext3 page 527F
ext3
ext3 page 519F
ext3 to ext2 page 527F
xfs
reiserfs v3
vfat
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
fdisk
See parted: Reports on and Partitions a Hard Disk page 617F
mkfs
mkfs: Creates a Filesystem page 472F
mkfs page 887C (Command Reference section)
mkswap
swap page 513F

26 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

104.2 Maintain the Integrity of Filesystems

Verify the integrity of filesystems
fsck: Checks Filesystem Integrity page 525F
fsck page 814C (Command Reference section)
Monitor free space and inodes
df page 775C (Command Reference section)
Repair simple filesystem problems
fsck page 814C (Command Reference section)
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
du
du page 791C (Command Reference section)
df
df: shows where directory hierarchies are mounted page 794F
df page 775C (Command Reference section)
fsck
fsck: Checks Filesystem Integrity page 525F
fsck page 814C (Command Reference section)
e2fsck
fsck is a front end page 816C
mke2fs
debugfs
dumpe2fs
tune2fs
tune2fs: Changes Filesystem Parameters page 526F
tune2fs page 991C (Command Reference section)
xfs tools (such as xfs_metadump and xfs_info)

104.3 Control Mounting and Unmounting of Filesystems

Manually mount and unmount filesystems
mount: Mounts a Filesystem page 520F
umount: Unmounts a Filesystem page 523F
mount: Mounts a Directory Hierarchy page 797F
Mounting Shares page 824F
Configure filesystem mounting on bootup
fstab: Keeps Track of Filesystems page 524F
fstab file page 797F
/etc/fstab: Mounts Directory Hierarchies Automatically page 801F
Configure user mountable removeable filesystems
Mount Options page 522F

104 Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 27

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
/etc/fstab
fstab: Keeps Track of Filesystems page 524F
fstab file page 797F
/etc/fstab: Mounts Directory Hierarchies Automatically page 801F
/media
mount
mount: Mounts a Filesystem page 520F
mount: Mounts a Directory Hierarchy page 797F
Mounting Shares page 824F
umount
umount: Unmounts a Filesystem page 523F

104.4 Manage Disk Quotas

Set up a disk quota for a filesystem
Disk Quota System page 634F
Edit, check and generate user quota reports
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
quota
edquota
repquota
quotaon

104.5 Manage File Permissions and Ownership

Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories
chmod: Changes Access Permissions page 203F
chmod: Makes a File Executable page 288F
chmod: Changes Access Permissions page 99C
chmod: Makes a File Executable page 285C
chmod page 741C (Command Reference section)
Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security
Setuid and Setgid Permissions page 205F
page 412F
Setuid files page 631F
setuid page 1187F (Glossary)
setgid page 1187F (Glossary)
Setuid and Setgid Permissions page 101C
setuid page 1092C (Glossary)
setgid page 1092C (Glossary)
Know how to change the file creation mask
umask: Specifies the Permission Mask page 473F
umask page 994C (Command Reference section)

28 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

Use the group field to grant file access to group members

ls l: Displays Permissions page 202F
chmod: Changes Access Permissions page 203F
/etc/group page 506F
ls l: Displays Permissions page 98C
chmod: Changes Access Permissions page 99C
chgrp page 739C (Command Reference section)
chmod page 741C (Command Reference section)
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
chmod
chmod: Changes Access Permissions page 203F
chmod: Makes a File Executable page 288F
chmod: Changes Access Permissions page 99C
chmod page 741C (Command Reference section)
umask
umask: Specifies the Permission Mask page 473F
umask page 994C (Command Reference section)
chown
chown page 746C (Command Reference section)
chgrp
chgrp page 739C (Command Reference section)
Dereferencing Symbolic Links Using chgrp page 117C

104.6 Create and Change Hard and Symbolic Links

Create links
ln: Creates a Hard Link page 214F
ln: Creates Symbolic Links page 217F
ln: Creates a Hard Link page 110C
ln: Creates Symbolic Links page 113C
ln page 856C (Command Reference section)
Identify hard and/or softlinks
ls and link counts page 216F
ls and inodes page 216F
hard link page 1167F (Glossary)
link page 1173F (Glossary)
symbolic link page 1192F (Glossary)
ls and link counts page 112C
ls and inodes page 112C
First character in a long ls display page 864C
hard link page 1071C (Glossary)
link page 1077C (Glossary)
symbolic link page 1097C (Glossary)

104 Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 29

Copying versus linking files

cp Versus ln page 215F
cp Versus ln page 111C
Use links to support system administration tasks
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
ln
ln: Creates a Hard Link page 214F
ln: Creates Symbolic Links page 217F
ln: Creates a Hard Link page 110C
ln: Creates Symbolic Links page 113C
ln page 856C (Command Reference section)

104.7 Find System Files and Place Files in the Correct Location
Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS
Important Standard Directories and Files page 199F
Important Standard Directories and Files page 95C
Find files and commands on a Linux system
whereis page 165F
locate: Searches for a File page 166F
which and whereis: Locate a Utility page 68C
locate: Searches for a File page 70C
find page 804C (Command Reference section)
Know the location and propose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS
Important Standard Directories and Files page 199F
Important Standard Directories and Files page 95C
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
find
find page 804C (Command Reference section)
locate
locate: Searches for a File page 166F
locate: Searches for a File page 70C
updatedb
whereis
whereis page 165F
which and whereis: Locate a Utility page 68C
which
which page 164F
which and whereis: Locate a Utility page 68C
which page 1001C (Command Reference section)
type
type: Displays Information About a Command page 1019F
type: Displays Information About a Command page 477C
/etc/[Link]

30 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

Certification Exam 2
Objectives: LX0-102
105 Shells, Scripting and Data Management
105.1 Customize and Use the Shell Environment
See Chapter 9: The Bourne Again Shell page 279F
See Chapter 8: The Bourne Again Shell (bash) page 275C
Set environment variables (e.g., PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell
Startup Files page 282F
Set PATH in .bash_profile page 283F
Keyword variables page 302F
Keyword Variables page 307F
Startup Files page 278C
Set PATH in .bash_profile page 279C
Keyword variables page 301C
Keyword Variables page 307C
Write bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands
Functions page 338F
Functions page 1009F
Functions page 346C
Variables in Functions page 475C
Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts
useradd: Adds a User Account page 604F
Set command search path with the proper directory
PATH: Where the Shell Looks for Programs page 308F
PATH: Where the Shell Looks for Programs page 308C
path or PATH page 393C (tcsh)
which page 1001C (Shows where in PATH a file is located.)
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
/etc/profile
/etc/profile page 282F
/etc/profile and /etc/profile.d page 509F
/etc/profile page 278C
env
env: Runs a Program in a Modified Environment page 471C

105 Shells, Scripting and Data Management

export
declare and typeset: Assign Attributes to Variables page 306F
export page 1008F
readonly and export page 306C
export: Puts Variables in the Environment page 468C
set
set o: Turns Shell Features On and Off page 341F
set: Initializes Command-Line Arguments page 1014F
set o: Turns Shell Features On and Off page 350C
set: Initializes Positional Parameters page 460C
set: Works with Shell Features, Positional Parameters, and Variables page 472C
unset
unset: Removes a Variable page 305F
unset: Removes a Variable page 304C
~/.bash_profile
.bash_profile .bash_login .profile page 282F
~/.bash_profile page 502F
.bash_profile, .bash_login, and .profile page 278C
~/.bash_login
.bash_profile .bash_login .profile page 282F
.bash_profile, .bash_login, and .profile page 278C
~/.profile
.bash_profile .bash_login .profile page 282F
.bash_profile, .bash_login, and .profile page 278C
~/.bashrc
.bashrc page 283F
~/.bashrc page 502F
.bashrc page 279C
~/.bash_logout
.bash_logout page 282F
.bash_logout page 279C
function
Functions page 338F
Functions page 1009F
Functions page 346C
Variables in Functions page 475C
alias
Aliases page 334F
Alias Substitution page 345F
Aliases page 342C
Alias Substitution page 354C
lists
Lists page 145C

31

32 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

105.2 Customize or Write Simple Scripts

See Chapter 9: The Bourne Again Shell page 279F
See Chapter 27: Programming the Bourne Again Shell page 969F
See Chapter 8: The Bourne Again Shell (bash) page 275C
See Chapter 10: Programming the Bourne Again Shell (bash) page 417C
Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests)
Control Structures page 971F
Control Structures page 418C
Use command substitution
Command Substitution page 351F
Command Substitution page 361C
Command Substitution page 379C (tcsh)
Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command
test builtin page 971F
[ ] is a synonym for test page 974F
test builtin page 986F
test builtin page 419C
[ ] is a synonym for test page 422C
test builtin page 419C
test page 978C (Command Reference section)
Perform conditional mailing to the superuser
Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line
#! Specifies a Shell page 290F
#! Specifies a Shell page 287C
Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
for
for...in page 983F
for page 984F
for...in page 431C
for page 433C
while
while page 986F
while page 435C

105 Shells, Scripting and Data Management

test
test builtin page 971F
[ ] is a synonym for test page 974F
test builtin page 986F
test builtin page 419C
[ ] is a synonym for test page 422C
test builtin page 419C
test page 978C (Command Reference section)
if
if...then page 971F
if...then...else page 974F
if...then...elif page 976F
if...then page 419C
if...then...else page 423C
if...then...elif page 425C
read
read: Accepts User Input page 1019F
read: Accepts User Input page 477C
seq
seq page 357C

105.3 SQL Data Management

See Chapter 16: MySQL page 635F
See Chapter 13: The MySQL Database Management System page 595C
Use of basic SQL commands
MySQL page 635F
Notes page 596C
Perform basic data manipulation
MySQL page 635F
Examples page 605C
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
insert
Entering data page 640F
INSERT INTO page 607C
update
Modifying data page 641F
UPDATE page 611C
select
Selecting rows using LIKE page 641F
More queries page 642F
Retrieving Data page 608C
Joins page 613C

33

34 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

delete
Deleting rows using a WHERE clause page 641F
DELETE FROM page 611C
from
DELETE FROM page 611C
where
Deleting rows using a WHERE clause page 641F
WHERE page 609C
group by
order by
page 609C
join
Joins page 613C

106 User Interfaces and Desktops

106.1 Install and Configure X11
See X Window System page 258F
Verify that the video card and monitor are supported by an X server
Awareness of the X font server
Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
/etc/X11/[Link]
xhost
xhost Grants Access to a Display page 261F
DISPLAY
The DISPLAY Variable page 262F
xwininfo
xdpyinfo
X
X Window System page 258F

106.2 Setup a Display Manager

Turn the display manager on or off
Change the display manager greeting
Change default color depth for the display manager
Configure display managers for use by X-stations

107 Administrative Tasks 35

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
/etc/inittab
rcS task and inittab page 442F
/etc/inittab page 507F
xdm configuration files
kdm configuration files
gdm configuration files

106.3 Accessibility
Keyboard Accessibility Settings (AccessX?)
Visual Settings and Themes
Assistive Technology (ATs)
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
Sticky/Repeat Keys
Slow/Bounce/Toggle Keys
Mouse Keys
High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes
Screen Reader
Braille Display
Screen Magnifier
On-Screen Keyboard
Gestures (used at login, for example gdm)
Orca
GOK
emacspeak

107 Administrative Tasks

107.1 Manage User and Group Accounts and Related
System Files
Add, modify and remove users and groups
system-config-users: Manages User Accounts page 602F
Managing User Accounts from the Command Line page 604F
Manage user/group info in password/group databases
Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts

36 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
/etc/passwd
/etc/passwd page 508F
/etc/shadow
/etc/shadow page 511F
/etc/group
/etc/group page 506F
/etc/skel
chage
chage page 605F
groupadd
groupadd: Adds a Group page 605F
groupdel
groupdel and groupmod: Remove and Modify a Group page 605F
groupmod
groupdel and groupmod: Remove and Modify a Group page 605F
passwd
Changing Your Password page 137F
useradd
useradd: Adds a User Account page 604F
userdel
userdel: Removes a User Account page 604F
usermod
usermod: Modifies a User Account page 604F

107.2 Automate System Administration Tasks by

Scheduling Jobs
Manage cron and at jobs
crond and anacron: Schedule Routine Tasks page 611F
at: Runs Occasional Tasks page 615F
crontab page 763C (Command Reference section)
at page 725C (Command Reference section)
Configure user access to cron and at services
/etc/[Link], /etc/[Link], /etc/[Link], and /etc/[Link] page 506F
[Link], [Link] page 765C
[Link] and [Link] page 726C
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
/etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}
Crontab directories page 764C
/etc/[Link]
/etc/[Link], /etc/[Link], /etc/[Link], and /etc/[Link] page 506F
[Link] and [Link] page 726C

107 Administrative Tasks 37

/etc/[Link]
/etc/[Link], /etc/[Link], /etc/[Link], and /etc/[Link] page 506F
[Link] and [Link] page 726C
/etc/crontab
/etc/crontab page 612F
Crontab directories page 764C
/etc/[Link]
/etc/[Link], /etc/[Link], /etc/[Link], and /etc/[Link] page 506F
[Link], [Link] page 765C
/etc/[Link]
/etc/[Link], /etc/[Link], /etc/[Link], and /etc/[Link] page 506F
[Link], [Link] page 765C
/var/spool/cron/*
Crontab Files page 611F
Notes page 763C
crontab
User crontab files page 612F
crond and anacron: Schedule Routine Tasks page 611F
crontab page 763C (Command Reference section)
at
at: Runs Occasional Tasks page 615F
at page 725C (Command Reference section)
atq
atq page 727C
atrm
atrm page 727C

107.3 Localization and Internationalization

Locale settings
locale page 1173F (Glossary)
Locale page 316C
locale: Displays Locale Information page 318C
locale page 1078C (Glossary)
Timezone settings
Time page 320C
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
/etc/timezone
/etc/timezone page 322C
/etc/localtime
/etc/localtime page 322C
/usr/share/zoneinfo
/usr/share/zoneinfo page 322C

38 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

Environment variables:
LC_ : page 317C
*
LC_ALL: page 317C
LANG: page 1025C
/usr/bin/locale
tzselect
tzselect page 321C
tzconfig
tzconfig page 321C
date
date: Displays the Time and Date page 158F
date: Displays the Time and Date page 62C
date page 769C (Command Reference section)
iconv
UTF-8
UTF-8 page 1195F (Glossary)
UTF-8 page 1100C (Glossary)
ISO-8859
ASCII
ASCII page 1151F (Glossary)
ASCII page 1055C (Glossary)
Unicode
Unicode page 1195F (Glossary)
Unicode page 1099C (Glossary)

108 Essential System Services

108.1 Maintain System Time
Set the system date and time
Setting the system clock page 770C
Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC
Configure the correct timezone
Time page 320C
Basic NTP configuration
Knowledge of using the [Link] service
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
/usr/share/zoneinfo
/usr/share/zoneinfo page 322C

108 Essential System Services 39

/etc/timezone
/etc/timezone page 322C
/etc/localtime
/etc/localtime page 322C
/etc/[Link]
date
date: Displays the Time and Date page 158F
date: Displays the Time and Date page 62C
date page 769C (Command Reference section)
hwclock
ntpd
ntpdate
[Link]

108.2 System Logging

Syslog configuration files
[Link] page 623F
syslog
rsyslogd: Logs System Messages page 623F
standard facilities, priorities and actions
Selectors page 623F
Facilities page 624F
Priorities page 624F
Actions page 624F
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
[Link]
[Link] page 623F
syslogd
rsyslogd: Logs System Messages page 623F
klogd
logger

108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) Basics

See Chapter 20: sendmail: Setting Up Mail Servers, Clients, and More page 729F
Create e-mail aliases
/etc/aliases page 736F
Configure e-mail forwarding
~/.forward page 737F
Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (Postfix, sendmail, Qmail, exim) (no configuration)
Alternatives to sendmail page 731F

40 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
~/.forward
~/.forward page 737F
sendmail emulation layer commands
newaliases
newaliases page 737F
mail
mailq
mailq page 738F
Postfix
Postfix page 732F
sendmail
Introduction to sendmail page 730F
Setting Up a sendmail Mail Server page 732F
JumpStart I: Configuring sendmail on a Client page 733F
JumpStart II: Configuring sendmail on a Server page 734F
Working with sendmail Messages page 735F
Configuring sendmail page 739F
exim
exim4 page 732F
qmail
Qmail page 732F

108.4 Manage Printers and Printing

See Chapter 14: Printing with CUPS page 559F
Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers)
Fedora/RHEL Configures a Local Printer Automatically page 562F
JumpStart I: Configuring a Printer Using system-config-printer page 562F
JumpStart II: Setting Up a Local or Remote Printer page 565F
Working with the CUPS Web Interface page 568F
Configuring Printers page 570F
Manage user print queues
Managing Print Queues page 575F
Troubleshoot general printing problems
Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues
BSD and System V command-line print utilities page 578F
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
JumpStart I: Configuring a Printer Using system-config-printer page 562F
Working with the CUPS Web Interface page 568F
Sharing CUPS Printers page 576F

109 Networking Fundamentals 41

/etc/cups
Example lpadmin Commands page 574F
lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)
Traditional UNIX Printing page 577F

109 Networking Fundamentals

See Chapter 10: Networking and the Internet page 359F

109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols

See Network Protocols page 370F
Demonstrate an understanding network masks
Subnet mask page 378F
network mask page 1178F (Glossary)
subnet mask page 1096C (Glossary)
Knowledge of the differences between private and public dotted quad IP-Addresses
Private address space page 650F
private address space page 1182F (Glossary)
private address space page 1086C (Glossary)
Seting a default route
Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 119, 139, 143,
161, 443, 465, 993, 995)
Ports page 393F
port page 1181F (Glossary)
port page 1086C (Glossary)
Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP
UDP page 370F
UDP: User Datagram Protocol page 372F
TCP page 370F
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol page 371F
ping: Tests a Network Connection page 386F
UDP page 1194F (Glossary)
TCP page 1192F (Glossary)
ICMP page 1169F (Glossary)
UDP page 1099C (Glossary)
TCP page 1097C (Glossary)
ICMP page 1073C (Glossary)
Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6
IPv4 page 372F
IPv6 page 373F

42 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
/etc/services
Network Services page 394F
/etc/services page 511F
ftp
ftp: Transfers Files Over a Network page 385F
Chapter 19: FTP: Transferring Files Across a Network page 701F
ftp page 819C (Command Reference section)
telnet
telnet: Logs In on a Remote System page 383F
telnet page 974C (Command Reference section)
host
host and dig: Query Internet Nameservers page 388F
ping
ping: Tests a Network Connection page 386F
dig
host and dig: Query Internet Nameservers page 388F
dig page 855F
dig page 856F
traceroute
traceroute: Traces a Route Over the Internet page 387F
tracepath

109.2 Basic Network Configuration

Manually and automatically configure network interfaces
Configuring the Systems page 650F
NetworkManager: Configures Network Connections page 651F
Basic TCP/IP host configuration
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
/etc/hostname
/etc/hosts
Hostnames page 380F
/etc/hosts page 507F
/etc/[Link]
/etc/[Link] page 510F
/etc/[Link]
[Link]: Which Service to Look at First page 494F
ifconfig
ifup
ifdown
route
ping
ping: Tests a Network Connection page 386F

109 Networking Fundamentals 43

109.3 Basic Network Troubleshooting

Manually and automatically configure network interfaces and routing tables to include adding,
starting, stopping, restarting, deleting or reconfiguring network interfaces
Change, view or configure the routing table and correct an improperly set default route manually
Debug problems associated with the network configuration
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
ifconfig
ifup
ifdown
route
host
host and dig: Query Internet Nameservers page 388F
hostname
hostname: Displays the System Name page 149F
/etc/sysconfig/network page 512F
hostname: Displays the System Name page 53C
dig
host and dig: Query Internet Nameservers page 388F
dig page 855F
dig page 856F
netstat
ping
ping: Tests a Network Connection page 386F
traceroute
traceroute: Traces a Route Over the Internet page 387F

109.4 Configure Client Side DNS

See Chapter 24: DNS/BIND: Tracking Domain Names and Addresses page 845F
Demonstrate the use of DNS on the local system
JumpStart I: Setting Up a DNS Cache page 860F
Modify the order in which name resolution is done
Resolver page 848F
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
/etc/hosts
Hostnames page 380F
/etc/hosts page 507F
/etc/[Link]
/etc/[Link] page 510F
/etc/[Link]
[Link]: Which Service to Look at First page 494F

44 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

110 Security
110.1 Perform Security Administration Tasks
Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set
Listing setuid files page 459F
Listing setgid files page 459F
Set or change user passwords and password aging information
Changing Your Password page 137F
Changing Your Password page 44C
Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system
Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage
Basic sudo configuration and usage
Using sudo to Gain root Privileges page 415F
su/sudo: Curbing Your Power (root Privileges) page 32C
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
find
find page 804C (Command Reference section)
passwd
lsof
lsof: Finds Open Files page 629F
nmap
chage
chage page 605F
netstat
sudo
Using sudo to Gain root Privileges page 415F
su/sudo: Curbing Your Power (root Privileges) page 32C
/etc/sudoers
sudoers: Configuring sudo page 419F
su
Using su to Gain root Privileges page 413F
su/sudo: Curbing Your Power (root Privileges) page 32C
usermod
usermod: Modifies a User Account page 604F
ulimit

110 Security

110.2 Setup Host Security

Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work
/etc/shadow page 511F
Turn off network services not in use
Configuring Daemons (Services) page 433F
service: Configures Services I page 444F
system-config-services: Configures Services II page 445F
chkconfig: Configures Services III page 446F
Understand the role of TCP wrappers
TCP Wrappers: Secure a Server ([Link] and [Link]) page 484F
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
/etc/nologin
Going to Single-User Mode page 454F
/etc/passwd
/etc/passwd page 508F
/etc/shadow
/etc/shadow page 511F
/etc/xinetd.d/*
xinetd.d page 482F
/etc/[Link]
[Link] page 482F
/etc/inetd.d/*
/etc/[Link]
/etc/inittab
rcS task and inittab page 442F
/etc/inittab page 507F
/etc/init.d/*
SysVinit (rc) Scripts: Start and Stop System Services (Fedora/RHEL) page 442F
/etc/[Link]
[Link] and [Link] page 484F
/etc/[Link]
[Link] and [Link] page 484F

110.3 Securing Data with Encryption

Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage
Configuring OpenSSH Clients page 678F
Running the ssh, scp, and sftp OpenSSH Clients page 677F
Configuring OpenSSH Clients page 692C
Running the ssh, scp, and sftp OpenSSH Clients page 691C

45

46 ComptTIA/Sobell Index

Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys

How OpenSSH Works page 675F
Authorized Keys: Automatic Login page 689F
How OpenSSH Works page 689C
Authorized Keys: Automatic Login page 702C
Perform basic GnuPG configuration and usage
Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels)
Tunneling/Port Forwarding page 696F
Tunneling/Port Forwarding page 706C
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms, and utilities:
ssh
ssh: Logs in or Executes Commands on a Remote System page 681F
ssh: Logs In or Executes Commands on a Remote System page 694C
ssh-keygen
ssh-keygen page 689F
ssh-keygen page 703C
ssh-agent
ssh-agent: Holds Your Private Keys page 691F
ssh-agent: Holds Your Private Keys page 705C
ssh-add
ssh-add page 692F
ssh-add page 705C
~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
id_rsa, id_rsa.pub page 677F
id_rsa and id_rsa.pub page 690F
id_rsa, id_rsa.pub page 690C
id_rsa and id_rsa.pub page 703C
~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
id_dsa, id_dsa.pub page 677F
id_dsa, id_dsa.pub page 690C
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
~/.ssh/authorized_keys
ssh-copy-id page 690F
ssh-copy-id page 703C
/etc/ssh_known_hosts
ssh_known_hosts page 680F
ssh_known_hosts page 693C
gpg
~/.gnupg/*