FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
HK20 COMPUTER ENGINEERING
KS31802
SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB
Lab 8: Z-Transform
Lecturer: DR. ROSALYN [Link]
Name: Gavin Kho Thong Xian
BK12110092
Mohd Nisyan Bin Mardan
BK11160374
Objective: [Link] verify the Z-Transform and Inverse Z-Transform using MATLAB.
2. To understand the concept of Z-Transform.
Introduction
Z-Transform, like the Laplace transform, is an indispensable mathematical tool for the design,
analysis and monitoring of systems. The z-transform is the discrete-time counter-part of the Laplace
transform and a generalisation of the Fourier transform of a sampled signal. Like Laplace transform the ztransform allows insight into the transient behaviour, the steady state behaviour, and the stability of
discrete-time systems.
A mathematical description of the input-output relation of a system can be formulated either in
the time domain or in the frequency domain. Time-domain and frequency domain representation methods
offer alternative insights into a system, and depending on the application it may be more convenient to
use one method in preference to the other. Time domain system analysis methods are based on differential
equations which describe the system output as a weighted combination of the differentials (i.e. the rates of
change) of the system input and output signals.
The description of a system in the frequency domain can reveal valuable insight into the system
behaviour and stability. System analysis in frequency domain can also be more convenient as
differentiation and integration operations are performed through multiplication and division by the
frequency variable respectively. Furthermore the transient and the steady state characteristics of a system
can be predicted by analysing the roots of the Laplace transform or the z-transform, the so-called poles
and zeros of a system.
Derivation of the z-Transform
The z-transform is the discrete-time counterpart of the Laplace transform. derive the z-transform
from the Laplace transform a discrete-time [Link] Laplace transform X(s), of a continuous-time signal
x(t), is given by the integral.
where the complex variable s= +j, and the lower limit of t=0 allows the possibility that the signal x(t)
may include an impulse. The inverse Laplace transform is defined by.
where 1 is selected so that X(s) is analytic (no singularities) for s>1. The ztransform can be
derived by sampling the continuous-time input signal x(t). For a sampled signal x(mTs), normally denoted
as x(m) assuming the sampling period Ts=1.
By Substituting the variable es with the variable z we obtain the one-sided ztransform equation.
The two-sided z-transform is defined as :
Note that for a one-sided signal, x(m)=0 for m<0
The Relationship Between the Laplace, the Fourier, and the z-Transforms
The Laplace transform, the Fourier transform and the z-transform are closely related in that they
all employ complex exponential as their basis function. For right-sided signals (zero-valued for negative
time index) the Laplace transform is a generalization of the Fourier transform of a continuous-time
signal, and the z-transform is a generalisation of the Fourier transform of a discrete-time signal. In the
previous section we have shown that the z-transform can be derived as the Laplace transform of a
discrete-time signal. In the following we explore the relation between the z-transform and the Fourier
transform. Using the relationship.
Figure 1 : Z-Transform Basic functions.
Procedure and Results:
Problem 4.1
X(z) = 3z2+2z+-2z-1-3z-2
and the ROC: entire z-plane except when z=0
Procedure:
x(n) = 0.64(0.8)n-2u(n-2)
X(z) =
Result:
0.64 z2
10.8 z1
and the ROC: |z|>8
Procedure:
X(z) =
1
10.51
1
+ 1+0.81
2+0.3 z
= 1+0.3 z10.4 z 2
Result:
MATLAB verification
Problem 4.11
Procedure:
The partial fraction of X(z)by using MATLAB
ROC: 0.5<|z|<0.8
X(z) = -16 -
10
1
10.5 Z
27
+ 10.25 z1
x(n)= -16(n)-10(0.5)nu(n) +27(0.25)nu(n)
Result:
MATLAB Verification
Procedure:
The partial fraction of X(z) using MATLAB
X(z) = -16 -
10
1
12 z
27
+ 10.25 z1
x(n)= -16(n)-10(0.5)nu(n) +27(0.25)nu(n)
Result:
MATLAB verification
Procedure:
At first, we divide X(z) by z3 then we obtain,
X(z) =
13 z1+ 4 z2+ z3
14 z 1 + z20.16 z3
Find the partial fraction using MATLAB
X(z) =
0.5383
13.7443 . z1
3.3559+ j 5.7659
+ 1( 0.1278 j 0.1625 ) z1
3.3559 j 5.7659
+ 1( 0.1278 j 0.1625 ) z1
-6.25
X(n)= -6.25(n) +0.5383(3.7443)n u(n) + (3.3559+j5.7659)(0.1278+j0.1625)nu(n)
+(3.3559-j5.7659)(0.1278-j0.1625)nu(n)
Result:
MATLAB verification
Problem 4.15
(i)
The system function representation of h(n) is
H(z) =
(ii)
5
10.25 z1
The difference equation representation is
1
y ( n ) y ( n1 ) =5 x (n)
2
When
1 n
u( n) X (Z )=
4
x ( n )=
(iii)
The pole-zero plot of H(z)
1
1
1 z 1
4
(iv)
1
Given the input x(n) = ( 4 )nu(n), X(z) =
Y(z) = H(z)*X(z)
=
5
10.25 z1
1
1 1
1( ) z
4
= (10.24 z 1 )(1 1 z1)
(4)
1
y(n)= 10( 2
1
u(n)-5( 4
u(n)
1
1
1( ) z1
4
(i)
the system representation
H(z) =
(ii)
1
( )z1
3
1 1 2
(1
z )
3
()
1
+ 1+ 1 z1
4
the different equation representation
y ( n )
7 2
z
16
11
41 2
1+ z1+
z
12
288
1+ z1 +
5
1
1
y ( n1 ) y ( n2 ) + y ( n3 )
12
18
36
(iii)
the pole-zero plot
(iv)
The output of the system
Y(Z) = H(z) * X(Z)
1
7
x ( n ) x ( n1 ) + x (n2)
3
36
7 2
z
16
11
41 2
1+ z1+
z
12
288
1+ z1 +
1+ z1 +
1
1 1
1( ) z
4
7 2
z
16
3
25 2 41 3
1+ z 1
z
z
2
288
1152
0.5264
1.2199
0.7463
Y(z)= 1+1.5413 z1 + 10.1740 z1 - 1+0.1327 z 1
y(n) = 0.5264(1.5413)nu(n) + 1.2199(-0.1740)nu(n)
0.7463(0.1327)nu(n)
3.
0.9 n cos
( n4 + 3 )u (n+1)
h ( n )=3
(i) the system representation
H ( Z )=3.2198+
H ( Z )=3.2198+
1.52.608 z1
11.2728 z1+ 0.81 z2
0.75+1.299 jj
10.9 e
j
4
0.751.299 jj
10.9 e
(ii) the different equation representation
n
h ( n )=3.2198 ( n ) + ( 0.75+1.299 j ) ( 0.9 ) e
(iii)
n
4
u ( n )+ ( 0.75+1.299 j ) ( 0.9 ) e
n
4
u (n )
>> b=[1.5 -2.608 0];a=[1 -1.2728 0.81];
>> [R,P,C]=residuez(b,a)
R=
0.7500 + 1.2990i
0.7500 - 1.2990i
P=
0.6364 + 0.6364i
0.6364 - 0.6364i
C=
0
>> Mp=(abs(P'))
Mp =
0.9000
0.9000
>> Ap=(angle(P'))/pi
Ap =
-0.2500
0.2500
>> b=[1.5 -2.608 0];a=[1 -1.2728 0.81];
>> zplane(b,a)
iv) the output
Output
Y ( Z )=
3.2198
1.52.608 z 1
+
10.25 z1 11.5228 z1+1.1282 z20.2025 z3
0.9 n e
+j
n
4
u (n)
n
j
n
4
0.9 e
u ( n ) +(1.25361.3102 j)
n
0.25 u ( n ) +(1.2536+ 1.3102 j)
y ( n )=2.2127
Discussion
1. From the experiment, the inverse z-transform can be made easier with
MATLAB. We first use the MATLAB to find the partial fractions of the z function
then using the z transform table to find the value. After that, use MATLAB to
verify the answer.
Conclusion
In conclusion, by using MATLAB, the process of z transform will be easier and faster.
Other than that, by using MATLAB, we will be able to verify whether the z
transformation of a function is correct or not.
