arXiv:0903.3183v1 [physics.
ed-ph] 18 Mar 2009
Physics education research:
Resources for middle school science teachers
Zosia A. C. Krusberg
Department of Physics, University of Chicago
5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Treat people as if they were what they ought to be and you help them
to become what they are capable of being.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Education is not the filling of a bucket, but the lighting of a fire.
W. B. Yeats
Pick battles big enough to matter, small enough to win.
Jonathan Kozol
Abstract
This resource letter intends to provide middle school science teachers with a collection of resources to aid them in planning and implementing a physical science
curriculum. The resources are in the form of books, websites, journals, and organizations.
Books
1.1
General Education Research
Educational research is a rapidly expanding field, with new findings emerging in such
varied areas as neuroscience, cognitive science, and educational technologies. For those
with an interest in current developments in educational research and how these may
apply to your instruction, two books discussing these research findings are presented
here.
National Research Council, How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and
School (National Academies Press, Washington D. C., 2000)
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309070368/html/
This book, the result of work by two committees of the Commission on Behavioral
and Social Sciences and Education of the National Research Council, describes our
current understanding of mind, brain, and the process of learning, and summarizes
effective curricula based on these research areas in areas ranging from history to
physics.
D. Rose and A. Meyer, Teaching Every Student in the Digital Age: Universal
Design for Learning (Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development,
Alexandria, 2002)
http://www.cast.org/teachingeverystudent/ideas/tes/
Initially intended as a curriculum for students with special learning needs, Universal Design for Learning (UDL) has transformed the way educators think about
learning for all students. The first part of this book presents the case for UDL by
describing neuroscientific evidence for learner differences and how insights about
special-needs students can inform more effective curricula. The second part describes the practical applications of UDL in the classroom, particularly in the form
of educational technologies.
1.2
Physics and Science Education
Many books provide teachers at the elementary and middle school levels with both
science content and educational applications in the physical sciences.
P. E. Blosser, How to. . . Ask the Right Questions (NSTA Press, Arlington, 1991)
Asking questions is a fundamental and essential part of science instruction; this
booklet offers guidance in how to analyze and improve questioning techniques.
N. Herr, The Sourcebook for Teaching Science: Strategies, Acitivities, and Instructional Resources
Herrs sourcebook is an incredible resource for middle and high school science
teachers. The book offers scientific content for teachers, activities and experiments, lesson plans, and strategies for adapting scientific material to diverse student populations.
P. Hewitt, Conceptual Physics (Addison Wesley, Upper Saddle River, 2008)
Hewitts Conceptual Physics is used as a textbook in many high school physics
courses. It is a conceptual approach to physics that makes few mathematical
demands of the reader. As such, it can be of value to elementary and middle
school teachers who seek a deeper understanding of the physics topics they are
teaching.
http://www.conceptualphysics.com/
P. Keeley, F. Eberle, and J. Tugel, Uncovering Student Ideas in Science, Vols. 1
and 2 (NSTA Press, Arlington, 2005 and 2007)
This two-volume series provides formative assessment probes designed to evaluate
your K-12 students preconceptions in the Physical, Life, and Earth Sciences.
National Geographic Reading Expeditions
Reading Expeditions content-area readers offer students a rich array of engaging
and thought-provoking science and social studies content while developing nonfiction literacy skills and strategies. Throughout the books, students are exposed to
nonfiction text features, graphic elements, organizational patterns and nonfiction
genres. Attention to the intricacies of nonfiction provides students with the tools
for reading and comprehending informational text. (From the website.)
http://www.ngsp.com/Products/ReadingLanguageArts/nbspnbspReading
Expeditions/tabid/112/Default.aspx
National Science Teachers Association Publications
The National Science Teachers Association publishes a large number of books on
general and specific topics in science education at all grade levels.
http://www.nsta.org/store/?lid=tnavhp
Stop Faking It! Finally Understanding Science So You Can Teach It Series
This series, published by the NSTA, provides invaluable science content to teachers
who need to learn or review various topics in the physical sciences. Topics include
Energy, Force and Motion, Sound, Electricity and Magnetism, Light, Math, and
Chemistry Basics.
http://www.nsta.org/store/search.aspx?action=quicksearch&text=%22stop+
faking+it!%22&gl=0&sid=0
1.3
Physics Activities and Demonstrations
A wide range of physics activities and demonstrations for K-12 science classes are offered
in the following books.
J. Cunningham and N. Herr, Hands-On Physics Activities with Real-Life Applications (Jossey-Bass, Hoboken, 1994)
R. Ehrlich, Turning the World Inside Out and 174 Other Simple Physics Demonstrations (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1990)
S. Smith, Project Earth Science: Astronomy (NSTA Press, Arlington, 2001)
J. C. Sprott, Physics Demonstrations: A Sourcebook for Teachers of Physics, (University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 2006)
P. Walker and E. Wood, Hands-On General Science Acitivites with Real-Life Applications (The Center for Applied Research in Education, West Nyack, 1994)
B. Yeany, If You Build It, They Will Learn: 17 Devices for Demonstrating Physical
Science (NSTA Press, Arlington, 2006)
Journals
A number of journals publish articles on various issues related to elementary and middle
school science education. Although membership is required for full access to most of
these journals, many of their articles are available for free online. Membership in NSTA
comes with a subscription to one of its journals.
Science and Children
Published by the NSTA, this journal focuses on elementary school science education.
http://www.nsta.org/elementaryschool/
Science Scope
Published by the NSTA, this journal focuses on middle school and junior high
school science education.
http://www.nsta.org/middleschool/
The Physics Teacher
Published by the American Association of Physics Teachers, this journal focuses
primarily on physics education at the high school and college level, however, it can
also be useful for earlier education.
http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/
Science in School
A new European journal dealing with various issues in elementary, middle, and
high school science education.
http://www.scienceinschool.org/
Science World
Science World for grades 610 brings science to life with fascinating feature articles and hands-on activities that cover every area of the science curriculum: physical science, life science/health, earth and space science, environmental science,
and technology. (From the website.)
http://teacher.scholastic.com/products/classmags/scienceworld.htm
Organizations
Two organizations provide useful resources for physics instructors:
American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT)
http://www.aapt.org/
The AAPT which is in the process of changing its name to the Association for the Advancement of Physics Teaching to better represent its mission
places a large emphasis on professional development in the form of workshops and conferences, which makes its website less useful for specific teaching advice. However, its worth checking out once in a while if only for its
monthly AAPT News (http://www.aapt.org/aboutaapt/news.cfm). More importantly, the AAPT maintains comPADRE: Resources for Physics and Astronomy
Education, which contains a vast number of resources for physics instructors
(http://www.compadre.org/).
National Science Teachers Association (NSTA)
http://www.nsta.org/
The NSTA website provides ample resources for science instructors. The main
page contains a frequently-updated collection of recent news in science education.
The most impressive gem of the NSTA website, however, is the newly released
NSTA Learning Center (http://learningcenter.nsta.org/), which contains a large
collection of well-organized resources on everything from theories of learning to
concept-specific activities. You may want to consider becoming a member, which
provides you with full access to the online resources as well as a subscription to
an NSTA journal publication of your choice. Take a look in the Science Store for
an impressive and extremely useful collection of publications.
Websites
There is an overwhelming collection of websites that offer lesson plans, on- and offline activities, science content materials, and much more. What follows is a sample of websites
with useful and easily accessible resources.
4.1
Activities and lesson plans
At Home Astronomy
http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/AtHomeAstronomy/
The Discovery Channel Lesson Plan Library
http://school.discoveryeducation.com/lessonplans/
edHelper.com
http://edhelper.com/
Exploratorium
http://www.exploratorium.edu/
Howard Hughes Medical Center: Cool Science
http://www.hhmi.org/coolscience/resources/SPTHome.php
HubbleSiteEducation and Museums
http://hubblesite.org/education and museums/
Inside Einsteins Universe
http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/seuforum/einstein/
International Year of Astronomy 2009
http://www.astronomy2009.org/
Internet for Classrooms
http://www.internet4classrooms.com/skills 7th science.htm
The Lesson Plans Page
http://www.lessonplanspage.com/ScienceJH.htm
Lesson Plan Search
http://www.lessonplansearch.com/Science/Middle School 6-8/Physical Science/index.html
Little Shop of Physics
http://littleshop.physics.colostate.edu/onlineexperiments.htm
Middle School Science
http://www.middleschoolscience.com/
Museum of Science and Industry Chicago: Educator Resources
http://www.msichicago.org/education/educator-resources/
My Schoolhouse
http://www.myschoolhouse.com/courses/Science-Lessons.htm
NASA Educators
http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/index.html
NASAs Imagine the Universe
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html
NASA Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Classroom
http://marsrover.nasa.gov/classroom/
National Energy Education Development Project
http://www.need.org/curriculum.php
PBS NOVA Teachers Guide: Physics
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/resources/subj 10 00.html
School Physics
http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/index.php
Science and Mathematics Initiative for Learning Enhancement (SMILE): Physics
http://www.iit.edu/smile/physinde.html
Science Buddies
http://sciencebuddies.org/
Science Central Middle School Lesson Plans
http://www.sciencecentral.com/site/488985
Science Lesson Plans
http://www.col-ed.org/cur/science.html
Science Smarties
http://teachnet.ie/mamond/2006/
The Science Spot Astronomy Lesson Plans
http://sciencespot.net/Pages/classastrolsn.html
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SDSS Galaxy Zoo
http://www.galaxyzoo.org/
Teachnology Physics Lesson Plans
http://www.teach-nology.com/teachers/lesson plans/science/physics/
Try Science
http://www.tryscience.org/
WMAP Education Resources
http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/resources/edresources1.html
4.2
For Kids
Cool Science at the Howard Hughes Medical Center
http://www.hhmi.org/coolscience/forkids/
Jefferson Lab: Student Zone
http://education.jlab.org/indexpages/index.php
Kids.gov Physical Science
http://www.kids.gov/6 8/6 8 science physics.shtml
Learner.com Amusement Park Physics
http://www.learner.org/interactives/parkphysics/
NASA Kids Club
http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forkids/kidsclub/flash/index.html
NASA Students
http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/index.html
Optical Research Associates: Optics for Kids
http://www.opticalres.com/kidoptx f.html
PBS NOVA Special Effects: Monsters, Motion, and Mechanics
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/specialfx/fxguide/fxuemmm.html
Simply Science Physical Science Links for Kids
http://www.simplyscience.com/physicalslinks.html
4.3
General content
Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology
http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/
Eric Weissteins World of Science
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/
NSTA Learning Center
http://learningcenter.nsta.org/
Open Culture: Free Online Courses
http://www.oculture.com/2007/07/freeonlinecourses.html
The Particle Adventure
http://particleadventure.org/index.html
Physics Central: Learn How Your World Works
http://www.physicscentral.com/
The Physics Classroom: A High School Physics Tutorial
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/index.cfm
Physics To Go
http://www.compadre.org/informal/index.cfm
4.4
Science Education Standards
Illinois State Board of Education: Science Learning Standards
http://www.isbe.state.il.us/ils/science/capd.htm
National Science Education Standards (Chapter 6)
http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record id=4962
4.5
Videos and Animations
BrainPOP
http://www.brainpop.com/
Clint Sprotts The Wonders of Physics
http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/wop.htm
Interactive Simulations
http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/index.php?cat=Physics
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Interactive Shockwave Physics Modules
http://ippex.pppl.gov/interactive/
Physics Simulations Collection
http://apphysicsb.homestead.com/vls.html
Planet SciCast
http://www.planet-scicast.com/films.cfm
A Private Universe
http://www.learner.org/resources/series28.html
iTunes
iTunes is becoming a vast resource for educators of science, now containing a huge
number of podcasts (both audio and video) with science content. To get started, take a
look at the following (you may access these by going to iTunesU Teaching & Education
Curriculum & Teaching):
iTunesU WGBH Grades K-5 Educator Guides
iTunesU WGBH Grades 6-8 Educator Guides
iTunesU WGBH Earth and Space Science
iTunesU WGBH Physical Science
Miscellaneous
comPADRE: Digital Resources for Physics Education
http://www.compadre.org/portal/index.cfm
Helping Students Learn Physics Better
An article that outlines major preconceptions held by students in physics classes.
http://phys.udallas.edu/C3P/Preconceptions.pdf
Museum of Science and Industry Chicago: Teacher Workshops
All participants in these workshops receive the following: 5 free teacher workshops
with paid subs for the days you miss from school, a unit of lesson plans for each
of the five workshops with a large rubbermaid container full of all of the materials
needed to teach the lessons, one free learning lab at the museum for your class
during that school year, and paid buses for your class to come to the museum on
that day.
http://www.msichicago.org/education/educator-resources/teacher-workshops/
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Mythbusters on the Discovery Channel
Its a tough job separating truth from urban legend, but the MythBusters are here
to serve. Each week special-effects experts Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman take
on three myths and use modern-day science to show you whats real and whats
fiction. (From the website.)
http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/mythbusters.html
National Energy Education Development Project: Teacher Training
http://www.need.org/training.php
Science Class e-mail Newsletter
Science Class is a monthly e-mail newsletter that delivers theme-based content to
teachers every month in elementary, middle level, and high school editions. News
articles, SciLinks, journal articles from the NSTA archives, and appropriate books
support each theme. (From the website.)
http://www.nsta.org/publications/archive-scienceclass.aspx
Study Island
http://www.studyisland.com/
Time Warp on the Discovery Channel
Using the latest in high-speed photography, the Time Warp team takes some
natural events (a cat licking its paw, a champagne bottle being opened)and some
not-so-natural (a water balloon to the face, a raw piece of chicken exploding)and
turns them into a thing of both beauty and learning. (From the website.)
http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/time-warp/time-warp.html
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