SPM Additional Mathematics- by KBJIM - jimmigmig@yahoo.
com
Circular Measure
Radians
We normally measure angles in degrees. However, angles can also be expressed in unit called radians.
The length of an arc of a given circle is proportional to the angle it subtends at the centre.
1 radian is the angle subtended by an arc of length equal to its radius.
c
1 radian (written as 1 ) = 57.3 and
= 180
1 radian
Example C.1: Convert to degrees: (i) , (ii) , (iii) , (iv) 2
2
4
6
3
c
Solution:
(i) = 180 = 90
2
2
(ii) = 180 = 45
4
4
(iii) = 180 = 30
6
6
(iv) 2 = 2(180) = 120
3
3
Example C.2: Convert to radians: (you can leave answer in ) (i) 90, (ii) 15, (iii) 360 (iv) 540
Solution:
(i) 90 =
90 =
180
2
c
(ii) 15 = 15 =
180
12
(iii) 360 = 360 = 2
180
(iv) 540 = 540 = 3
180
Length of arc of a circle And Area of sector of a circle
The length of an arc of a circle, AB = r where is in radian
The area of a sector of a circle, AOB = r 2 where is in radian
A
A
r
O
B
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Example C.3: Find the length of an arc which subtends an angle of 0.5 at the centre of a circle of
radius 10 cm.
Solution:
Length of arc = r = 10 x 0.8 = 8 cm.
c
Example C.4: Find the area of a sector containing an angle of 1.5 in a circle of radius 7 cm.
Solution:
Area of sector = r = x 7 x 7 x 1.5 = 36.75 cm .
2
Example C.5: An arc AB of a circle of radius 10 cm subtends an angle of 15 at the centre O. Find
the length of arc AB and the area of the sector AOB.
Solution: 15 = /12 radians = 0.262 rad.
Length of arc = r = 10 x 0.262 = 26.2 cm.
Area of sector = r = x 10 x 10 x 0.262 = 13 cm .
2
Example C.6: An arc AB of a circle of radius 10 cm is of length 8 cm. Find (i) the angle AB
subtends at the centre O, (ii) length of chord AB, (iii) area of sector AOB, (iv) area of AOB.
Solution:
(i) Length of arc = r = 10 x = 8 cm, therefore = 0.8 rad.
(ii) If N is the foot of the perpendicular from O to AB, then
AN = r sin (0.4) = 10 x 0.3894 = 3.894 cm.
Therefore length of chord AB = 2 x 3.894 = 7.788 cm
(if you change to radian mode in your calculator, make sure you change it back to degree mode again)
Deg => radian, Press ,(shift), (mode) and (4). The 0.4 is in radian and sin 0.4 = 0.3894
(iii) Area of sector = r = x 10 x 10 x 0.8 = 40 cm
2
(iv) Area of AOB = x bc sin A = x 10 x 10 x sin(0.8) = x 10 x 10 x 0.7174 = 35.87 cm
Note: the area of a triangle, given two sides and the included angle = bc sin A
Area of triangle = bc sin A
A
c
B
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Example C.7: An arc AB of a circle of radius 10 cm subtends an angle of 45at the centre O. Find
the area of the sector AOB, the area of triangle AOB and the area of the minor segment cut off by
the chord AB.
Solution: 45 = /4 rad = 0.785 rad
(i) Area of sector = r = x 10 x 10 x 0.785 = 39.27 cm
2
(ii) Area of AOB = x bc sin A = x 10 x 10 x sin(0.785)
2
= x 10 x 10 x 0.7068 = 35.34 cm
B
(iii) Area of minor segment (shaded part) = area of sector area triangle AOB
2
= 39.27 35.34 = 3.93 cm
Example C.8: Two equal circles of radius 10 cm are
situated with their centers 6 cm apart. Calculate the
area that lies within both circles.
Solution:
1
angle at centre A = 2 x cos ( 3 ) = 2 x 1.27 rad = 2.532 rad.
10
2
2
Area of sector = r = x 10 x 10 x 2.532 = 126.6 cm
Area of 2 sectors of circle = 2 x 126.6 = 253.2 cm
10 cm
10 cm
Area of ABX = x bc sin A = x 10 x 6 x sin(1.27)
2
= x 10 x 6 x 0.9551 = 28.65 cm
Area of AXBYA = 2 x 28.65 = 57.31 cm
6 cm
Area of shaded part = area which lies on both circle
= 253.2 57.31 = 196 cm
Y
Example C.9: The arc of a sector in a circle, radius 10 cm, is 20 cm long.
Find the area of the sector
A
A
10 cm
10 cm
20cm
20 cm
Solution:
Length of arc = r = 10 x = 20 cm, therefore = 2 rad
Area of sector = r = x 10 x 10 x 2 = 100 cm .
2
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Example C.10: A cylindrical drum of radius of 100 cm and length 2 m floats in water with its axis
horizontal and its highest point 40 cm above the level of the water. Find the volume not immersed.
C
Solution:
= cos
A
(0.6) = 0.9273 rad.
40cm
100 cm
Angle AOB = 2 x 0.9273 = 1.855 rad.
Areaof sector AOB = r = x 1 x 1 x 1.855 = 0.9273 m
2
Area of AOB = x bc sin A = x 1 x 1 x sin(1.855)
2
= x 1 x 1 x 0.96 = 0.48 m
Therefore area of drum above water level = 0.9273 0.48 = 0.4473 m
Volume not immersed = 0.4473 x 2 = 0.895 m
Example C.11: A piece of wire of length 16 cm is bent to form a sector of a circle. The arc of the
sector subtends an angle of 60 at the center. Find the radius of the sector.
Solution: 60 = /3 rad = 1.047 rad
Length of arc = r and r + 2r = 16
1.047r + 2r = 16
60
r
r =
16
= 5.25 cm
3.047
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