Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Before you begin Chapter 9

Exponential and Logarithmic Relations

Anticipation Guide

A1
D
A

11. Exponential decay is when a quantity decreases by a fixed

amount during a certain period of time.

12. The percent of increase in an exponential growth problem is

called the rate of growth.

After you complete Chapter 9

10. A natural logarithm is a logarithm with base e.

9. Common logarithms are logarithms with a base of 2, 5, or 10.

D
A

A
D
A

8. 4log 5 9 is equal to log 5 9 4.

7. The logarithm of a product is the product of the logarithms

of its factors.

6. If log 3 (2x )
log 3 (x 2  1), then 2x
x 2  1.

5. 3 2
9 in logarithmic form is log 2 3
9.

1 x
is y

.
b



3. If 21x  213, then x  3.

4. The inverse of y

2. In the exponential function y
ab x, if a is negative then y

represents exponential decay.

bx

STEP 2
A or D

1. The graph of any exponential function is continuous.

Statement

Chapter 9

Glencoe Algebra 2

For those statements that you mark with a D, use a piece of paper to write an example
of why you disagree.

Did any of your opinions about the statements change from the first column?

Reread each statement and complete the last column by entering an A or a D.

Step 2

STEP 1
A, D, or NS

Write A or D in the first column OR if you are not sure whether you agree or disagree,
write NS (Not Sure).

Decide whether you Agree (A) or Disagree (D) with the statement.

Read each statement.

Step 1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Exponential Functions

Lesson Reading Guide

25 
b. y
3 

decay

c. y
0.4(1.01) x growth

(33) x

Rewrite each side with a base of 3.

Power of a Power
Property of Equality for Exponential Functions
Distributive Property
Subtract 3x from each side.
Add 2 to each side.

Original equation

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter Resources

Answers

Chapter 9

Glencoe Algebra 2

Sample answer: In y
x 2, the variable x is a base, but in y
2x, the

variable x is an exponent. The graph of y
x 2 is symmetric with respect
to the y-axis, but the graph of y
2x is not. The graph of y
x 2 touches
the x-axis at (0, 0), but the graph of y
2x has the x-axis as an asymptote.
You can compute the value of y
x 2 mentally for x
100, but you cannot
compute the value of y
2x mentally for x
100.

4. One way to remember that polynomial functions and exponential functions are different
is to contrast the polynomial function y
x2 and the exponential function y
2x. Tell at
least three ways they are different.

Remember What You Learned

x
2

x2
0

4x  2
3x

2(2x  1)
3x

32(2x  1)
33x

(32)2x  1

92x  1
27x

3. Supply the reason for each step in the following solution of an exponential equation.

a. y
0.2(3) x growth

2. Determine whether each function represents exponential growth or decay.

e. The range is the set of all real numbers. false

d. The y-axis is an asymptote of the graph. false

c. The function is one-to-one. true

b. The y-intercept is 1. true

a. The domain is the set of all positive real numbers. false

1. Indicate whether each of the following statements about the exponential function
y
10x is true or false.

Read the Lesson

How many rounds of play would be needed for a tournament with 100 players? 7

Read the introduction to Lesson 9-1 in your textbook.

Get Ready for the Lesson

9-1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lesson 9-1)

Glencoe Algebra 2

Lesson 9-1

A2

Glencoe Algebra 2

Exponential Functions

Study Guide and Intervention

0.025

0.1

0.4

1.6

2
6.4

Domain: all real

numbers; Range: all
negative real numbers

Domain: all real

numbers; Range: all
positive real numbers

3. y
0.25(5) x

Chapter 9

4. y
0.3(1.2) x growth
5. y
5 

45 

neither

Glencoe Algebra 2

6. y
3(10)x decay

Determine whether each function represents exponential growth, decay, or neither.

Domain: all real

numbers; Range: all
positive real numbers

y
O

2. y
2 

1. y
3(2) x

14 

Sketch the graph of each function. Then state the functions domain and range.

Exercises

Example 2
Determine whether each function represents exponential
growth, decay, or neither.
a. y
0.5(2) x
b. y
2.8(2) x
c. y
1.1(0.5) x
exponential growth,
neither, since 2.8,
exponential decay, since
since the base, 2, is
the value of a is less
the base, 0.5, is between
greater than 1
than 0.
0 and 1

The domain of the function is all real numbers, while the range is
the set of all positive real numbers.

1

Sketch the graph of y
0.1(4)x. Then state the

functions domain and range.
Make a table of values. Connect the points to form a smooth curve.

Example 1

If a  0 and b  1, the function y
abx represents exponential growth.

If a  0 and 0  b  1, the function y
abx represents exponential decay.

function is continuous and one-to-one.

domain is the set of all real numbers.
x-axis is the asymptote of the graph.
range is the set of all positive numbers if a  0 and all negative numbers if a  0.
graph contains the point (0, a).

Exponential Growth
and Decay

The
The
The
The
The

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Properties of an
Exponential Function

An exponential function has the form y
abx,

where a  0, b  0, and b  1.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Exponential Functions

9-1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Exponential Functions

Study Guide and Intervention

(continued)

Functions

30
x


5. (x6)5

55
2 or 3125
2

7
4

5
3

Chapter 9

x  

5
2

19. 104x  1  100x  2

3
2

x   or x  0

20. 73x  49x

17. 42x  2  2x  1 x  

16. 3x  4   x  1

1
27

14. x3
36

3
4

 6

1 2
16 3

11. 8x  2
 

8. 23x
4x  2 4

13. 4x
165 20

10. 4x  1
82x  3  

7. 32x  1
3x  2 3

Solve each equation or inequality. Check your solution.

x
6 
5

4. (x6)(x5)

1. (32)2

Rewrite 
as 53.
125

Original inequality

1
125

Solve 52x  1   .

1
9

1
2

x  

31
4

Glencoe Algebra 2

21. 82x  5  4x  8

18. 52x  125x  5 x  15

1


15. x2
81 8 3

12. 252x
125x  2 6

9. 32x  1
  

10x 4

6. (2x
)(5x3
)

x 2y 6

3. (x2y32)2

2x  1  3 Prop. of Inequality for Exponential Functions

2x  2 Add 1 to each side.
x  1 Divide each side by 2.
The solution set is {x | x  1}.

52x  1  53

1
125

52x  1  

2. 252  1252

Subtract x and add 2 to each side.

Distributive Property

Simplify each expression.

Exercises

2x  2
x  5
x
7

Solve 4 x  1
2 x  5.
4 x  1
2 x  5 Original equation
(22) x  1
2 x  5 Rewrite 4 as 22.
2(x  1)
x  5 Prop. of Inequality for Exponential

Example 2

If b  1
then b x  b y if and only if x  y
and b x  b y if and only if x  y.

Property of Inequality for

Exponential Functions

Example 1

If b is a positive number other than 1,

then b x
b y if and only if x
y.

Property of Equality for

Exponential Functions

All the properties of rational exponents

that you know also apply to real exponents. Remember that am  an
am  n, (am)n
amn,
m
n
m

n
and a a
a
.

Exponential Equations and Inequalities

9-1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lesson 9-1)

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Lesson 9-1

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Exponential Functions

Skills Practice

domain: all real numbers;

range: all positive numbers

A3
x

27

543

56
3
16.

x3

14. (

x2 7

x 2

14
x


22. 27x
32x  3 3

21. 32x  5
27x 5

Chapter 9

4
3

20. 43x  2
16 

1
2

18. 22x  3
32 1

19. 49x   x   

1
7

17. 3x  9 x  2

Glencoe Algebra 2

12. (0, 0.2) and (1, 1.6) y
0.2(8)x

10. (0, 5) and (1, 15) y
5(3)x

8. (0, 4) and (1, 12) y
4(3)x

Solve each equation or inequality. Check your solution.

15.

523

13. (

33 3

Simplify each expression.

11. (0, 0.1) and (1, 0.5) y
0.1(5)x

7. (0, 1) and (1, 3) y


 13 
1 x
9. (0, 3) and (1, 6) y
3  
2

Write an exponential function whose graph passes through the given points.

6. y
2(2.5) x growth

5. y
10x decay

decay

4. y
2 

3. y
3(6) x growth

109 

Determine whether each function represents exponential growth or decay.

domain: all real numbers;

range: all positive numbers

12 

2. y
2 

1. y
3(2)x

Sketch the graph of each function. Then state the functions domain and range.

9-1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Exponential Functions

Practice

domain: all real

numbers; range: all
positive numbers

2. y
4(3)x

domain: all real

numbers; range: all
positive numbers

3. y
3(0.5)x

5. y
0.1(2) x growth

6. y
5  4x decay

17. n3 n
n 3  

75 n15
14. (n3)

y
0.4(5)x

11. (0, 0.4) and (2, 10)

y
2(5)x

8. (0, 2) and (1, 10)

18 
23. 23n  1  

1
6

n 

20. 76x
72x  20 5

24. 164n  1
1282n  1

y
12,000(2)x

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Glencoe Algebra 2

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Answers

Chapter 9

y
4000(1.05)t

Glencoe Algebra 2

27. EDUCATION A college with a graduating class of 4000 students in the year 2005
predicts that it will have a graduating class of 4862 in 4 years. Write an exponential
function to model the number of students y in the graduating class t years after 2005.

26. How many bacteria are there after 6 days? 768,000

25. Write an exponential function to model the population y of bacteria after x days.

The initial number of bacteria in a culture is 12,000. The number after 3 days is 96,000.

1
2
11

2

21. 36n  5  94n  3 n  

11
11 5
11 52

18. 125

15. y6  y56 y 6
6

y
(2)x

12. (0,
) and (3, 8
)

y
3(0.5)x

9. (0, 3) and (1, 1.5)

BIOLOGY For Exercises 25 and 26, use the following information.

22. 92x  1
27x  4 14

19. 33x  5  81 x  3

Solve each equation or inequality. Check your solution.

6
24 133

16. 136  13

13. (22)8 16

Simplify each expression.

y
0.8(2)x

10. (0, 0.8) and (1, 1.6)

y


1 x
4

 

7. (0, 1) and (1, 4)

Write an exponential function whose graph passes through the given points.

4. y
5(0.6) x decay

Determine whether each function represents exponential growth or decay.

domain: all real

numbers; range: all
positive numbers

1. y
1.5(2)x

Sketch the graph of each function. Then state the functions domain and range.

9-1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lesson 9-1)

Lesson 9-1

A4

Glencoe Algebra 2

Chapter 9

50

5
Year

3. SUBSCRIPTIONS Subscriptions to an
online arts and crafts club have been
increasing by 20% every year. The club
began with 40 members. Make a graph
of the number of subscribers over the
first 5 years of the clubs existence.

5 times, producing 32 layers

2. FOLDING Kay folds a piece of paper

in half over and over until it is at least
25 layers thick. How many times does
she fold the paper in half and how many
layers are there?

729

10

Exponential Functions

24 years

Glencoe Algebra 2

7. What is the least number of years it

would take for such an account to double
in value?

$671.96

6. If Sam opened the account with $500

and made no deposits or withdrawals,
how much is in the account 10 years
later?

A
P(1.03)t

5. Write an equation to find A, the amount

of money in the account after t years.
Assume that Sam made more additional
deposits and no withdrawals.

Sam opened a savings account that accrues

compound interest at a rate of 3% annually.
Let P be the initial amount Sam deposited
and let t be the number of years the account
has been open.

following information.

MONEY For Exercises 57, use the

$173.40

4. TENNIS SHOES The cost of a pair of

tennis shoes increases about 5.1% every
year. About how much would a $50 pair
of tennis shoes cost 25 years from now?

Word Problem Practice

1. GOLF BALLS A golf ball manufacturer

packs 3 golf balls into a single package.
Three of these packages make a gift
box. Three gift boxes make a value pack.
The display shelf is high enough to stack
3 value packs one on top of the other.
Three such columns of value packs make
up a display front. Three display fronts
can be packed in a single shipping box
and shipped to various retail stores.
How many golf balls are in a single
shipping box?

9-1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Subscribers

Enrichment

1
n =
10

n = 14

n = 12

n=4 n=2 n=1

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 x

n = 10

m=

14

m = 12

m=1

1


1
2

1


1
2

Chapter 9

See students graphs.

11

6. Graph y
e mx for m
0, , , 2, and 4.

1
4

m=0

m = 14

m = 12

Glencoe Algebra 2

the graphs for m
1 and m
1 are reflections in the y-axis.

5. Describe the relationship among these two curves and the y-axis.

See students graphs.

4. On the right grid, graph the members of the family y
e mx for which
m
1 and m
1.

{(x, y)x > 1 and 0 < y < 1} and {(x, y)0 < x < 1 and y > 1}

3. Which two regions in the first quadrant contain no points of the graphs
of the family for y
x n?

See students graphs.

2. Graph y
x n for n
, , 4, and 10 on the grid with y
x 2 , y
x 1, and

10 4
y
x 2.

reflections of one another in the line with equation y
x1.

y
x 2 , y
x 1, and y
x 2. For n
 and n
2, the graphs are

m=1

= y
m=2 m
4 m = 4m = 2

The Family y
emx

1. Use the graph on the left to describe the relationship among the curves

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

The Family y
xn

Use these graphs for the problems below.

Families of Curves

9-1

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lesson 9-1)

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Lesson 9-1

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Regression Equation Lab

Graphing Calculator Activity

A5
Trials
x
1
2

Number of tiles with the label showing

y

Chapter 9

12

6. Insert (0, total number of tiles) in the tables and the lists. Describe the
effect on the graphs. What happens with [PwrReg] and [ExpReg] when
this ordered pair is inserted? Explain why this occurs?

5. Describe any problems with the data or the regression equations.

4. Sketch your best-fit regression equation choice for each scatter-plot on paper.

3. From the STAT [CALC] menu find the regression equation that best fits
the data. Record the two closest equations, rounding values to the nearest
hundredths. List and discuss the r and/or r2 values. Also include the
graphs in determining the best-fitting regression equation.

2. Use [STATPLOT] to make a scatter plot. Make a graph on paper for each
plot. Record the window used. Describe the pattern of the points.

1. Enter trials in L1 and number of tiles without label showing in L2. Enter
trials in L3 and number of tiles with the label showing in L4.

Analyze the Data 1-6. Answers will vary.

Step 6 Record the data in a

table like this one.

Step 4 Repeat step 2 and 3 until the number of tiles without labels is zero
or the number remains constant.
Step 5 Take the tiles that were set aside in Step 2 and pour them out of
the container onto the desktop. Remove the tiles without the label
showing and count the tiles with the label showing. Repeat this
process until all the tiles have been removed.

1
2

Collect the Data

Step 1 Place the tiles on the desktop and count the total number. Record
the total number. Then place the tiles in the container and gently
shake.
Step 2 Pour the tiles onto the desktop, remove all the tiles with a label
showing, and set these aside. Count the remaining tiles without the
labels showing and return them to the container.
Step 3 Record the data in a
Trials
Number of tiles without label showing
table like this one.
x
y

A graphing calculator can be used to determine a regression equation that

best fits a set of data. This activity requires tiles labeled on one side, and a
container.

9-1

Glencoe Algebra 2

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions

Reading to Learn Mathematics

1
5

1
5

1
2

 . log25 
 

x
O

III.

13 
c. y


II
y

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Glencoe Algebra 2

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Answers

Chapter 9

13

Glencoe Algebra 2

for base. In log form, b is the subscript, and in exponential form, b is the
number that is raised to a power. A logarithm is an exponent, so y, which is
the log in the first equation, becomes the exponent in the second equation.

4. An important skill needed for working with logarithms is changing an equation between
logarithmic and exponential forms. Using the words base, exponent, and logarithm, describe
an easy way to remember and apply the part of the definition of logarithm that says,
logb x
y if and only if b y
x. Sample answer: In these equations, b stands

Remember What You Learned

e. The y-intercept is 1. false

d. The range is the set of all real numbers. true

c. The graph contains the point (5, 0). false

b. The domain is the set of all real numbers. false

a. The y-axis is an asymptote of the graph. true

3. Indicate whether each of the following statements about the exponential function
y
log5 x is true or false.

II.

I.

b. y
log3 x I

a. y
3x III

2. Match each function with its graph.

f. What is the inverse of the function y
log10 x? y
10x

e. What is the inverse of the function y
5x? y
log5 x

d. Write a logarithmic equation that is equivalent to 103
0.001. log10 0.001
3

c. Write an exponential equation that is equivalent to log4 1
0. 40
1

b. Write a logarithmic equation that is equivalent to 25

12

1. a. Write an exponential equation that is equivalent to log3 81
4. 34
81

Read the Lesson

How many times louder than a whisper is normal conversation? 104 or 10,000 times

Read the introduction to Lesson 9-2 in your textbook.

Get Ready for the Lesson

9-2

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lessons 9-1 and 9-2)

Lesson 9-2

A6

Glencoe Algebra 2

Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions

Study Guide and Intervention

Let b and x be positive numbers, b  1. The logarithm of x with base b is denoted

logb x and is defined as the exponent y that makes the equation b y
x true.

4

function is continuous and one-to-one.

domain is the set of all positive real numbers.
y-axis is an asymptote of the graph.
range is the set of all real numbers.
graph contains the point (1, 0).

4
3

Evaluate log8 16.

Write a logarithmic equation equivalent to

1
81

log3 
4

1
81

2. 34


1
27

1
33

27

152
225

Chapter 9

14. log10 0.00001 5

1
128

13. log2  7

14

1
32

Glencoe Algebra 2

15. log4  2.5

12. log25 5 

1
2

4
3

11. log27 81 

10. log5 625 4

5
2

9. log100 100,000 2.5

4
32

5

2

6. log4 32


1
343

1
343



log17 
3

71 

1

.
216

3. 

63

8. log2 64 6

7. log4 64 3

Evaluate each expression.

5. log3 
3

4. log15 225
2

Write each equation in exponential form.

log2 128
7

1. 27
128

Write each equation in logarithmic form.

Exercises

The
The
The
The
The

Write an exponential equation equivalent to log3 243
5.

8 3
16, so log8 16
 .

Example 3

1
log6 
3
216

Example 2

35
243

Example 1

Properties of
Logarithmic Functions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The inverse of the exponential function y
bx is the logarithmic function x
by.

This function is usually written as y
logb x.

Definition of Logarithm
with Base b

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Logarithmic Functions and Expressions

9-2

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

If b  1, then logb x  logb y if and only if x  y,

and logb x  logb y if and only if x  y.

Property of Inequality for

Logarithmic Functions

| 34

1
3

Chapter 9

17. log3 (x  3)  3 3  x  24

15. log2 (3x  1)  4    x  5

13. log2 2x  2 x  2

11. logx 1000
3 10

9. logx  4 27
3 1

15

2
3

3
2

18. log27 6x   x  

1
2

1
4

16. log4 (2x)    x  

14. log5 x  2 x  25

12. log8 (4x  4)
2 15

10. log2 (x 3)
4 13

Glencoe Algebra 2

8. log2 (x2  6)
log2 (2x  2) 4

2
3

7. log4 (3x  1)
log4 (2x  3) 4

1
2

6. log8 (x  5)
 9

2x 

4. log25 
 10

1
18

2. log3 2c
2 

5. log4 (5x  1)
2 3

1
8

3. log2x 16
2 

1. log2 32
3x 

5
3

Solve each equation or inequality.

Simplify.

The solution set is x   x  32 .

3
  x  32
4

Example 2 Solve log (4x  3)  3.

5
log5 (4x  3)  3
Original equation
3
0  4x  3  5
Logarithmic to exponential inequality
3  4x  125  3 Addition Property of Inequalities

If b is a positive number other than 1,

then logb x
logb y if and only if x
y.

Property of Equality for

Logarithmic Functions

Example 1
Solve log2 2x
3.
log2 2x
3 Original equation
2x
23 Definition of logarithm
2x
8 Simplify.
x
4 Simplify.
The solution is x
4.

If b  1, x  0, and logb x  y, then x  b y.

If b  1, x  0, and logb x  y, then 0  x  by.

Logarithmic to
Exponential Inequality

Exercises

(continued)

Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions

Study Guide and Intervention

Solve Logarithmic Equations and Inequalities

9-2

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lesson 9-2)

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Lesson 9-2

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

1
64

A7
1
3

15. log8 83 3

1
3

1
25

16

Chapter 9

Glencoe Algebra 2

26. log6 (3y  5)  log6 (2y  3) y 8

25. log3 (x  2)
log3 (3x) 1

1
22. logb 3

2

1
21. log2 n  2 n  
4
24. log2 (4x  4)  5 x  9

1
64

23. log6 (4x  12)
2 6

20. log14 x
3 

18. log2 x
3 8

19. log4 y  0 0  y  1

17. log3 x
5 243

Solve each equation or inequality. Check your solutions.

16. log27   

1
625

14. log5  4

1
12. log125 5 
3

1
2

10. log9 3 

1
25

13. log4  3

1
64

11. log10 1000 3

9. log5 25 2

Evaluate each expression.

1


8. log5 
2 52


1
2

7. log9 3
 9 2
3

1
9

log13 
2

6. log4 64
3 43
64



1 2
1


3
9

4. 

5. log3 243
5 35
243

Write each equation in exponential form.

3. 82
 log8 
2

1
64

1. 23
8 log2 8
3

2. 32
9 log3 9
2

Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions

Skills Practice

Write each equation in logarithmic form.

9-2

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1
64

1
64



log14 
3

5. 

41 

2. 70
1 log7 1
0

3
5

1
256

22. log4  4

1
81

33. logb 1024
5 4

2

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Glencoe Algebra 2

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Answers

Chapter 9

17

Glencoe Algebra 2

38. INVESTING Maria invests $1000 in a savings account that pays 4% interest
compounded annually. The value of the account A at the end of five years can be
determined from the equation log A
log[1000(1  0.04)5]. Find the value of A to the
nearest dollar. $1217

37. SOUND An equation for loudness, in decibels, is L
10 log10 R, where R is the relative
intensity of the sound. Sounds that reach levels of 120 decibels or more are painful to
humans. What is the relative intensity of 120 decibels? 1012

x

3
4

34. log8 (3x  7)  log8 (7x  4) 35. log7 (8x  20)
log7 (x  6) 36. log3 (x2  2)
log3 x

1
8

32. logn 
3 2

30. log6 (2y  8)  2 y 14

29. log7 q  0 0  q  1
28. log15 x
3 125

1
31. logy 16
4 
2

27. log4 x
 8

26. log4 x  3 x  64
25. log10 n
3 

3
2

23. log9 9(n  1) n  1 24. 2log2 32 32

20. log6 64 4

19. log7  2

1
49

2
3

18. log8 4 

16. log13 27 3

1
16

15. log2  4

32
8

3

5

1
81

9. log3 
4 34

12. log32 8


25
5

1
5

log7776 6


1

2

14. log10 0.0001 4

1
1000

1

6. 7776 5
6

11. log25 5


1
2

8. log2 64
6 26
64

Solve each equation or inequality. Check your solutions.

1
3

21. log3  1

17. log9 1 0

13. log3 81 4

Evaluate each expression.

105
0.00001

10. log10 0.00001
5

7. log6 216
3 63
216

Write each equation in exponential form.

log3 
4

1
81

4. 34


1
81

1. 53
125 log5 125
3

3. 34
81 log3 81
4

Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions

Practice

Write each equation in logarithmic form.

9-2

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lesson 9-2)

Lesson 9-2

A8

Glencoe Algebra 2

x
32

4.

Chapter 9

3. DIGITS A computer programmer wants

to write a formula that tells how many
digits there are in a number n, where
n is a positive integer. For example, if
n
343, the formula should evaluate to
3 and if n
10,000, the formula should
evaluate to 5. Suppose 8  log10 n  9.
How many digits does n have?

From step 2 to step 3, Haley

divided the equation by 2
incorrectly. The correct answer
is 512.

x
25

2x

45

log4 2x
5

3.

2.

1.

2. POWERS Haley tries to solve the

equation log4 2x
32. She got the wrong
answer. What was her mistake? What
should the correct answer be?

3log2 10

18

73

Glencoe Algebra 2

6. Another pitch on the keyboard has

a frequency of 1760 cycles per second.
How many notes up the keyboard will
this be found?

49

5. The pitch that orchestras tune to is the

A above middle C. It has a frequency of
440 cycles per second. How many notes
up the piano keyboard is this A?

n
1  12 log2 
.
27.5

The first note on a piano keyboard

corresponds to a pitch with a frequency of
27.5 cycles per second. With every successive
note you go up the white and black keys of a
12
.
piano, the pitch multiplies by a factor of 2
The formula for the frequency of the pitch
sounded when the nth note up the keyboard
is played is given by

MUSIC For Exercises 5 and 6, use the

following information.

b 3b 5
xy, or b 8
xy; in other

words, logb xy
8

4. LOGARITHMS Pauline knows that

logb x
3 and logb y
5. She knows that
this is the same as knowing that b3
x
and b5
y. Multiply these two equations
together and rewrite it as an equation
involving logarithms. What is logb xy?

Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions

Word Problem Practice

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

1. FISH The population of silver carp has

been growing in the Mississippi River.
About every 3 years, the population
doubles. Write logarithmic expression
that gives the number of years it will
take for the population to increase by
a factor of ten.

9-2

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Enrichment

Chapter 9

The frets are

spaced in a
logarithmic scale.

19

6. Frets are a series of ridges placed across the fingerboard of a guitar. They
are spaced so that the sound made by pressing a string against one fret
has about 1.0595 times the wavelength of the sound made by using the
next fret. The general equation is wn
w0(1.0595)n. Describe the
arrangement of the frets on a guitar.

f7
261.6(1.05946)6  369.95

5. Find the frequency of F# above middle C.

fn
261.1(1.05946)n  1

4. Substitute decimal values for r and f1 to find a specific

equation for fn.

r

2


12

3. If the frequency of middle C is 261.6 cycles per second

and the frequency of the next higher C is 523.2 cycles
per second, find the common ratio r. (Hint: The two Cs
are 12 notes apart.) Write the answer as a radical
expression.

The frequencies of consecutive notes are related by a

common ratio r. The general equation is fn
f1r n  1.

2. Find the relationship between C1 and C4. C4
8C1

1. Find the relationship between C1 and C2. C2
2C1

The frequencies of notes that are one octave apart in a musical scale are
related by an exponential equation. For the eight C notes on a piano, the
equation is Cn
C12n  1, where Cn represents the frequency of note Cn.

Musical Relationships

9-2

Glencoe Algebra 2

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lesson 9-2)

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Lesson 9-2

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Properties of Logarithms

Lesson Reading Guide

b. log5 5 1

c. log5 (125 5) 2

A9

For all positive numbers m, n, and b, where b  1,


logb m  logb n.
logb m
n
For any real number p and positive numbers m and b,
where b  1, logb m p
p logb m.

Quotient Property
of Logarithms
Power Property
of Logarithms

log3 (32  4)
log3 32  log3 4
2  log3 4
2  1.2619
3.2619

20

Glencoe Algebra 2

log3 28  log3 4

3.0331  1.2619

1.7712

log3 256

c. log3 256

8. log12 16,807 3.9155

5. log12 63 1.6673

7
3

2. log12  0.3410

10. log5 12 1.5440

Glencoe Algebra 2

Answers

Chapter 9

9
16

21

17. log5  0.3576

27
16

14. log5  0.3250

11. log5 100 2.8614

log3 (44)
4  log3 4
4(1.2619)
5.0476

9. log12 441 2.4504

27
49

6. log12  0.2399

3. log12 49 1.5662

81
5

Glencoe Algebra 2

18. log5  1.7304

15. log5 375 3.6826

12. log5 0.75 0.1788

Use log5 3
0.6826 and log5 4
0.8614 to evaluate each expression.

81
49

7. log12  0.2022

4. log12 36 1.4421

1. log12 21 1.2252

16. log5 1.3

 0.1788

Chapter 9

284 
log3 7
log3 

b. log3 7

Use log12 3
0.4421 and log12 7
0.7831 to evaluate each expression.

Exercises

log3 36

a. log3 36

Example
Use log3 28
3.0331 and log3 4
1.2619 to approximate
the value of each expression.

For all positive numbers m, n, and b, where b  1,

logb mn
logb m  logb n.

Product Property
of Logarithms

Properties of exponents can be used to develop the

following properties of logarithms.

Properties of Logarithms

Study Guide and Intervention

Properties of Logarithms

9-3

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

expressions with the same base, you add the exponents and keep the
same base. Logarithms are exponents, so to find the logarithm of a
product, you add the logarithms of the factors, keeping the same base.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

13. log5 144 3.0880

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

4. A good way to remember something is to relate it something you already know. Use words
to explain how the Product Property for exponents can help you remember the product
property for logarithms. Sample answer: When you multiply two numbers or

Remember What You Learned

checks: log2 2  log2 (2  2)
log2 2  log2 4
1  2
3. However,

because log2 (4) and log2 (2) are undefined, 4 is an extraneous
solution and must be eliminated. The only solution is 2.

3. The algebraic process of solving the equation log2 x  log2 (x  2)
3 leads to x
4

or x
2. Does this mean that both 4 and 2 are solutions of the logarithmic equation?
Explain your reasoning. Sample answer: No; 2 is a solution because it

d. log8 30
log8 5  log8 6 false

c. log2 81
2 log2 9 true; Power Property

b. log4 12
log4 4  log4 8 false

a. log3 10
log3 30  log3 3 true; Quotient Property

2. State whether each of the following equations is true or false. If the statement is true,
name the property of logarithms that is illustrated.

a. The logarithm of a quotient is the

difference
of the logarithms of the
numerator and the denominator .
product
b. The logarithm of a power is the
of the logarithm of the base and
exponent .
the
sum
c. The logarithm of a product is the
of the logarithms of its
factors
.

1. Each of the properties of logarithms can be stated in words or in symbols. Complete the
statements of these properties in words.

Read the Lesson

B. log5 (125 5)
log5 125  log5 5

A. log5 (125 5)
(log5 125) (log5 5)

2. Which of the following statements is true? B

a. log5 125 3

1. Find the value of each of the following.

Read the introduction to Lesson 9-3 in your textbook.

Get Ready for the Lesson

9-3

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Answers
(Lesson 9-3)
Lesson 9-3

A10

Glencoe Algebra 2

Property of Equality for Logarithmic Functions

Quotient Property

Power Property

Chapter 9

9. log3 (c  3)  log3 (4c  1)
log3 5 

22

Glencoe Algebra 2

10. log5 (x  3)  log5 (2x  1)
2 

4
7

8. 3 log2 x  2 log2 5x
2 100

7. log2 x  3 log2 5
2 log2 10 12,500

8
19

6. 2 log4 (x  1)
log4 (11  x) 2

5. log6 2x  log6 3
log6 (x  1) 3

5
2

4. log2 4  log2 (x  3)
log2 8  

3.  log6 25  log6 x
log6 20 4

1
2

2. 3 log4 6  log4 8
log4 x 27

1. log5 4  log5 2x
log5 24 3

Solve each equation. Check your solutions.

Exercises

Original equation
log2 x  log2 (x  2)
3
log2 x(x  2)
3
Product Property
3
x(x  2)
2
Definition of logarithm
2
x  2x
8
Distributive Property
2
x  2x  8
0
Subtract 8 from each side.
(x  4)(x  2)
0
Factor.
x
2 or x
4
Zero Product Property
Since logarithms are undefined for x  0, 4 is an extraneous solution.
The only solution is 2.

b. log2 x  log2 (x  2)
3

x2
100
Multiply each side by 4.
x
10
Take the square root of each side.
Since logarithms are undefined for x  0, 10 is an extraneous solution.
The only solution is 10.

log3 
log3 25

x2
4
x2

25
4

2 log3 x  log3 4
log3 25

log3 x2  log3 4
log3 25
Original equation

Solve each equation.

a. 2 log3 x  log3 4
log3 25

Example

equations involving logarithms.

(continued)

You can use the properties of logarithms to solve

Properties of Logarithms

Study Guide and Intervention

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Solve Logarithmic Equations

9-3

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Properties of Logarithms

Skills Practice

6. log2 45 5.4919
8. log2 0.6 0.7369

5. log2 15 3.9069

7. log2 75 6.2288
1
3

23

Glencoe Algebra 2

26. log5 10  log5 12
3 log5 2  log5 a 15

25. log4 (n  1)  log4 (n  2)
1 3

Chapter 9

24. log2 (x  4)  log2 (x  3)
3 4

1
25

23. log2 s  2 log2 5
0 

22. log10 y  log10 (2  y)
0 1

20. log4 x  log4 (2x  3)
log4 2 2

19. log10 x  log10 (3x  5)
log10 2 2

21. log3 d  log3 3
3 9

18. 3 log8 2  log8 4
log8 b 2

16. log2 q  log2 3
log2 7 21

15. log5 y  log5 8
log5 1 8

17. log9 4  2 log9 5
log9 w 100

14. log6 2c  log6 8
log6 80 5

12. 3 log7 4
2 log7 b 8

13. log4 5  log4 x
log4 60 12

11. log10 27
3 log10 x 3

Solve each equation. Check your solutions.

9. log2  1.5850

9
5

5
3

10. log2  0.8481

4. log2  0.7369

3. log2  0.7369

3
5

2. log2 27 4.755

1. log2 25 4.6438

Use log2 3
1.5850 and log2 5
2.3219 to approximate the value of each
expression.

9-3

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lesson 9-3)

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Lesson 9-3

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Properties of Logarithms

Practice

6. log10 175 2.2431

5. log10 245 2.3892

2
3

A11

14. 4 log2 x  log2 5
log2 405 3

16. log2 d
5 log2 2  log2 8 4
18. log10 (b  3)  log10 b
log10 4 1
20. log3 (a  3)  log3 (a  2)
log3 6 0
22. log4 (x2  4)  log4 (x  2)
log4 1 3
24. log8 (n  3)  log8 (n  4)
1 4
26. log16 (9x  5)  log16 (x2  1)
 3
28. log2 (5y  2)  1
log2 (1  2y) 0
30. log7 x  2 log7 x  log7 3
log7 72 6

13. log9 (3u  14)  log9 5
log9 2u 2

1
1
15. log3 y
log3 16   log3 64 
3
4

17. log10 (3m  5)  log10 m
log10 2 2

19. log8 (t  10)  log8 (t  1)
log8 12 2

21. log10 (r  4)  log10 r
log10 (r  1) 2

23. log10 4  log10 w
2 25

25. 3 log5 (x2  9)  6
0

4

27. log6 (2x  5)  1
log6 (7x  10) 8

29. log10 (c2  1)  2
log10 (c  1) 101

Chapter 9

24

Glencoe Algebra 2

32. EARTHQUAKES An earthquake rated at 3.5 on the Richter scale is felt by many people,
and an earthquake rated at 4.5 may cause local damage. The Richter scale magnitude
reading m is given by m
log10 x, where x represents the amplitude of the seismic wave
causing ground motion. How many times greater is the amplitude of an earthquake that
measures 4.5 on the Richter scale than one that measures 3.5? 10 times

31. SOUND Recall that the loudness L of a sound in decibels is given by L
10 log10 R,
where R is the sounds relative intensity. If the intensity of a certain sound is tripled, by
how many decibels does the sound increase? about 4.8 db

1
2

12. log8 48  log8 w
log8 4 12

10. log10 u
 log10 4 8

3
2

7. log10 0.2 0.6990 8. log10  0.5529

25
7

5
7

4. log10  0.1461

11. log6 x  log6 9
log6 54 6

9. log7 n
 log7 8 4

7
5

3. log10  0.1461

Solve each equation. Check your solutions.

2. log10 25 1.3980

1. log10 35 1.5441

Use log10 5
0.6990 and log10 7
0.8451 to approximate the value of each
expression.

9-3

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Glencoe Algebra 2

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Answers

Chapter 9

log7 525

4. LENGTHS Charles has two poles. One

pole has length equal to log7 21 and
the other has length equal to log7 25.
Express the length of both poles joined
end to end as the logarithm of a single
number.

1.1

However, after substituting the values

for a and b in his problem, he amazingly
still gets the right answer! The value
of a was 11. What must the value of b
have been?

log2 a  log2 b
log2 (a  b).

3. LUCKY MATH Frank is solving a

problem involving logarithms. He does
everything correctly except for one thing.
He mistakenly writes

The pH decreases by 2.

where C is the concentration of

hydrogen ions. If the concentration of
hydrogen ions is increased by a factor
of 100, what happens to the pH of the
solution?

log10 C,

2. POWERS A chemist is formulating an

acid. The pH of a solution is given by

1.113

25

big
huge

2S3
3S4

Glencoe Algebra 2

Not very likely; most likely the

result will be big, not huge.

7. How likely is it that a large object

attached to a big object would result in
a huge object, according to Alicias scale.

729

6. How many cubes, each one foot on

a side, would have to be put together
to get an object that Alicia would call
big?

log3 

large

1S2

5. Derive an expression for S applied to

a cube in terms of
where
is the side
length of a cube.

medium

small

tiny

Adjective

0S1

1  S  0

2  S  1

S satisfies

Then use the following table to find the

appropriate adjective.

1
 log3 V, where V is volume in cubic feet.
3

Alicia wanted to try to quantify the terms

puny, tiny, small, medium, large, big, huge,
and humongous. She picked a number
of objects and classified them with these
adjectives of size. She noticed that the scale
seemed exponential. Therefore, she came up
with the following definition. Define S to be

following information.

SIZE For Exercises 5-7, use the

Properties of Logarithms

Word Problem Practice

1. MENTAL COMPUTATION Jessica has

memorized log5 2
0.4307 and log5 3

0.6826. Using this information, to the

nearest thousandth, what power of 5 is
equal to 6?

9-3

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lesson 9-3)
Lesson 9-3

A12

Glencoe Algebra 2

260

270 280

310

340

320

330

120

)
8

120 190 240 279 310 337 360

LOG r

LOG 2

Chapter 9

26

This type of spiral is called a logarithmic spiral because the angle

measures are proportional to the logarithms of the radii.

2. Plot the points found in Exercise 1 on the grid above and connect to
form a smooth curve.

(Hint: To find
on a calculator, press 120 

1. Use a calculator to complete the table for log2r
.

230

220

210

200

350

30

190

40

300

50

180

290

60

10

250

70

170

240

80

20

130

110

90

160

150

140

120

100

Glencoe Algebra 2

) .)

Consider an angle in standard position with its vertex at a point O called the
pole. Its initial side is on a coordinatized axis called the polar axis. A point P
on the terminal side of the angle is named by the polar coordinates (r, ),
where r is the directed distance of the point from O and  is the measure of
the angle. Graphs in this system may be drawn on polar coordinate paper
such as the kind shown below.

Enrichment

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Spirals

9-3

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Common Logarithms

Lesson Reading Guide

)
ENTER

iv. log5 5
v. log 0.1

e. log 1000 ii

change of base
20

log10 8

log

10
B. 

log 8
log 20

D. 

formula.

Chapter 9

27

Glencoe Algebra 2

number from one base to another, divide the log of the original number
in the old base by the log of the new base in the old base.

4. Sometimes it is easier to remember a formula if you can state it in words. State the
change of base formula in words. Sample answer: To change the logarithm of a

log 20
log 8

C. 

Remember What You Learned

A. log20 8

Which of the following expressions are equal to log8 20? B and C

a calculator to find log8 20 if you apply the

3. Calculators do not have keys for finding base 8 logarithms directly. However, you can use

1
5

d. log5  v

ii. log2 8
iii. log10 12

b. log 12 iii
c. log3 1 i

i. log4 1

a. log2 2 iv

2. Match each expression from the first column with an expression from the second column
that has the same value.

e. The common logarithm of 17 is exactly 1.230448921.

d. 101.230448921 is very close to 17.

c. The common logarithm of 17 is about 1.230449.

b. The base 17 logarithm of 10 is about 1.2304.

a. The base 10 logarithm of 17 is about 1.2304.

The calculator returned the result 1.230448921.

Which of the following conclusions are correct? a, c, and d

LOG 17

1. Rhonda used the following keystrokes to enter an expression on her graphing calculator:

Read the Lesson

Which substance is more acidic, milk or tomatoes? tomatoes

Read the introduction to Lesson 9-4 in your textbook.

Get Ready for the Lesson

9-4

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lessons 9-3 and 9-4)

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Lesson 9-4

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Common Logarithms

Study Guide and Intervention

10log x
x

32x  1

A13

x

log 12
1

21 
log 3 

Subtract 1 from each side.

Divide each side by log 3.

Power Property of Logarithms

Multiply each side by 

.
2

Property of Equality for Logarithms

Original equation

12.

1.6263

5. log 42.3

1.5911

2. log 39

2.5229

6. log 0.003

2.0792

3. log 120

14. 2x  5
3x  2 13.9666
16. 6x  5
27x  3 3.6069

28

15. 93x
45x  2 8.1595

Chapter 9

Glencoe Algebra 2

12. 6.52x  200 {x | x 1.4153}

11. 2.4x  4
30 0.1150

13. 3.64x  1
85.4 1.1180

10. 73x  1  21 {x | x 0.8549}

8. 6x  2
18 0.3869

9. 54x  2
120 1.2437

7. 43x
12 0.5975

Solve each equation or inequality. Round to four decimal places.

0.7634

4. log 5.8

1.2553

1. log 18

Use a calculator to evaluate each expression to four decimal places.

Exercises

x
0.6309

log 12
2x  1

log 3
log 12
2x
  1
log 3

Solve
32x  1
12
log 32x  1
log 12
(2x  1) log 3
log 12

Example 2

Evaluate log 50 to four decimal places.

Use the LOG key on your calculator. To four decimal places, log 50
1.6990.

Example 1

Inverse Property of Logarithms and Exponents

Base 10 logarithms are called common logarithms. The

expression log10 x is usually written without the subscript as log x. Use the LOG key on
your calculator to evaluate common logarithms.
The relation between exponents and logarithms gives the following identity.

Common Logarithms

9-4

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

(continued)

log n
logb a

b
For all positive numbers a, b, and n, where a  1 and b  1, loga n


Change of Base Formula

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Glencoe Algebra 2

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Answers

Chapter 9

log 150
 , 2.2804
2 log 3

16. log3 150



3 log 8
 , 3.8761
log 5

13. log5 (8)3

2 log 20
 , 5.4537
log 3

10. log3 (20)2

log 0.4
 , 0.5693
log 5

7. log5 0.4

log 22
 , 2.2297
log 4

4. log4 22

log 16
 , 2.5237
log 3

1. log3 16

29

log 39
 , 0.8809
3 log 4

17. log4 39



6 log 3.6
 , 11.0880
log 2

14. log2 (3.6)6

4 log 5
 , 3.5930
log 6

11. log6 (5)4

log 2
 , 0.6309
log 3

8. log3 2

log 200
 , 2.1322
log 12

5. log12 200

log 40
 , 5.3219
log 2

2. log2 40

Glencoe Algebra 2

log 1600
 , 1.1460
4 log 5

18. log5 1600



4 log 10.5
 , 3.7851
log 12

15. log12 (10.5)4

5 log 4
 , 3.3333
log 8

12. log8 (4)5

log 28.5
 , 2.4164
log 4

9. log4 28.5

log 50
 , 5.6439
log 2

6. log2 50

log 35
 , 2.2091
log 5

3. log5 35

Express each logarithm in terms of common logarithms. Then approximate its

value to four decimal places.

Exercises

1.3023
Simplify.
The value of log8 15 is approximately 1.3023.

log10 8

log8 15


log10 15

Example
Express log8 15 in terms of common logarithms. Then approximate
its value to four decimal places.

Change of Base Formula

The following formula is used to change expressions with

different logarithmic bases to common logarithm expressions.

Common Logarithms

Study Guide and Intervention

Change of Base Formula

9-4

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lesson 9-4)
Lesson 9-4

A14

Glencoe Algebra 2

Common Logarithms

Skills Practice

4. log 0.3 0.5229

3. log 1.1 0.0414

 

 1

10
0.6563

10
26. log6 10 
; 1.2851

log 10
log10 6

30

10
25. log2 35 
; 5.1293

Chapter 9

log 35
log10 2

10
24. log5 66 
; 2.6032

log 66
log10 5

log10 3

log

10
23. log3 7 
; 1.7712

Glencoe Algebra 2

Express each logarithm in terms of common logarithms. Then approximate its

value to four decimal places.

20. 0.5t  8
16.3 3.9732

19. 7.6 d  3
57.2 1.0048

22. 5x

18. 8 y  4  15 {y | y  2.6977}

17. 3r  5
4.1 6.2843

21. 42x
84
1.0888

16. 92m
27 0.75

15. 127p
120 0.2752

14. 45k
37 0.5209

1
v v  
2

13. 53b
106 0.9659

10.

1

4

12. 7y
15 1.3917

 243 {x | x  5}
16v

11. 8 p
50 1.8813

9.

3x

Solve each equation or inequality. Round to four decimal places.

8. toothpaste: [H]
1.26  1010 mole per liter 9.9

7. blood: [H]
3.98  108 mole per liter 7.4

6. tomato juice: [H]
7.94  105 mole per liter 4.1

5. gastric juices: [H]
1.0  101 mole per liter 1.0

Use the formula pH
log[H] to find the pH of each substance given its
concentration of hydrogen ions.

2. log 15 1.1761

1. log 6 0.7782

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Use a calculator to evaluate each expression to four decimal places.

9-4

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Common Logarithms

Practice

2. log 2.2 0.3424

3. log 0.05 1.3010

12. 3.5x
47.9 3.0885

9. 5a
120 2.9746

21. 42x
9x  1 3.8188

3

72
2.3785

17 1.2396
18.

 38 {z | z  3.6555}

5w  3

22. 2n  1
52n  1 0.9117

19. 30x
50
1.0725

16. 2a  4
82.1 10.3593

13. 8.2 y
64.5 1.9802

10. 6z
45.6 2.1319

log 9
log10 11
log10 8
28. log7 8
 
; 0.5343
2 log10 7

Chapter 9

31

Glencoe Algebra 2

32. SOUND An equation for loudness L in decibels is given by L
10 log R, where R is the
sounds relative intensity. An air-raid siren can reach 150 decibels and jet engine noise
can reach 120 decibels. How many times greater is the relative intensity of the air-raid
siren than that of the jet engine noise? 1000

31. BIOLOGY There are initially 1000 bacteria in a culture. The number of bacteria doubles
each hour. The number of bacteria N present after t hours is N
1000(2) t. How long will
it take the culture to increase to 50,000 bacteria? about 5.6 h

30. ACIDITY The pH of vinegar is 2.9 and the pH of milk is 6.6. How many times greater is
the hydrogen ion concentration of vinegar than of milk? about 5000

29. HORTICULTURE Siberian irises flourish when the concentration of hydrogen ions [H]
in the soil is not less than 1.58  108 mole per liter. What is the pH of the soil in which
these irises will flourish? 7.8 or less

10
10
10
23. log5 12 
; 1.5440 24. log8 32 
; 1.6667 25. log11 9 
; 0.9163


log

12
log 32
log10 8
log10 5
log10 18
log10 6
26. log2 18 
; 4.1699 27. log9 6 
; 0.8155
log10 2
log10 9

Express each logarithm in terms of common logarithms. Then approximate its

value to four decimal places.

20. 5x

17.

9z  2

14. 2b  1  7.31 {b | b  1.8699} 15. 42x
27 1.1887

11. 9m  100 {m | m 2.0959}

8. 2x  25 {x | x  4.6439}

Solve each equation or inequality. Round to four decimal places.

7. milk of magnesia: [H]
3.16  1011 mole per liter 10.5

6. black coffee: [H]
1.0  105 mole per liter 5.0

5. acid rain: [H]
2.51  106 mole per liter 5.6

4. milk: [H]
2.51  107 mole per liter 6.6

Use the formula pH
log[H] to find the pH of each substance given its
concentration of hydrogen ions.

1. log 101 2.0043

Use a calculator to evaluate each expression to four decimal places.

9-4

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lesson 9-4)

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Lesson 9-4

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Common Logarithms

A15

Chapter 9

32

?
0.6989
?

4
5
6

3
4

4
5

5
6

6
7

8 9

8 9

log 6

log 3

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Glencoe Algebra 2

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Answers

33

1.5

y = log x

Glencoe Algebra 2

1
0.3

Chapter 9

the C scale with the 8 on the

D scale. The quotient is the
number on the D scale below
the 1 on the C scale.

3. Explain how to use a slide rule to

divide 8 by 2. Line up the 2 on

2. You will need two strips of cardboard. A

5-by-7 index card, cut in half the long way,
will work fine. Turn the graph you made in
Exercise 1 sideways and use it to mark
a logarithmic scale on each of the two
strips. The figure shows the mark for
2 being drawn.

0.1

0.2

12. See
students work.

9
9

7 8

4
7 8

1. Use graph paper that has small squares, such as

10 squares to the inch. Using the scales shown at
the right, plot the curve y
log x for x
1, 1.5,
and the whole numbers from 2 through 10. Make
an obvious heavy dot for each point plotted.

Follow the steps to make a slide rule.

log 2

Glencoe Algebra 2

Sample answer:
log10 1.5

log10 3  log10 5  log10 10
0.4771  0.6989  1

0.1760

6. How can you use this table to determine

log10 1.5?

O 20 40 60 80 100 120x

0.4771

log10 4 0.602
log10 6 0.778

0.3010

5. Approximately what are the missing

entries in the table? Round off your
answers to the nearest thousandth.

log10 x

Table of Common Logarithms

(4 decimal places of accuracy)

Marjorie is looking through some old

science books owned by her grandfather.
At the back of one of them, there is a table
of logarithms base 10. However, the book
is worn out and some of the entries are
unreadable.

LOG TABLE For Exercises 5 and 6, use

the following information.

To multiply 2  3 on a slide rule, move the C rod to the right as shown

below. You can find 2  3 by adding log 2 to log 3, and the slide rule adds the
lengths for you. The distance you get is 0.778, or the logarithm of 6.

C
D

Before the invention of electronic calculators, computations were often

performed on a slide rule. A slide rule is based on the idea of logarithms. It has
two movable rods labeled with C and D scales. Each of the scales is logarithmic.

0.2

n
s  10 p
log10 n
log10 (s  10 p )

log10 s  log10 10 p

log10 s  p
Because 1  s  10,
0  log10 s  1.
Therefore, p  log10 n  p  1.

Enrichment

The Slide Rule

9-4

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

y = log2 x on the same graph.

1

3.32 to sketch a graph of
log10 2

3. GRAPHING The graph of y
log10 x

is shown below. Use the fact that

8.3

where C is the concentration of

hydrogen ions in moles per liter. A
solution of baking soda creates a
hydrogen ion concentration 5  109
of mole per liter. What is the pH of a
solution of baking soda? Round your
answer to the nearest tenth.

log10 C,

2. PH The pH of a solution is given by

1.585

4. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION When a

number n is written in scientific
notation, it has the form n
s  10 p,
where s is a number greater than or
equal to 1 and less than 10 and p is an
integer. Show that p  log10 n  p  1.

Word Problem Practice

1. OTHER BASES Jamie needs to figure

out what log2 3 is, but she only has
a table of common logarithms. In the
table, she finds that log10 2
0.3010
and log10 3
0.4771. Using this
information, to the nearest thousandth,
what is log2 3?

9-4

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Answers
(Lesson 9-4)

0.1

Lesson 9-4

A16

Glencoe Algebra 2

Base e and Natural Logarithms

Lesson Reading Guide

)
ENTER

V. 0
VI. e

Chapter 9

34

Glencoe Algebra 2

log. The natural log of e 3 is the power to which you raise e to get e 3. This
is obviously 3.

3. A good way to remember something is to explain it to someone else. Suppose that you are
studying with a classmate who is puzzled when asked to evaluate ln e3. How would you
explain to him an easy way to figure this out? Sample answer: ln means natural

Remember What You Learned

1e 

e. ln e I

IV. 5

d. ln e5 IV

f. ln  III

II. 10
III. 1

b. ln 1 V

I. 1

c. eln e VI

a. eln 5 IV

2. Match each expression from the first column with its value in the second column. Some
choices may be used more than once or not at all.

f. e1.609437912 is very close to 5.

e. 101.609437912 is very close to 5.

d. The natural logarithm of 5 is about 1.609438.

c. The base 5 logarithm of e is about 1.6094.

b. The natural logarithm of 5 is exactly 1.609437912.

a. The common logarithm of 5 is about 1.6094.

The calculator returned the result 1.609437912. Which of the following conclusions are
correct? d and f

LN 5

1. Jagdish entered the following keystrokes in his calculator:

Read the Lesson

Suppose that you deposit $675 in a savings account that pays an annual interest rate
of 5%. In each case listed below, indicate which method of compounding would result
in more money in your account at the end of one year.
a. annual compounding or monthly compounding monthly
b. quarterly compounding or daily compounding daily
c. daily compounding or continuous compounding continuous

Read the introduction to Lesson 9-5 in your textbook.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Get Ready for the Lesson

9-5

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

ln x
loge x

Inverse Property of Base e and Natural Logarithms

eln x
x

0.8705

11.7617

7. ln 128,245

0.3079

3. ln 0.735

42

3
Chapter 9

18. eln 42

17. ln e3

Evaluate each expression.

4x
e 9.6

14. ln (4x)
9.6

13. e5x
0.2

5x
ln 0.2

3x
ln 45

10. e3x
45

ln x
15

9. e15
x

35

0.5

19. eln 0.5

ln 10x
8.2

15. e8.2
10x

e x
20

11. ln 20
x

Write an equivalent exponential or logarithmic equation.

6. ln 2.388

2.4962

11.3427

2. ln 84,350

5. ln 0.0824

6.5958

1. ln 732

16.2
Glencoe Algebra 2

20. ln e16.2

e x
0.0002

16. ln 0.0002
x

x
e8

12. ln x
8

5.0929

8. ln 0.00614

4.6052

4. ln 100

Use a calculator to evaluate each expression to four decimal places.

Exercises

Example 3
Evaluate ln e18.
Use the Inverse Property of Base e and Natural Logarithms.
ln e18
18

Example 2
Write a logarithmic equation equivalent to e 2x
7.
e2x
7 loge 7
2x or 2x
ln 7

Example 1
Evaluate ln 1685.
Use a calculator.
ln 1685
7.4295

Natural base expressions can be evaluated using the ex and ln keys on your calculator.

ln ex
x

1 n
approaches e
2.71828.
n

As n increases, 1  

The functions y
ex and y
ln x are inverse functions.

Natural Base e

The irrational number e

2.71828 often occurs
as the base for exponential and logarithmic functions that describe real-world phenomena.

Base e and Natural Logarithms

Study Guide and Intervention

Base e and Natural Logarithms

9-5

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lesson 9-5)

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Lesson 9-5

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Base e and Natural Logarithms

Study Guide and Intervention

(continued)

8
3

A17

Use a calculator.

Chapter 9

0.6094

10. 6  3ex  1
21

0.9270

7. e4x  1  3
12

x 9.0997

4. ln 6x  4

1.1969

1. e4x
120

36

1492.9790

11. ln (2x  5)
8

6.7196

8. ln (5x  3)
3.6

17.0855

5. ln (x  3)  5
2

{x|x  3.2189}

2. ex  25

Solve each equation or inequality.

Exercises

Multiplication Property of Inequalities

0.25  x  2.0973

Addition Property of Inequalities

Inverse Property of Exponents and Logarithms

Write each side using exponents and base e.

Original inequality

Use a calculator.

Multiply each side by .

1
2

Inverse Property of Exponents and Logarithms

Property of Equality for Logarithms

Divide each side by 3.

Subtract 2 from each side.

1
1
  x   (e2  1)
4
4

ln (4x  1)  2
eln (4x  1)  e2
0  4x  1  e2
1  4x  e2  1

b. ln (4x  1)  2

x
0.4904

ln e2x
ln 

8
3
8
2x
ln 
3
8
1
x
 ln 
2
3

e2x


Original equation

Solve each equation or inequality.

a. 3e2x  2
10
3e2x  2
10
3e2x
8

Example

Glencoe Algebra 2

{x | x  23.2423}

12. ln 5x  ln 3x  9

no solution

9. 2e3x  5
2

{x | x 0.4890}

6. e8x  50

4.8332

3. ex  2  4
21

All properties of logarithms from

earlier lessons can be used to solve equations and inequalities with natural logarithms.

Equations and Inequalities with e and ln

9-5

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Base e and Natural Logarithms

Skills Practice

4. ln 0.09 2.4079

3. ln 2 0.6931

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Glencoe Algebra 2

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Answers

Chapter 9

25. ln (x  3)
4 51.5982

23. ln (x  2)
2 9.3891

37

26. ln x  ln 2x
2 1.9221

24. ln (x  3)
1 0.2817

22. ln 8x
3 2.5107

Glencoe Algebra 2

20. 1  2e2x
19 1.1513

19. e5x  4  34 {x | x  0.6802}

21. ln 3x
2 2.4630

18. e4x  10 {x | x  0.5756}

16. 5ex  3
18 1.0986

14. ex  3.2 {x | x  1.1632}

12. ln e y y

17. e3x
30 1.1337

15. 2ex  1
11 1.7918

13. ex  5 {x | x 1.6094}

Solve each equation or inequality.

11. ln e2.5 2.5

9. eln 3 3

10. eln 2x 2x

8. ln x
0.6931 x
e0.6931

7. ln 15
x e x
15

Evaluate each expression.

6. e4
8x 4
ln 8x

5. ex
3 x
ln 3

Write an equivalent exponential or logarithmic equation.

2. e2 0.1353

1. e3 20.0855

Use a calculator to evaluate each expression to four decimal places.

9-5

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lesson 9-5)
Lesson 9-5

A18

Glencoe Algebra 2

Base e and Natural Logarithms

Practice

6. ln 1 0

5. e4.2 66.6863

8. ln 0.037 3.2968

7. e2.5 0.0821

5
ln 10x

18. eln 3x 3x

8810.5863

548.3166

145.4132

18.0855

36.7493

14.8097

43. ln 3x  ln 2x
9 44. ln 5x  ln x
7

8.7183

40. ln (x  6)
1

{x | x  0.6931}

36. e3x  7  15

0.4970

32. 2e5x
24

{x | x  0.4055}

28. 3ex  10  8

1.7579

24. ex
5.8

20. ln e2y 2y

2
ln (x  1)

16. e2
x  1

e 2.2300
9.3

Chapter 9

38

Glencoe Algebra 2

47. RADIOACTIVE DECAY The amount of a radioactive substance y that remains after
t years is given by the equation y
aekt, where a is the initial amount present and k is
the decay constant for the radioactive substance. If a
100, y
50, and k
0.035,
find t. about 19.8 yr

46. How long will it take the balance in Saritas account to reach $2000? about 20.4 yr

45. If Sarita deposits $1000 in an account paying 3.4% annual interest compounded
continuously, what is the balance in the account after 5 years? $1185.30

compounded interest, A
Pert, where P is the principal, r is the annual interest

rate, and t is the time in years.

INVESTING For Exercises 45 and 46, use the formula for continuously

42. ln (x  3)
5

41. ln (x  2)
3

5.0214

39. ln 2.5x
10

38. ln (2x)
7

37. ln 4x
3

35. 9  e2x
10

1.2036

6

3.5835

34. e3x  5
32

31.

1.9945

5

33. e2x  1
55

30.

e0.5x

2.7081

27. 4  ex
19

0.0953

23. ex
1.1

0.4024

8

e4x

{x | x 0.1823}

26. 5ex  1  7

3.4340

22. ex
31

19. ln e1 1

x
ln 4

15. ex
4

e1.7918
6

11. ln 6
1.7918

0.6931

29.

e3x

0.6931

25. 2ex  3
1

{x | x  2.1972}

21. ex  9

Solve each equation or inequality.

17. eln 12 12

Evaluate each expression.

x
ln 8

14. e5
10x

e 2x
36

e x
50

13. ex
8

10. ln 36
2x

9. ln 50
x

12. ln 9.3
2.2300

4. e0.6 0.5488

3. ln 3.2 1.1632

Write an equivalent exponential or logarithmic equation.

2. ln 8 2.0794

1. e1.5 4.4817

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Use a calculator to evaluate each expression to four decimal places.

9-5

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

ln 2
 t
72

Chapter 9

16.3 yr

4. POPULATION The equation A
A0 e rt

describes the growth of the worlds
population where A is the population
at time t, A0 is the population at t
0,
and r is the annual growth rate. How
long will take a population of 6.5 billion
to increase to 9 billion if the annual
growth rate is 2%?

P
e

3. BACTERIA A bacterial population

grows exponentially, doubling every
72 hours. Let P be the initial population
size and let t be time in hours. Write
a formula using the natural base
exponential function that gives the
size of the population as a function
of P and t.

24.75 yr

2. INTEREST Janies bank pays 2.8%

annual interest compounded
continuously on savings accounts.
She placed $2000 in the account. How
long will it take for her initial deposit
to double in value? Assume that she
makes no additional deposits and no
withdrawals. Round your answer to the
nearest quarter year.

$12,586

39

Glencoe Algebra 2

Account A; shell make

$39477.55  $36000
$3477.55
more

7. If Linda can invest the money for

20 years only, which account would
give her the higher return on her
investment? How much more money
would she make by choosing the higher
paying account?

Account A; shell make

$28098.95  $28000
$98.95
more

6. If Linda can invest the money for

10 years only, which account would
give her the higher return on her
investment? How much more money
would she make by choosing the higher
paying account?

Account B; shell make $24000 

$23706.10
$293.90 more

5. If Linda can invest the money for

5 years only, which account would
give her the higher return on her
investment? How much more money
would she make by choosing the higher
paying account?

Linda wants to invest $20,000. She is

looking at two possible accounts. Account A
is a standard savings account that pays
3.4% annual interest compounded
continuously. Account B would pay her
a fixed amount of $200 every quarter.

57, use the following information.

MONEY MANAGEMENT For Exercises

Base e and Natural Logarithms

Word Problem Practice

1. INTEREST Horatio opens a bank

account that pays 2.3% annual interest
compounded continuously. He makes an
initial deposit of 10,000. What will be
the balance of the account in 10 years?
Assume that he makes no additional
deposits and no withdrawals.

9-5

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lesson 9-5)

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Lesson 9-5

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Enrichment

A19

Chapter 9

1


1


1


e e >   ; e e 

e

1


e

>    ; e >  e
40

10. The expression x reaches a maximum value at x
e. Use this fact to

prove the inequality you found in Exercise 9.

To 4 decimal places, they both equal 403.4288.

9. Which is larger, e
or
e ? e >  e

8. Show that
4 
5 is equal to e6 to 4 decimal places.

7. Does the infinite product give good approximations for

quickly? no

Glencoe Algebra 2

6. Use the infinite product to approximate

to 3 decimal places. Use the
whole numbers from 3 through 6 as values of n. 2.926, 2.972, 3.002, 3.023

5. Use a calculator with a

key to find
to 7 decimal places. 3.1415927

the infinite sum

4. Which approximation method approaches the value of e more quickly?

3. Use the infinite sum to approximate e to 3 decimal places. Use the whole
numbers from 3 through 6 as values of n. 2.667, 2.708, 2.717, 2.718

5, 100, 500, and 7000 as values of n. 2.488, 2.705, 2.716, 2.718

1 n
to approximate e to 3 decimal places. Use
n

2. Use the expression 1  

1. Use a calculator with an ex key to find e to 7 decimal places. 2.7182818

Solve each problem.

2n
2n

2 2 4 4 6 6

               
2n  1 2n  1
2
1 3 3 5 5 7

In a similar manner,
can be approximated using an infinite product
discovered by the English mathematician John Wallis (16161703).

1
1
1
1
e
1  1          
23
234
234n
2

Another way to approximate e is to use this infinite sum. The greater the
value of n, the closer the approximation.

1  n1

The following expression can be used to approximate e. If greater and greater

values of n are used, the value of the expression approximates e more and
more closely.

Approximations for  and e

9-5

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Exponential Growth and Decay

Lesson Reading Guide

d. y
2(1  0.0001) t growth

b. y
1000(1  0.05) t decay

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Glencoe Algebra 2

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Answers

Chapter 9

41

Glencoe Algebra 2

Sample answer: If a  0, the graph of y
ab x is always increasing if

b  1 and is always decreasing if 0  b  1. Since r is always a positive
number, if b
1  r, the base will be greater than 1 and the function will
be increasing (growth), while if b
1  r, the base will be less than 1
and the function will be decreasing (decay).

3. Visualizing their graphs is often a good way to remember the difference between
mathematical equations. How can your knowledge of the graphs of exponential equations
from Lesson 9-1 help you to remember that equations of the form y
a(1  r) t
represent exponential growth, while equations of the form y
a(1  r) t represent
exponential decay?

Remember What You Learned

c. y
0.3e1200t decay

a. y
5e0.15t growth

2. State whether each equation represents exponential growth or decay.

d. Maria deposited $750 in a savings account paying 4.5% annual interest compounded
quarterly. She did not make any withdrawals or further deposits. She compared the
balance in her passbook immediately after she opened the account to the balance
3 years later. growth

c. A paleontologist compared the amount of carbon-14 in the skeleton of an animal

when it died to the amount 300 years later. decay

b. Raul compared the value of his car when he bought it new to the value when he
traded it in six years later. decay

a. A city had 42,000 residents in 1980 and 128,000 residents in 2000. growth

1. State whether each situation is an example of exponential growth or decay.

Read the Lesson

0.16 and subtract the result from $9200.66. 2. Multiply $9200.66 by 0.84.

Describe two ways to calculate the value of the car 6 years after it was purchased.
(Do not actually calculate the value.) Sample answer: 1. Multiply $9200.66 by

Between which two years shown in the table did the car depreciate by the greatest
amount? between years 0 and 1

Read the introduction to Lesson 9-6 in your textbook.

Get Ready for the Lesson

9-6

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lessons 9-5 and 9-6)

Lesson 9-6

A20

Glencoe Algebra 2

Exponential Growth and Decay

Study Guide and Intervention

Divide each side by log 0.94.

Chapter 9

42

Glencoe Algebra 2

3. How old is a skeleton that has 95% of its Carbon-14 remaining? about 427.5 years old

2. How old is a fossil remain that has lost 95% of its Carbon-14? about 25,000 years old

CARBON DATING Use the formula y
ae0.00012t, where a is the initial amount of
Carbon-14, t is the number of years ago the animal lived, and y is the remaining
amount after t years.

6 weeks

1. BUSINESS A furniture store is closing out its business. Each week the owner lowers
prices by 25%. After how many weeks will the sale price of a $500 item drop below $100?

Exercises

t
9.3
The price will be $50 after about 9.3 years.

log 
89
t

log 0.94

50 

Power Property



Property of Equality for Logarithms

50
log 
t log 0.94
89

Divide each side by 89.

50
log 
log (0.94) t
89



50

(0.94) t
89

b. After how many years will its price be $50?

To find when the price will be $50, again use the exponential decay formula and solve for t.
y
a(1  r) t
Exponential decay formula
50
89(1  0.06) t
y
50, a
89, r
0.06

a. If its price decreases by 6% per year, how much will it cost after 5 years?
Use the exponential decay model with initial amount $89, percent decrease 0.06, and
time 5 years.
y
a(1  r) t
Exponential decay formula
y
89(1  0.06) 5
a
89, r
0.06, t
5
y
$65.32
After 5 years the price will be $65.32.

Example
CONSUMER PRICES As technology advances, the price of many
technological devices such as scientific calculators and camcorders goes down.
One brand of hand-held organizer sells for $89.

Depreciation of value and radioactive decay are examples of

exponential decay. When a quantity decreases by a fixed percent each time period, the
amount of the quantity after t time periods is given by y
a(1  r) t, where a is the initial
amount and r is the percent decrease expressed as a decimal.
Another exponential decay model often used by scientists is y
aekt, where k is a constant.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Exponential Decay

9-6

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

(continued)

Divide each side by log 1.05.

Chapter 9

about 14%
43

Glencoe Algebra 2

5. VOCABULARY GROWTH When Emily was 18 months old, she had a 10-word
vocabulary. By the time she was 5 years old (60 months), her vocabulary was 2500 words.
If her vocabulary increased at a constant percent per month, what was that increase?

Each week thereafter he increases his mileage by 10%. After how many weeks is he
walking more than 5 miles per day? 24 weeks

1
2

4. EXERCISE Hugo begins a walking program by walking  mile per day for one week.

3. SCHOOL POPULATION There are currently 850 students at the high school, which
represents full capacity. The town plans an addition to house 400 more students. If
the school population grows at 7.8% per year, in how many years will the new addition
be full? about 5 years

2. INVESTMENT Carl plans to invest $500 at 8.25% interest, compounded continuously.

How long will it take for his money to triple? about 14 years

1. BACTERIA GROWTH A certain strain of bacteria grows from 40 to 326 in 120 minutes.
Find k for the growth formula y
aekt, where t is in minutes. about 0.0175

Exercises

t
11.9 years
Use a calculator.
If raises are given annually, she will be making over $50,000 in 12 years.

t

log 1.05



Power Property

50
log 
28

log 
t log 1.05

50

28


Property of Equality of Logarithms

Divide each side by 28,000.

y
50,000, a
28,000, r
0.05

Exponential growth formula

50
log 
log (1.05) t
28



50

(1.05) t
28

50,000
28,000(1  0.05) t

y
a(1  r) t

Example
A computer engineer is hired for a salary of $28,000. If she gets a
5% raise each year, after how many years will she be making $50,000 or more?
Use the exponential growth model with a
28,000, y
50,000, and r
0.05 and solve for t.

Population increase and growth of bacteria colonies are examples

of exponential growth. When a quantity increases by a fixed percent each time period, the
amount of that quantity after t time periods is given by y
a(1  r)t, where a is the initial
amount and r is the percent increase (or rate of growth) expressed as a decimal.
Another exponential growth model often used by scientists is y
aekt, where k is a constant.

Exponential Growth and Decay

Study Guide and Intervention

Exponential Growth

9-6

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lesson 9-6)

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Lesson 9-6

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Exponential Growth and Decay

Skills Practice

A21

Chapter 9

44

Glencoe Algebra 2

8. BIOLOGY In a laboratory, an organism grows from 100 to 250 in 8 hours. What is the
hourly growth rate in the growth formula y
a(1  r) t ? about 12.13%

7. DEPRECIATION A Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) system uses satellite information

to locate ground position. Abus surveying firm bought a GPS system for $12,500. The
GPS depreciated by a fixed rate of 6% and is now worth $8600. How long ago did Abu
buy the GPS system? about 6.0 yr

6. NUCLEAR POWER The element plutonium-239 is highly radioactive. Nuclear reactors

can produce and also use this element. The heat that plutonium-239 emits has helped to
power equipment on the moon. If the half-life of plutonium-239 is 24,360 years, what is
the value of k for this element? about 0.00002845

5. BACTERIA How many days will it take a culture of bacteria to increase from 2000 to
50,000 if the growth rate per day is 93.2%? about 4.9 days

4. POPULATION The population P in thousands of a city can be modeled by the equation

P
80e0.015t, where t is the time in years. In how many years will the population of the
city be 120,000? about 27 yr

3. POPULATION A current census shows that the population of a city is 3.5 million. Using
the formula P
aert, find the expected population of the city in 30 years if the growth
rate r of the population is 1.5% per year, a represents the current population in millions,
and t represents the time in years. about 5.5 million

2. INVESTING Alex invests $2000 in an account that has a 6% annual rate of growth. To
the nearest year, when will the investment be worth $3600? 10 yr

1. FISHING In an over-fished area, the catch of a certain fish is decreasing at an average

rate of 8% per year. If this decline persists, how long will it take for the catch to reach
half of the amount before the decline? about 8.3 yr

9-6

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

r 2t
gives the value of an investment after t years in
2

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Glencoe Algebra 2

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Answers

Chapter 9

45

Glencoe Algebra 2

10. BIOLOGY In a laboratory, a culture increases from 30 to 195 organisms in 5 hours.

What is the hourly growth rate in the growth formula y
a(1  r) t ? about 45.4%

9. DEPRECIATION A computer system depreciates at an average rate of 4% per month. If

the value of the computer system was originally $12,000, in how many months is it
worth $7350? about 12 mo

8. POPULATION The population of rabbits in an area is modeled by the growth equation

P(t)
8e0.26t, where P is in thousands and t is in years. How long will it take for the
population to reach 25,000? about 4.4 yr

7. WHALES Modern whales appeared 510 million years ago. The vertebrae of a whale
discovered by paleontologists contain roughly 0.25% as much carbon-14 as they would
have contained when the whale was alive. How long ago did the whale die? Use
k
0.00012. about 50,000 yr

6. RADIOACTIVE DECAY Cobalt, an element used to make alloys, has several isotopes.
One of these, cobalt-60, is radioactive and has a half-life of 5.7 years. Cobalt-60 is used to
trace the path of nonradioactive substances in a system. What is the value of k for
Cobalt-60? about 0.1216

5. INFLATION For Dave to buy a new car comparably equipped to the one he bought 8 years
ago would cost $12,500. Since Dave bought the car, the inflation rate for cars like his has
been at an average annual rate of 5.1%. If Dave originally paid $8400 for the car, how
long ago did he buy it? about 8 yr

about 7.2 yr

4. DEPRECIATION A piece of machinery valued at $250,000 depreciates at a fixed rate of

12% per year. After how many years will the value have depreciated to $100,000?

3. RADIOACTIVE DECAY A radioactive substance has a half-life of 32 years. Find the

constant k in the decay formula for the substance. about 0.02166

2. BACTERIA How many hours will it take a culture of bacteria to increase from 20 to
2000 if the growth rate per hour is 85%? about 7.5 h

an account that earns an annual interest rate r compounded twice a year. Suppose $500
is invested at 6% annual interest compounded twice a year. In how many years will the
investment be worth $1000? about 11.7 yr

Exponential Growth and Decay

Practice

1. INVESTING The formula A
P 1  

9-6

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lesson 9-6)

Lesson 9-6

A22

Glencoe Algebra 2

e k
1  r.

Chapter 9

About 9,488 people.

4. POPULATION Louisa read that the

population of her town has increased
steadily at a rate of 2% each year. Today,
the population of her town has grown
to 68,735. Based on this information,
what was the population of her town
100 years ago?

1
k
 ln 2
d

3. POPULATION The doubling time of

a population is d years. The population
size can be modeled by an exponential
equation of the form Pe kt, where P is
the initial population size and t is time.
What is k in terms of d?

12,500 years

2. CARBON DATING Archeologists

uncover an ancient wooden tool. They
analyze the tool and find that it has
22% as much carbon14 compared to
the likely amount that it contained
when it was made. Given that the halflife of carbon14 is about 5730 years,
about how old is the artifact? Round
your answer to the nearest 100 years.

k
ln(1  r)

46

7.9 years

Glencoe Algebra 2

7. In how many years will the cost of the

television exceed the value of the money
in Jasons account? In other words, how
much time does Jason have to decide
whether he wants to buy the television?
Round your answer to the nearest tenth
of a year.

5000e (ln 1.07)t

6. Write a natural base exponential

function that gives the cost of the
television Jason wants as a function
of time t.

7000e 0.025t

5. Write a natural base exponential

function that gives the value of Jasons
account as a function of time t.

Jason wants to buy a brand new highdefinition (HD) television. He could buy
one now because he has $7000 to spend,
but he thinks that if he waits, the quality
of HD televisions will improve. His $7000
earns 2.5% interest annually compounded
continuously. The television he wants to buy
costs $5000 now, but the cost increases each
year by 7%.

CONSUMER AWARENESS For Exercises

57, use the following information.

Exponential Growth and Decay

Word Problem Practice

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

1. PROGRAMMING For reasons having

to do with speed, a computer
programmer wishes to model population
size using a natural base exponential
function. However, the programmer
is told that the users of the program
will be thinking in terms of the annual
percentage increase. Let r be the
percentage that the population increases
each year. Find the value for k in terms
of r so that

9-6

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Enrichment

r n
n

0.075 12
 1  7.76%
12

Chapter 9

47

6. Which investment yields more interest9% compounded continuously or

9.2% compounded quarterly? 9.2% quarterly
Glencoe Algebra 2

4. 7.75% compounded continuously 8.06%

2. 8.5% compounded monthly 8.84%

5. 6.5% compounded daily (assume a 365-day year) 6.72%

3. 9.25% compounded continuously 9.69%

1. 10% compounded quarterly 10.38%

Find the effective annual yield for each investment.

Exercises

E
1  

r
0.0625
E
e0.0625  1  6.45%

r
0.075
n
12

Example 2
Find the effective
annual yield of an investment made at
6.25% compounded continuously.

Example 1
Find the effective
annual yield of an investment made at
7.5% compounded monthly.

P(1  E)
Per
1  E
er
E
er  1

If compounding is continuous, the value of the investment at the end of one

year is A
Pe r. Again set the amounts equal and solve for E. A formula for
the effective annual yield under continuous compounding is obtained.


r n
E

1    1
n

r n
n

r n
1  E
1  
n

P(1  E)
P 1  

the amounts equal and solving for E will produce a formula for the effective
annual yield.

the value of the investment at the end of the year is A
P 1   . Setting

When interest is compounded more than once per year, the effective annual
yield is higher than the annual interest rate. The effective annual yield, E, is
the interest rate that would give the same amount of interest if the interest
were compounded once per year. If P dollars are invested for one year, the
value of the investment at the end of the year is A
P(1  E). If P dollars
are invested for one year at a nominal rate r compounded n times per year,

Effective Annual Yield

9-6

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Answers
(Lesson 9-6)

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Lesson 9-6

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 9

Net Present Value

Spreadsheet Activity

A23

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Sheet 1

Total
NPV - Cost
Sheet 2

2
3
4

Sheet 3

$75.34

$2,500.00
$2,500.00
$2,500.00

Chapter 9

$1131.60 greater than the cost.

48

3. a. Calculate the NPV for an investment over a period of six years if the
cost of capital is 4.5% and the investment will bring a cash flow of $750
every year. The NPV would be about $3868.40.
b. Would this be a good investment of $3000? Explain? Yes, the NPV is

NPV is about $5210.28. The NPV is about $3460.28 greater

than the cost.

b. If the sales of the magazine continue to rise at the same rate, is the
printer a good investment after two years? Yes, after two years the

year the NPV is only about $1682.14.

2. Four times a year, Josey and Drew publish a magazine. They want to buy a
color printer that costs $1750. The cost of capital for this purchase would
be 6%. They are planning to raise the price of their magazine from $1 to
$2. Create a spreadsheet to determine the NPV for this purchase.
a. The last issue of the magazine sold 500 copies. If each issue of the magazine
printed in color sells 100 copies more than the previous issue, is the
printer a good investment after one year? Explain. No, after one

greater than the NPV, so it would not be cost-effective to buy

the van.

1. If the NPV is greater than the cost, the investment will pay for itself.
Based on the spreadsheet shown above, would it be cost-effective for the
company to buy the van? Explain. The cost is actually about $75

Exercises

flow in period n and r
the cost of

capital, which is either the interest
that will be paid on a loan or the
interest that the money would earn
if it were invested.

n

dollars. NPV

, where
(1  r)n
CFn
the cash

CF

Glencoe Algebra 2

$2,066.12
$1,878.29
$1,707.53
$7,924.66

You have learned how to use exponential and logarithmic functions to perform
a number of financial analyses. Spreadsheets can be used to perform many
types of analyses, such as calculating the Net Present Value of expenditures
or investments. For example, when a business owner is considering a major
purchase, it is a good idea to find out whether the investment will be
profitable in the future. Consider the example of a local restaurant-delivery
service that is debating whether to buy a used van for $8000. The owners
of the company estimate that the
van will bring in $2500 per year
over four years. They can use the
A
B
C
following formula to find the
$8,000.00
1 Cost of Asset
present value of the future cash
2 Cost of Capital (r)
0.1
flow to find the Net Present Value
3
(NPV), that is, how much the
CF
CF/(1R)^n
4 Period (n)
profits would be worth in todays
5
$2,272.73
$2,500.00
1

9-6

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE______________ PERIOD _____

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Answers

Answers
(Lesson 9-6)

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Glencoe Algebra 2