A

Architecture
Through the Ages

Architecture
Through the Ages

T a b l e

o f

C o n t e n t s

Egyptian......4
- Obelisk..5
- Pyramids......6
- Mud Bricks.......7
Greek...8
- Temples....9
- Parthenon.....10
- Roof Tiles....11
- Columns.....12
Gothic....13
- Venice....14
- Arches....15
- Ornamentation....16
- Notre Dame......17
Roman....................................................................18
- Arches and Columns..................................19
- Aqueducts and Bridges.............................20
- Domes..........................................................21
- Coliseum......................................................22
- Baths.............................................................23
Asian.......................................................................24
- Temples........................................................25
- Enclosure......................................................26
- Balance........................................................27
- Horizontal Emphasis....................................28
- Great Wall of China....................................29
- Taj Mahal......................................................30
- Pagodas.......................................................31
- Angkor Wat..................................................32
Glossary..................................................................33
Image Credits........................................................34
About the Authors.....................................................36

Page 3

Egyptian Architecture
Ancient Egyptian architecture is fairly distinct in its style. Its construction
involved large amounts of mud
bricks and stone (usually limestone),
as well as granite and sandstone for
more elaborate and ornate structures. Egyptian architecture brings to
mind the pyramids, as well as obelisks , and temples and tombs for lost
gods and emperors.

and thick, sloping walls with as few

openings as possible. And though
the arch was developed in the
fourth dynasty, all the monumental
structures consist of flat roods made
from huge stone blocks supported
by the outside walls along with tightly placed columns (these columns
were the foundation of the column
dependent structures all over Rome
and Greece).

Our understanding of Egyptian architecture stems mostly from their religious monuments, characterized by
their cut and marked up surfaces

Page 4

Architecture
Through the Ages

Obelisks
Obelisks in ancient Egypt were placed in
pairs outside the entrances of pyramids.
Obelisks are tall four-sided narrow
tapering monuments that end in a
pyramid shape at the top. There was a
large amount of engineering required to
erect the obelisks due to their immense
size and weight (they weighed hundreds
of tons). They were erected by securing
the base of the obelisk in one place while
the top was pulled across the base until it
was up right, almost using the base as a
hinge.

Page 5

Pyramids
A pyramid is a structure in which
all of the outer surfaces except
for the base (the bottom) are
triangular and all meet at a
single point. The bases of the
Egyptian pyramids were square
and they had four triangular
faces. Due to the structure of the
pyramidal design, the majority of
the weight is closer to the
ground. With the pyramidion on
top, theres less material at the
top and therefore less weight
that has to be lifted up that high.
Due to the relative ease of
building pyramids, they were the
largest structures on earth for
thousands of years.

FUN
FACT:
Khufus
Pyramid is built entirely
of
limestone.
It
contains
around
1,300,000
blocks
ranging in weight from
2.5 tons to 15 tons. The
original height of the
Pyramid was 146.5 m
(488 ft.).

Page 6

Architecture
Through the Ages

Mud Bricks
Due to the scarcity of wood in
ancient Egypt, the locals built their
houses out of mud bricks. They
mixed mud with chopped straw and
formed blocks from the mixture.
These blocks were then left to dry in
the sun, where they baked and
dried. Unfortunately, although mud
was plentiful, it was not very sturdy,
and the bricks would usually
crumble in just a few years. In
addition to their lack of structural
integrity, the bricks were terrible
insulators, letting the hot air in during
the day and the cold air in at night.
The only redeeming factor was that
mud was easy to acquire and easy
to build with.

Page 7

Greek Architecture
Ancient Greek architecture is one of
the most recognizable styles in the
world. It influences Roman architecture and even had a hand in the
development of Egyptian structures.
Most of the knowledge of Greek architecture stems from the few surviving buildings from the Greek and Roman periods (the Romans REALLY
copied the Greeks). The standard
format of Greek public buildings usually started with a cube or rectangle
constructed from limestone. Marble
was not used too often due to its
high cost and difficulty to obtain.
There were two main styles: Doric,
and Ionic.

Page 8

These names reflected the Greeks'

beliefs that the styles descended
from the Dorian and Ionian Greeks
of the Dark Ages. The Doric style was
formal and austere, upright and
more Spartan. The Ionic style was
more relaxed and decorative and
later led to the Corinthian style (a
famous ornate style of building in
Ancient Greece). These three styles
are best known for their differences
in their styles of columns, but there
are differences in most aspects of
the designs and decorations.

Architecture
Through the Ages

Temples
Built to house the statues of the
Greek gods and goddesses,
Greek temples were developed
form small mud brick structures
into double porticos of more than
20 meters in height. The temples
were designed and built following
set rules which were based on the
dimensions of the foundation
levels. There was a mathematical
strictness in basic design. For
example, the Parthenon was
based off of the ratio 2:3, and its
square, 4:9. The ratio of width to
length is 4:9 (30.88m : 69.5m). And
the ratio of height : width : height
= 16 : 36 : 81, a ratio of all square numbers. In fact, connections can be
drawn between the ratios of temples' widths to lengths and Pythagorean
triangles.

Page 9

Parthenon
The Parthenon is a Greek temple
dedicated to the Greek
Goddess Athena. The roof of the
Parthenon is supported by Doric
temple. It's walls tapered and it's
roof was supported by Doric
columns which bulged slightly as
they rose. The roof itself had a
slight downwards curvature (like
an upside down "U") to allow
rainwater to flow off. The
columns actually lean inwards,
and if they extended infinitely,
they would cross a mile above
the Parthenon.
Fun Fact: The walls and ceiling of the
Parthenon are all curved with respect to light
distortion. Each edge is curved in order for it
to look perfectly flat to the human eye.

Page 10

10

Architecture
Through the Ages

Greek Roof Tiles

Roof tiles have been documented to
have been used in Greece since
approximately 650 BC. Early roof tiles
had an S-shape, with the pan and
cover tile forming one piece.
Tegulae, as they were called, were
large, weighing close to 30kg each.
In addition to their size, they were
harder and more expensive to make
than thatched roofs. They were used
for their fireproof qualities which
allowed them to better protect the
deities in the temples that the tiles
were used on. They were usually
made of fired clay, but in some cases
were constructed of marble or gilt.
Kalupter were semi-cylindrical half
pipes that were laid over joints of
tegulae to ensure that they were

Page 11

Columns
Columns, also know as pillars, are
vertical structural elements that
help transfer the load of the
structure above them that they are
supporting, to the area below
them. They are often used to
support arches or beams and were
used in many of the Greek's
structures. A column was a new
and innovative concept because it
allowed for more structural stability
without taking up massive amounts
of space. It focused all the force of
the above element's weight into
one point, transmitting it into the
area below it and allowing it to
spread out.
The early columns were carved
from stone (some from just one
piece!). Many of the older columns
had a hole bored into their pieces
so that they could be connected
using pegs.

Page 12

12

Gothic Architecture
Gothic architecture first
showed itself during the medieval
period which lasted from the 5th and
25th century. This particular form of
design originated in France late in
this period around the 12th century
and was referred to as the French
Style. Known characteristics of these buildings were pointed arches,
ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses.
These styles are most prominently
found in Europe particularly in
churches, cathedrals, or castles;
however, structures such as universities and town halls have adapted
the gothic style all over the world.
This type of architecture is focused greatly on the idea of proportions. Gothic style includes high
peaks which significantly extend the
width of the building. The structure

Page 13

Cologne Cathedral in Germany

achieved the vast proportional difference of 3.6:1. The buildings are
much more focused on the vertical
structure than the horizontal; this
feature highlights the massive arches. Light also plays an important role
in the type of gothic architecture.
Specifically in cathedrals there are
large stained glass windows which
cover most of the upper walls and
arches of the buildings allowing a
large amount of light to fill the building.
Gothic architecture is often
times replicated in order to accomplish a wanted look for a new structure. This often occurs in modern
churches or university buildings all
over the world.

13

Venice
The term Venetian Gothic refers
to gothic architecture in Venice,
Italy. Much like the explosion of
the style in France due its use in
well known structures such as
cathedrals, the uprising of the
architecture began when the rich
began to build elegant gothic
houses and churches were
developing the same new look.
The unique adaptation of
Venetian gothic architecture is
best seen in the intricate design of
Doges Palace built in the 14th
century. This branch of gothic style
for the most part did not include
vaulting, a key characteristic of
the classic northern structures.
However, lighting and
stained glass windows
were included in the
designs of the new
buildings.
Gothic
architecture
remains
the root of this Venetian
style although various
aspects have been
adapted for the region.

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14

Architecture
Through the Ages

Arches
Specific arches are prominently
found in gothic architecture.
Developed from the Roman rounded
arch, this gothic characteristic
includes a point at the top comprised
of two tall arch segments. This
formation allows the arches to reach
higher with a given width compared
to rounded arches found on other
architecture. Few tools were used in
the medieval era to produce these
structures. Masons most often used
geometry and mathematics to
determine
the
necessary
characteristics for the foundation of
each building. The techniques used
by builders centuries ago can still be
used today when replicating the
gothic style.

Page 15

Gothic Ornamentation
Pointed arches are not
the only popular trait of
gothic
architecture.
There are many other
forms of ornamentation
and
structure
which
makes these structures
unique. Most commonly
intricate
patterns,
particular designs are
often found engraved
into the stone of the buildings. The most known feature of gothic
architecture is the interesting gargoyles which surround many of the
churches and cathedrals. One of the cathedrals most known for these
creatures is Notre Dame in Paris, France. Gargoyles were used as fountains
to drain water from buildings, but they also served a decorative purpose as
well. Structure parts such as ribbed vaults and flying buttresses give this style
of architecture a distinctive look while also comprising the main support
system of the buildings. Ribbed vaults are found on the ceiling of structures
and transmit the weight upon them outwards to supporting pillars. Flying
buttresses are external support systems that take the outwards forces that
push the walls of the structure and redirect them downwards. These pieces
of gothic architecture allow the
buildings to be constructed into
magnificent structures known for
their unique characteristics.
FUN FACT: Specifically, gargoyles were
supposed to protect the structure on
which they were built. Although hideous, gargoyles were guardians of cathedrals and other structures. They
were meant to rid the building of evil.

Page 16

16

Architecture
Through the Ages

Notre Dame
The Notre Dame Cathedral located in
Paris, France is highly regarded as one of
the finest works of French Gothic
architecture. This intricate structure took
over a century to complete and includes
one of the first ever uses of the flying
buttress. These supports were not
originally incorporated into the designs;
however, as more parts were added
onto the cathedral and walls grew taller
additional support was needed to
counter the stress produced outwards.
During the French Revolution, parts of the
gothic patterns or religious symbols were
ruined. This loss as well as slight
deterioration over time called for
restoration of the building. The process
transformed the magnificent piece of architecture back to its original
gothic style. This conservation procedure is not only necessary on
Notre Dame, but on a countless amount of structures.

FUN FACT: The term gargoyles

originates from the Latin word
"gurgulio" which means throat as
well as the sound water makes
passing through the throat.

Page 17

Roman Architecture
Ancient Roman architecture
incorporated many parts of
Greek architecture while also
creating a completely new
style. This new form included
features such as the use of
rounded arches, vaults, and
domes. These characteristics
are found in the structures
that are now famous and
well known for its depiction of
Roman architecture. Romans
felt that these buildings
should serve a purpose while also demonstrating impressive construction.
Unlike other styles, this form of architecture received recognition not only
for magnificent churches and city buildings but for public structures. Within
this time of architectural development, great changes were made to aqueducts, sewers, and bath houses as well. Not only did the appearance of
the region improve, but the public facilities did as well.

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18

Architecture
Through the Ages

Arches and Columns

The use of arches in Roman
architecture developed from their
use in Greek buildings. This rounded
structure produces and appealing
style while also improving the
structural design. Roman columns
proved to be tremendous additions
to architecture. Architects used
different styles of columns for
particular buildings, from the basic
Doric style to the intricate Corinthian
type. These, as well as arches, have
been used since their time of
creation on modern structures. The

arches and columns used in

Roman architecture allowed the
buildings to expand into much
larger structures due to the
increased amount of support.
The weight and force of the
buildings were no longer relying
solely on the thin outer walls but
instead distributed throughout
much thicker, well supported
masses. This allowed for even
greater developments of
building support to be created
based on the design of these
Roman features.
Page 19

Aqueducts and Bridges

One of the most well known
public improvements in Roman
architecture
was
the
development of the aqueducts.
During the growth of the Roman
Empire, a much larger water
supply was necessary to fulfill the
needs of the population. Aqua
Appia was the first water system
build in early 312 BC for the
empire. New aqueducts were
built using the technique of
Roman arches. This improvement
stands today as one of the major
additions of the Roman Empire. Aqueducts transported water in a unique
way that advanced the technology of the empire. Bridges found in Roman
architecture were very simple; however, they were practical and
structurally sound. They also included the classic rounded Roman arch.

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20

Architecture
Through the Ages

Roman Domes
Many Roman structures are
not only known for their arches
and columns, but also for their
use of domes. Domes are
hollow structures that resemble
the top of a sphere. Originally
used for churches and religious
purposes, domes are now
commonly used for a variety
of structures. This architectural
characteristic was derived
from the idea of the arch and
expanded into a much larger
form of structural support and elaborate design. The inside of the
structures are usually decorated with magnificent art or patterns. The
most famous architectural use of
the Roman dome is the Pantheon.
This structure has a concrete
dome weighing over 4,000 metric
tons which is supported with the
help of barrel vaults. For centuries
it held the record as the largest
dome in the world, and it still holds
the title today as the largest
concrete dome. After centuries,
the Pantheon has never been
reinforced which demonstrates
the structural integrity of the
dome. Much like that of the arch,
this form of architecture allows
much more weight to be
supported.
Page 21

The Coliseum
This building is considered
one of the greatest forms of
ancient Roman architecture and
engineering. Construction was
started in 72AD and completely
merely 8 years later. It was the
largest amphitheater built in
ancient Rome, with the ability of
seating 50,000. When first built it
was used for events ranging from
executions
to
theater
p e rf o rm a nc e s , a n d o f te n
gladiatorial contests. The entire
structure is entirely free standing
unlike former Greek theatres commonly built into hillsides for additional
support. Many different materials were used in the construction of this
structure. Builders included wood, stone, marble, and metal as forms of
foundation for this architectural achievement. Common Roman
architectural characteristics such as the arch and various forms of columns
are found often within this structure. Over 80 arches can be found as
doorways and corridors in the building. These devices took much of the
force and weight of the structure allowing it to remain intact for centuries.
However,
the
Coliseum has been
damaged
many
times throughout the
centuries.
These
tragedies
range
from early fires to
d e s t r u c t i v e
earthquakes
that
have caused the
stone to crumble
leaving the structure
how it is today.

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22

Architecture
Through the Ages

Public Baths
The public baths of ancient Rome
were not only architectural
accomplishments, but also great
improvements of sanitary
conditions and the water system.
Also called Thermae, it was
common for each city to have a
public place for bathing if not
multiple. The Romans were
capable of producing bath houses
because of the great success from
the newly founded aqueduct
system. Public baths were for the most part large structure with some
capable of holding thousands of people at a time. The sanitary
conditions were impressive for the time period with dirty water drained
regularly by the advanced water system. The structures were
commonly built around natural hot spring to heat the warm baths;
however, there was also heating by hypocausts. These were
underground Roman heating systems that remained under the baths,
yet another example of Roman groundbreaking architecture.

Page

Asian Architecture
Chinese architecture covered much
of the architecture in ancient East
Asia. The structural principles of Chinese architecture are as old as Chinese civilization. The building style
had an emphasis on bilateral symmetry, which signifies balance. However, in contrast to the buildings,
Chinese gardens are asymmetrical,
focusing more on flow and less on
balance. Enclosure was a large part
of ancient Chinese architecture as
well. And just as important as symmetry and enclosure was the hierarchical structure of the buildings.
Each building was places very deliberately in a complex. Buildings with
doors facing the complex were con-

Page 24

sidered more important than those

facing the sides. And buildings facing away from the complex were
the least important.
In addition to the placement of
buildings within the compounds,
placement within buildings was also
weighted. The rear and more private sections were given more
standing and were reserved for elder family members or ancestral
plaques. The front area was generally for servants and hired help. In
layouts with multiple courtyard complexes, central courtyards and their
buildings were more important than
their outliers.

24

Architecture
Through the Ages

Temples
Temple design throughout Asia
may appear exactly the same to
many inexperienced viewers;
however, architecture of the
Chinese and Japanese, although
similar, have their own unique
characteristics. Japanese
temples are generally simple and
were originally constructed with
wood. This material was easily
accessible and much less time
consuming than stone. Although
simple, they maintained the
classic Asian style which included eaves and columns painted in bright
colors. These designs were religious Buddhist structures which spent the
region as Gothic architecture had taken over Europe in the Middle Ages.
Features such as base columns, sloping roof, supporting rafters, and roof
decorations all depended on one another. Adjustments made in one
area must be changed in all other areas as well. These features had a
mathematical relationship
where nothing stood alone
and everything must be fixed
accordingly.
Specific
Chinese structures were
designed completely around
the idea of symmetry and
balance. Much of the
architecture was simple as in
Japanese designs with
borrowed features, although
it did focus on the height of
buildings.
Page 25

Enclosure
Newer Western architecture
usually has a building being
surrounded by a garden or open
yard. However, in traditional
Chinese architecture it is the
opposite. Buildings or complexes
were constructed to take up the
entire property, but they had
open spaces inside the structures
in the forms of courtyards or sky
wells. Northern courtyards were
open and faced the south to
ensure that the buildings' windows and walls got as much sun as possible
while still keeping cold winds out. Sky wells also served as vents for rising hot
air. They drew hot air from the lower stories of the house and exchanged it
for cool air outside.

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26

Architecture
Through the Ages

Balance
Bilateral symmetry was one of the
most important characteristics of
Chinese architecture. It signified
balance. If an element was
added to on side of a structure
then another similar, if not
identical, element was added to
the opposite side of the structure
to maintain the balance and
symmetry. Pagodas are an
excellent example of the
symmetry in Chinese architecture.
Their square lateral structure
makes
them
completely
symmetrical.

Page 27

Horizontal Emphasis
Classical
Chinese
architecture focused on width
over height. It favored short,
heavy platforms with large
roofs that "floated" over the
bases,
minimizing
the
importance of the vertical
walls. For example, the halls
and palaces in the Forbidden
City have lower ceilings than
equally important buildings in
the West, but from the outside
they completely reflect size
and grandeur of imperial China. Pagodas were the exception to this rule,
but they were used as religious complexes, putting them outside the normal
rules of traditional architecture.

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28

Architecture
Through the Ages

Great Wall of China

The Great Wall is one of the most
well known structures on the
planet. Stretching thousands of
miles, this piece of architecture
was built to protect the Chinese
Empire from invasion. It has been
declared as one of the few
architectural marvels of the world
due to its massive size and different
style. Since the time it was originally
built in the 3th century B.C. it has
been renovated multiple times.
Great additions have been
attached to the already
outstanding structure. Millions of
workers were needed and many
died in the construction process. The fantastic architecture can be seen
in the sound structure of the wall. The average height is over 30 feet with
a width of over 15 feet. Although simple compared to other forms of
architecture
p r e v i o u s l y
mentioned,
this
wall demonstrates
r e m a r k a b l e
consistency
and
structural
design.
S i n c e
i t s
construction
centuries ago, this
monument is not
one that can be
lost.
Page 29

Taj Mahal
This Indian structure is one of
the most famous in the world.
Found commonly in textbooks,
this magnificent piece of
architecture is highly regarded as
one of the greatest examples of
Mughal architecture which is a
blend of the Indian, Persian, and
Islamic styles. Taking only a little
over 20 years to complete, the
construction of this building
employed thousands of workers
such as artisans and craftsmen. The Taj Mahal is designed around the idea
of symmetry and geometric proportions. Specific components were
developed to highlight different features such as the central dome.
Throughout the structure there are elaborate designs and unique pieces of
architecture. The white domed marble center includes and iwan which is
an arch shaped doorway like those of the Roman and Gothic designs. The
dome
is
also
topped with a
finial like Asian
structures such as
the pagodas. This
one monuments
takes many of
t
h
e
characteristics of
past architecture
and
develops
them to uniquely
fit the needs of
this structure.

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30

Architecture
Through the Ages

Pagodas
A
pagoda is not a specific
building, but rather a common
structure found and many parts of
Asia. It developed from the Indian
stupa which is a Buddhist
monument that frequently
contains relics. It is often
associated with a religious
purpose, most commonly
Buddhist places of worship.
Usually found near or in temples,
these structures have spread
throughout Asia. They have
developed by region and each
possesses new and unique characteristics. These tall structures were
originally constructed from wood, but they eventually progressed to
much sturdier materials. This protected against fire and allowed for much
more support. Due to the height of the building, it often attracts lighting.
This factor encourages the
religious aspect of the
pagoda. On the top of
the structure there is
usually a finial, or a
symbolic design, often
religious. Pagodas contain
the original feature of
eaves which are the
edges of a roof protruding
out over the walls of each
level. This is a noticeable
characteristic in Asian
architecture.
Page 31

Angkor Wat
This temple found in
Cambodia is a remarkable
work of architecture for the
sheer fact that it is the
largest temple on Earth.
Unlike many temples found
in
that
region
this
monument has remained
standing since the 12th
century. This structure is an
example
of
Khmer
architecture which focused
primarily
on
religious
temples and buildings while
incorporating specific features such as enclosures. Angkor Wat is comprised
of sandstone which the Khmer architects became more comfortable using
compared to materials such as brick or laterite. The design of this structure is
considered conservative compared to those built before it; however, its
towers and enclosures make it a standout work of architecture. The temple
itself is raised up on a terrace above the city, in fact, each level of the
entire structure is raised
higher than the last. Many
carved decorations can be
seen on the doorways and
entrances into shrines.
Angkor Wat is also well
known for its elaborate
depictions
of
scenes
presented on the walls as
well as a great number of
other designs.

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Architecture
Through the Ages

Glossary
Amphitheater n. an oval or round building with tiers of seats around a central, open

area

Asymmetry n. lack or absence of symmetry in spatial arrangements or in mathematical or logical

relations
Athena n. the Greek goddess of wisdom, fertility, the useful arts, and prudent warfare
Bilateral adj. pertaining to, involving, or affecting two or both sides, factions, parties, or the like
Flying Buttresses n. a form of corner support that transfers lateral forces evenly across

wide area
Gargoyles n. a grotesquely carved figure of a human or animal:
a spout, terminating in a grotesque representation of ahuman or animal figure with o
pen mouth, projecting from the gutter of a building for throwing rainwater clear of a
building.
Gilt n. gold or a substance simulating it, applied in gilding
Granite n. a coarse-grained igneous rock composed chiefly of orthoclase and albite feldspars

and of quartz
Limestone n. Sedimentary rock formed primarily of calcium carbonate, often the

skeletons of small marine organisms.

Mason n. a person whose trade is building with units of various mineral products such as
stones, bricks, cinder blocks or tiles
Metric Ton n. a unit of 1000 kilograms, equivalent to 2204.62 pounds
Pyramidion n. the apex of an obelisk
Pythagorean Triangle n. a triangle with all three sides of integer lengths
Relic n. a surviving memorial of something past
Sandstone n. a common sedimentary rock consisting of sand, usually quartz,

cemented together by various substances, as silica, calcium carbonate, iron oxide, or

clay.
Spartan adj. sternly disciplined and rigorously simple, frugal, or austere
Symmetry n. the correspondence in size, form, and arrangement of parts on opposite sides of a
plane, line, or point; regularity of form or arrangement in terms of like,
r e c i p r o c a l ,
o r
corresponding parts

Page 33

Image Credits
Cover
[Link]
[Link]
Table of Contents
[Link]
Egyptian4
[Link]
- Obelisk5
[Link]
[Link]
- Pyramids6
[Link]
[Link]
- Mud Bricks7
[Link]
[Link]
Greek8
[Link]
- Temples9
[Link]
[Link] [Link]
- Parthenon10
[Link]
[Link]
- Roof Tiles11
[Link]
[Link]
- Columns12
[Link]
[Link]
Gothic13
[Link]
- Venice14
[Link]
[Link]
- Arches15
[Link]
[Link] [Link]/id/11794723
- Ornamentation16
[Link]
[Link]
- Notre Dame17
[Link]
[Link]
Roman18
[Link]
[Link]

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Architecture
Through the Ages

Glossary (cont.)
- Arches and Columns19
[Link]
[Link]
- Aqueducts and Bridges20
[Link]
[Link]
- Dome21
[Link]
[Link]
- Coliseum22
[Link]
[Link]
- Baths23
[Link]
[Link]
baths_of_caracalla_aventino_rome.jpg
Asian24
[Link]
- Temples25
[Link]
[Link]
- Enclosure26
[Link]
[Link]
- Balance27
[Link]
[Link]
- Horizontal Emphasis28
[Link]
[Link]
- Great Wall of China29
[Link]
[Link]
- Taj Mahal30
[Link]
[Link]
- Pagodas31
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
- Angkor Wat32
[Link]
[Link]

Page 35

About the Authors

Arjun Grama lives in Westborough, MA and attends Mass
Academy of Math and Science. He enjoys playing
Ultimate Frisbee with his friends in his free time. When not
with his friends, Arjun likes debating current events and
participating in MUN. In college he plans on receiving a
degree in business, followed by a masters in law.
Ultimately, Arjun desires to go into politics and eventually
enter public office. However, until then he is quite
content with being a teenager.

Haylee Caravalho is finishing her

junior year at Mass Academy of
Math and Science this year after
transferring from West Boylston
High School. Next year she will be
attending freshman classes at WPI during her senior year.
She plans on attending college in fall of 2013 as a
Communications major and Psychology minor. She enjoys
her community service at Flagg Street Elementary School
in Worcester, MA in one of the kindergarten class rooms.
She is part of the National Honor Society as well as the
French National Honor Society. She also
enjoys dance and has been taking
classes for multiple years.

Derrick Harney is a junior from the Mass Academy of Math

and Science who lives in Douglas, MA. He enjoys running and
reading fantasy novels. For his senior year of classes, he will
be attending WPI and hopes to continue his education there
after high school by majoring in either architecture or
aerospace engineering. He hopes to one day work for NASA
to develop the next generation of space travel.

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