"POLEFDN" --- POLE FOUNDATION ANALYSIS PROGRAM

Program Description:
"POLEFDN" is a spreadsheet program written in MS-Excel for the purpose of analysis of a pole foundation
assuming the use of a rigid round pier which is assumed free (unrestrained) at the top and subjected to lateral
and vertical loads. Specifically, the required embedment depth, the maximum moment and shear, the plain
concrete stresses, and the soil bearing pressures are calculated.
This program is a workbook consisting of six (6) worksheets, described as follows:

Worksheet Name

Description

Doc
Pole Fdn (Czerniak)
Pole Fdn (IBC)
Pole Fdn (OAAA)
Granular Soil (Teng)
Cohesive Soil (Teng)

This documentation sheet

Pole foundation analysis for free-top round piers using PCA/Czerniak method
Pole foundation analysis for free-top round piers using IBC 2012 method
Pole foundation analysis for free-top round piers using OAAA method
Pole foundation analysis in granular soil using USS/Teng method
Pole foundation analysis in cohesive soil using USS/Teng method

Program Assumptions and Limitations:

1. Since there is not a universally accepted method for pole foundation analysis, this program offers up five (5)
different methods of determining embedment length for pole foundations. The "Pole Fdn(Czerniak)" worksheet
is the primary method emphasized in this program, since it provides the most detail in overall analysis.
However, it does yield the most conservative embedment depth results of all the methods presented.
2. The references used in the different analysis methods in this program are as follows:
a. "Resistance to Overturning of Single, Short Piles" - by Eli Czerniak
ASCE Journal of the Structural Division, Vol. 83, No. ST2, Paper 1188, March 1957
b. "Design of Concrete Foundation Piers" - by Frank Randall
Portland Cement Association (PCA) - Skokie, IL, May 1968
c. International Building Code (IBC) 2012, Section 1807.3.2.1, pages 403-404
d. Outdoor Advertising Association of America (OAAA) - New York, NY
e. "Tapered Steel Poles - Caisson Foundation Design"
Prepared for United States Steel Corporation by Teng and Associates, July 1969
f. AASHTO Publication LTS-5 - Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway
Signs, Luminaries, and Traffic Signals (Fifth Edition, 2009)
Note: references "a" and "b" refer to the "Pole Fdn(Czerniak)" worksheet, while references "e" and "f" refer
to both the "Granular Soil(Teng)" and "Cohesive Soil(Teng)" worksheets.
3. The "Pole Fdn(Czerniak)" worksheet assumes that the foundation is short, rigid, meeting the criteria that the
foundation embedment length divided by the foundation diameter <= 10.
4. This program will handle both horizontally as well as vertically applied loads. The vertical load may have an
associated eccentricity which results in an additional overturning moment which is always assumed to add
directly to the overturning moment produced by the horizontal load.
5. This program assumes that the top of the pier is at or above the top of the ground surface level.
6. This program assumes that the actual resisting surface is at or below the ground surface level. This accounts
for any weak soil or any soil which may be removed at the top.
7. The "Pole Fdn(Czerniak)" worksheet assumes that the rigid pier rotates about a point located at a distance, 'a',
below the resisting the surface. The maximum shear in pier is assumed to be at that 'a' distance, while the
maximum moment in the pier is assume to be at a distance = 'a/2'.

8. The "Pole Fdn(Czerniak)" worksheet calculates the "plain" (unreinforced) concrete stresses, compression,
tension, and shear in the pier. The respective allowable stresses are also determined based on the strength
(f'c) of the concrete. This is done to determine if steel reinforcing is actually required. However, whether
minimum reinforcing is to be used or not is left up to the user. The allowable tension stress in "plain" concrete
is assumed to be equal to 10% of the value of the allowable compressive stress.
9. The "Pole Fdn(Czerniak)" worksheet calculates the actual soil bearing pressures along the side of the pier at
distances equal to 'a/2' and 'L'. The respective allowable passive pressures at those locations are determined
for comparison. However, it is left up to the user to determine the adequacy.
10. Since all overturning loads are resisted by the passive pressure against the embedment of the pier, this
program assumes that the pier acts in direct end bearing to resist only the vertical loading. The bottom of
pier bearing pressure is calculated, which includes the self-weight of the pier, assumed at 0.150 kcf for the
concrete.

"[Link]" Program
Version 2.3

POLE FOUNDATION ANALYSIS

For Free-Top (Unconstrained) Rigid Round Piers Using Czerniak / PCA Method
Subjected Vertical Load, Horizontal Load, and/or Moment
Job Name:
Subject:
Job Number:
Checker:
Originator:

###
###
###
###
###
###
L/D =
Lt =
Pier Side S
a=
Pc =

Input Data:
Pier Data:
Pier Foundation Diameter, D =
Pier Height Above Soil, h1 =
Concrete Strength, f'c =

Pv=16.5 k

1.500
0.000
4.000

ft.

0.100
30.00
0.000
2.500

kcf

M=8.9 ft-k

ft.
ksi

Ph=1.4 k

Soil Data:

Unit Weight of Soil, =

Angle of Internal Friction, =
Depth to Resisting Surface, h2 =
Allow. Soil Bearing Pressure, Pa =

H=12'

Ground

deg.

Line

h1=0'

ft.

Pier Loadings:
Axial Load, Pv =
Horizontal Load, Ph =
Distance from Ph to Top/Pier, H =
Externally Applied Moment, M =

16.500
1.400
12.000
8.900

Pt(allow) =
h2=0'

ksf

kips

Resisting

kips

Surface

L=11.67'

Af =
Wf =
Pv =
P(bot) =

Pier Shear
Maximum

ft.
ft-kips

Pier

V(max) =
Results:

Maximum

D=1.5'

M(max) =
Pier Embedment and Total Length:
Nomenclature
Ho =
0.93
Ho = Ph/D
kips/ft.
Mo = 17.13 ft-kips/ft.
Mo = (M+Ph*(H+h1+h2))/D
fa =
E = 18.36 ft.
E = Mo/Ho
Kp = TAN^2(45+/2) (passive soil pressure coefficient)
Kp = 3.000
fb =
R = Kp* (passive soil resistance/ft. depth)
R = 0.300 ksf/ft.
L=
11.67
L = solution of cubic equation: L^3-14.14*Ho*L/R-18.85*Mo/R=0
fc =
ft.
L/D =
7.78
L/D <= 10 for valid short, rigid pier analysis
L/D<=10, O.K.
Fc(allow) =
Lt =
11.67
Lt = h1+h2+L (total length)
ft.
ft =
Pier Side Soil Pressures:
Ft(allow) =
a = 8.071 ft.
a = L*(4*E/L+3)/(6*E/L+4) ("pivot" point from top of resisting surface)
Pc = 1.210 ksf
Pc = 1.178*(4*Mo+3*Ho*L)^2/(L^2*(3*Mo+2*Ho*L))
fv =
Pc(allow) =
1.211
Pc(allow) = R*(a/2)
Pc(allow)>=Pc,
Fv(allow)
O.K. =
ksf
Pt = 3.124 ksf
Pt = 9.425*(2*Mo+Ho*L)/L^2
#
Pt(allow) = 3.502 ksf
Pt(allow) = R*L
Pt(allow)>=Pt, O.K.
#
#
Pier End Bearing Pressure:
#
Af
=
*D^2/4
(pier
base
area)
Af =
1.77
#
ft.^2
Wf =
3.09
Wf = (Af*Lt)*0.150 (pier weight)
#
kips
Pv = 19.59 kips
Pv = Pv+Wf (total vertical load)
#
P(bot) = Pv/Af
P(bot) = 11.088 ksf
Pa<P(bot)
#
#
#

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Pier Plain C
Axial Com

Flexural T

Combined

Combined

Shear Str

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(located at distance = a, from top of resisting surface)
#
V(max) = ABS(Ho*D*(1-3*(4*E/L+3)*(a/L)^2+4*(3*E/L+2)*(a/L)^3)
#
#
Maximum Moment:
(located at distance = a/2, from top of resisting surface)
#
M(max) = 26.64 ft-kips
M(max) = Ho*D*L*(E/L+a/2/L-(4*E/L+3)*(a/2/L)^3+(3*E/L+2)*(a/2/L)^4) #
#
Pier Plain Concrete Stresses:
(Plain concrete allowable stresses from ACI 318-02, Chapter 22)
#
Axial Compressive Stress:
#
fa = (Pv+*D^2/4*(h1+h2+a/2)*0.15)/(*(D*12)^2/4)*1000
fa = 69.04 psi
#
#
Flexural Tension/Compression Stress:
#
fb
=
M(max)*12/(*(D*12)^3/32)*1000
fb = 558.42 psi
#
#
( = 0.55 and divide ACI Code USD value by 1.6 for ASD)
Combined Compression Stress:
#
fc = 627.46 psi
fc = fb+fa (compression)
#
Fc(allow) = 0.85**(f'c*1000)/1.6
Fc(allow) = 1168.75 psi
Fc(allow)>=fc, O.K.
#
#
( = 0.55 and divide ACI Code USD value by 1.6 for ASD)
Combined Tension Stress:
#
ft = 489.37 psi
ft = fb-fa (tension)
#
Ft(allow) = 5**SQRT(f'c*1000)/1.6
Ft(allow) = 108.70 psi
Ft(allow)<ft
#
#
Shear Stress:
(divide ACI Code USD value by 1.6 for ASD)
#
fv = V(max)/(*(D*12)^2/4)*1000 (shear)
fv = 18.94 psi
#
Fv(allow) = 52.70 psi
Fv(allow) = 4/3*SQRT(f'c*1000)/1.6
Fv(allow)>=fv, O.K.
#
#
#
Applied Lateral Load and Resistance of Pole/Foundation
Reference: "Resistance to Overturning of Single, Short Piles" - by Eli Czerniak
#
ASCE Journal of the Struct. Div., Vol. 83, No. ST2, Paper 1188, Mar. 1957
#
#
Ph
Pier Shear and Moment:
Maximum Shear:
V(max) =
4.82
kips

Embedment depth, L, is solution of:

L^3-14.14*Ho*L/R-18.85*Mo/R = 0
E

Resisting Surface

#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#

Ground Line
Mo
Ho
a
2

a
L

Pc

R*L

Pt

V(max)

M(max)

#
Applied
Load

Pole/Fdn.
Rotation

Unit Resist.
Available

Pressure
Diagram

Shear
Diagram

Moment
Diagram
#

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Version 2.3

POLE FOUNDATION ANALYSIS

For Free-Top (Unconstrained) Rigid Round Piers Using IBC 2012 Code Method
Subjected Vertical Load, Horizontal Load, and/or Moment
Job Name:
Subject:
Job Number:
Checker:
Originator:

Pe =
Pba =
S1 =
A=
L=
Lt =

Input Data:
Pier Data:
Pier Foundation Diameter, D =
Pier Height Above Soil, h1 =

Pv=3 k

2.500
0.000

Pier End B

ft.

Af =
Wf =
Pv =
P(bot) =

M=0 ft-k

ft.

Ph=10.133 k

Soil Data:

Unit Weight of Soil, =

Angle of Internal Friction, =
Depth to Resisting Surface, h2 =
Allow. Vert. Bearing Pressure, Pa =

0.120
30.00
0.000
4.000

kcf
deg.
ft.
ksf

H=28.625'

Ground
Line

IBC 2012
- Table 1806.2 - Presumptive Lo
h1=0'
h2=0'

Pier Loadings:

(ksf)
###
###
kips
Resisting
###
L=14.85'
ft.
Surface
###
ft-kips
###
Pier
#
#
D=2.5'
Results:
#
Nomenclature
#
Pier Embedment and Total Length:
#
Pe = 10.133 kips
Pe = Ph+(M/(H+h1+h2)) ("equivalent total" horizontal load)
#
Pba = 0.400 ksf
Pba = allowable lateral bearing pressure/ft. below grade (Table 1806.2) #
S1 = 1.980 ksf
S1 = Pba*L/3 (allowable lateral soil pressure at 1/3 embedment depth) #
A = 4.790
A = 2.34*Pe/(S1*D)
#
L = 14.85 ft.
L = 0.5*A*(1+SQRT(1+(4.36*(H+h1+h2)/A)))
(IBC 2012 Eqn. 18.1) #
Lt = 14.85 ft.
Lt = h1+h2+L (total length)
#
#
Pier End Bearing Pressure:
#
Af
=
*D^2/4
(pier
base
area)
Af =
4.91
#
ft.^2
Wf = 10.94 kips
Wf = (Af*Lt)*0.150 (pier weight)
#
Pv = 13.94 kips
Pv = Pv+Wf (total vertical load)
#
P(bot) = Pv/Af
P(bot) = 2.839 ksf
Pa>=P(bot), O.K.
#
#
#
Reference:
2012 International Building Code (IBC), Section 1807.3.2.1, pages 403-404
#
#
#
Comments:
#
#
#
#
#
Axial Load, Pv =
Horizontal Load, Ph =
Distance from Ph to Top/Pier, H =
Externally Applied Moment, M =

3.000
10.133
28.625
0.000

kips

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POLE FOUNDATION ANALYSIS

For Free-Top (Unconstrained) Rigid Round Piers Using OAAA Method
Subjected Vertical Load, Horizontal Load, and/or Moment
Subject:
Checker:
Originator:

Job Name:
Job Number:

Pe =
Kp =
Pp =
S1 =
L=
Lt =

Input Data:
Pier Data:
Pier Foundation Diameter, D =
Pier Height Above Soil, h1 =

Pv=3 k

2.500
0.000

Pier End B

ft.

Af =
Wf =
Pv =
P(bot) =

M=0 ft-k

ft.

Ph=10.133 k

Soil Data:

Unit Weight of Soil, =

Angle of Internal Friction, =
Depth to Resisting Surface, h2 =
Allow. Soil Bearing Pressure, Pa =

0.120
30.00
0.000
4.000

kcf
deg.

H=28.625'

Ground

ft.

Line

h1=0'

ksf

h2=0'

Pier Loadings:
Axial Load, Pv =
Horizontal Load, Ph =
Distance from Ph to Top/Pier, H =
Externally Applied Moment, M =

3.000
10.133
28.625
0.000

kips
kips

Resisting

ft.

Surface

L=15.57'

ft-kips
Pier

D=2.5'

Results:
Nomenclature
Pier Embedment and Total Length:
Pe = 10.133 kips
Pe = Ph+(M/(H+h1+h2)) ("equivalent total" horizontal load)
Kp = TAN^2(45+/2) (passive pressure coefficient)
Kp = 3.000
Pp = Kp**L (passive pressure at bottom of pier)
Pp = 5.604 ksf
S1 = 1.868 ksf
S1 = Pp/3 (passive pressure at 1/3 embedment depth)
L = 15.57 ft.
L = 1.18*Pe/(D*S1)*(1+SQRT(1+1.88*D*S1*(H+h1+h2)/Pe))
Lt = 15.57 ft.
Lt = h1+h2+L (total length)
Pier End Bearing Pressure:
Af =
4.91
ft.^2
Wf =
11.46
kips
Pv = 14.46 kips
P(bot) = 2.946 ksf
Reference:

Af = *D^2/4 (pier base area)

Wf = (Af*Lt)*0.150 (pier weight)
Pv = Pv+Wf (total vertical load)
P(bot) = Pv/Af

Outdoor Advertising Association of America (OAAA) - New York, NY

Comments:

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Pa>=P(bot), O.K.

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Version 2.3

POLE FOUNDATION ANALYSIS

For Free-Top Rigid Round Piers Embedded in Granular Soil Using USS/Teng Method
Subjected Vertical Load, Horizontal Load, and/or Moment
Job Name:
Subject:
Job Number:
Checker:
Originator:

=
Kp =

Pier Embe
Input Data:
Pier Data:
Pier Foundation Diameter, D =
Pier Height Above Soil, h1 =

Ho =
Mo =
Heff =
L=
Lt =

Pv=3 k

2.500
0.000

ft.

M=0 ft-k

ft.

Pier End B

Ph=10.133 k

Soil Data:

Unit Weight of Soil, =

Blows/Foot (Penetrometer), N =
Depth to Resisting Surface, h2 =
Allow. Soil Bearing Pressure, Pa =

0.120
8
0.000
4.000

Af =
Wf =

kcf

H=28.625'

Ground

ft.
ksf

Line

Maximum

h1=0'
h2=0'

Pier Loadings:

y=
#
#
kips
Resisting
#
L=12.17'
ft.
Surface
#
ft-kips
#
Pier
#
#
D=2.5'
#
Nomenclature
#
Results:
#
#
Granular Soil Parameters:
#
= 30.50 deg.
= 28.5+N/4 (angle of internal friction)
#
Kp = TAN(45+/2)^2 (passive soil pressure coefficient)
Kp = 3.061
#
#
Pier Embedment and Total Length:
#
Ho = 20.27 kips
Ho = Ph*OLF
#
Mo = 580.11 ft-kips
Mo = (M+Ph*(H+h1+h2))*OLF
#
Heff = 28.63 ft.
Heff = Mo/Ho
#
L = solution of cubic equation: L^3-2*Ho*L/(Kp**D)-2*Mo/(Kp**D)=0
L = 12.17 ft.
#
Lt = 12.17 ft.
Lt = h1+h2+L (total length)
#
#
Pier End Bearing Pressure:
#
Af = *D^2/4 (pier base area)
Af =
4.91
#
ft.^2
Wf =
8.96
Wf = (Af*Lt)*0.150 (pier weight)
#
kips
Pv =
Pv = Pv+Wf (total vertical load)
11.96
#
kips
P(bot) = Pv/Af
P(bot) = 2.436 ksf
#
Axial Load, Pv =
Horizontal Load, Ph =
Distance from Ph to Top/Pier, H =
Externally Applied Moment, M =
Overload Factor, OLF =

3.000
10.133
28.625
0.000
2.000

kips

Maximum Moment in Pier and Location:

M(max) = Ho*(Heff+0.54*SQRT(Ho/(*D*Kp)))
M(max) = 631.52 ft-kips
y = SQRT(2*Ho/(3**D*Kp)) (below resisting surface)
y=
3.84
ft.

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APPLIED LATERAL LOAD AND RESISTANCE OF POLE/FOUNDATION
Reference: "Tapered Steel Poles - Caisson Foundation Design"
Prepared for United States Steel Corp. by Teng and Assoc., July 1969
Embedment depth, L, is solution of:
L^3-2*Ho/(Kp**D)*L-2*Mo/(Kp**D) = 0
Mo

Ho

R
D

3**Kp*D*L

#
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FOUNDATION IN GRANULAR SOIL

References: 1. "Tapered Steel Poles - Caisson Foundation Design"
Prepared for United States Steel Corporation by Teng and Associates, July 1969
2. AASHTO Publication LTS-5 - Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for
Highway Signs, Luminaries, and Traffic Signals (Fifth Edition, 2009)

Comments:

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POLE FOUNDATION ANALYSIS

For Free-Top Rigid Round Piers Embedded in Cohesive Soil Using USS/Teng Method
Subjected Vertical Load, Horizontal Load, and/or Moment
Job Name:
Subject:
Job Number:
Checker:
Originator:

qu =
c=
q=

Input Data:
Pier Data:
Pier Foundation Diameter, D =
Pier Height Above Soil, h1 =

Ho =
Mo =
Heff =
L =
Lt =

Pv=3 k

2.500
0.000

ft.

M=0 ft-k

ft.

Ph=10.133 k

Soil Data:
Blows/Foot (Penetrometer), N =
Depth to Resisting Surface, h2 =
Allow. Soil Bearing Pressure, Pa =

8
0.000
4.000

Af =
ft.

H=28.625'

Ground

ksf

Line

P(bot) =

h1=0'

Pier Loadings:
Axial Load, Pv =
Horizontal Load, Ph =
Distance from Ph to Top/Pier, H =
Externally Applied Moment, M =
Overload Factor, OLF =

h2=0'

3.000
10.133
28.625
0.000
2.000

M(max) =
y=

kips
kips
ft.

Resisting

ft-kips

Surface

L=15.53'

Pier

D=2.5'

Nomenclature
Results:
Cohesive Soil Parameters:
qu =
2.00
ksf
c=
1.00
ksf
q = 0.901 ft.

qu = N/4 (unconfined compressive strength of soil)

c = qu/2 (shear strength of soil)
q =Ph*OLF/(9*c*D)

Pier Embedment and Total Length:

Ho = 20.27 kips
Ho = Ph*OLF
Mo = 580.11 ft-kips
Mo = (M+Ph*(H+h1+h2))*OLF
Heff = 28.63 ft.
Heff = Mo/Ho
L = 15.53 ft.
L = 1.5*D+q*(1+SQRT(2+(4*Heff+6*D)/q))
Lt = 15.53 ft.
Lt = h1+h2+L (total length)
Pier End Bearing Pressure:
Af =
4.91
ft.^2
Wf =
11.43
kips
Pv = 14.43 kips
P(bot) = 2.940 ksf

Af = *D^2/4 (pier base area)

Wf = (Af*Lt)*0.150 (pier weight)
Pv = Pv+Wf (total vertical load)
P(bot) = Pv/Af

Maximum Moment in Pier and Location:

M(max) = 665.24 ft-kips
M(max) = Ho*(Heff+1.5*D+0.5*q)
y=
4.65
y = 1.5*D+q (below resisting surface)
ft.

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APPLIED LATERAL LOAD AND RESISTANCE OF POLE/FOUNDATION

Reference: "Tapered Steel Poles - Caisson Foundation Design"
Prepared for United States Steel Corp. by Teng and Assoc., July 1969
Embedment depth, L, is solution of:
L = 1.5*D+q*(1+SQRT(2+(4*Heff+6*D)/q))
Mo

Ho
1.5*D

L
H1

H2

9*c*D

9*c*D

FOUNDATION IN COHESIVE SOIL

References: 1. "Tapered Steel Poles - Caisson Foundation Design"
Prepared for United States Steel Corporation by Teng and Associates, July 1969
2. AASHTO Publication LTS-5 - Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for
Highway Signs, Luminaries, and Traffic Signals (Fifth Edition, 2009)

Comments:

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