INTRODUCTION TO THE FRP

STRENGTHENING
GENERAL CONCEPTS AND SIKA SOLUTIONS.

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

MAIN FRP STRENGTHENING MATERIALS
Prefabricated systems

Manual application systems

Sika Carbodur CFRP plates

Sika CarboShear L-shaped plates
Sika Carbodur range for NSM applications
Sika Carbostress post-tensioned CFRP system
Sikadur structural adhesives

SikaWrap fabrics
SikaWrap FX anchorages
SikaWrap Grid FRP meshes
Sikadur structural adhesives

Prefabricated systems represent 80% of the current applications in Europe, as they are usually considered as a safer
system (lower safety factors and less restrictions regarding the unevenness of the concrete surface, ) and higher
efficiency during the installation process.

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

CFRP GUIDELINES
SAFETY FACTORS
FIB BULLETIN 14
FRP SAFETY FACTORS ARE RELATED TO THE TYPE OF FIBER AND
APPLICATION METHOD:

ACI 440 2R-08

FRP SAFETY FACTORS ARE RELATED TO THE TYPE OF FIBER AND
EXPOSURE CONDITIONS

APPLICATION TYPE A

Application of prefab frp under normal quality

control conditions or wet lay-up systems under high
degree of quality control.
CARBON FIBER: / 1,20
ARAMID FIBER: / 1,25
GLASS FIBER: / 1,30
APPLICATION TYPE B

Application of any system under difficult on-site

conditions, or wet lay-up systems under normal
quality control.
CARBON FIBER: / 1,35
ARAMID FIBER: / 1,45
GLASS FIBER: / 1,50

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

INTERIOR EXPOSURE
CARBON FIBER: x 0,95
ARAMID FIBER: x 0,85
GLASS FIBER: x 0,75
EXTERIOR EXPOSURE
CARBON FIBER: x 0,85
ARAMID FIBER: x 0,75
GLASS FIBER: x 0,65
AGRESSIVE ENVIROMENT
CARBON FIBER: x 0,85
ARAMID FIBER: x 0,70
GLASS FIBER: x 0,50

INTRODUCTION
FRP STRAINS: ULTIMATE VS DESIGN

CFRP

Design strain
Glass

Basalt

Aramid

PBO

Carbon

Steel

GLASS
SHEAR : 0,3%-0,6%

CONFINEMENT: 0,5%-0,95%

FLEXURAL: 0,5%-0,9%

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

ARAMID

INTRODUCTION
MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF FRP SYSTEMS
ULTIMATE STRENGTH
5000 Mpa
4000 Mpa
3000 Mpa
2000 Mpa
1000 Mpa

Glass

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

Basalt

Aramid

Carbon

INTRODUCTION
MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF FRP SYSTEMS
E-MODULUS
High-Modulus

500 GPa
400 GPa
300 GPa

Low-Modulus
200 GPa
100 GPa

Glass

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

Basalt

Aramid

Carbon

INTRODUCTION
MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF FRP SYSTEMS
NECESSARY CROSS SECTION TO SUPPLY 100KN (1% STRAIN)

E-MODULUS
CARBON

234 GPa

AREA
42.7 mm2
1x

GLASS

76 GPa

131.6 mm2
3.07x

ARAMID

100 GPa

100 mm2
2.34x

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

INTRODUCTION
MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF FRP SYSTEMS

CARBON FIBER
STIFFNESS
STRUCTURAL
STRENGTHENING
SEISMIC

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

GLASS FIBER
PRICE
MASONRY
STRENGTHENING
SEISMIC

ARAMID FIBER
TENACITY
IMPACT
BLAST MITIGATION

INTRODUCTION
CARBON FIBERS

STRENGTHENING
FIBERS

EPOXY RESIN

Human hair (0,08mm diameter)

Carbon fiber(0,007mm diameter)

FRP COMPOSITE
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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

INTRODUCTION
THE ORIGINS OF THE CARBON FIBER
I havent failed 999 times, Ive found 999 ways not to make the electric light bulb.

The origin of carbon fiber is located in the late 1800s. Famous inventor, Thomas Edison,
developed incipient bamboo-based carbon fibers as filaments for the first light bulbs.
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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

BASIS OF THE PULTRUDED PLATES
Impregnation with thermoset resin
Pulling through heated die
1 CarboDur S512 plate approx. 1.2 Mio fibers
Fibers parallel, fiber volumetric content > 68%
Perfect alignment of the fibers. E-modulus and
strength are optimized and ensured.

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA CARBODUR
INSTALLATION PROCEDURE

Sikadur-30
Primer
Putty
Adhesive

CarboDur CFRP plate

Simple
Fast
Safe
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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA CARBODUR
INSTALLATION PROCEDURE

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

SIKAWRAP DRY APPLICATION

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

SIKAWRAP DRY APPLICATION

Sikadur-330
Primer
Putty
Adhesive

SikaWrap

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

Saturant
Top coat

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

SIKAWRAP WET APPLICATION

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

SIKAWRAP WET APPLICATION

Sikadur-330
Primer
Putty

Sikadur-300
SikaWrap

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

Saturant

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

SIKADUR STRUCTURAL ADHESIVES
1966: Sikadur Adhesive for Segmental Bridge Construction

Viaduc de Chillon, Switzerland

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

SIKADUR30: LONG-TERM DURABILITY
1967:

Sikadurrange developed as steel plate bonding for Structural Strengthening

1970

Long Term Test at EMPA

Sikadur -30 (not finished yet)

Steel: long-term durability is critical as resulting of the risk of corrosion. From 90s, steel plates were
progressively substituted by CFRP systems.

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

SIKADUR30: >40 YEARS CREEP TEST

Steel plate strain

Concrete strain

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

CFRP RANGE DEVELOPMENT
1982: Tests of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Plates for Structural
Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete

Cyclic Load Test

Climatic Test (heat+humidity)

>50 test beams

1989
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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

PhD Thesis H.-P. Kaiser, EMPA, Switzerland

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

FIRST APPLICATION OF SIKA CFRP PLATES

22

1991:

First Application of CFRP plates for Structural Strengthening of a bridge

1991:

Ibach Bridge, Switzerland

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA CFRP PRODUCT RANGE

NATIONAL APPROVALS

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

EUROCODE AND FIB BULLETIN 14

INTRODUCTION TO THE EUROPEAN GUIDELINES

WHAT IS THE EUROCODE

INTRODUCTION
The Eurocodes are a set of harmonized technical rules developed for the structural design
of construction works. The Eurocodes are divided into 58 parts, grouped in 10 packages:

Regarding the reinforced concrete

design, the main packages are:
Eurocode 0: Basis of structural
design
Eurocode 1: Actions on
structures
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

WHAT IS THE EUROCODE

COUNTRIES USING THE EUROCODES
EC is also promoted in:

Northern&South Africa

Russia

Balkan Countries

Asia

Australia&New Zealand

Middle East, etc.

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

WHAT IS THE EUROCODE

SAME EUROCODE FOR ALL THE COUNTRIES?
Eurocodes are supposed to be harmonized technical rules .
Additionally, each country is expected to issue a National Annex to the Eurocodes which
will need referencing for a particular country.
The national annex includes the NDP (Nationaly Determined Parameters). This annex may
modify or limit the original values as shown originally in the Eurocode. The main changes
are related to:

27

Safety factors
Maximum strains
Coefficients
Geometrical limits

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

CFRP GUIDELINES
OVERVIEW

28

FIB Bulletin 14
(2001)

Externally bonded FRP reinforcement for RC structures

ACI 440.2R
(2002, 2003,
2006, 2008)

Guide for the design and construction of externally

bonded frp systems for strengthening concrete structures

Canadian
Standard
Association
(2002)

Design and Construction of Building Components with FibreReinforced Polymers

Concrete Society
(UK)
(2004)

Design Guidance for

Strengthening Concrete Structures Using Fibre Composite Material

CSLLPP Italia
(2009)

Linee guida per la Progettazione, lEsecuzione ed il Collaudo di

Interventi di Rinforzo di strutture di c.a., c.a.p. e murarie mediante
FRP

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

CFRP GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES COMPARISON
FIB BULLETIN 14
YEAR

2001

2008

CONTENT

FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING:

EXTERNALLY BONDED
CONFINEMENT

DUCTILITY ENHACEMENT

PURE AXIAL
SHEAR
TORSION

FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING:
-EXTERNALLY BONDED
-NSM
CONFINEMENT
-DUCTILITY ENHACEMENT
-PURE AXIAL
-AXIAL + BENDING
SHEAR

ADVANTAGES

COMPLETE THEORETICAL BACKGROUND.

FRP KNOW-HOW
PRACTICAL EXECUTION ON SITE
QUALITY CONTROL (PRODUCTION, ON-SITE)
ENVIROMENTAL EFFECTS

PRACTICAL ORIENTATION.
SIMPLIFIED DESIGN METHODS
DESIGN EXAMPLES INCLUDED

COMPLEX CALCULATION PROCEDURES

PEEL-OFF APPROACHS
UNDEFINED CALCULATION PROCEDURES
(CONFINEMENT)
TOO SIMPLIFIED APPROACH (SHEAR
STRENGTHENING)

CONSERVATIVE CALCULATIONS (SAFETY FACTORS

OVERLAP)
TOO SIMPLIFIED APPROACH
PEEL-OFF AND END ANCHORAGE

HANDICAPS

29

ACI 440 2R-08

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

MORE RESTRICTIVE ASPECTS (e.g. FRP strain limits)

CFRP GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES COMPARISON
FIB BULLETIN 14
FRP SAFETY FACTORS ARE RELATED TO THE TYPE OF FIBER AND
APPLICATION METHOD:

ACI 440 2R-08

FRP SAFETY FACTORS ARE RELATED TO THE TYPE OF FIBER AND
EXPOSURE CONDITIONS

APPLICATION TYPE A

Application of prefab frp under normal quality

control conditions or wet lay-up systems under high
degree of quality control.
CARBON FIBER: / 1,20
ARAMID FIBER: / 1,25
GLASS FIBER: / 1,30
APPLICATION TYPE B

Application of any system under difficult on-site

conditions, or wet lay-up systems under normal
quality control.
CARBON FIBER: / 1,35
ARAMID FIBER: / 1,45
GLASS FIBER: / 1,50

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

INTERIOR EXPOSURE
CARBON FIBER: x 0,95
ARAMID FIBER: x 0,85
GLASS FIBER: x 0,75
EXTERIOR EXPOSURE
CARBON FIBER: x 0,85
ARAMID FIBER: x 0,75
GLASS FIBER: x 0,65
AGRESSIVE ENVIROMENT
CARBON FIBER: x 0,85
ARAMID FIBER: x 0,70
GLASS FIBER: x 0,50

LOADS VS STRENGTHS
STATES ACCORDING TO EUROCODE
Any structural member should meet 2 different criteria:
It should not collapse under the expected
combination of loads:

ULS (Ultimate Limit State) check

Even when not collapse is expected, structure must remain

functional for its intended use subject to routine loading,
and as such the structure must not cause occupant
discomfort.

SLS (Serviceability Limit State) check

Different aspects of the structure are checked under different possible load combinations
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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

STRENGTHS

DETERMINATION OF THE STRENGHTS

CONCRETE
Concrete is a very heterogeneous material. Hence, the expected strength for a certain
concrete batch is not completely homogeneous, as many variables affect its performance.
strength: 95% of the samples are expected to show a greater strength. Used for SLS check.
IfCharacteristic
testing different
samples from the same concrete batch, we can expect:
Mean strength: estimated average strength, used for certain verifications

Strength

Design strength = characteristic strength,

divided
by a safety
factor.I This
one is commonly
for ULS calculations
What
strength
must
consider
for theused
calculations?

Mean strength
Characteristic strength
SAFETY FACTOR
Design strength

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

STRENGTH, STRAIN AND STRESS

CONCRETE
The development of the strain in the concrete is not linear. Therefore, a parabola-rectangle stress
block is used for the determination of the strains and stresses.
This method is the most accurate procedure. However, the complexity regarding the determination of
the area, strains distribution and positioning of the parabola difficult the use of simple equations.

Rectangular

Bilinear

Hence, alternative simplified methods are commonly used.

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

DETERMINATION OF THE STRENGHTS

STEEL
Steel is a very homogeneous material, as a consequence of an industrial process. Hence, the
expected strength for a certain steel grade is predictable.
The characteristic strength is taken as the characteristic yielding strain, any additional strength further the yielding
point is not commonly taken in account.

Strength

Design strength = characteristic strength, reduced by a safety factor. Due to the small variability of its properties as a
consequence of the industrialized production, the safety factor is commonly small.

Characteristic strength
SAFETY FACTOR
Design strength

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

STRENGTH, STRAIN AND STRESS

STRAIN IN STEEL
The development of the strain in the concrete is linear until yielding. From that moment, the strength
does not increase any longer.

The yielding point of the steel corresponds to a low strain (0,2-0,3%)

However, the ultimate strain can exceed 10%. Some local regulations limit the strain that can be used
for the calculation, beyond the yielding point.
For example: in Spain, 1% strain is the maximum acceptable for the calculation

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

STRENGTH, STRAIN AND STRESS

SOME DEFINITIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS
CONCRETE

fcm is the MEAN compressive strength of the concrete

fck is the CHARACTERISTIC compressive strength. fcm = fck + 8Mpa according to Eurocode.

The concrete class s defined as Cxx/yy; both figures concern to the characteristic compressive
strengths (cylinder or cubic specimen)

For ULS determination, the design strength fcd. is used. fcd = fck/yc

The crashing of the concrete under compression is reached when the strain equals 0,35%. Its
maximum strength is reached when the strain equals 0.2%.

Concrete contribution to tensile is negligible.
STEEL

fyk is the CHARACTERISTIC yielding strength of the steel.

The concrete grade is defined by this value. Independently from the value, all the steel are
assumed to have 200Gpa as E-modulus.

For ULS determination, the design strength fyd. is used. fyd = fyk/ys

The collapse of the steel under tension does not apply for most of the cases.

Steel bars can be assumed to work under tension or under compression. In case of compression,
a certain diameter and/or a certain confinement (stirrups) degree is necessary to avoid their
buckling and take them in account the bars under compression.
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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

LOADS

LOADS INVOLVED IN A CALCULATION

LOADS IN SIKA SOFTWARE
OK ?
OK
???
???

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

As resulting of a inadequate definition of

the loads, the final quantity of laminates
can show unrealistic values!!!

LOADS INVOLVED IN A CALCULATION

HOW TO CLASSIFY (AND MANAGE) THE LOADS
Most the forces are gravity loads, that can be classified into 2 groups:.
Permanent actions (dead loads, )

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

Variable actions (live loads)

LOADS INVOLVED IN A CALCULATION

COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS
In a real calculation, the determination of
the loads is not simple
ULS
Persistent or transient design situation

Accidental situation

SLS
Characteristic combination

Quasi-permanent combination

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

LOADS INVOLVED IN A CALCULATION

HOW TO CLASSIFY (AND MANAGE) THE LOADS
For a certain element (e.g. a column), we must determinate the expected loads, in order to
design it with the sufficient strength. However, this can result extremely complex
If we analyze the loads within a certain period of time, this is the result:

Variable load

What load must I use to design my column?

Load >

Permanent load

Variable +
permanent

Time >

LOADS INVOLVED IN A CALCULATION

EUROCODE PROCEDURE (SIMPLIFICATION)
Quasi-permanent
load checks
average load
What the engineer
is: 100% permanent load + reduced percentage of variable loads
Characteristic load value with an expected probability not to be exceed during normal use of the structure 100%
permanent load + significant percentage of variable loads
Design load (ULS) = characteristic load increased by a safety factor

Load >

1-The structure does not collapse under this load.

Design load (ULS)

2-The structure does not experiences uncontrolled cracking

or deformation under this situation

SAFETY
FACTOR
Characteristic load (SLS)

3-The deformation of the structural components is limited under

usual loadings

Var. + per. combination

Quasi-permanent load (SLS)
Variable load
Permanent load

Time >
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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

LOADS INVOLVED IN A CALCULATION

COMBINATION OF ACTIONS
Example: load combination under ULS

Gk is the characteristic value of a permanent action

P is the force corresponding to the presstressing
Qk,1 is the characteristic value of the predominant variable
action
Qk,i is the characteristic value of the non-predominant
variable actions
are the safety factors for the acting loads -larger for the
variable (1,50), smaller for the permanent (1,35).
are the reduction factors for the variable actions when
combined

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

x 1,35

x 1,5

x1

x 0,7

LOADS INVOLVED IN A CALCULATION

EXAMPLE
G
(Permanent)

Q1 (variable,
predominant)

10 kN/m2

5 kN/m2

Qi (variable,
non predominant)

3 kN/m2

Sum

18 kN/m2

ULS:
1,35 x 10 kN/m2=
13,5 kN/m2

1,50 x 1 x 5 kN/m2=
7,5 kN/m2

1,50 x 0,7 x 3 kN/m2=

3,15 kN/m2

24,15 kN/m2

0,7 x 3 kN/m2=
2,10 kN/m2

17,10 kN/m2

0,3 x 3 kN/m2=
0,9 kN/m2

12,40 kN/m2

SLS, characteristic combination

10 kN/m2

5 kN/m2

SLS, quasi-permanent combination

10 kN/m2

0,3 x 5 kN/m2=
1,5 kn/m2

Values in blue concern to safety factors. Values in red concern to reduction factors as a consequence of the combination
of loads. Those values are indicated in the Eurocodes. This sample is a simplification, hence the figures and factors do
not correspond to a real situation.
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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

STRENGTHS INVOLVED IN A CALCULATION

LIMITS UNDER ULS
ULS

TARGET: AVOID THE COLLAPSE

Loads are FACTORED (x )
Materialsstrengths are REDUCED (: )

Limit 1: Concrete crush

Limit 3: Max. steel strain (some countries)

Limit 2: CFRP debonding
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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

STRENGTHS INVOLVED IN A CALCULATION

LIMITS UNDER SLS, Q-P LOADS
SLS,q-p

TARGET: AVOID HIGH LEVELS OF CREEP

Real loads combination (no factored)
Real strengths ( no reduction factors)

Creep is taken in account for the calculation

< 0,45 fck

< 0,80 fyk

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

Limit 1: Concrete stress

Limit 2: Tensile steel stress

STRENGTHS INVOLVED IN A CALCULATION

LIMITS UNDER SLS, CHARACTERISTIC LOAD
SLS,k

TARGET: AVOID EXCESSIVE CRACKING AND

DEFORMATION
Real loads combination (no factored)
Real strengths( no reduction factors)

Creep is NOT taken in account for the calculation

< 0,60 fck

< 0,80 fyk

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November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

Limit 1: Concrete stress

Limit 2: Tensile steel stress