STRUCTURAL DESIGN USING
FINITE ELEMENTS
Nam-Ho Kim
INTRODUCTION
FEA: determining the response of a given structure for a
given set of loads and boundary conditions
Geometry, material properties, BCs and loads are well defined
Engineering design: a process of synthesis in which parts
are put together to build a structure that will perform a
given set of functions satisfactorily
Analysis is very systematic and can be taught easily;
design is an iterative process
Creative design: creating a new structure or machine that
does not exist
Adaptive design: modifying an existing design
(evolutionary process)
INTRODUCTION STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Structural design: a procedure to improve or enhance the
performance of a structure by changing its parameters
Performance: a measurable quantity (constraint and goal)
the weight, stiffness or compliance; the fatigue life; noise and
vibration levels; safety
Constraint: As long as the performance satisfies the
criterion, its level is not important
Ex: the maximum stress should be less than the allowable stress
Goal: the performance that the engineer wants to improve
as much as possible
Design variables: system parameters that can be changed
during the design process
Plate thickness, cross-sectional area, shape, etc
EXAMPLE
Design the height h of cantilevered beam with SF = 1.5
E = 2.9104 ksi, w = 2.25 in.
1) Allowable tip deflection Dallowable = 2.5 in. (No need SF)
FE equation after applying BCs
EI
L3
12 6L v2 F
2
6L 4L 2 0
v2
FE solution
v2
4FL
Ewh
,
3
6FL
Ewh
4FL3
Ewh
3
Dallowable
4FL3
EwDallowable
3.66 in
L = 100 in
h
w
F = 2,000 lb
4
EXAMPLE cont.
2) Failure strength = 40 ksi (Need SF)
Supporting moment at the wall
C1
Maximum stress at the wall
max
EI
2
2
6
Lv
4
L
6
Lv
2
L
2 FL
1
1
2
3
L
M h2 6FL
I
wh 2
Height calculation with the factor of safety
6FL
2
SF
wh
6FLSF
w F
4.47 in
FSD EXAMPLE CANTILEVERED BEAM
w = 2.25, h = 3.5 in. Determine new height using FSD
Section modulus and max. stress at the initial design
wh 2 2.25 3.52
Sold
4.594 in3
h
6
6
M
max
43.537 ksi
Sold
2I
New section modulus using stress ratio resizing
Snew Sold
Snew
allowable
wh 2
6
max
4.594
6Snew
43.537
7.5 in3
26.667
4.47 in
L = 100 in
h
w
F = 2,000 lb
DESIGN PARAMETERS
Selecting design variables easy for beam and truss, but
more complicated for plane or 3D solids
Material property design variable
Varying material properties to find the best material
Not common, but useful for designing composite materials
Sizing design variable
Geometric parameters as design (parametric design variable)
Appears as a parameter in FEM
Thickness of plate/shell, cross-sectional geometry of truss/beam,
etc
t
b
b
r
b
r
t
h
h
t
w
7
DESIGN PARAMETERS cont.
Shape design variable
Related to the structures geometry, which does not appear
explicitly as a parameter
Beam cross-section is a geometry, but it appears as a moment of
inertia
Cx, Cy, and r determine the size and location of the hole
Shape design variables change FE mesh
Design variables must be limited so that the hole remains inside of
the plate
Cx
r
Cy
(a) Initial design
Cx
Cy
(b) Perturbed design
8
PARAMETER STUDY SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Parameter study
Effect of a design variable on performance (gradual change of DV)
Cantilevered beam example:
Allowable
stress
Acceptable
region
w (in)
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
h (in)
4.0
4.5
5.0
4.0
4.5
5.0
4.0
4.5
5.0
max (ksi)
37.5
29.6
24.0
30.0
23.7
19.2
25.0
19.8
16.0
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Parameter study becomes too expensive with many DVs
Unable to capture rapid change in performance locally
Design sensitivity analysis computes the rate of
performance change with respect to design variables
Sensitivity analysis calculates gradient of performance for
optimization
Explicit dependence
Analytical relationship exists between performance and DVs
Weight of circular cross-section beam
W (r ) r 2L
Sensitivity w.r.t. r :
dW
2 rL
dr
10
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS cont.
Implicit dependence
Performance depends on DVs through state variable (displacement)
Sensitivity of stress:
d d d q
dr
dq d r
Difficult to calculate, time consuming
Easy to calculate from given expression of stress
How to calculate displacement sensitivity?
Differentiate finite element equation:[K(b )]{ Q } {F(b )}
dQ dF dK
K
Q
db
db
db
[dK/db] and {dF/db} can be evaluated using either their analytical
expression or numerical differentiation
11
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS cont.
Sensitivity equation must be solved for each DV
Sensitivity equation uses the same stiffness matrix with
the original finite element analysis
Consider RHS as a pseudo-force vector
Similar to finite element analysis with multiple load cases
Thus, solving sensitivity equation is very inexpensive using
factorized stiffness matrix
General form of performance
H H q(b ), b
Sensitivity
dH ( q(b ), b ) H
db
b
Implicit dependent term
q const
H
q
Explicit dependent term
b const
dq
db
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FINITE DIFFERENCE SENSITIVITY
Easiest way to compute sensitivity information of the
performance
Calculate performance at two different designs
Forward difference method
dH H (b b ) H (b )
db
b
Central difference method
dH H (b b ) H (b b )
db
2b
Consider FEA as a black-box
Sensitivity computation cost becomes high for many
design variables
N+1 analyses for forward FDM
2N+1 analyses for central FDM
13
FINITE DIFFERENCE SENSITIVITY cont.
Accuracy of finite difference sensitivity
Accurate results can be expected when b approaches zero
For nonlinear performances, a large perturbation yields completely
inaccurate results
Numerical noise becomes dominant for a too-small perturbation
size
(dH/db)4
(dH/db)
3
(dH/db)2
(dH/db)1
b0 b1 b2
b3
b4
b
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EXAMPLE CANTILEVERED BEAM
At optimum design (w=2.25 in, h=4.47 in), calculate
sensitivity of tip displacement w.r.t. h
Exact sensitivity:
dv2
dh
exact
12FL3
Ewh
12 2, 000 1003
7
2.9 10 2.25 4.47
4.118
Differentiate [K]
12 6L 12 6L 0
12
F 6L 4L2 6L 2L2 0 F 12L
dK
db { Q } 4Lh 12 6L
4
h
12
6
L
4
L
12
0
6L 2L2 6L 4L2 6
Pseudo load vector
12
F 12L
dF dK
Q
d
b
d
b
4
h
12
15
EXAMPLE CANTILEVERED BEAM cont.
Sensitivity equation:
12 6L 12 6L dv1 / db 0
12
EI 6L 4L2 6L 2L2 d1 / db 0 F 12L
3 12 6L
4
h
12
6
L
d
v
/
d
b
12
L
2
0
6L 2L2 6L 4L2 d2 / db
Same way of applying BC
EI
L3
12 6L dv2 / db F 12
2 d / db
4
h
0
6
L
4
L
Sensitivity of nodal DOFs
dv2
d2
12FL3
18FL2
4
db
d
b
Ewh
Ewh 3
Same with the exact sensitivity
16
STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION
What Is Design Optimization?
To find the best design parameters that meet the design goal and
satisfies constraints.
Design Parameters: Anything the Designer Can Change
Thickness of a plate
Cross-sectional geometry of a beam or truss
Geometric dimensions
Design Goal: Objective Function
Design criterion that will be minimized (or maximized)
Mass, Stress, Displacement, Natural Frequency, ETC
Constraint: Conditions that the system must satisfy
Stress, Displacement, ETC
Note: Design parameters must affect the design goal and
constraints.
17
OPTIMIZATION FLOW CHART
Physical engineering
problem
Structural modeling
Design parameterization
Performance definition
(cost, constraints)
Structural
model update
Structural analysis
(FEM, BEM, CFD)
Design sensitivity
analysis
Optimized?
No
Yes
Stop
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THREE-STEP PROBLEM FORMULATION
1. Design Parameterization
Clear identification
Independence of designs
t1
t2
2. Objective Function
Must be a function of design parameters
Minimization ( Maximization)
3. Constraint Functions
Inequality constraints
Equality constraints
Equality constraints must be less than the number of design
parameters
19
STANDARD FORM
Standard form of design optimization
minimize f (b)
subject to gi (b) 0, i 1,
,N
hj (b) 0, j 1, , M
bl L bl blU , l 1, , K
b b1 b2
f (b)
g1 (b), , gN (b)
h1 (b), , hM (b)
bK
bL , bU
: Design parameters
: Objective function
: Inequality constraints
: Equality constraints
: Lower and upper bounds
Feasible set: the set of designs that satisfy constraints
S b gi (b) 0, i 1,
N , hj (b) 0, j 1,
M
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