Newtons laws of motion
Momentum:- Momentum of a particle (p) is equal to the mass of the
particle (m) times velocity of the particle (v). So, p = mv
Newton laws of Motion:-
First Law (Law of Inertia): Everybody continues in its state of rest or of
uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled by some external
force to change that state.
Second
Law: The
rate
of
change
of
momentum
of
body
is
directly
proportional to the impressed force and takes place in the direction of
the force.
So, F= dp/dt
This
results
force
acting
body F is
equal
to
the
mass
of
the
body m times acceleration of the body a.
So, F = ma
Third Law:
To Every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
FAB = - FBA
Impulse:- Impulse of a force is defined as the change in momentum
produced by the force and it is equal to the product of force and the
time for which it acts.
So,
J = Ft
= mv mu
Apparent weight of a man inside a lift:-
(a) The lift possesses
zero acceleration (fig-1): W =mg
(b) The lift moving upward with an acceleration a(fig-2):
W = mg + ma
= mg + mg
= 2 mg
(c) The lift moving downward with an accelerationa (fig-3):
W = mg ma
= mg mg
= 0
Inertial mass (mi)- It is defined as the ratio between force F to the
acceleration a a produced in the body.
So, mi = F/a
Note: When the velocity of a body is comparable to the velocity of
light,
inertial
mass
changes
with
velocity
in
accordance
with
following formula,
mi = mi0/(1-v2/c2)
Here mi0 is the rest mass of body, v is the velocity of body and c is
the velocity of light.
Conservation of linear momentum:In an isolated system (no external force), the algebraic sum
of the momentum of bodies, along any straight line, remains constant
and is not changed due to their mutual action and reaction on each
other.
Recoil of gun:- If m is the mass of the bullet, M is the mass of gun
and v is the mass of the bullet, then, velocity of the recoil of
gun
V will be,
Equilibrium of concurrent forces:-
Forces are said to be concurrent if they meet
at a common point. Below figure shows three concurrent forces
,
and
.
Moment of the force = Fd
Here F is the force and d is the distance of line of action.
the
Momentum of a couple (Torque ( )):- Momentum of a couple is equal to
product of force F and the perpendicular distance r between
them.
W =
Here
Work done by a couple: (W)
is the angular displacement.
Connected motion (Pulley problem):-
(a) Driven body moving vertically:Acceleration of the system, a = (M-m/M+m) g
Tension in the string, T = (2Mm/M+m) g
The force on the pulley, F = (4Mm/M+m) g
(b) Driven body moving horizontally:-
Acceleration of the system, a = (M /M+m) g
Tension in the string, T= (Mm/M+m) g
The force on the pulley, F= [2 (Mm) /M+m] g
Here g is the free fall acceleration.
Application of Newtons third law on contact of two block:-
(a) Acceleration, a = F/(m + M)
(b)
(c) Contact force, F12 = (m/m+M) F = F21
Friction:- Whenever a body tends to slide over anothers surface, an opposing force, called
force of friction comes into play. This force acts tangentially to the interface of two bodies.
Static friction:- Static friction is the force of friction between two surfaces so long as there is
no relative motion between them. It is always equal to the applied force. The static frictional
forces are incorporated in the following inequality.
fs sN
The magnitude of static friction fs (static frictional force) has a
maximum value fs,max that is given by,
fs,max
= sN
Here s is the coefficient of kinetic friction and N is the normal
force.
So, coefficient of static friction, s= fs,max /N
Kinetic friction:- Kinetic friction is the force of friction which
comes into play between two surfaces when there is some relative motion
between them. The magnitude of force of kinetic friction fk (kinetic
frictional force) is proportional to the normal force N.
So, fk = k N
Here k is the coefficient of kinetic friction.
Thus, coefficient of kinetic friction, k = fk/N
k ?s
Rolling friction:- Force of friction which comes into play, between
two surfaces, while one is rolling over the other is called rolling
friction. Rolling friction is similar to kinetic friction.
So, fr = r N
Here r is the coefficient of rolling friction and N is the normal force.
Angle of Friction:The angle made by the resultant reaction force with the vertical
(normal reaction) is known as the angle of the friction.
Now,
in the triangle OAB
AB/OB = cot
So, OB = AB/ cot
= AB tan
Or, tan = OB/AB
= f / N
So, tan = f / N = s
Angle of Repose:- It is the angle which an inclined plane makes with
the horizontal so that a body placed over it just begins to slide of
its own accord.
Consider a body of mass m resting on an inclined plane of inclinationq.
The forces acting on the body are shown Ff being the force of friction.
If friction is large enough, the body will not slide down.
along x: mg sin f = 0
(1)
Along y: N mg cos = 0
(2)
i.e. N = mg cos and f = mg sin
Thus,
gives,
mg sin
So,
mg cos
tan
. This signifies, the coefficient of
static friction between the two surfaces, in order
that the body doesnt slide down.
When q is increased, then tan >
r
= tan
-1
. Thus sliding begins, and the angle
. This angle is known as the angle of repose.
Acceleration on a horizontal plane:- a = (F - kN)/m
If
be the acceleration of frame, the pseudo force will be,
(Example: centrifugal force = mv2/r = mr2)
Gravitational mass (mg):mg = F /g
= FG r2/GM
Here, g is the free fall acceleration, FG is the gravitational force and G is the gravitational constant.
