M o ti v a ti o n
Motivation
Cohen (1990) motivation is something that drives people to do what they do.
Definnition
Motivation is defined as conditions within the organism which arouse, maintain and direct
behaviour towards a specific goal.
oneself. Extrinsic is when the external forces, positive or negative, produce a behavioral
change.
Definition of Motivation of the Extrinsic Kind
Extrinsic motivation would include circumstances, situations, rewards or punishment, both
tangible and intangible that participation in results in an external benefit.
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In public speaking motivation is defined as communicating to an internal force that actuates
a behavioral pattern, thought process, action or reaction. Negative forces or positive forces
can act as actuators.
Motivational thoughts
A winner never quits and a quitter never wins, is a valuable application in every
type of situation.
Intrinsic or Extrinsic
These forces can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic is when the force comes from within
Tangible benefits could include monetary reward or a prize. Intangible could include things
like adoration, recognition, and praise.
Definition of Motivation of the Intrinsic Kind
Intrinsic motivation would include involvement in behavioral pattern, thought
process, action, activity or reaction for its own sake and without an obvious external
incentive for doing so. A hobby is an example.
If you are desirous of mastering public speaking for the sake of mastery and not any
reward, you have experienced intrinsic motivation.
Types of Motives
There are three kinds of motives-
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M o ti v a ti o n Page |2
Sources of Motivational Needs
increase/decrease stimulation (arousal)
activate senses (taste, touch, smell, etc)
Biological
decrease hunger, thirst, discomfort, etc.
maintain homeostasis, balance
increase/decrease affective dissonance
increase feeling good
Affective decrease feeling bad
increase security of threats or of self-esteem
maintain levels of optimism and enthusiasm
maintain attention to something interesting or threatening
develop meaning or understanding
increase/decrease cognitive disequilibrium; uncertainty
Cognitive
solve a problem or make a decision
figure something out
eliminate threat or risk
meet individually developed/selected goal
obtain personal dream
Conative take control of one's life
eliminate threats to meeting goal, obtaining dream
reduce others' control of one's life
elicited by stimulus associated/connected to innately connected stimulus
Behavioral obtain desired, pleasant consequences (rewards)
imitate positive models
understand purpose of one's life
Spiritual
connect self to ultimate unknowns
Theories of Motivation
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs motivational model
Abraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of Needs model in 1940-50's USA, and the
Hierarchy of Needs theory remains valid today for understanding human motivation,
management training, and personal development.
1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.
3. Belongingness and Love needs - work group, family, affection, relationships, etc.
Vince Augustine/Psychology/motivation
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M o ti v a ti o n
4. Esteem needs - self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance,
prestige, managerial responsibility, etc.
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McClelland’s Need for Achievement Theory (Theory of needs)
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5. Self-Actualization needs - realising personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal
growth and peak experiences
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs ca be represented with a model.
puta tion
This theory was developed by David McClelland and his associates. The theory focuses on
the three needs : achievement, power, and affiliation.
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Two factor theory
It is also called motivation-hygiene theory. This theory was proposed by Frederick Herzberg. A theory
that relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction, while associating extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction.
Motivation and Nurse
The nurse has to remember that motives are at work in the lives of the patients, colleagues
and her own daily relationships.
Understanding own motives and motives of the patient will help the nurse to improve the
nurse patient relationship.
Nurse should understand the need for satisfaction of the primary needs. Eg. Need for proper
food and water, non-polluted fresh air, rooms should not so congested etc.
The knowledge of motivation will help her to understand herself and others especially
patients.
She should understand that the history shared by the patient is completely confidential.
She should correlate the psychological factors with the age of the patient and understand that
each and every age group is different.
A nursing superintendent must reward the good nursing care given by staff nurse so that she
is motivated to work harder.
Vince Augustine/Psychology/motivation
