Quality and Safety of Animal Feed

in India

D. S. UPPAL, S. M. ILYAS & S. S. Sikka*

Central Institute of Post harvest Engineering & Technology

(ICAR), Ludhiana (INDIA)
*Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (INDIA)
Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Feed quality

Feed quality has been defined as any of the features that

makes something what it is and the degree of
excellence which a thing possesses. A quality feed
would supply all nutrients in adequate quantity and high
digestibility and ingestibility.

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

In India the quality control is regulated by to a statuary body Bureau of

Indian Standards (BIS). It was established under BIS Act, 1986.
Earlier , Indian standards Institute was regulating the quality
control of various commodities. The objectives for the set up of BIS
are as follows:

1.

Harmonious development of the activities for standardization of

various feed commodities.

2.

Marking

3.

Quality certification of goods

4.

Attending to the connected methods

Bureau has set up subcommittees for the standardization of different

types of commodities. A sub-committee on animal feeds called
Animal Feeds Sectional Committee has been specifically set up to
check the quality of animal feeds and feed ingredients.
Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

The members of animal feeds sectional committee are the

eminent nutritionist taken from the :
1.

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) institutes

2.

State Agricultural Universities

3.

Feed Industry

4.
5.

Government departments having specialization in Animal

Nutrition
Feed Technologist concerned with Animal Husbandry Activities.

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

The objectives to constitute the sectional committees are:

To describe the feeds accurately

To lay down standards on feed ingredients

To lay down standards for compounded feed formulations

and mineral mixtures for cattle, poultry, pigs, laboratory
animals, etc.

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Development of Feed Industry in India

Feed industry came into existence in India in 1961 with the
establishment of a feed plant in Ludhiana, India. Compound
Livestock Feed Manufacturers Association (CLFMA) was
formed. It is the sole, national, representative body of
compound animal feed manufactures in India. It has about
115 members in the public, private and cooperative sectors
with about 150 small, medium and large scale feed mills all
over the country producing, nearly three million tones of
compound feed per annum. The installed capacity of
CLFMA members put together is around 6 million tones
and capacity utilization is about 50 % ( CLFMA), 1998).
Compound feed also produced by other feed manufactures
(Non members of CLFMA) and farmers directly and this
comes to around four million tones.
Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Production of feed ingredients in India (2000-2001)

Commodity

Production
Million tons

Remarks

Maize

10.2

Sorghum

9.3

Rice bran, deoiled

2.95

Maize is an important cereal in

animal feeds. About 4.7 million
tonnes is used in animal feeds, 3.5
million tonnes in the starch industry
and 2.5 million tonnes for human
consumption.

Soybean meal

3.86

Peanut meal

2.65

Rapeseed meal

3.7

Sunflower meal

0.53

Cottonseed cake

3.87

Soybean meal is most popular for

animal feed.

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Ingredients commonly used in animal feeds

Maize, Sorghum, Bajra (millet)

Soybean meal

Horse gram chuni

Rice bran, Wheat bran

Groundnut (Peanut)
meal

Black gram chuni

Rice bran extractions

Rapeseed meal,
Sesame meal

Pigeon Pea Chuni

Tapioca

Sunflower meal,
Cottonseed meal

Molasses

Copra meal, Guar

meal

Di calcium phosphate
(DCP)

Meat meal, Meatcum-bone meal

Bone origin

Fish meal

Mineral based

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Quality Control of feed ingredients

Ingredient Quality
(Qualitative)

Physical characteristics (analysts skills): Color,

Texture, Odor and Taste, Particle size (screen analysis),
shape, evidence of wetting, Adulteration, damage and
deterioration, bulk density storage, pests, faecal
material, hairs etc, spot chemical tests.,

Ingredient Quality
(Quantitative)

Chemical analysis: Moisture, CP, CF, EE, NFE, ash,

Acid insoluble ash (silica or sand), salts, free fatty
acids, biogenic amins urea, and NPN, amino acids.
Anti-nutritional factor:
Extrinsic (contaminants): mycotoxins,
weeds,
insecticide, herbicides, fungicides
Intrinsic:
allergins,
lectins,
phytoestrogens,
glucosinolates (rape seed), saponins, tannins, ricin,
sinapine, gossypol, (cotton seed cake), lipoxygenase,
trypsin inhibitor, urea.
Decomposition and rancidity test: acid value, peroxide
value, etc.
Protein quality: protein solubility or dispersibility,
Nitrogen solubility, mailard reaction product, dye
binding, pepsin digestibility, amino acid digestibility.

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Quality Evaluation of Feeds

The feeds are usually subject to following three types of tests
Physical
Chemical
Biological

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Physical Evaluation:
Colour : Any change in the colour of the feed ingredients gives an indication of
the maturity of the grain, storage conditions, presence of toxins,
contamination due to sand, possible use of insecticides/fungicides which
gives dull and dusty appearance.

Size :

Size of the grains govern its energy value due to the proportional
decrease/ increase in seed and its coat. Smaller the grain lower will be the
ME value.

Homogeneity: The presence of contaminants like other grains, husks broken

grains, weed seeds, infested seeds.

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Smell: Smell is the next best indicator

Taste: Each ingredient has a different taste, any change in the taste like
bitterness in the grains, soya, sunflower oil meal and groundnut cake
indicates the presence of mycotoxins.

Touch: Feeling the raw material will indicate the dryness and moisture content
and clumpy ness.

Sound: Dry grains on pouring down or biting will produce sound of spilling
coins.

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Adulterant and Contaminants

Physical Methods to Detect Adulteration or Contamination
The Common contaminant or adulterant is husk or sand.
Winnowing is the best method to detect husk in the
feedstuff. Sieving can be done to differentiate
contaminants based on particle size. To detect for the
presence of sand a weighed quantity of the grain is
soaked in water then by sieving with hand the grains can
be separated. The remaining water if decanted the settled
sand can be weighed and the level of contamination can
be assessed.

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Common Adulterants of Different Feed Ingredients.

Feed ingredient

Adulterant

Groundnut cake

Groundnut husk; urea, non-edible oil cakes

Mustard cake

Argimona maxicana seeds, fibrous feed ingredients,

urea.
Urea, raw soybean

Soybean meal
Deoiled rice bran, wheat
bran
Fish meal

Ground rice husk, saw dust.

Mineral mixture

Common salt, marble powder, sand, lime stone

Molasses

Water

Maize

Cobs

Rice kani

Marble, grit

Common salt, urea, sand

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Chemical Evaluation

An analytical laboratory for the precise estimation of nutrient contents and

contaminants is of utmost importance.

Analyse the feeds for proximate principles. This indicates possible constraints
on usage due to the presence of excessive content of crude fiber, fat or total
ash. Low CP and high CF of oil seed meals is indicative of adulteration with
fibrous material. The high CF alone is indicative of adulteration with urea
and or some inferior quality oil seed meals like mahua, castor or karanja cake.

The amount of acid insoluble ash is a good guide to the amount of sand or
other dirt which may be present. The fish meals are usually adulterated with
sand during drying process.

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Ingredient Specifications
Ingredient specifications are essential in a feed quality assurance program.
Specifications serve as the basis from which purchasing agreements are written,
feed/rations are formulated and ingredient inspections are performed. Ingredient
description and general nutritional specifications may be found in BIS
specifications for feeds and feed ingredients in India.

Mahua cake : To water extract of the test feed add conc. H2SO4: Violet or
pink colour indicate the presence of mahua cake.

Argimona seeds: To water extract of test feed add conc. HNO3. Appearance
of Brown-reddish colour indicates the presence of argimona seeds.

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Detection of caster cake in feedstuffs or edible oil cakes, BIS

has specified the cake methods of analysis of castor cake,
linseed meal, neem seed cake, cotton seed cake

Detection of Neem Seed Cake in feedstuff and edible oil cakes

Detection of Linseed meal in Animal Feeds

Detection of unextracted cotton seed cake in Animal Feeds

Detection of common salt ( Sodium Chloride)

Detection of urea

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Measurement of Quality of Soybean Meal

Quality of Soybean meal is tested for the presence of two
antinutritional
factors
trypsin
inhibitors
and
haemagglutinins, which depress the utilization of proteins
and for urease activity, an indicator of level of cooking or
processing applied during the preparation of soybean meal.
Both the urease enzyme and trypsin inhibitor are
denatured at the same rate. Due to easier assay of urease
enzyme it is accepted by the feed industry worldwide

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Interpretation :
Visual Examination of Soybean Meal when Treated with Urea-phenol
Red Solution*:

Not visible
red colour
Few scattered
red particles
Approximately
25% or red particles
Approximately
50% or more red particles

Urease
Activity
Inactive

Approximate
range of urease
0.00

Assessment

Slightly
active
Moderately active

0.05 - 0.10
0.20

properly
cooked
properly
cooked

Very active

Above 0.20

overcooked

Under
cooked

*Urea - phenol red solution is made as follows. Dissolve 0.14g of phenol red in 7 ml
0.IN NaOH and 35 ml distilled water. Dissolve 21g of urea in 300 ml distilled water.
Mix these two solutions together and titrate to amber colour with 0.IN H2SO4'

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Important mycotoxins in foods and feeds

The important mycotoxins in foods and feeds are as follows:
Mycotoxins
Aflatoxins* (Most ubiquitous)
and Cyclopiazonic acid
Ochratoxin* and Citrinin
T-2 toxin* and Diacetoxyscripenol

Nature of toxin

(Hepatotoxins, Immunosuppression)
(Nephrotoxins, Gout)
(Mouth lesions, Loss of appetie, Skin
and Gastro-intestinal irritation)
Fumonisins* and Moniliformin
(neurological disorder, Liver damage)
Vomitoxin* and Fusaric acid
(Feed refusal, Dermatotoxins)
Zearalenone*
(Estrogenic and Reproductive
disorders)
*Mycotoxins to occur in feed stuffs significantly
Important mycotoxins in forages
Ergot alkaloids
Sporidesmin
Fescue toxin
Tremorgens

Patulin, Vomitoxin

Zearalenone

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Maximum Permissible Levels of Aflatoxin as Stated by

Different agencies
Food/Feed
Maximum level
USA
Dairy feed, feed for immature animals
100 ppb
Feed for breeding cattle, swine or
100 ppb
mature poultry
Feed for finishing swine
Feed for feedlot beef cattle
BIS
Feeds for poultry
Feeds for ducks
ICAR, New Delhi
Feeds for chicks
Feeds for broilers
Feeds for layers
Feeds for breeding stock

200 ppb
300 ppb
20 ppb
3 ppb
150 ppb
400 ppb
900 ppb
300 ppb

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Effects on health and production performance

The physical or apparent effects of mycotoxins range from reduced feed intake and
poor conversion ration to a general inability of an animal to thrive. Symptoms vary
toxin to toxin as shown below:
Aflatoxin
T-2 toxin
Ochratoxins

Vomitoxin
refusal factor)
Zearalenone
Fmonisins
Ergot alkaloids

Damages liver and causes growth suppression.

Oral lesions in poultry
Kidney damage
Poultry and pigs are prone to ochratoxin, whereas dairy
animals can tolerant it even at higher levels because of
its biotransformation by ruminal microbes.
(feed Affect mainly pigs and other animal
Affects the reproductive organs in pigs, dairy cattle and
poultry
Cause nervous disorders in horses
Produce nervous system disorders and necrosis of legs
and tail in livestock

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Control of mycotoxins
The most effective methods of neutralizing mycotoxins already in feed is by
binding them to an inert compound before they can be absorbed from the
intestines. The ideal features of a good mycotoxin binder are:

Ability to bind a wide range of mycotoxins

Low effective inclusion rate in feed

Rapid and uniform dispersion in the feed during mixing

Heat stability during pelleting, extrusion, and during storage

No affinity for vitamins, minerals or other nutrients

High stability over a wide pH range and

Bio-degradability after excretion

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

The most appropriate practices for mycotoxin control are:

1.

Prevention of fungal growth on crops in the field, at harvest time,

during storage of feedstuffs and processing of feed.

2.

Not when production is at its lowest but at the time of purchase

of raw materials, storage, etc., so that mycotoxin levels can be
limited to a minimum

3.

Good feed can become contaminated with mycotoxins in

livestock and poultry sheds. This can be avoided with proper
management practices.

4. Application of appropriate mycotoxins binder in order to achieve

good productivity and economy.

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Safe level of mycotoxins in foods and feeds

Strictly speaking, there is no safe level. The risk directly

depends on the level of the major mycotoxins and also on the
presence and levels of other mycotoxins in feeds. What is a
safe level in one farm may not be safe in another because of
difference in mange mental conditions and disease prevalence.
Some factors that affect the mycotoxins toxicity are:
interaction of mycotoxins with pathogens, genetic variability,
environmental conditions (high temperature, humidity,
ammonia, etc.), sex difference and nutritional status of the
poultry and livestock.

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Dioxins Contamination in Animal Feed

Dioxins are highly toxic. Even minute amounts of dioxin cause
damage to the nervous system and liver, apart from causing cancer.
They can cause birth defects as well as mimic hormones that
disrupt reproduction and human development. Dioxins released into
the environment reach the food chain and get accumulated in fat.
By far the greatest exposure to dioxin (over 90%) is from food.
These include fish meal, fish oil, recovered vegetable oil, grease
and many byproducts from the food industry, bleaching earths and
kaolintic clays, milk products. When these are included in animal
rations dioxins get concentrated in animal products.

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Microscopic Evaluation of Animal Feed

Feed microscopy is commonly used for confirming the adulteration and
identifying the adulterants ( AOAC, 1970). Feed ingredients, adulterants and
contaminants must be studied under low and high magnification for
distinguishing features whether coarsely or finely ground. At physical
characteristics such as shape, color, and particle size, softness, hardness, and
texture of the feeds are examined at low magnification of 8x to 50x. It is useful
method to identify impurities/contaminants and evaluating the quality of feed
ingredients. It also serves as a useful method for identifying missing
ingredients in finished feed.

The plant cells and structural features of the feeds are observed at high
magnification of 100xto 500x since there characters are retained after grinding
or even after powdering the feed ingredients..

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Precise characteristics on Microscopic Identification

Crab Products
Fish Products
Shrimp Meal
Squid Products
Blood Meal
Meat Meal and Meat and Bone Meal

Peanut Meal
Sunflower Meal
Rapeseed Meal
Sesame Meal
Cottonseed Meal
Copra Meal

Soybean Meal

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Detailed microscopic observations for fish meal and rice polish are given
below:
FISH MEAL
a.
Muscle fiber:
Fiber bundles which separate under pressure,
yellowish to brown colour and greasy.
b.
Scales :
Transparent, round with concentric rings, flat or
curled.
1
c.
Sand :
Granular, crystalline or bead, like. Light brown to
translucent, do not break under pressure.
1
d.
Urea :
Shiny, needle like crystalline appearance craks on
pressure.
1
e.
Meat meal :
Dark brown to black, chunky with bone pieces
appearing as gray to white.
f.
Salt1:
When treated with 0.1N Silver nitrate solution it turns
into white precipitate.
RICE POLISH:
a.
Polishings :
Yellowish to light brown, greasy, curly, thin and small
flakes
b.
Grain pieces :
White translucent
1
c.
Husk :
Scaly with longituditional Striations and yellowish.
Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Improvement in the quality of feed

Choosing the best quality raw materials available
Fortifying the nutrient content of the diet with
commercially available nutrients i.e. amino acids,
mineral supplements, vitamins etc.
Using additives to enhance the availability of the
nutrients e.g enzymes

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Suitability of stored and damaged cereals for livestock feeding:

In India the food grains produced are usually stored in bulk by the Govt. Agencies
(FCI and CWC), and to some extent by the farmers. Food grains during storage
undergo certain physical, chemical and biological changes due to the presence of
enzymes and biochemicals itself and the enzymes produced by the insects pests
and microbes or due to some other factors. These changes may deteriorate the
quality of the grains. Usually the following changes occur in the food grains
during harvesting, handling, transportation and storage:

A.

Physical changes

B.

Chemical changes

C.

Biological changes

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Physical changes :
The sound and healthy grains are shining with
good luster and show hardness. The various
physical changes the grains undergo during
storage are, dull colour, musty odour, bores in
grains, sprouting of seeds, damaged kernels due
to bad weather conditions.

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Chemical changes:
Cereals are characterized by relatively low protein and high
carbohydrate contents contained in kernel. The germ is rich in proteins,
fats, sugars and minerals whereas the endo-sperm is low in protein, fat
and ash contents.
The various chemical changes that occur during storage are due to
increased activity of endogenous and exogenous enzymes which are
respon-sible for quantitative and qualitative changes in carbohydrates,
proteins and fats of the cereals in addition to colour, flavour and texture

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Carbohydrates:
In India, the temperature and relative humidity varried greatly
( Temp: 6-45 C ; R.H: 22-100%) during storage which causes
biochemical and physical changes in grains such as bursting
and gelatinisation of starch and depending upon the moisture
content. Amylases hydrolyse the starch into dextrose and
maltose and significantly increase the content of reducing
sugars during storage.
Storage of wheat above 12 % moisture increased sucrose,
glucose,fructose and rafinose contents. The storage of cereals at
high moisture content also produces sour odour due to the
production of alcohols and acetic acid.

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Proteins :
The high temperature and production of chemicals in grains during
storage denature the proteins and make them less dispersable in
water, deteriorates the gluten quality and increase the free amino
acids contents.
The formation of certain sulphur containing amino acids impart
bad odour. The free amino acids may also undergo maillard
reaction combining with the reducing sugars giving browning of
the grains. The type of deterioration is possible at temperature
above 200 C and at RH between 60-70 percent.

Lipids :
Oxidation of lipids especially the unsaturated fatty acids results
in typical rancid flavours, odour and taste. Hydrolysis of lipids
also increase the fatty acid (FFA) contents which is considered as
a sensitive index for the grain deterioration.

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Biological changes : Infestation of weevils, insects, microbes and

sprouting affect the nutrient composition of the cereals, through various
metabolic reactions occurring in the seed by the enzymes produced.

Insecticides and pesticides Residues: To control the infestation of

insects ,pests and rodents in the food grains, several insecticides, pesticides
and rodenticides are used. The residues of these chemicals must be within the
prescribed limits as per the Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) Act.

Contaminants: The food grains are usually contaminated with foreign

material viz stones, chaffs, poisonous weeds, excreta of insects, pests, rodents
etc. which gives poor look to the grains. The limits of weed presence, uric
acid and insect excreta described by the Govt. Of India (FCI) for the stored
food grains.

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Categorization of food grains:

On the basis of damage to the kernels, infestation of insects, pests, FCI has given
the following categories of different grains.

Category

Weevilled/germ wheat

A
B
C
D

Up to 1
1-4
4-7
7-10

eaten/touched
Paddy*
5
5-10
10-15
15-20

grains % Maize
5
5-10
10-15
15-20

*Basis of categorization is same except the incorporating designation to

indicate the intensity of slightly damaged/discoloured kernels and
designation are represented as 1,2,3,&4

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Use of damaged food grains for feed:

As per the quality control manual of FCI the damaged food grains are classified
into five categories for their disposal which may be declared fit for consumption
by the livestock/poultry birds.

Class

Feed-1
Feed-2
Feed-3
Manure
Dumping

Sound/slightly
damaged/touched & broken
grains %
70-85
55-70
30-55
10-30
4-10

Category for which

declared fit
Poultry
Cattle
Industrial
Manure
Dumping

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

BIS specification for cattle feed

Characteristics
Moisture Max%
Crude Protein Min%
Ether Extract Min%
Crude Fiber Max%
AIA Max%
Salt max% (as NaCI)
Calcium Min% (as
Ca)
Available Phosphorus
Vitamin A (IU/Kg)

Cattle
(type 1)
11
22
3.0
7
3
2.0
0.5

Cattle
(type 2)
11
20
2.5
12
4
2.0
0.5

Calf
Starter
10
23-26
4.0
7
2.5
-

Calf
Grower
10
22-25
4.0
10
3.5
-

0.5
5000

0.5
5000

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Feed Requirement of Cow weighing 400kg and

yielding 10kg of milk of 4.5% FAT

Maintenance
Production
96g CP/kg
343 g TDN/kg
1.32 Mcal/kg
2.8g Ca/kg
1.7 g P/kg
Total

DM CP TDN
ME
Ca
(kg) (kg) (kg) (Mcal) (g)
12.5 0.32 3.10 12.01
16

12.5

P
(g)
11

0.96

3.43

13.20

28

17

1.28

6.53

25.21

44

28

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

BIS specification for mineral mixture (BIS)

Characteristics
Moisture Max %
Calcium Max%
Phosphorus min%
Magnesium Min%
Sulpher Max%
Salt Min%
Zinc Min%
Iron Min%
Iodine (as KI) Min%
Copper Min%
Man ganese Min%
Cobalt Min%
Flourine Max%
Total Ash%
AIA%
Organic Impurities

Cattle
05
16
09
04
1.4
22
0.3
0.3
0.02
0.078
0.1
0.009
0.05
75.0-82.0
3.0
Nil

Sheep & goat

5
30
14
0.13
0.2
0.55
0.35
0.03
0.08
0.008
0.03
78-85
3.0
Nil

Poultry
03
30
9
0.4
0.4
2000 ppm
0.01%
500 ppm
0.05
3.0
Nil

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Ration Schedule
Quantity
Ingredients

Miltch
animals

Bullocks

Calves

Upto
8

Upto
8

2-7

1/2

12

1/4

Mineral mixture (g)

30

30

10-20

Urea (g)

30

30

10-20

Wheat Straw/paddy straw/grass

hay/bagasse/pulse straw/oilseed
straw/ground-husk (kg)
Local tree leaves or green leaves of
sugarcane/neem/pipa/ acacia / bamboo
/kachnar/pakar/ sheesham /banyan/
mango/ jaman (kg)
Concentrate mixture (kg)

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Indian Standards of Poultry Feeds ( IS: 1374: 1992)

Types of feeds : 6
Boilers starter feed, Finisher Feed, chick feed, Growing
Chicken feed, Laying chicken feed, Breeder laying feed
Description:The feed shall be free from rancidity, musty odor,
toxic ingredients, adulterants, moulds and insects
infestations
Packaging: The feed shall be packed in clean, dry and sound,
plain or polyethylene lines jute or laminated paper bags.
Aflatoxins : The Aflatoxins content of poultry feed should not
exceed 500ppb
Marking: Each bag should suitably mark so as to give the all
the information of the feed: name, type, net mass
batch, manufacturing year and date etc.
Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

BIS specification for poultry feed

Characteristics

Broiler
Starter

Broiler
Finisher
Feed

Chick
feed

Growing
Chicken
Feed

Laying
chicken
Feed

Breeder
Layer
Feed

Moisture Max%

11

11

11

11

11

11

Crude Protein
Min%

23

20

20

16

18

18

Crude Fibre Max%

AIA Max%

Salt Max% as
NaCI

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

Calcium Min% (as

Ca)

1.2

1.2

Available P Min%

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Vitamin A (IU/kg)

6000

6000

6000

6000

8000

8000

ME Min%
(Kcal/kg)

2800

2900

2600

2500

2600

2600

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

BIS specification for pig

Characteristics
Moisture Max%
Crude Protein Min%
Crude Fibre Max%
AIA Max%
Ether extract Min%
Vitamin A (IU/kg)
Calcium, g/Kg
Phosphorus, g/Kg

Starter
11
20
5
4
2.0
1700
6
6

Pig feed
Growth
11
18
6
4
2.0
1300
6
4

Breeding
11
16
8
4
2.0
1300
6
5

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Proximate composition and nutritive value of

Indian fodder commonly used
CP

CF

NFE

EE

DCP

TDN

ASH

Ca

16

26

36

2.4

13

59

20

1.7

0.33

Lucerne

20

30

35

1.8

16

58

14

2.0

0.32

Bajra

32

49

1.5

59

11

Maize

36

47

2.1

68

0.52

0.28

Oat

10

27

51

2.2

70

11

Sorghum

32

50

1.7

54

Guinea Grass

38

37

1.2

65

16

0.51

0.39

Senji

16

32

42

3.2

13

64

10

1.4

0.18

Rice straw

36

44

.9

00

42

17

0.3

0.11

Wheat straw

38

47

00

42

11

.8

0.15

Sugarcane tops

37

50

1.5

00

46

0.41

Berseem
(Trifolium alexandrium)

(Penisetum typhoides)

(Melilotus indica)

0.20

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology( ICAR), Ludhiana, India