LN auld SeATHENAZE An Introduction to Ancient Greek Maurice Balme and Gilbert Lawall New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2003‘Oxford University Press Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dares Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kwala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi S4o Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright © 2003 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York, 10016 hitp://[Link], ‘Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. ISBN-13. 978-0-19-514957-9 ISBN 0-19-514957-2 imting number: 987 65 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paperCONTENTS INTRODUCTION vii Ww 18 19 Readings H EMIAAYPOE (a) 2 L Healing Sanctuaries: Aaclepius and Epidaurus 8 H BIMAAYPOE (8) 10 2. 0) MEPEAI TAL AQHNAE AEYTEPON ALPOYEIN 15 Classical Greek: Miracle Cures 16 New Testament Greek: John 1.1-2: The Beginning of the Gospel 17 John 1.14: The Incarnation 17 John 1.29: John the Baptist Beholds Jesus 17 O AZKAHMIOE (@) 18 1 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (112) 20 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (116) 21 Sparta and Corinth 24 O AEKAHTIIOE (B) 26 2 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (29) 32 HEN TAIZ MIAATAIAIE NIKH 32 Classical Greek: Miracle Cures 34 New Testament Greek: John 1.32, 33, and 49: Pronouncements about Jesus 35 O NOSTOE (a) 36 2 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (41) 41 Mycenae 42 Classical Greek: Theognis 45 © NOETOE (B) 46 3. Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (27) 50 4 Ol EAAHNEE TOYZ IIEPEAE KATA @AAATTAN AEYTEPON NIKQXIN 52 New Testament Greek: John 2.1-8: The Wedding at Cana 55 Grammar The Passive Voice: -On- 1st Aorist Passive and -6n- lat Future Passive 4 The Passive Voice: -n- 2nd Aorist Passive and -n- 2nd Future Passive 13 Aorist of Deponent Verbs 18 The Verbs &i5opt and ti@qu 20 The Verb tiGqur 29 The Genitive Absolute 38 The Verb Yoru: Formation and Meaning 39 The Verb Yornut: Forms 49 The Verbs xaBiotur and Gqlorayor 51ii 20 21 22 Athenaze: Book IT O NOETOE (y) 56 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (43) 58 ‘War Clouds 60 O NOZTOE (8) 62 Ol A@HNAIO! TOYE AAKEAAIMO- NIOYE ANAMIMNHIZKOYZIN 68 New Testament Greek: John 2.9-11: ‘The Wedding at Cana (concluded) 70 Classical Greek: Tyrtaeus 71 New Testament Greek: John 3.1-3: Nicodemus Visits Jesus 71 H EKKAHEIA (a) 72 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (83) 74 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (44) 77 ‘The Athenian Democracy 80 H EKKAHEIA (B) 82 Ol AYTOYPTOI ANIZTANTAI 88 Classical Greek: Solon 89 New Testament Greek: John 3.4-7: Nicodemus Visits Jesus (concluded) 89 H ANAETAZIE (a) 90 Athenian Democracy in Action 97 New Testament Greek: John 5.1-9: ‘The Healing at the Pool Called Bethzatha 99 H ANAZTARIE (B) 100 HNOZOE 104 Classical Greek: Solon 105 H EZBOAH (a) 106 Greek Wisdo1 leraclitus (8) 111 The Peloponnesian War: First Phase (431421 B.c.) 112 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (119) 113 The Verb Seixvon: 58 ‘The Verb tiny: 64 3. Verbs That Take Supplemen - tary Participles: AavOdvo. wrdva, 98dve, and gaivonen 67 The Subjunctive Mood 75 Forms of the Subjunctive 75 ‘Uses of the Subjunctive Mood 78 The Subjunctive of -y. Verbs 85 Clauses of Fearing 92 Indefinite or General Clauses 93 Indirect Statements and Questions 102 Indirect Statements with Infinitives 108 Indirect Statements with Participles 11124 25 Contents iii H EEBOAH (8) 114 3. Indirect Statements with 3rvés, Infinitive, or Participle? 116 4. The Verb gnui 117 5. The Articular Infinitive 118 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (73 and 135) 118 6. Relative Pronouns and Their Antecedents: Some Special Cases 119 7. Prepositional Profixes and Euphony 120 OTIEPIKAHE 120 Classical Greek: Solon 122 New Testament Greek: John 6.47-51: Jesus the Bread of Life 122 EN AIAAEKAAQN (a) 124 1. Comparison of Adjectives 126 2. Irregular Comparison of Adjectives 127 3. Brung + Future Indicative in Object Clauses after Verbs Expressing Care or Effort 128 Greek Education 129 EN AIAAZKAAQN (8) 132 4, More Irregular Comparative and Superlative Adjectives 134 5. Declension of Comparative Adjectives 135 O HPOAOTOL THN IEZTOPIAN ATIOAEIKNYEIN 186 Classical Greek: Hesiod 138 New Testament Greek: John 8.12: Jesus the Light of the World 139 John 8.31-32: The Truth Will Make You Free 139 John 9.1-7: Jesus Heala a Mun Born Blind 139 © KPOIZOE TON EOAQNA INIZEI (a) 140 1. The Optative Mood Used to Express Wishes 142 2, The Potential Optative 143 3. The Optative Mood in Subordi- nate Clauses 143 4, The Forms of the Optative 145 Herodotus 148 © KPOIEZOE TON LOAQNA SENIZEI (8) 150 5. The Optative of -u1 Verbs 153 6. The Optative Mood in Indirect Statements and Indirect Questions 155 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (128) 156iv 26 27 Athenaze: Book IL © ZOAQN TON KPOIZON OPFIZE] 157 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (93) 158 New Testament Greek: John 10.2-4, 9, and 11-16: ‘The Parable of the Sheepfold 159 © KPOIEOZ TON MAIAA ATIOAAYEIN (a) 160 1. Conditional Sentences 162 Shame and Guilt 166 © KPOIZOZ TON IAIAA ATIOAAYEIN (8) 168 2, Adverbial Accusatives and the Accusative of Respect 171 ‘The Accusative Absolute 172 ‘The Verbal Adjective in -réos 173, ae © AAPHETOE BAYTON EOAZE] 174 Classical Greek: Hesiod (concluded from Chapter 24) 176 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (40) 176 New Testament Greek: John 11.1, 3-6, 17, 19-27, and 88-44: ‘The Death and Resurrection of Lazarus 177 © KPOIEOE EIII TON KYPON ETPATEYETAI (a) 179 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (110) 182 1. The Perfect Tense: Middle/ Passive Participles 183 Perfective Aspect 184 The Perfoct Tense: Middle/ Passive: Indicative, Sub- junetive, Optative, Imper- ative, and Infinitive 185 4, The Perfect ‘Tense: Middle/ Paasive Forms 186 5. The Pluperfect Tense: Indica- tive Only 187 6 The Pluperfect Tense: Middle/ Passive Forme 187 7. The Dative of Agent with Per- fect and Pluperfect Passives oe 188 Signa, Dreams, and Oracles 190 New Testament Greek: John 20.11-18: Jesus, Risen from the Dead, Appears to Mary Magdalene 193 O KPOIZOX EIIl TON KYPON ETPATEYETAI (8) 194 8 Perfect Reduplication and Augment 196 9. Perfect and Pluperfect Middle/ Passive of Verbs with Stems Ending in Consonants 19728 29 30 Contents v H AABAA EQIZEI TO MAIAION 200 Classical Greek: Xenophanes of Kolophon 202 Homeric Greek: Homer, Iliad 1.1-7 203 © AMOAAQN TON KPOIZON EQIZBI (a) 204 The Perfect Active 206 The -xa 1st Perfect Active: Forms 207 ‘The Perfect Tense: Stems 208 ‘Aspect 209 The Pluperfect Tense: Indica- tive Only 209 6. The -xm Ist Pluperfect Active: Forma 210 7, The -a 2nd Perfect Active and the -n 2nd Pluperfect Active 210 pe wee Greek Wisdom: Heraclitua (104) 211 Rationalism and Mysticism 212 Homeric Greek: Homer, Odyssey 1.1-10 215 © AMOAAQN TON KPOIZON EQUZEI (B) 216 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (102) 218 8 Verbs Found Most Commonly in the Perfect and Pluperfect Tenses 219 9, The Verb oifa 219 O KPOIZOL TITNQEKE! THN EAYTOY AMAPTIAN 221 AAAOE AOTOE ITEP TOY KPOILOY 224 META TO THE @AAAEEHE KPATOE (a) 229 Thucydides 232 Greek Wisdom: Socrates 233 META TO THE OAAAEEHE KPATOE (8) 234 MEIA TO THE @AAAEZHE KPATOE (y) 236 MELA TO THE OAAAEEHE KPATOE (8) 238 ‘The Downfall of Athens 241 Greek Wisdom: Socrates 242 Greek Wisdom: Socrates 243 META TO THE @AAAEEHE KPATOE (e) 244 Greek Wisdom: Socrates 246 1, Complex Sentences in Indirect Statement: Primary Sequence 247 AXAPNHE (a) 249 Aristophanes and Old Comedy 249 AXAPNHE (8) 252vi Athenaze: Book II AXAPNHE (y) 260 AXAPNHE (8) 264 1. Complex Sentences in Indirect Statement: Secondary Sequence 271 VERB CHARTS 274 FORMS 277 INDEX OF LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR 309 GREEK TO ENGLISH VOCABULARY 318 ENGLISH TO GREEK VOCABULARY 352 GENERAL INDEX 369 LIST OF MAPS 376 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 376 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 377NTRODUCTION Part i: Readings in Book I The story line continues from Book I with Dicaeopolis and Philip's ar- rival by boat at Epidaurus and their visit to the sacred precinct of Asclepius. In the early chapters of Book II the tail readings continue the saga of the Per- sian Wars. The Classical Greek readings continue with a variety of au- thors, including Theognis, Tyrtaeus, Solon, Hesiod, and Xenophanes; the New Testament readings in Book II are drawn from the Gospel of John. When Dicaeopolis and Philip return to Athens, the Peloponnesian War breaks out, and some of the chapter and tail readings are adapted from Thucydides’ account of this war between Sparta and Athens. While in Athens, Philip attends school, and the teacher gives him the historian Herodotus to read, and the stories in the middle part of Book II are taken from some of the most memorable episodes of Herodotus’s history, dealing with the Athenian Solon’s visit to Croesus, King of Lydia, and the latter's ill-fated at- tempt to conquer the empire of Persia, ruled by Cyrus. This section ends with extracts from a beautiful poem by Bacchylides about Apollo’s rescue of Croe- sus, The opening lines of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey are given toward the end of this section, and the last two chapters contain extracts from Thucy- dides on two crucial naval battles in the Peloponnesian War and extracts from Aristophanes’ Acharnians, in which you will see Dicaeopolis making his own peace with the Spartans. The Greek Wisdom strand continues in Book II with sayings from the early Greek philosopher Heraclitus and ends in Chapter 29 with material on Socrates. You may find some links here with the sayings of the seven wise men of Archaic Greece included in Book I, A rich variety of reading awaits you in Book II. Part I: Greek Verbs The material here will expand on the Preview of New Verb Forms in Book I, pages 154-155. It will provide additional information that will help you find your way around the charts on the following pages and give you a firm structure within which you can situate the new tenses and moods that you will study in the second half of this course. You are not expected to learn all of the forms in the charts on pages x-xiv and xvi-xvii right away. You should begin by locating the forms that were formally presented in Book I, These include all of the forms except those of the subjunctive and optative on the first four charts (pages x-xiii). In Chapter 16 you learned that middle and passive forms are identical in the present and imperfect tenses and that they are different in the future and aorist. Thus onviii Athenaze: Book I the second chart you will find the middle/passive forms of Xo in the present and imperfect tenses, but on the fourth chart you will find only the middle voice forms of Ma in the future and aorist. ‘The fifth chart (page xiv) shows the passive forms of Xa in the future and aorist, and you will learn these forms in Chapter 17. ‘The new material on verb forms in Book II is organized as follows: 1. The aorist and future passive in Chapter 17 2, A group of verbs that end in - in the Ist perscn eingular, present in- dicative in Chapters 18, 19, and 20 (you have already learned two such verbs, eipi and ely) 8. ‘The subjunctive mood (Chapter 21) 4. The optative mood (Chapter 25) 5. The perfect and pluperfect tenses (Chapters 27 and 28) You already know from the verb charts that you filled out during your study of Greek in Book I where the subjunctive and optative forms fit into the charts, and you will find the forms of the subjunctive and optative on the charts on the following pages. The forms of the perfect and pluperfect tenses are organized on the last two charts (pages xvi-xvii). You should be pleased that you al- ready know about half of the forms on these seven charts! Part I: Moods, Verbal Nouns, and Verbal Adjectives Greek verbs have four moods, indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and optative, which express the manner in which the action of the verb is con- ceived by the speaker or writer. In the readings you have seen many verbs in the indicative mood, the mood used to express statements and questions about reality or fact. You have also seen many verbs in the imperative mood, the mood used to express commands. So far you have seen only 2nd person im- peratives, e.g., “Xanthias, lift the stone!” or “Oxen, drag the plow!” Greek also has 3rd person imperative forms, not addressed directly to the person who is to do the action but to someone else, c.g., “Let Xanthias do it!” “Let the oxen drag the plow!” You will find examples of these in the reading in Chap- ter 30, but they are not included on the charts. In addition to verbs in the indicative or imperative mood, you have seen infinitives, which are verbal nouns and are not limited (-fin- is from the Latin word finis that means “end” or “limit”) by person or number and that fit into a sentence pattern such as “I am not able fo work.” You have also seen many participles, which are verbal adjectives that fit into sentence patterns such as the following: “The man working in the field lifted the stone.” In Book IT you will learn two new moods, the subjunctive and the optative. In main clauses these do not express simple statements or questions about re- ality or fact but instead fit into sentence patterns such as “What are we to do?” or “I wish I had my sight restored!” They are also used in various types of subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses that require these moods will gen-Introduction ix erally use the subjunctive if the verb of the main clause is in a primary tense (present, future, or perfect) and the optative if the verb of the main clause is in a secondary tense (imperfect, aorist, or pluperfect). Occasionally you will meet subjunctive and optative forms in the stories before they are formally introduced in the grammar. These forms are very easy to recognize. Most verbs in the subjunctive have the long vowels @ or n before the ending (find examples in the charts on the following pages). The optative has the suffix -1- or -n-, which combines with other vowels in the verb to give forms that are immediately recognizable by the diphthongs o1, a1, or g or the long-vowel digraph ex (again, find examples in the charts on the following pages). Help with translation of subjunctive and optative forms in the stories before these moods are formally introduced will be given in the glosses below the paragraphs of the stories Part IV: Principal Parts Once you learn the rules for the formation of the various verb forms, you will be able to recognize or make up any and all of the forms on the charts yourself if you know six basic forms of any given verb. These six forms are called the principal parts, and they are as follows: present active future active aorist active dio Mow Bioa perfect active perfect middle/passive aorist passive Méhuco, éAvpeer é208nv ‘The other forms are constructed as follows: The imperfect is constructed from the present stem: é-Av-o-v. The present, future, and aorist middle are constructed from the corre- sponding active stems: At-o-o, A60-o-yon, &-Adod-unV. The future passive is constructed from the aorist passive stem: 4v04-0-o- fon. (continued on page xv)Athenaze: Book II aarogy, 31304 anogy, sathooy Soraogy ‘uad 10g fA0gy 30y, siowy “onogy $ “aaoery,” many, athoay eidrored eanruyuy eaperoduyy aanerdo S10, CATHY (anomay aabigy aartogy ligy Stier, ogy earypuniqng noayz mag? aarlogy? aave Saaya noayg peyredary (anonogy nagy satlogy, 39y sary ony 2atyeORPUL quesatg LOaddadWi GNV LNASdad «LYVHO dadaIntroduction canon? 290993 ngerinn 3 nang 200g Alurigny2 poyrodury aamooy amiamgy rmraogy agoaay, agoroey aQouQy agoagy, ngathowy ngatioey, ‘ogaTiony onoay vmiay aay. 10 -“U- Soaatioy, wogoayy Autoary wortngy, vartogy, aydyorred aayuyay eanezedary aaqeydQ eaqouniqns, ‘@ayeorpuy quesalg S010, aAIsSeq/PTPPHAL Lodddadd Wt GNV LNASHad -LYVHO AYaAAthenaze: Book II xii (aar00-) anna 09y amoay aamogy Soranogy ‘08 saritnoay “AnOCY, “nonogy, (200+) (a)naoay ‘Spowy, A000Y @v0p-) Smrz90y adprreg ro0gy aimowy saooey snooay sathoony Soraoogy ued r009y me seomt nonooey , “among” arsony hooey epdrorreg sarragay earesodmy aaredg, S010, BARHY (anoooay aiogy sarong, hogy stiowy oouy eapountqng anoayy amoay? aatinoay3 (ajanay2 Snoayg poaya qsuoy (anonoogy as200y sartoony, ogy sayy oxy eayeorpay amnypngy LSTHOV CNV dao -LYVHO aaa Axiii Introduction oanmnogy agonoay, agorony ngartypowy ounowy, rnogy owony 40 - ‘U- Soasrtpogy imgonogy, Aurtyoogy, oamonay, agoroogy ‘Dgattooay oat000y c1ooery 40" - Sonarigoay, mgozony, alirhoonry edpyreg earruruy aapexedany aanedg S010, STPPHAT amiNoyy, apouoay ngatipony, walooy Uoay orang? agonoay? ‘ngatipony? camoay? moOy? Aurtpoay3 LSTHOV ANV FYLOa sLYVHO GunaAthenaze: Book II ‘iv, Rl AI2gNY, (anowgry aay auragey aaligay aariasgay, aarngey Soraggay ‘498 Uyagay Ugey pee raigey, Suyagey Stgoy 339% voagny aly3gey ary oraooligny agmiooligny ngathooligny onopbigay orooligny, Ao - ‘U - “Soaarpoligay Tgos0ligny, Aurjooligay eduteg eanruguy eaperoday eanedo, eaRouniqng e010, eapsed avobigyy? aaligny? aslligny? Ueove Suge? Align? 3sLIOoy ipraoolgay agoanligay ‘naatnouigny, roradligey Unaoygay eayeorpuy omgng LSTYOV ANV WHOL sLYVHO PHAIntroduction xv The principal parts of many verbs follow simple patterns, so that if you know the first principal part (the present active indicative) you can construct the remaining principal parts according to rules, many of which you have al- ready learned. Many verbs, howcver, follow more complex linguistic pat- terns, so that their principal parts cannot all be predicted on the basis of easy rules. In some verbs the stem appears in differont forms in the different tenses; for example, in the forms of the verb Mw given above you can see two slightly different stems, .0- and lv-, A knowledge of stems is useful, as you already know from Book I. A few common verbs use etymologically unre- lated stems to supply missing forms. For example, the verb aipéw does not have an aorist related to the stem aipc- but instead uses the unrelated stem #A- to supply the missing aorist. The other principal parts of this verb are regular (except for ¢ instead of the expected n in the aorist passive): aipfo ——aiphow elhov Honxa, Honpcn fpéay For convenience grammarians say that the stems of this verb are aipe- and #h-. Note that verbs such as this that begin with a vowel or diphthong have a temporal augment instead of reduplication in the perfect tense. Verbs that be- gin with certain consonants or consonant clusters will have syllabic aug- ment instead of reduplication, c.g., onevSu, perfect, tonevxa. In Book I from Chapter 10 on we gave the present, future, and aorist of most verbs in vocabulary lists, and we included the aorist participle to show the unaugmented aorist stem. In Book II we will give in the chapter vocabu- lary lists full sets of principal parts for mast verbs. We will not give the prin- cipal parts of regular contract verbs that follow the patterns of the model con- tract verbs gilda, tudo, and 5n2éq; for the principal parts of these model verbs, see the Greek to English Vocabulary at the end of this book. We also do not usually give the principal parts of compound verbs, for which the princi- pal parts of the simple verb have already been given; consult the Greek to En- glish Vocabulary aa necessary. We stop giving aorist participles, but we will occasionally include other forms, such as the imperfect, when they deserve special attention. After the reading passages we will give full sets of principal parts of im- portant verbs, most of which you met in Book I, These sets are arranged ac- cording to certain linguistic principles to help you sce similarities among verbs and organize them into helpful groupings in your own mind. Seeing the similarities and shared patterns will make it easier for you to learn the principal parts.5 Yooq Sty} Ur aeYAos|a SyIBYD UI papnpUt jou puE ereI AIOA,, 4 Anolns ‘31ly3 ‘aally3 104, 3 a 4A3ya Sas9anyay, 5 a20g Saxqnayay 42249 Saaganyay 4 stan Saag ayay < Sorpxaysy ‘u93 ly3 Saaysy, Spa patie, 19 SQNDYDY Sys Se@xaysy ‘Sxayay rmagaaysy, Ala S@Xayay adpyeg oaruyuy «24 QRI0d Uy aaredQ B0T0A BATPY 3) LOMAaad Id GNV LOoddadad (ahog S2a9x0yay aay Saaganyay, aaig S329 40y37, Usqraysy Sh Sqaaysy g Sqxayay, aanouniqng anoaxgy2y2 araxgyay3 aadangyay? TOAQYIVE Suagyay? uxovara poyrdnyd (ahooagyay arp9gyay aatoxgyay (ajaxeygy Smxnyay, DAOYIY ‘@aqjeorpar poped sLUVHO dudAxvii Introduction yooq sty) UT exoymasya sy1ey UI PepnpUy you puw exer ATAA,, anolya *32hy3 ‘aarllys 10, #A33 toagrinyay agoaysy — 432]3 toagnyay aAaT3 10ngTieyay Uys Soagriaysy, oonyzy —-SUY3 Soagtinyay A0-‘U- ‘Soagtinyay, 19909131 auya Soagiay3y afdioyed eanraoy eapezodury eanedg S010, SAISSEGPIPPHAL LoaddadN Id GNV Loddtadad o2any3y3 3g00y3V3 ngatayay? onnyay? o0nysy? alatgny3 3 qoeyrednyg (ajog roagrayay wm1aayzy, aa roagrayay agonyay aati roagtiayoy gargs WL doagtoeyay wmy3y SH Songtayay 1n0043¥ @ Soagiaysy, vorley3y aapouniqng ‘@aqearpuy pope sLUVHO dudASBprexmately Perratren Mountains 2 gov =o Greece and the Aegean Sea SEAATHENAZE An Introduction to Ancient Greek17 H EMTAAYPOX (a) “ixededoOny ond tod iaspod aph zy ‘AaKAnmby tévar Yous yap doedhasr ue d eds,” VOCABULARY Verbs aipa, [&pe-] 4p, [&p-] Apa, fipxa, flouat, Hpany, I lift; with reflexive pronoun, I get up dnéyo [= dxo- + 8x], imper- fect, aneiyov (irregular aug- ment), &9é&a (irregular), [ox-] axéoxov, I am distant; + gen., I am distant from; middle + gen., J abstain from agrxvéopar [= dno- + ixvéopar), [ix-] &piEonar, aoixdunv, apiypon, T arrive; + cig + acc., Larrive at yyvdoxa, [yo-] yasonar, #yvov, #yvoxa, tyvaopat, ayvdaOny, I get to know, learn 3éa, Shoo, Ednoa, Sédexa, SEBepar, e8EOnv, I tie, bind Enopat, imperfect, eixduny Grregular augment), éyouat, [or-] tonéunv + dat., I follow xAOnpor |= Kara- + Huo], pre- sent and imperfect only, I sit olSa, perfect with present mean- ing, I know nhéa, [nhev-] nhesoopar, Endevoo, némhevxa, I sail wwyxdva, [tevg-] tesEopat, [rvz-] Etwzov, [roye-] terd- xno. + gen,, 7 hit; T hit upon; T get; + participle, I happen to be doing X Pronoun yaye, strengthened form of: ty, T indeed Preposition obv + dat., with Adverbs Yous, perhaps not; to where? whither?17. H EMIAAYPOE (@ 3 mpétepov, formerly, before, ear- Expression lier; first abv Beoic, God willing; with Conjunction luck aétepov ...#, (whether...) or obtas odv H vais eig tov Aéver dgrxopévn npdg td ySpo. 2640 tind tv vavtév, ot SE EmPdrar exeAedoOnoav éxBfvat. 6 odv @idinnog dnd tod natpd¢ dyduevos cic thy yav eEEBn. 6 BE Arxardnoric, “&ye 54, & noi,” Eon, “ti Set noreiv; dpa Podrer oivonddov Cytijoor Kai Seinvov edécbar;” 6 dé, “WéArote ye, d né&tep,” kon: “newd yap. od piv ody fyod, éyd 8 fyopan.” oivondrrov obv ebpdvtes éyybg tod Atmévoc exdOnvto olvdv ze ivovtes Kai toig napodot SiaAeyopevor. [x@na, pier &380n, was tied emPérar, passengers éxededaOnoav, were or- dered, told oivorddrov, wine-shop, inn newa, I am hungry] tdv 58 napdvtav yovy tig tov AixaténoAw Hpeto noi nopeveta, Kai padodoa bri xpd tiv "EniSavpov nopeverar, “Kai éyd,” Zon, “npdc thy ‘EniSavpov mopesopat. vood yap tiv yaotépa Kai oddeic Tatpdg Sivatal pe dgedeiv. ExehedaOnv odv ond tav TatpSv naps vov ‘AokAnmoy iévar: tows yap dnd tod Oeod apernOjcopar. GAN’ cing por, note 8) dmomAeboerar 4 vac; mdtepov thwepov eig thy "EntSavpov agrEduea i} ov;” 6 SE Arxatdnodic, “odK ofda eywye- Agyouor BE Sri od noAd axéyer h ‘EniSavpoc, Yous obv droped mpd thg vo‘tds H Kai mpdtepov. GAA’ Kove Sy 61’ dAtyou yap yoodpeba: bxd yap tod vav‘Ahpov Karobpeba. &p’ od taxéwo indevpey npds thy vabv:” [thy yaotépa, with respect to my stomach hgeAnOhoopar, I will be helped whpepov, today] avactévtes obv xpdc thy vadv Eonevdov. 6 58 vadkAnpos iddv avtods mpocréveac, Bohaas, “elaBnte taxéac,” Zon, “edbdg yap Sppnodpeba: Set yap mpd tig vuxtic eic thy ‘EniSavpov agucécBat.” 6 S& Atxaténodtc, “néte 84,” Eon, “éxeice doredpeba;” 6 5é vadearnpos, “odpiov ye dvépov toxdvtes cdv Beois taxgac4 Atbenaze: Book IT mAevadueBa Kai mpd tonépiv napecdpeba. GAA omeddete: edOd¢ 2 yap AvOjoetat f vad.” [odpiov, favorable] oi piv obv taxgas eicéBnowy, f SE vad BV dMyou gO, Kai ene ‘pAy t& iotic, ave odpin Sue tv Kvudtov tayéas Epepeto. PRINCIPAL PARTS: Stems in -v- and - av- 260, Mou, érvoa, [Av-] MAvKa, Advpar, EAGOnV, I loosen, loose Baxpdo, Saxpboa, é&xp toa, &ebdxpdxa, SeS4xpdpat (Iam in tears), Tory, weep nave, ravao, Enavoa, xénavxa, réxavpar, éxavOny, active, transitive, I stop X; middle, intransitive + participle, I stop doing X; + gen., I cease from WORD STUDY Explain the following English words with reference to their Greck stems, making clear the difference in meaning between 1, 2, and 4: 1. psychologist (A yoxh, soul) 4. psychoanalyst 2. psychiatrist 5. psychic phenomena 3. analysis GRAMMAR 1. The Passive Voice: -8n- Ist Aorist Passive and -67- 1st Future Passive In Chapter 16 you learned that in tbe present and the imperfect tenses the middle and passive voices have identical forms. In the aorist and future tenses the passive voice has forms different from those of the mid- dle. In the reading passage above you met several aorist passive forms, easily identified by the presence of the letters 6n, e.g., 6640n ond tiv vautdv (1-2), was tied by the sailors. To form the aorist passive, most verbs add -0n-/-Qe- to the verb stem, with the 3rd person singular ending in -6n as in the example above. The indicative is augmented. The resulting forms are called -6n- Ist aorist passives to distinguish them from a slightly different formation of aorist passives called -n- 2nd aorist passives that add only -n- or -e- to the verb stem and will be presented in Grammar 2, page 13.17. H_EMIAAYPOE (w 5 Here are the -6n- 1st aorist passive forms of Ado: Stem: dv- Indicative _ Imperative Infinitive Participle é-20-On-v Av-Of-ver dv-ets, &-26-On-5 dG-Bn-te Av-Ocion, 8-26-01 av-Bév, 2-24-8n-pev gen., Av-Béve-os, ete. EAO-On-te —-MH-On-te é-24-On-cav Here is a sentence with an aorist passive participle: f vats AvBeiom dnd tOv vavrdv ender Suk th xopora, The ship, having been cast off (loosened) by the sailors, was sailing through the waves. The 1st aorist passive participle is based on the -Ge- stem as follows: Masculine Feminine Neuter Nom., Voc. vévt-¢>AvOrig Avia AvBéve > AvBév Gen. avbévtos, avbeions AvBEveos Dat. Avdevn dvbeton AvBéver Acc. AvOévta. dvbcicav AvBéve > AvBév Nom., Voc. Avdévtes AvCcioonr AvBévto. Gen. AvOévrav duberodv doPévtev Dat. AvBévt-ou(v) > AvBetoong AvBéve-cu(v) > AvBeiou(v) AvBeion(v) Ace. AvBévtus, Avoetosg Avdévetor To form the -0n- 1st future passive, add -6n- to the verb stem and then add the same letters as for the future middle. Here is an example: eiGis yep AvOfcerar h vais. For the ship will be cast off (loosened) at once. Remember that there is no future imperative, and of course there is no augment. Indicative Infinitive Participle Av-Bi-0-0-01 Av-Of-a-e-00a1 —-Av-On-a-S-tev-0G, -, -ov dv-Of-0-€1 oF - Av-O4-0-e-ro 2v-On-0-6-peba Av-Of-0-e-00e av-8 -O-VtELLAthenaze: Book II Stems ending in , x, y, and « aspirate the last consonant in forming the -6n- Ist aorist passive and the -On- Ist future passive, e.g.: anBéve, Ttake [nb] Aorist: Future: néun-w, I send Aorist: i-néuy-On-v Future: neng-6y\-a-o-por déy-w, I say Aorist: é-Aéy-8n-v Future: Aey-6f-o-0-p01 gvideta, I guard [pudox-] Aorist: £-gvddy-On-v Future: 9vay-04-6-0-y0r Stems ending in dentals (8, 8, and t) and ¢ change the last consonant to o, eg yevb-o, I deceive Aorist: £-yeb-On-v Future: yevo-6i}-6-0-nat nel0-w, I persuade Aorist: é-neio-On-v Future: neis-64--0-p01 nétto, I sprinkle [not-] Aorist: &-né&o-6n-v Future: xa6-04-0-0-par Konit-o, I bring; I take Aorist: ¢-conic-On-v Future: xopts-6i-0- pot napackevét-w,I prepare Aorist: nap-e-oxevéa-On-v Future: rapa-cxevas-04-0-0-pe A number of verbs insert ¢ after the verb stem, ¢.g.: pyoora, I learn [wo] Aorist: &-yvd-0-8nv Future: yvo-o-0i)-0-0-y01 xehet-o, I order; I tell Aorist: é-«eheb-0-8n-v Future: xeXev-o-07-0-0-par Contract verbs lengthen the stem vowel, e.g.: grdé-w, I love Aorist: ¢-91hi-On-v Future: 91)n-04-0-0-por tiud-w, I honor Aorist: é-tTip}-On-v Future: ripin-67)-0-0-pot bndb-, I show Aorist: &-8n20-6n-v Future: 5nAw-04- plane Note: BoA [BAn-] > eBAnOny, Eodve [Eka] > AAOny, edpicxe [edpe-] > ebpéSny or nopéBny, dpdw [én-] > dgOnv.ee 7 Exercise 170, 1. In the reading passage above, locate ten passive verbs and identify each form fully. 2. Make four photocopies of the Verb Chart on page 276 and fill in the fu- ture and aorist passive forms of AauPdve, gid, ciudw, and dno that you have learned to date; keep with your Charts for Exercise 16a. Exercise 178 Give the corresponding passive forms of the following: 1. dmepwe(v) 6. A€yovot(v) LL. xpéttovar(v) 2. Adoavees 7. gvardéer 12. xopiter 3. tiuhoouev 8. neioov 13. érfunoos 4. gidhodoa 9. éxédevoav 14, nopeoxedace(v) 5. Sovddoat 10. napackevdcovar(y) 15. enpatav (npiix-) Exercise 17y Read aloud and translate: 1. of aides ind 108 adrovpyod ExcioOnoay 1H notpi ovdAoBetv. 2. ai naides ond tig untpdc mpds thy Kprivny neupOeioas tag d6pitig mAnpodaw (fill). 3. 8 pv Areatdnodis todg Bods 108 dpirpov AvBévtag ofkade HAavvev, b BE Bodog év tH cep edetgGn. 4. adtar at vijeg ond tBv “ABnvaiav énouiOncav. of RépBapor ond tv "EXiveov vimmBévtes mpds ‘Aalav ExavfiABov. 6. & byyehog dnd tod Pacrkéws neppBeis todg noditdg nOpev év vA cyope névovtas. 7. ol noditan otyav Kehevaivtes tod ceyyéhov Hxovov 8, t08 Sb dyyéhov axotcavres otkade Eonevdov de th ceyyeMévto. taiig yovonkl Aébovrec/épotvres. 9. “ekehedoBquer,” Loacay, “nod apyipiov th Basthet napéxerv.” 10. ol év tH nodéue anoBavévtes dnd névtwy tIynOr\covtan. a Exercise 175 Translate into Greek: 1. You were ordered to return home at once. 2. We were sent to the field to look for the ox. 3. The boy who did this (use participle, not relative clause) will be pun- ished (use Kodo). The women left behind in the house were preparing dinner. This ship was made by the sailors who had been pursued (use aorist passive) by pirates (use 6 Anatic, tod Anatod). os8 Athenaze: Book II Healing Sanctuaries: Asclepius and Epidaurus According to legend, Asclepius was the son of Apollo, god of healing, and a mortal girl, Coronis, who was unfaithful to him. Apollo sent his sister Artemis to punish her with death, but, as she lay on the pyre and the flames flickered around her body, Apollo snatched from her womb the unborn baby, his son. He gave him to the wise old centaur Cheiron to bring up and told him to teach the child to heal men of their sicknesses. ‘And all who came to him suffering from sores caused by nature, or whose limbs were wounded by gray bronze or the far-flung stone, or whose bodies were wasting from summer’s heat or winter’s cold, he freed from their various pains and cured. Some he treated with soft incantations, some with soothing medicines, on the limbs of others he put healing ointments, and yet others he made straight with the surgeon’s knife. (Pindar, Pythian 3.47-58). In the end Asclepius attempted to restore the dead to life, and Zeus in anger struck him down with a thunderbolt. In time the status of the mortal hero rose to reach that of a god, and shrines were dedicated to him throughout Greece as the preserver of health and healer of sickness, a god who loved mankind, their savior. Of all the sanctuaries of Asclepius, the greatest was at Epidaurus. Here, in an undulating valley, sur- rounded by mountains, was a site that had been holy from times immemorial, sacred first to a local hero, then to Apollo, and finally to Apollo and Asclepius. The cult of Asclepius seems to have arrived there early in the fifth century, and by the end of the century the sanctuary was visited by pilgrims from all over the Greek world. Pilgrims arriving at the port and city of Epidaurus had a walk of five miles or eight kilometers to reach the sanctuary, through a deep ravine, cut by a stream, where wild olive and plane trees and laurel abounded. They ar- rived at last at a splendid entrance building resembling a temple, on the gates of which they saw this inscription: ayvdv xpi Vaio OvdBe0g evtdg iévea Eupeven- dyveid 3° kori gpoveiy Sou. He must be pure who enters the fragrant shrine; purity is thinking holy thoughts. Most of the buildings of which the remains can be seen today were built in the fourth century when the cult of Asclepius was at its height, but there would have been humbler versions of the most important buildings there when Philip visited the sanctuary. In the center stood the temple of Asclepius him- self and close to it the &Botov, a long, narrow building in which patients seek- ing a cure had to sleep the night; opposite this was the @éAos, a round building that was probably the home of the sacred serpents. To the west of the main17. H_EMIAAYPOE @ 9 sanctuary lay the stadium, to the southeast the xotayéyiov, a large square building, where the pilgrims stayed, and beyond this on the hillside the great theater, for which Epidaurus is now most famous. Procession, choral dance, and sacrifice took place throughout the year, and every four years there was a great festival with athletic, dramatic, and musical competitions The procedure for consulting Asclepius was simple: patients first had to purify themselves by ritual washing and to make an offering (often a honey- cake), When night came they were conducted to the éatov and waited for the god to appear while they slept. ‘The walls of the temple were covered with tablets set up by grateful patients; the cure we ascribe to Philip is taken from one of these. Here is the record of another cure of blindness, set up by a patient who had been a sceptic: Ambrosia of Athens, blind in one eye, She came as a suppliant to the god, but walking around the sanctuary, she scoffed at some of the cures as in- credible and impossible, that the lame and blind should be made whole, merely by seeing a vision in their sleep. But she, in her sleep, saw a vi- sion. It seemed to her that the god stood over her and announced that he would cure her but that, in payment, he would ask her to present to the sanctuary a pig made of silver as a reminder of her ignorance. After saying this, he cut open her diseased eye and poured in some drug. When day dawned, she went out cured. (Stele 1.33-41). Many were sceptical of the whole business, like Cicero, who said: “Few patients owe their lives to Asclepius rather than Hippocrates.” The reputation of the sanctuary, however, continued to attract pilgrims for hundreds of years, and it is impossible to believe that all the cures recorded by grateful patients were mere fictions. ‘Tho inscription reads: AEKAH ‘To Ascle- na pius KAl and YPEIA Health TYXH ‘Tyche (dedicates this) EYXAPIS, (as a) thank THPION offering Votive tablet dedicated for the cure of a leg10 Athenaze: Book IT H EMIAAYPOE (8) VOCABULARY Verbs Henceforth we give principal parts of contract verbs only when they show irregularities. axéopat, axodpat, heeoduny (note einstead of n), I heal tnitpéna, émitpéyu, énétpe- ya, [spon-] émizétpoga, [tpan-] énitétpappar, éme~ tpénnv, I entrust X (acc.) to Y (dat.) Bappéw, I am confident @dppet, Cheer up! Don’t be afraid! gpovéw, I think; I am minded xph, impersonal, imperfect, typfiv + infin. or ace. and in- fin., it is necessary; ought, must 40h ce xapacKxevdtesBan, it is necessary that you prepare yourself, you ought to/must prepare yourself Nouns 6 ixésng, 108 ixétov, suppliant } vop0g, tod vopou, law; custom tb tépevoc, tod tepévong, sa- cred precinct 6 danpétng, tod dxnpérov, ser- vant; attendant A wort, ts wOxfic, soul Adjectives iepdc, -&, -6v, holy, sacred xabapéc, dv, clean, pure So106, -&, -ov, holy, pious Preposition Kath + ace., down; distribu- tive, each, every; by; on; ae- 01 Adverbs ‘byé, late; too late mac, enclitie, somehow; in any way Expression ob Std ROAAGD, not much later, soon. Proper Name rd "Aoxhnmtetov, tod ‘AoxAn- mietov, the sanctuary of Ascle- pius n&cav obv thy hLEpav h vad dvéwp odpiy emépeto, dr St Eonépa dytyvero, eig thy 'EniSavpov dpixovto, ob8iv Kaxdv naBdvees. dg 8° 2EEBnoow ei¢ thy viv, 1 wEv Atxcnondardt EBoEWv ebbdg mpdg 1 *AokAnmetov iévat: od yap nord dneiyev: } SE yovh h thy yaotépa vosotoa otitas Exapvev ote od« HOehev iévor exeivy th Hugpa, s GAN epewev bv Kotayayig tit éyyds tod Asévog. of 5 Spynoav Kai Sv SAtyou dorKdpevor nbpov téc mHAGS KeKAetpévas, 0 odv Aucavénots, “cexdemévar eiciv ai nbAat,” gon, “ti obv Sei noreiv; nétepov Kéwa tig moMig f etc tov Aupéva Endvipev; dye yap got.” 8 BE Dimnog, “AAAS Kdyov, d nérep, ei Soxet. tows yap dKodcerat 1017, H_ EMIAAYPOS (fp) ney tug Kol hyhoetar quiv naps tdv iepéa.” 6 pév obv Arkardmodtc Exowev, é&edOdv 5é danpétng tic od 51k nodAod, “tic Sv ot,” Eon, “Kéntetg tag nbAGS THYIKAdtO Tic AHEpaC;: nOBev HABete Kai ti Bovdspevor népecte:” § BE Arxandnohig, “éyd pév eipr Arcardnodac "AOnvaios dv, tov 5% naiba Konilo, bdv nag d Bedg sédy tods SpParpods adtH axeioGon. tuphdg yep yéyovev. Gp’ odx hynoet Auiv nop tov adv Seondtnv;” [xotaywytm, inn xerherpévas, shut tvixadra sic hudptig, at this time of day a nag... 20éAp, if somehow/in the hope that... is willing yyovev, has become, 6 5 danpérns, “we sot, GAM Sums peivate évradOa. eyd yap elu dg Cntiowv tov Seondtny Koi Epornow ei BEéder dpac SéEa0001.” oi nev obv Euevov én tag mbAac: od moAAH 8’ Uotepov énaveBdv 6 Danpérng, “eiorte,” Eon, “ yap Seondtns dp&c SéEeton.” tadta 8 cindy hyeito abtois eig 1d tépevos, Gpevycpevor odv tig mbAGS eig abATV HeycANV eiofADov: éxet SE Lyydg tod iepod exdOnto dvip tig yeparde, 8¢ iBdv adtodg npoarivtas, “xatpete, d gidor,” Eon. “ti Bovddpevor iKete;” 6 pev obv Arxardnolts eEnyhoato ti EnaBev 6 Pidinmog Kai do ExededaOnoav ‘dnd tod 1atp0d Rpds thy ‘EniSavpov nopeviivat, 6 Sz iepeds npdc rdv noida ebyevs Preys, “einé por, & nai,” Eon, “Epa ceavtdv tH *AokAnnid emripéyers, Epa. todto mortederg, St dgernOroer dnd tod Beod;” 4 S& Didinnos, “UdAtota ye mévee yep tots Bois Svvatd- tH Ge} motedo Kai Enovrov adtH enrtpéyor.” 0 Sk yépov, “ed ye, d nai. viv pév dnute eig td Kataydytov, adprov S 6 danpétng dpiv napéotar og Hmaspevos 7 nondi nap’ gué.” demeAdvees odv 8 te nathp Koi 6 nati thy vixta, Euevov év th Katayoyig. [anevyépevor, having passed through adv, courtyard —_ebpevids, kindly) th 88 botepaig: émei mpdtov huspa éyéveto, npocedBdv 6 danpétns tov Didinnov iyaye nap& tov tepéd. 4 SE eduevds SeFdpevog tov BP e raise, “tye 54, & nat,” Eon, “vdv ypt oe nupacKerdCecbar- Sei yap 20 28 30 352 Athenaze: Book IT S016 te ppovetv Kai xaBapdy eivar thy woxnv. GALE pndev PoBod- giiavOpandtatos yep gotw 6 ’AoKkAnmids tOv Oedv Kai tois xaBopois odor thy woxhv del Theds got. Odpper odv.” otto 5” einay tov maida. eic td iepdv iyayev. éxel 5t npOtov pév 6 Pidinnog éxaGdpOn, Enetto: 52 ndoav tiv huspav ev tH ieps Buevev, Sard te ppovav cai tov Bedv edydpevos év t nv enipavivat. [Scr1a... ppoveiv, to have holy thoughts thy woxiv, with respect to your soul gtkavOpmxératos, most benevolent éxaQdpOn, was purified Savq, sleep émsoavfivan, -n- 2nd aorist passive infin., to appear] téhog 5z nei &onépa byiyvero, énavenBbv iepeds, “tye Sn, & nati,” don, “néwecr yp Erowid got. Erow pow.” Tov 68 naiBa éx 108 tepod dyoyov mpdg tov Bondy, éxéXevcev adtov oxovdiv Kota vopov noreisbor. 6 8 thy gdAny taic xepoi AaBdv onovdiy énottjaato Kat ths yeipag mpdg tov odpavov pas, “’AoKAnmé,” Bon, “cdtep, gthavOpandtate tv Gedy, tixové pov edxonévon, Bc Saud te gpovav kai xaBupdg dv thy woxhy ixérns cov népeyr. Tews io por TOS yeyovdrt xart, et cor Soxei, rods d9BaApovs por éxo0.” [civ qué Any, the cup tai xepol, in his hands &paic (from alpa), raising ofbtep, savior yeyovén, having become/who has become] évradOa BH b lepeds tH xar8l ele cb EParov hynaduevos éxédevoev odtdv eal th yf Keivevov KabevSew. 4 odv bidtunos xoréxero, GAL mokby Bh xpdvov obk eSbvate KaBebSew- pdvos yap KatarerpBeic év tH GBdto pcha eoBeito- vdE yap fv Kai navroxod oxstog Kal otyh, el uh onaviog Hkove tdv iepdv Sgeov Tpéua cdpittévtov. [xd &Batov, the holy place axétos, darkness iyi, silence ei wh, except craving, occasionally S@eov jptuc adpitrévewv, snakes hissing gently) PRINCIPAL PARTS: Stems in -ev- moteba, motetae, ixtotevoa, nexiotevxa, xentotevpar, émotesOny +dat, I trust, am confident (in); 1 believe; + &c,1 believe (that) xeleba, xehesoo, éxéhevaa, exéhevna, cexéhevonar, exehesaOny + ace. and infin, I order, tell someone to do something nopesopat, xopedcouat, éxopevcdynv, aorist middle only in compounds, endpevpar, éxopedOny (active in meaning), I go; I watk; I march; I journey 40 45 50 5517. H EMIAAYPOE (f) 1B WORD BUILDING Deduce the meanings of the words in the following sets (6vo-= bad): 1. toyxdva (tox-) Atoyn, edtugiis, -é¢ Svotvytg, -85 detuyns, -é, 2. moreso iniong —- motdc, -4, -dv. — &motoc.-ov amotéw 3. Bovopon Hdsvayng Svverrde, -f, -6v &Bbvoctos, -ov 4. yryvdokw (yva-) i Wwoun yootis, -f, -dv &yvaatos, -ov 5. ypdqw hypag —-ypantéc, -f, -6v &ypantos, -ov GRAMMAR 2. The Passive Voice: -n- 2nd Aorist Passive and -y- 2nd Future Passive Some verbs add -n-/-c- instead of -0n-/-0e- to form their aorist pas- sives and -n- instead of -6n- to form their future passives; we call these -n- 2nd aorist passives and -y- 2nd future passives. The endings are the same as for the -On- 1st aorist and -Qn- Ist future passives. Here are some examples: yedoa, I write Aorist: é-ypa@-n-v Future: ypag-i-o-o-pon S1a-q8eipa, I destroy [g8ap-| Aorist: 81-e-90ép-n-v Future: 810-9ap-4-0-0-wor gaivouon, appear [oav-] Aorist: é-pdv-n-v Future: 9av-i-0-0-01 Note this example from the story above: 6 Oidannog . . . év tH iepG duevev . . . tov Bedv edxdpevos iv 1H Sava éxipavijvar. (41-43) Philip was waiting in the temple . . . praying the god to appear (= that the god appear) in (his) sleep. Exercise 17¢ Make a photocopy of the Verb Chart on page 275 and fill in the future and aorist passive forms of ypdpw, except for the subjunctive and optative. Keep this chart for reference. 3. Aorist of Deponent Verbs Most deponent verbs have their aorist in the middle voice, e.g., ‘yeywopat, aorist éyevopnv. These may be called middle deponents. A few deponent verbs, however, have aorists that are passive instead of middle in form, as does xopevouou in the list of verbs with their principal parts given above, aorist, éxopcsOnv, I marched, journeyed, and as docs gatvopox14 Athenaze: Book II (Grammar 2 above), aorist égdvny, J appeared. Here are some other depo- nent verbs that have their aorist in the passive voice: BovAouen, aorist, €Bovdh@ny, I wanted; I wished Bivopon, aorist, &6vvqPnv, J was able éxiotapon, aorist, Amath@nv, J understood; I knew apyiouar, aorist, dpyloOqv, J grew angry These may be called passive deponents Note this example from the story above: . -empds thy ExiBavpov nopev@fivar. (27) ... to go to Epidaurus. Some deponent verbs have both aorist middle and aorist passive forms, eg. Sicadéyouan, aorist middle, SteAeEduny, I talked to, conversed with, aorist passive, 5edéxOnv, J talked to, conversed with The verb yaipu, I rejoice, has its aorist in the passive, tydpny, I rejoiced. Exercise 176 Read aloud and translate: 01 SodAo1 dnd tod Seandtow Avbévtes xpdc td Satu Eonevdov. of xoRitan ExehedaOnoay mpic xd Satu xopevdfvat. ol vedvien nokbv xpévov 1 yépover Stakexévees otxade navaABov. 8 echtoupyds 1 MBy BAnBeic Gpyiahn Kai tov naiBa EBioKev. niaow tiv juepav nopeudévtes téhoc elc tv Auséver apixovto. ii vais 1 yerudvi Sieg8dipn Kai ndvres of vadtar dnéBavov. 6 Bede 1 non8i xaBesSover égavn. npdg thy "EniBaupov nopevOnadueBer tog altioovtes tbv Bebv ‘deg copeheiv aiitn i maton (Letter) dnd tod éuod nompds éypegn. A wimp der ppoBeiaa. robs naiBas edAacev (punished). Bearompene Exercise 17 Translate into Greek: 1. The ships of the barbarians, after sailing into the straits, were de- stroyed by the Greeks. 2. Xerxes, seeing (use aorist participle) the barbarians defeated, was at a loss. 3. The women, having journeyed to the city with their husbands, watched the dances.17. H EMIAAYPOE (p) 5 4. The girls did not want to talk to (use aorist of SiaAéyouar) the old men 5. The ship will be destroyed by the storm. OI TIEPZAI TAL AQHNAL AEYTEPON AIPOYZIN Read the following passage (adapted from Herodotus 9,1-10) and answer the comprehension questions below: When Xerxes returned to Asia after Salamis, he left Mardonius with a large army to subdue Greece the following year. dma Sz Apt apyouév@ 6 MapSdviog dpudpevos ex Oeooadidis fiye tov atpatov onovdsi éni tig ADH VEC. npoiévt BE adtH odBeig tv Borordv dvretyev, od88 EPorPovv toig ‘APnvaiors oi AakeSarpovior. dprxdpevos dé cig Thy “AttuKhy ody ndpe todg ‘AOnvatovg GAA ELaBev rt ev te Vorhapivi ot wAciatoé ciot Kai év tag On te Epnpov td Hato, énei SE ev tog ‘ABHvans Eyévero, Kyyehov Enepwev cig thy Ladayliva, Adyoug gépovta Enrendeloug: cine yap bet 6 Bustheds THY Te ATTIKIY toig ‘AOnVoiors dmoddcet Kal cunparyidv norjoetan, Ev co ROAgWOU vavatv rapowvtat, ot BE "APnVaior tods Adyoug od eeLavto AAG tov &yyehov dnénenyav. [&wa ... Apr dprouéve, with the beginning of spring 8 Mapbbvi0c, Mardonius Ococadtac, Thessaly oxov8ij, adv., in haste xpoidvet, going forward, advancing tév Botwrav, of the Boeotians Epnuov, deserted éxitmSeioug, friendly dxoBdcet, would give back ovppaytay, alliance av ... nadaovtas, if they ceased) What did Mardonius do at the coming of spring? What was the response of the Boeotians and the Spartans? What did Mardonius find when he reached Athens? What were the terms of the proposal that Mardonius sent to the Athenians? What was the response of the Athenians? ap owe elg BE thy LoAapive SéBnaav of 'AOnvator dbe- kos wey HAmfov otpatdy nepgOjoca8ar dnd tGv Aakedmapoviay ¢ BonOicovea, fuevov év th 'Artuxfi: Enel 38 of pv Acxedonpdvior obk EBonBovv, 6 BE MapBdviog xpoidy cig thy Bowwriay Gagtkero, tEexdpioav néwra ex tiig 'Attucfic Kal axbtol réBroay eis thy LoAopive. xal cig AaxeBaipover Eneuinov dyyéhovg hg wetyousvong toig Aoxedrpoviorg, Srért odx EBorGovv. dg SE etkovto cic thy AaxKedaipova ot &yyedor, elmov té8e, Enenyay hudis ot "ABnvedior de AdEovtac Str 6 BaotAeds vav Mepadv séAer chy te “Arrixhy Gxododvar Kal cvpuagicy noreioon- Aueis SE, kainep &Bixospevor 49” »16 Athenaze: Book II Spay, éxeivovg tod Abyous odK éBeE dele. viv SE Kehevopev bpdig dg cémota otpartév népyor dig tods BupBépous éwovodcay xf "Armxy.” [51éByoav, crossed 8e,in this way €ac,aslongas otpatdv reypOycec8ar, that an army would be sent npoidv, advancing thv Boratiav, Boeotia ébexdutoay, they took out, removed &1éAnaav, they crossed over Aaxebaipova, Lacedaemon, Sparta &g peuwopévous + dat., to blame, criticize Bidt1, because &roBodvat, to give back —&Btxodpevar de’ dydv, being wronged by you otpatiav, an army) 6. What had the Athenians done as long as they hoped for help? 7. When did they cross to Salamis? 8. What message did they send to Sparta? Exercise 176 Translate into Greek: 1. The Spartans, who were holding a festival at this time, were not will- ing to go out against (éxeEvévon éx{ + acc.) the Persians but were still delaying (EueAAov). 2. And finally the messengers of the Athenians said: “On the one hand you, the Spartans, are betraying (xpod(8ote) your allies, and on the other hand the Athenians, wronged (use &8.xéo, I wrong) by you, will make a peace treaty with (mpég + acc.) the Persians. 3. “Then having made a peace treaty and having become allies of the Persians (dat.), we will wage war with them against (éni + acc.) the Peloponnesus 4, “Then indeed you will learn by suffering (having suffered) that you ought not betray (npoBoivat) your allies.” 5. And finally, fearing these words, the Spartans sent their army to At- tica. Classical Greek Miracle Cures The following are inscriptions recording miracle cures from the temple of Asclepius at Epidaurus. They are headed: IAMATA TOY ATIOAAQNOE KAI TOY AZKAHIIIOY. “Hpateds Muttdnvatog. odtoc obx elye Ev th xegadf tpixas, év SE 1H yevei@ RopndARic. cloxvvopevos BE dg atayehduevos dnd tOv KAhov éverdDevde. tov BE Oeds xptoas puppcKy tiv Kepariy énoinae tpixas Exe. [iduara, healings, cures MutiAnvaioc, from Mytilene tpizas, hair yeveip, chin aiszuviuevos, ashamed ag xatayeAdnevos, as being laughed at, i.e., thinking that he was being laughed at —_évexd@ev8e, slept (was sleeping) in (the abaton) xp ia & oaprdxe, having anointed with an ointment]17H EMTAAYPOE (f) 7 “Hyéstpatos, Kegadfig UAyos, obtog Aypumvicng ovvexduevos Sud tov névov tig Kepaktic, ds &v 1H &Patp eyfvero, xaOinveoce wai Evinviov elde- kéxer adrdv 6 Ord taoduevos td tig Kepadiis KAyos dpBdv avactictg youVdy nayKpation mpofohiy SiSdEou- jpépdic SE yevowévng dying CEAABE Kai od wets moAbv ypdvoy ta Népea évixnoe naykpéniov. LiAyos, pain aypunviats cvvexspevos, suffering from insomnia Br, because of xaBdxvese, fell asleep évinviov,a dream aocpevos, after curing ava- athoac, having made him stand up _youvadv, naked (athletes competed naked) xayxpartov xpoBoday SiSdEat, to have taught him (wbt6v) the defense in the pan- cratium (boxing and wrestling contest) dyric, healthy +4 Néwea (iepd), the Ne- mean Games (which took place in the Valley of Nemea between Argos and Corinth)] New Testament Greek John 1,1-2 The Beginning of the Gospel tv dpxf fv 6 Aéyos, Kati 4 Abyoc fv mpdg tov Bedv, Kai Beds fv 6 Réyos. obtos Hv by dpi fi mpdc tov Bedv. Inpds, with] John 1.14 The Incarnation Kai 4 Ayo atip®, Eyévero Kal doxiivacey Ev uty. [o&pE, flesh toxhvacev, tented év, among John 1.29 John the Baptist Beholds Jesus In the following sentence the subject of the verb BAénet is John the Baptist. The verb is transitive here. ‘| Ercxdpiov Bréner BiBov Bt-Boto, 3i-8w-o1(v) BL-Bov, Bi-Bo-pev gen., d:-Bbvt-os, ete, Bi-Bo-te 3i-Bo-te 81-85-dox(v) Imperfect Indicative é-Bi-do-ov > £Bi5ovv #-81-Bo-eg > gB{Bong -Bi-Bo-e > EB{5o0 £-5{-5o-pev é-3{-Bo-te Regular sigmatic future: Shoo, ddcets, Sacer, etc. Aorist Indicative Imperative Infinitive Participle Bo8-vat Bosc, 36-5 Botoa, #-Bwx-e(v) By, E-Bo-uev gen., Bévt-os, ete. #-Bo-re Bé-te #-60-cav Note the irregular stem dux- in the singular aorist indicative. Greek Wisdom Heraclitus avOpdnors naar péreats yryvdaxew éavtods Kal cwgpoveiv. Fragment 116 DielsAthenaze: Book II &(8am: Present and Imperfect, Middle/Passive Voice Stem: 60- Present Indicative Imperative Infinitive Participle 3i-Bo-par Bi-B0-o8a1 51-56-pev-06, -n, -ov 3i-Bo-cat 3i-80-00 8{-8o-ta1 81-86-pe0a 3i-80-00€ Bi-B0-00¢ 8{-Bo-veor Imperfect Indicative €-81-86-unv £-8{-80-00 &iSaux: Future and Aorist, Middle Voice Stem: 50- Future Regular sigmatic future: Sdcoua1, Sdoev/y, Sdoeton, ete. Stem: 5o- Aorist Indicative Imperative Infinitive Participle é-86-pnv 36-c8cn 86-pev-0¢, -1, -ov #-80-c0 > #S0v 84-50 > B08 #-Bo-to é-B6-peOa #-80-08e 86-08 #-Bo-vto Si8opu: Future and Aorist, Passive Voice Future Regular -6n- future passive: Soijooucs, Sofijeev/y, Sohoerar, ete. Aorist Regular -Qn- aorist passive: t868nv, £540n¢, £566n, ete.18. 0 AZKAHMIOE (@) Exercise 18a Make two photocopies of the Verb Chart on page 274 and three copies of the Verb Chart on page 275. Fill in the forms of 5t5ai, except for the subjunc- tive and optative, in the active voice (present, imperfect, future, and aorist), in the middle/passive voice (present and imperfect), in the middle voice (future and aorist), and in the passive voice (future and aorist). Keep these charte for reference. BiBooba (2 ways) bo dné8oo0_ Soivon 85(8ovto (2 ways) Booven %ooav Bona Bévtes BtBouev Exercise 188 Identify and translate the following forms: 1. 88800 6. 8i8a¢ 1. 2. Booav 7, 88iSote 12. 8. 8b 8. doBdpevos 13. 4. 518660.(v) 9. Boxag 14. 5. bidod00 10. dmododvar 15, Exercise 18y Put into the aorist: Put into the present: Put into the middle: 1. 8800 6. e5dpeOu a 2. Br8daou(v) 7. Boyevos 12. 3. Si5dvta 8. Béc8onr 13. 4. BiSdpevos 9. Sob; 4 5. 8iSéven 10. 8%, 15. Exercise 185 Read aloud and translate: . xepw 1 Bem dnd80s: Eowse yep Andis. 11 &pybprov tovtw to yépovnr éBiBovg; Sea oe ue ee 8 vepav odn ABEAnGE td Epriprov 7H Eévp Sodvan. oi naiBes, énel A urimp ottov adrois Laxey, edObs Hodiov @ Beondens tov Bodhov Eneuyev dg 10 GpySptov uly énoSdaovta, al obx eBéhers todtov tov xBver pot cnobéa6a1; ab pay 54g por tdv olvov, éyd 88 Sac aot tv citov 8 nathp edneving yeAsats tH nendi tov xiv. KoKev. ol ixéeon npds t Boyd xoOhuevor yépw wh Bed éxéSooav. 10, d adrovpyis eig thy ceyopéev dpiKduevos toirg Bods dméBoro. Exercise 18 Translate into Greek: 1. The captain gave the money to the sailor.2A Athenaze: Book II 2. Having thanked the god, the women went home. 3, I told you to leave the plow in the field and give food to the oxen. 4, Itis clear that these women gave no money to this old man. 5. After paying the captain three drachmas, the foreigners boarded the ship. Sparta and Corinth In the chaos following the breakdown of Bronze Age civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean (ca. 1200 B.C.), there were widespread migrations. New peoples entered Greece and Asia Minor from north of the civilized world and either pushed out or merged with the previous population. In Greece the newcomers were Greeks who spoke a different dialect, Doric, and this move- ment is traditionally called the Dorian invasion, although it probably took the form of sporadic raids over a long period of time rather than an organized invasion, When the dust settled, the whole of the Peloponnesus except the cen- tral plateau of Arcadia was occupied by Doric speakers. Dorians calling themselves Lacedacmonians were settled in the fertile valley of the Eurotas by 1,000 B.C. and by about 850 B.C. four or five villages united to form the polis of Sparta. As its population increased, Sparta gradu- ally conquered her neighbors to the north and east, reducing them to depen- dent status; the conquered were called nepioixo.. They had local autonomy but were obliged to serve in the Spartan army. About 735 B.C., when other states were about to solve their population problem by sending out colonies, Sparta crossed the mountain range of Taygetus and in a war lasting twenty years conquered Messenia. The inhabitants were reduced to the status of serfs, called helots (cihateg), who worked the land for their Spartan masters. ‘This conquest determined the future history of Sparta. Up to this time her development had been not unlike that of other Greek states, except that she had retained a monarchy, or rather a dyarchy, since she had two hereditary kings coming from two separate royal families. Within fifty years of the conquest of Messenia she had developed into a totalitarian military state quite different from any other in Greece. The reason for this was the absolute necessity of dominating the helots, who outnumbered the Spartans by seven to one and revolted whenever the opportunity occurred. Sometime in the seventh century there was a revolution in Sparta caused partly by economic factors (the new wealth produced by the conquest of Messe- nia) and partly by military reorganization (the introduction of the hoplite phalanx). Both developments gave more importance to the ordinary Spartan and challenged the authority of kings and nobles. The outcome was a revised constitution, ascribed to a lawgiver called Lycurgus. The kings were ad- vised by a council of elders, all aged over sixty, the Gerousia. The ancient assembly of all the Spartans, the Apella, was given the final authority, i.e., the right to accept or reject proposals put by the Gerousia. In addition there were five officials called ephors (Egopo., overseers), elected by the whole citi-ee 5 zen body, whose function was to guard the rights of the people in its relation with the kings. The other feature of the Lycurgan reforms was the éywy} (iraining); this was the system by which every male Spartan was trained to devote his life to service in the army. At birth the child was inspected by the heads of his tribe, and, if the child was weak or unhealthy, it was exposed on Mount Taygetus and left to die. At seven the boy began his education in the state school, where the whole training was aimed at discipline, endurance, and patriotism. At twenty he joined the army and might marry but continued to live in barracks. At thirty he became a man and joined the ranks of the dyo101 (equals) but continued to dine in the public mess with his fellow soldiers. In 660 B.C. Sparta, still trying to extend her territory northward, suffered a severe defeat at the hands of her northern neighbor, Argos, Soon after this the helots rose in revolt, no doubt supported by Argos. There followed a long and bitter war, from which Sparta eventually emerged victorious, By the end of the century Argive power had declined. Sparta became the dominant power in the Peloponnesus and enrolled all the states except Argos in a loose confed- eracy called the Peloponnesian League. ‘The other Greeks either admired Sparta for her stability (ebvoyid) or hated her for her oppressive and xenophobic regime. Nevertheless, Sparta was rec- ognized as the most powerful state in Greece. The polie of Corinth was formed from a union of seven villages perhaps about 800 B.C., and, when she emerges into the light of history, we find her ruled by a Dorian clan, the Bacchiadae. Her position on the Isthmus, at the very center of Greece with ports on both seas, assured her future as a commer- cial city. Under the Bacchiadae she founded the earliest colonies in the West (except for Ischia) at Corcyra and Syracuse (734 B.C.); she led the way in im- provements in the design of ships and in the manufacture of pottery. The dis- tinetive Corinthian ware was exported all over the Greek world and beyond in the eighth and seventh centuries. About 650 B.C. the Bacchiadae were overthrown and driven out by Cypselus. He was the first of many Greek tyrants, a word which did not have its present connotations but simply meant one who seized power unconstitu- tionally. The tyrants often won power as champions of the people against the oppression of the nobles and were the product of economic and military devel- opments similar to those that occasioned the revolution at Sparta. Under Cypselus and his son Periander, Corinth flourished and became the leading maritime and commercial state. His regime became bloody and oppressive, as conspiracies drove him to suspect all citizens of wealth and influence. He died in 585 B.C., and his successor was assassinated within a few years From then on Corinth was ruled by an oligarchy (which means rule by the few: in Corinth’s case, the wealthy merchants). | _ Corinth remained one of the most prosperous States of Greece, achieving by the fifth century a near monopoly of western trade. When Athens began to rival Corinth in the West, Corinth had every reason to fear her ambitions.Athenaze: Book II O AZKAHTIIOS (Bp) VOCABULARY Verbs dpaptéve, [appre] &pap- thaonan, [auapt-] Hpaprtov, [apapte-] AndptyKa, hydp- tHuar, huopthOnv + gen., I miss; I make a mistake, am mistaken évartiOnur, I set up; I dedicate Emotpareto + dat. or éxi + acc., I march against, attack xpatéa + gen., I rule, have power over, control; I prevail napad{Sapr, I hand over; I give cpéxo, [Spape-] Spapodpa, [Spap-] ESpapov, [Spape-] de- Spdpnxa, I run npootpéyo, I run toward todpde, I dare Nouns 4 wun, tig yvaung, opinion; judgment; intention & &x8pdc, tod éx8p0d, enemy fh Ovala, tic Qvotag, sacrifice 1d xpdtos, t08 Kpdtouc, power 2b mp&ypa, 10d mphyparos, matter; trouble +k yphpata, tav yonnétov, things; goods; money Adjectives by Opéc, -&, -6v, hateful; hostile tov 88 Aikarénodw nbpov xpd tod Katayayiov Kabjpevov. bytis, -é&, healthy @tdaitepos, -&, -ov and gt- Rattatog or gLAtatOS, -n, -ov, irregular comparative and superlatives of ios, -1, -ov, dearer; dearest Prepositions Sid + gen., through; + ace. be- cause of ént + dat., at; of price, for; + acc., at; against; onto; upon Adverbs Hdéac, sweetly; pleasantly; gladly N&MAov, more; rather n@Aov i, rather than otxovv, certainly not nédan, long ago naar eiat(v), they have been for a long time now Conjunction 61611, because Particle wéveot, certainly; however Expressions 8p0ds yyvdoxKe, I am right nig dyer te npdypata; How are things? riva yvabpnv exec; What do you think? 6 be og el8e tov naiSa BePatos BodiCovra Kai Prénover, avéom Koi npoodpapdv hondere adtov Kai, “d gidtate nai,” ANOS, dp ce dy Svta; SqBarpodg d Zon, “apa Gpa GdnOds hxécatd sor todo Ged¢; Bet mheiomy xapw 16 ‘Ackhnmé dnododvat.” Kai npds tov iepée tpeycpevoc, “dp EEeott Ovoiay noreicBar; dp’ 818. O AEKAHMIOZ (8) 27 ¥Ecotr cai Gyarpa avaGeivar tH Oed;” 0 Se iepede, “nag yap od; Eeoti cot. dpa Poder kai pvnpeiov tig dxéceas avabeivar ev rH iepd; ob pev yep tpeic Spaypisc por napddoc, ey St Ovotav norjow cai pvnueiov dvabhow bnép cod.” 6 58 AtcardmoAts oipdédc, “tpetc Spaywseg A€yerc; ged chic Samdvngs.” O bE iepeds, “odSEev Adyetc, & &vOpone: od yap eyaAn f Sandvn. thy yop Ovoiay noujow éni we Spaxph, td S& wvnuetov dvabhjow éni Svoiv. 8d¢ por obv tpeis Sparypdec, ei PovAer pe cadre norfoa.” SE Arcoudmodrs, “AAAS tpeig Spaxpiss odk Exo: dviip yap névng elt. Epa Sv0 cor &pxodaww;” 6 SE iepedcs, “ota: Sb0 apxodow, ei ph mdéov Exerc.” 6 piv obv Atxardnodig S00 Spaxpdc mapéSaxev, 4 Sé ispeds tov dxnpétnv Kadrtoas exédevoev Ghextpvova éveyKeiv Kai hynoduevog adbtoic pds tov Baydy thy Buoiay énoincev [x05 xaraywytov, the inn jondLeto, greeted, embraced &yahna, gift, offering (often a dedicatory statuette) ric yép ob; for how not? of course vnpetov tis &xésews, memorial (tablet) of the cure vipa ag (from oipela), groaning ged vig Bandvng, alas for the expense! évnc, poor dpxodawv, are sufficient tate, let it bel all right! &Aextpudva,a cock éveyxeiv (from gépw), to bring] d BE OiAmnoc, “GAR Set Kai gus,” Lon, “Sodval t. tH yap Ved elnov &t1 tods gnod tiBer t-Beioa, ti-6n-o1(v) t-Bév, a{-Oe-pev gen., 11-Oévt-oc, ete, ti-Oe-te ti-Oe-te 11-O¢-Gar(v) Imperfect Indicative é-t1-On-v é-ri-Be-es > EriBerc é-ti-Be-e > ériBer -1i-Be-wev é-ti-Oe-te b-ti-Be-cavAthenaze: Book II Future Regular sigmatic future; fou, Avec, Choc, ete. Aorist Indicative Imperative Infinitive Participle #-Onx-o Get-var etc, 8-Bn K-05 8é-s Beioa, #-Onx-e(v) Oey, ¥Oe-wev gen., Bévt-o5 E-Oc-re Oé-te #-Be-cav Note the irregular stem @nx- in the singular aorist indicative; cf. &-Bx- «(Grammar 1, page 21). ti@quu: Present and Imperfect, Middle/Passive Voice Stem: 6e- Present Indicative Imperative Infinitive Participle ti-Oc-pat riBe-oBar n-0é-yev-05, -9, -ov +i-Be-ca xi-Be-60 f-Be-ton 11-0-weba ri-Oe-08e ti-Be-00e x1-Oe-vran Imperfect Indicative é é é b-t1-Of-peba i-ti-Oe-obe €-1{-Be-vto «{Qquu: Future and Aorist, Middle Voice Stem: 6n- Future Regular sigmatic future: 6jooum, Moevp, Bhseton, ete.18. O AZKAHMIO® (B) 31 Indicative Imperative Infinitive Participle €-0é-pnv 8é-oBar Bé-pev-0, =n, -ov #-Be-co > tov —_BE-c0 > Bod #-Be-70 2-Bé-peOa #-Oc-00e 06-006 #-Be-vr0 dOquu: Future and Aorist, Passive Voice Future -On- future passive: reOjcopor, rebijcevy, tebljoera, etc Aorist -On- aorist passive: éxéQnv, éxéOnc, éxéOn, ete. Exercise 186 Make two photocopies of the Verb Chart on page 274 and three copies of the Verb Chart on page 275. Fill in the forms of {@nu, except for the subjunc- tive and optative, in the active voice (present, imperfect, future, and aorist), in the middle/passive voice (present and imperfect), in the middle voice (future and aorist), and in the passive voice (future and aorist). Keep these charts for reference. Exercise 18 Identify and translate the following forms: 1, érifny 6. itcopev 11. eri®evto (2 ways) 2. tiBetor (2 ways) 7. eecav 12. eevto 3. dvaiBes 8. nOeic 13. Oéobe 4. Geivar 9. étéOq 14. ting 5. wOéeor(v) 10. nbeisa 15. Onke(v) Exercise 180 Put into the aorist: Put into the present: Put into the middle: 1, névar 6. €eoav 11, f8nouv) 2. Beco 7. Beivar 12. Bévteg 3. nbépeda 8. béoGor 13. Bés 4. wOépevoc 9. Bepévn 14. ériders 5. nGéaouv) 10. eGevto 15. €Onxe(v)32 Athenaze: Book IT Exercise 181 Read aloud and translate: 1. ot noiSec rods Bods Mocvres tb tipotpov éni thy YAY Eecay. 2, ak napOévor zig d8plas ev rf oixia KataOeioar thy yntépa exéAecav. 3. fh unenp xéwhoug cig thy Kowédny (chest) ériOer, tav BE napQévev éxodcdoa Epape mpdc vdtd 4. 6 tepeds iepeiov éni tov Bondy énéOnxev. 5. dpa Poddeobe dyakpe (offering) év v iep} avaBeiven; 6. of ixéron Kyau tH Bed avaBévtes olxade EonevSov 1 8 9. 8 Beds tiig yeipas tois tod Oidinnov doGawoic émBeig dnéfn, ob piv tag xibndg eig thy vadv Oéc, ty BE Bhow té torte. 10g vais napacKerdsavres toig BapBdporc émOnasueda (émit(epor + dat., I attack). 10. a éxéhevaas tv adv Kiva th Bev émOaBar; Exercise 18x Translate into Greek: 1. When the god healed me, I set up an offering in the temple. 2. Having put the sails into the ship, we were waiting for the captain. 3. When the boys retumed from the field, the women were putting food on the table (use 4 tpémeCa). 4, Father told us to put the plow down on the ground, 5. When the enemy had sailed (use aorist) to the straits, we attacked (use émit{Bepor + dat.) them. Greek Wisdom Heraclitus aipoiveen &v dvti txdvrav of tiptoto1, Khéos dévaov Bvntév. Fragment 29 Diels H EN TAIZ NAATAIAIZ NIKH Read the following passage (adapted from Herodotus 9.13, 19, 20, 50-51, and 63-65), describing the Plataea campaign of spring, 479 B.C., and answer the comprehension questions below: & BE Mapdévicg poBdv Sri of AaxeBoupdvior HSn otparesovent, dig "ACHES tumphods Kai névra té te oiejwata Kal th ep BragBeipa, eis thy Bowtie dneEeydper. oi pév odv Aaxedarudvior mpotdvees cig thy ‘Arnhy dpixovto, of BE "AOnvaion Sialdvees Ex tf EaRapivos roig HeAonownsiows avventyncay.18. 0 AZKAHMIOZ (p) 3 [b...MapB8évioc, Mardonius otparesovtar, were (lit., are) on the march éunphads (from éuninnpnu), having set fire to th... oixqata, the dwellings dnebexaper, was withdrawing xpotdvtec, advancing BraBdvtes, having crossed over avvepiynoay (from avnyctwon)). joined with +dat} 1, What did Mardonius learn? 2. What three things did he then do in Athens? What did he do next? 3. What did the Lacedaemonians and Athenians do? énei 88 cig tiv Boworiay dqixovto, Evosav Sti oi PépBapor éni 7 ‘Acond notaui otpatonedesovean- évterdetovto oby éni Rope twvi. 8 8¢ MapBévi0c, dog ob xaréBatvov cig 18 neBiov of “EA&nves, nav + inmixdy ebéneuyev én’ odtots, of BE “EdAnves t6 te inmikdy Edcavto Kai addy tov otparmyev cnéKtewav, Hote *dppnoav noAAP pGRAov. werd SE taba Eokev adtoig KaraPfivar npds che Trharends, of 8% PopBapor, poBdvees bri of “BAAnvés elow av Mhotanaig, kal adrot éxeioe énopeovto. 4 B MapBéviog tbv otpardv Hakev dag payoduevos. [t§ *"Acwng xorand, the Asopus River otpatoxeBevovear, were (lit., are) pitch- ing camp — dvterdtrovto, they were positioning themselves opposite (them) 69Q, crest ofahill +b xeBtov, the plain tdinmuxdv, their cavalry tdoaveo (from G0éw), pushed back té&g Mhataréc, Plataea Exaev (from tdtto), drew up] 4. When the Lacedaemonians and Athenians arrived in Boeotia, what did they learn? What did they do then? 5. What did Mardonius do when the Greeks did not come down onto the plain? 6. What happened to Mardonius’ cavalry and its general? 7. What did the Greeks then decide to do? What did the barbarians do? #Bexa uev obv hugpiig Euevov, odSérepor Povdduevor wdyng HpEor eh SE Sadexéry 19 Mavoavig Bokev wiGrg petactiver: dpa pev yap ottov séovt0 Kail Bdatog, Kya 8& xax& Enaaxov ond tod inmKod dei mpooPéAAovtos. voto: obv peivavtes éxopevovto. énel bE Auépa yévero, 6 Mapddvios elSev td tHv ‘EAAAVav otpaténedov Epnpov bv: tobs obv “EAAnvas Spéum éSiaxev. Kai npOtov pev oi BapBapor tod ‘Anvaiovs KatéhaBov, of dvbperdtota paysuevor td tnmixdv Sdoavto. Enerta St 4 MapSédviog toig AaxeScupoviors événecev, Kai Kaptep& ayévero dyn. Enel 88 adrdg 6 MapBéviog dnéBavev, of P&pBapor tpeydyievor cic xd otpaténeSov oddevi Kdon@ Eovyov. [obSérepor, neither side HpEar(from &pyu) + gen., to begin th... Bobexaetp, on the twelfth (day) + Maveavig, to Pausanias pertactfivan, to change his posi- tion &éovto + gen., they were in need of vmd tod inmixod, by/at the hands of the cavalry thatparéxedav, the camp pnuov, deserted Spdnq, adv., at a run, at full speed xaptepés, mighty]34 Athenaze: Book IT 8. What did Pausanias finally decide to do? Why? Cite three reasons. 9. What. did Mardonius discover the next day? What did he do? 10, When the barbarians and Athenians engaged in combat, who fought most bravely and with what result? 1. What happened when Mardonius attacked the Lacedaemonians? 12 What did the barbarians do when Mardonius was killed? Exercise 184 Translate into Greek: 1. The Spartans, pursuing the barbarians to their camp, attacked the wall but were not able to take it. 2. When the Athenians came to help (use Bon9¢« for the whole verbal idea here), the barbarians did not flee but were fighting bravely. 3. And finally the Greeks climbed (went up onto) the wall, and the barbarians fled in disorder (in no order), 4. After the battle, Pausanias, being general of the Spartans, himself set up a memorial (uvneiov) at Delphi (¢v Aed@oic): ‘EMjvev dpynyds (leader) énei otpatdv dhece (destroyed) Midwv, Taveavids ®oife (to Phoebus Apollo) pviin’ dvéOnxe t65e. pvijue = uvnpetov Classical Greek Miracle Cures Evedyng ‘Embabpiog naiic. obras MOav evexdOevde: Boke Sh aith 6 Beds Emorég cineiv, “ri wor Sdoeis, ef o€ Ke dyih nomoa;” adrbg dé, “Béxa, dorpaydidove,” Eon. } Beds yehdisds Eonoé viv nocbcew. huépais 8 yevopévnc brig SEAABE. U8iBy, suffering from the stone évexdBev8e, slept (was sleeping) in (the abaton) imotas, standing near (him), appearing to(him) et ad xe by novhaa, if I make youwell abrtdg6=5¢ png viv (= adriv) xabaer, said that he would stop ‘him (from suffering) huépag.... yevonévng, when day came} TlévBapog Oecoard, oriyporre. txov ev th perdmp. odtos EyxaBesBav Syiv elSe- £dbxer adtH toavig. Katadfoor t& orlypota Bedg Kai Kehevew viv, Enel Gv FEo yévntan 109 &Bdrov cepehbuevov thy taavidy dvaieivan eig tov vabv. AnEpss BE yevonévns savéotn Kai dgetheto thy tauviay, Kal +d uev xpdcamov Kevov cide tav otydta, thy Bi rawiay dvEOnKe cig tav vadv, Eyovoay te ypdppora Te éx tod petdnov. loriynata, marks (these seem to have been letters, ypdunetar, tattooed on his forehead, év + uetdnp, perhaps indicating that he had been a slave) 8ytv,a vision tawig,18. O AZKAHTIIOZ with a bandage (or fillet) xataBjjear (from xaradée), tobind vw =adtév enti div... yévnrat, when he was tw + gen,, outside of &geXdpevov (from dpaipéa, aorist middle, digeASunv), having taken off vasv, temple — tkavéarn, he arose and departed mpécwxov, face xevdv + gen., empty, free from] New Testament Greek John 1.32, 33, and 49 Pronouncements about Jesus John the Baptist speaks in the presence of Je: “ceBéopon td xvedpe KatoBaivov dg neprotepév && odpavod Kat Eurwev én’ obtdv.” [neBéapor (perfect of Sedouar), I have seen otepav, as a dove Euewev, it came to rest én(\), upon xdxveSua, the spirit dg nepr- adbtéy, ie., Jesus] The one who sent John to baptize in water said to Sng td nvetua KarPaivoy Kal pévov én’ adtdv, obtdg éotw d “ag’ bv By Purritov év nvesuatt &yig.” lav {Sps, you see Baxtiev, the one baptizing avig, holyt Nathanael says to Jesus “SoPE, ob ef 6 vids 10d Deo’, ob Paoreds ef r08 ‘Toparir.” [paBBt, rabbi, teacher, master vids, the son tod ‘lopanA, of Israel] Epidaurus; the fourth-century theater19 O NOZTOE (a) wih Gv GvOpanav Eads ovdReydvimv, naig ug tig td SévSpov avefaiver. VOCABULARY Verbs oOiw. [86-] ESopor, [pay-] Eqoyov, [£-] 6ASoxe, I eat Yorn, imperfect, tomy, [otn-] othow, Eornoa, I make X stand; I stop X; 1 am setting X (up) athematic 2nd aorist, omy, intransitive, I stood -xo Ist perfect, Zetec, in- transitive, J stand -On- Ist aorist passive, [oro-] éor&Onv, J was set (up) dviornpt [= cva- + tornp}, when transitive, I make X stand up; I raise X; when intransitive, I stand up vootéw, I return home ovhAdya [= ovv- + Ayo, I pick up, gather; I say, tell, speak), ovarébw, ovvéreba, [doy-] ovvethoxa, [Aey-] ovvethey- pat, ovveAéyny, I collect, gather Nouns 4 AGG, tg LEAKS, olive; olive tree 6 véaro¢, 08 véarov, return (home) 2 nedStov, tot re{ov, plain dg 88 cig tov eva. dgixovto Zornouy Kal, Hin OdAnovtos tod AMov, ond Ede xuBiuevor olviv te Emov Kak citov Fpayov. SU SMyou SE d Aveardnodtg einev- “ti Sei novetv, & nai; od8evdg yop 3619. 0 NOZTOS (@) 37 Bvtog Hniv dpyvptov, odx KEeotiv hniv Kare OdAattav otkade vooteiv. det obv meli iévon.” 6 88 DidAimmos, “ui mept todtov opdvrite, & nétep: éyd yop yorphow neCh idv Kai te Epya Oedpevoc Kai t& Spy. GAMA mag ebphoopey thy d8dv thy mpdg Tas ’ABHVES oépovoay;” 6 Bé, “uh nepi tobtow ye pdveite, nai: padia yep edphoopey adbtyy.” tov BE Oidinnov dvaothoas, “avdornOr ody,” Zon: “el yop Soxel, xarpdg gotw dpufioa.” [8GAnovtoc, being hot neti, adv.,on foot 1h Epyar, the tilled fields ) dvaotévtes obv énopedsovto, Kal npdrov pév b4 nebiov joay, év & nord& Fv Epya dvOpdnav: noMdode SE dvOpadnovg kdpav ty Toi ypoig Epyaloutvovg, dv of piv tod¢ Bods HAavvov dpodvees thy &povpay, ot 8E 1c thdds ovvéheyov eis te BévEpa vaRatvovres. dc 88 toig Spec xpoceydpovv, dpnehdvas edpov, év otc of KvOpanor rods Botpvag ovvéAeyov- Kai tOv Botpdav todg Ev olkade Epepov Bvor ev peydAorg KavOnAtorc, todg SE ai yovaikes éni ch yi eriBeoav Gore 16 Adio EnpaivesBar. 6 obv idinnog nodbv ypdvov iotato névta Bedpevos [képov, imperfect of dpa apodvtes, plowing — thv &povpay, the plowland duxehOvas, vineyards todgBdtpuac, bunches of grapes Evo, donkeys Kav- Ondior, baskets EnpatveaBar, to become dry] PRINCIPAL PARTS: Labial Stems (-B-, -n-) Bléx-to, [BiaB-] BLdye, EBAowe, PéBAaga, PEBAanuar, EBAGOOHY or 8BAGBny, J harm, hurt etna, Aetye, [Atx-] EAtov, [hown-] MEAotea, [Aern-] AEAernpar (Iam left behind; I am inferior), éheigOnv, I leave réuno, xényo, Exeuya, (noux-] nénopoa, [neun-] némeppar, éenéueOnv, Tsend WORD STUDY Explain the meaning of the following English words with reference to their Greek stems: 1. aristocracy 4. theocracy 2. autocracy 5. bureaucracy 3. plutocracy (6 xhodto= wealth) 6. tachnocracy (# téxvn, art; shill)38, Athenaze: Book IL GRAMMAR 1. The Genitive Absolute Examine the following sentence: OdAnovroc tod HAfov, dnd LAG EKsAIVTO. Since the sun was hot, they were sitting under an olive tree. The words in boldface consist of a participle and a noun in the genitive case. This phrase has no grammatical relationship to the rest of the sen- tence, i.e., the participle does not modify any element such as the subject, the direct object, or the indirect object of the main clause. This use of a participle with a noun or pronoun in the genitive case is called a genitive absolute. The term absolute comes from a Latin word meaning “separated” or “independent,” and genitive absolutes are grammatically separate from the rest of the sentence in which they occur. Here are other examples: oddevadg Bvt0s Apiv dpyuptov, odx KEcotw Apiv Karé OéAortav otkade vooteiv. There being no money for us or Since we have no money, it is not pos- sible for us to return home by sea. Anépag yevonévns, & nuxhp viv nada Kodsoag tepye do Cyrhoovee th wpoPaca. When day came or When day had come or At daybreak, the father, calling his son, sent him to seek the sheep. In this sentence, the phrase juépac yevouévns is absolute, i.e., not part of the atructure of the rest of the sentence, whereas the participle xaAéodg agrees with narip, the subject in the main clause, and the participle (qtiaovta. agrees with naiiSe, the direct object in the main clause. With regard to aspect, present participles describe progressive, ongo- ing action contemporancous with the action of the main verb in the sen- tence (see Book I, Chapter 8, Grammar 1, page 115). Thus, in the sentence above, OéAnovtos rod HAtov, dnd Ed&c Excinvto, a present participle is used in the genitive absolute, but it is translated into English as a past progressive, Since the sun was hot, indicating ongoing action contempo- raneous With the imperfect tense of the main verb, éKé@nvto, they were sit- ting. Compare the sentence od8evdg 8vtos hiv dpyvptov, odk KEcottv ‘juiv xat& OdAattay oixade vooteiv, and its English translation, Since we have no money, it is not possible for us to return home by sea. With regard to aspect, the aorist participle in a genitive absolute ex- presses simple action (see Book 1, Chapter 11, Grammar 3d, pages 179- 180). Thus, the genitive absolute with its participle in the aorist in the sentence jpépdg yevonévns, 0 mathp tov maida Kadéoas Emewyev > {ntioovta t& xpdfara may be translated simply When day came or even more simply, At daybreak. However, aorist participles in genitive abso-19. 0 NOZTOE () 39 lutes may often be translated into English so as to indicate time before the action of the main verb, e.g, When day had come, the father, calling his son, sent him to seek the sheep. Genitive absolutes can often best be translated into English with clauses beginning with “since,” “as,” “when,” or “although.” The choice of which introductory word to use will usually be clear from the meaning of the sentence as a whole, but sometimes a word such as xainep, although, will provide a helpful clue. Exercise 190 Read aloud and translate the following sentences. Pay particular atten- tion to aspect in the Grek and to tense in English when translating par- ticiples: 1. tonépag yryvoudvns, of Eévor cig tb darn dgixovto. 108 yépovtos dpynionévon, 6 rails égoPcito. néveav étoipov Svtev, 6 iepeds thy Ouaiay Exoricato. 00 dvéyon petCovas yevouévon, f varic, dAtyn obaa,, év KwSive fv. xainep tiig nohews ROAD cenexodons, od« EonesBouev. voxtds yevouévng, ESokev hiv év th iioter pévew. tv adtovpyav txOpBv yevouévov, of vecviar td neBiov xortadindvres Eni xd Spos éevéBnaav. ratinep Q6puBov norosvrav tv npoPétwv, d adroupydc od« Laneviev. . 108 AMov dvatéAAovtos (rising), 6 noiic iH5n mpdg tov cypav fer 10. 100 HAlow Kataddvrog (having set), n&cav thy Huepav Epyaadpevos b nog otxaSe énarviévon éBodAero, rome Oo” The Verb forn1: Formation and Meaning This verb has both long-vowel [otn-] and short-vowel [ota-] stems, Yornur, otiow, sigmatic Ist aorist, ~otnaa, athematic 2nd aorist, totny, Eotnxa, éotdOnv,] make to stand; I stop; I set (up); athe- matic 2nd aorist, intransitive, I stood; I stood still; I stopped; perfect, intransitive, J stand You have already studied the athematic 2nd aorist of this verb (Zotnv, J stood) in Chapter 15, and you have seen many examples of it in the read- ings. Formation of the Active: Present: i-otn-11 Sigmatic 1st aorist: ¢-ot-co. Imperfect: t-ot-v Athematic 2nd aorist: é-ot-v Future: otj-o-o The present and imperfect are formed by putting {- (reduplication: = at-, cf. Latin sist6) before the stem and adding the personal endings, e.g.,40 Athenaze: Book II ‘om-pt. In the imperfect the {- augments to i-. In both the present and the imperfect, the long-vowel stem (ot-) is used in the singular, and in the plural, the short (ota-). Compare 8{-80-u1 and ti-On-pt. The future oti\-cw is formed regularly, as is the sigmatic 1st aorist - omm-oa. Meaning of the Active: Forms in the active voice in the present, imperfect, future, and sig- matic Ist aorist are ¢ransitive and take direct objects. They mean make to stand, stop, or set up, e.g. dnoig dv Kova tomow. ‘The boy is stopping his dog. 6 nolig tov Kiva torn. The boy was stopping his dog. b naig tov Kiva omice. ‘The boy will stop his dog. 6 noig tov Kiva Zomoev. The boy stopped his dog. d vaime tbv iatdv Eomoev. The sailor set up the mast. The athematic 2nd aorist, Zomy, means I stood, stood still, stopped, and the perfect, éomra, means I stand. These forms are intransitive and do not take direct objects, e.g.: 8 bay Eom. The dog stood still / stopped. fy yovit mpdg tii xptivn Eomnxev. The woman stands near the spring. Formation of the Middle: Present: {-ota-pat Imperfect: § Sigmatic 1st aorist: é-om-oé-unv Athematic 2nd aorist: none Meaning of the Middle: The present, imperfect, future, and sigmatic Ist aorist middle may be used transitively, e.g.: pthaxag ioréuebo., We are setting up, i.e., posting, guards. goAaxKac iorépeBa. We were setting up, i.e., posting, guards. gohaKas omodneba. We will set up, i.e., post, guards. gohaxag LomodpeBe. We set up, i.e., posted, guards. The middle voice implies that the action is performed in the interests of the subject, ie., here, for ourselves /for our protection. The present, imperfect, and future middle may also be used intransi- tively, e.g.: iordueba. We are standing/standing still/ stopping. iorépea. We were standing/ standing still /stopping. omodpeda. We will stand/stand still/ stop.19° 0 NOZTOE (a) 41 N.B.: The sigmatic 1st aorist middle is not used intransitively; the athematic 2nd aorist active is used instead, e.g.: éotnpev We stood/stood still /stopped. Passive forms are translated exactly as you would expect, e.g., the aorist passive éocdé®ny means I was set (up). The forms of fotny1 will be presented in the second half of this chapter. Exercise 198 Translate each of the following forms, using set up or stand as meanings: Active Middle Intransitive Passive Transitive Transitive Present toma Torapon toropon ect Imperfect [tomy tordyry totduny iotduny Future ovioo aricopor —_arioouon —_| ota®ijoopon ‘Aorist Sornoa tomeduny | Eomy dordonv Perfect tora Exercise 197 Read aloud and translate: OPN DA Pew ol naideg rods Kbvas Yomoay. 8 adzovpyds EEaivng (suddenly) év vf &yop& orn. 8 maic avéom 8 xathp tov raiSa évéomory. ol vattar tov Miva xacadindvees tov iotdv (mast) Eornaay. rods Hépotis virjoas 6 Maveavitig tponaioy (a trophy) éomhoaro. un gedyere, d efor, dAMK atfite Kal dvipeias udyeoBe. inei tov Eévov e¥Bouev, odvees jpduede: rot nopesvero. 8 veewiag tov Kiva Homes Kal thy dav hulv &AAavev 4 pdc 1d Kor Egepev. ods nodeioug goBodpevor, pdREKAG EoTHoavtO. Greek Wisdom Heraclitus 2v x copsy, éntatacur yvaoyny Hts exvBépynoe névea bk néveov, Fragment 41 Diels42 Athenaze: Book 11 On their return journey overland, Philip and his father visit the famous ruins of Mycenae, which were not far off their route. The lion gate to the citadel is shown here. Mycenae Mycenae stands on a hill skirted by two deep ravines. ‘The site is a natu- ral strong point, dominating the plain of Argos. It was first occupied about 3,000 B.C., and a new settlement was made about 2,000 B.C., which is gener- ally believed to be the time when Greek speakers arrived in Greece. There is clear evidence for a sudden increase in the importance and prosperity of this settlement about 1,600 B.C.; two grave circles have been found, one inside the later walls and containing six shaft graves, excavated by Schliemann in the 1870s, the other rather earlier in date, outside the walls, discovered in 1950. These graves contained a mass of gold and other precious objects of great beauty, including imports from Minoan Crete and Egypt. ‘The power and wealth of Mycenae increased rapidly. There was soon a uniform culture in mainland Greece, stretching from Thessaly in the north to the south of the Peloponnesus, with palaces at Thebes, Athens, Mycenae, Tiryns, and Pylos and probably at other sites not yet discovered. Although the palaces were the administrative centers of separate kingdoms, it seems likely that Mycenae was the leading, if not the dominant, kingdom. From 1500 B.C. the kings of Mycenae were buried in massive stone tombs outside the walls, of which the largest, the so-called Treasury of Atreus, is a magnifi- cent architectural achievement. ‘About 1450 B.C. the Achaeans, as the Grecks of the Mycenaean period were called, invaded Crete and destroyed all the Minoan palaces except Knossos, which they occupied. Succeeding to Minoan control of the seas, the Achaeans19. 0 NOZTOE (@) 43 now traded widely throughout the Eastern Mediterranean and made settle- ments on the islands and in Asia Minor, The zenith of Mycenaean power and prosperity was in the early thirteenth century; in this period were built the walls, some of which still stand, and the lion gate. By about 1250 B.C., when the defenses were renewed and improved, there is evidence of destruction outside the walls. Trade declined; a period of upheaval and deterioration had begun. The Trojan War is thought to have occurred about this time. The traditional date for the fall of Troy is 1184 B.C., but the American archaeologist Blegen, who made the most complete recent excavations and found clear evidence of a prolonged siege, dates the destruction of Troy to about 1240 B.C. It looks as though the Trojan expedition was the last united effort of the Achaeans Mycenae was subjected to three successive attacks in the following years. In the first, the houses outside the walls were destroyed; in the second, the cit- ade) was sacked; in the third, it was finally destroyed and not reoccupied. The other mainland palaces were all sacked around 1200 B.C., presumably by bands of invading Dorians. ‘The entrance to the Treasury of Atreus44 Athenaze: Book IT During the Dark Ages a new settlement was made on the site of Mycenae, which developed into a miniature polis; this sent a small contingent to fight at Plataea, but in 468 B.C. it was attacked and destroyed by Argos. When Philip visited it in our story, the site was abandoned; the massive walls and the lion gate still stood, but the rest was overgrown and undisturbed until Schliemann arrived in 1876. Around Mycenae centered one of the most important cycles of Greek myth. The royal house of Mycenae was doomed. Its founder had been Pelops. His father Tantalus wanted to find out whether the gods were really omni- scient. He killed his own child Pelops and served him up to the gods at a feast; none of the gods would touch the meat except for Demeter, who was dis- tracted by grief and ate part of his shoulder. The gods restored him to life and replaced his missing shoulder with one of ivory. When he had grown up, he wooed Hippodamia, daughter of Oenomaus. In order to win her hand, he had to beat her father in a chariot race. He bribed Qenomaus’s charioteer to re- move the linchpin of the axle. In the race, Oenomaus was thrown and killed, but as he lay dying he cursed Pelops. Pelops carried off the dead king’s daughter to Mycenae and founded a dy- nasty that was unremittingly haunted by the curse, His sons were Atreus and Thyestes. Thyestes seduced Atreus’ wife, and Atreus banished him. Atrous then pretended to be reconciled and invited his brother to a banquet; at this feast he served up Thyestes’ own children. Thyestes found a human finger in his portion and, realizing what Atreus had done, kicked over the table and fled, cursing Atreus and all his family. Thyestes had a son, Aegisthus, by his own daughter; together they murdered Atreus. Agamemnon succeeded Atreus as king, and when he led the Greeks to Troy, he left the kingdom in the care of his wife, Clytemnestra. The Greek fleet, however, en route for Troy was held up by unceasing contrary winds. The prophet said that these winds would only cease if Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter to Artemis. Agamemnon sent for his daughter Iphigenia on the pretext that she was to wed Achilles, and with his own hand he cut her throat over the altar. During Agamemnon’s absence, Clytemnestra took Aegisthus as her lover and planned vengeance. When, after ten years, Agamemnon returned, the lovers murdered him, entrapping him in a net while he was in the bath. Orestes, the young son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, escaped into exile, saved by his nurse; the daughters, Chrysothemis and Electra, remained in the palace. When Orestes grew to manhood, he consulted Apollo's oracle at Delphi and was ordered to avenge his father's murder. He returned to Mycenae secretly and with Electra’s help murdered both ‘Acgisthus and his own mother. He was then pursued by the Furies and took refuge at Apollo’s altar. The curse, which had haunted the family through four generations, was finally laid to rest when Athena acquitted Orestes of bloodguilt on the grounds that he had been ordered by Apollo to perform the murders.19. O NOZTOZ (@ 45 Classical Greek Theognis Theognis laments the passing of youth and the prospect of death in the fol- lowing sets of couplets (lines 1069-1070 and 1070a~-1070b), which were proba- bly composed as separate poems. The themes were common in Greek lyric poetry. For Theognis, see Book I, Chapter 10, page 163; Chapter 11, page 185, and Chapter 14, page 249. ttppoves &vOpwnor Kati vitor, of te Bavoveacs, kAoiove', 088 fiBing &VB0 dxohAdpevov. [dppoves, foolish vim, childish of re= ot Oavdvrag = axoavivras, the dead ‘hatovat, weep for *Bng, of youth &vBog, the flower dnodAbpevov, perishing, that perishes] répned por, ike Odpé- ray’ ecb tives dAROL Eoovecn divbpec, ey BE Davey yori péAoav® Eoowor [cépxeo = répnov, present imperative of réproyor pot: not the usual dative with chpnowat, but a special dative used to solicit the interest of the addressee; I beg you or please Odpé, here, heart téy' a, soon axain yaia,earth péhoav(a), black] Uo Pelops and Hippodamia46 Athenaze: Book II O NOXTOE (8) VOCABULARY Verbs &yvoéa, I do not know dvanatopar, dvanatcopar, avenavoduny, avané- nawpan, I rest aetocapar [= éno- + Yoropen], lom-] dnoothaopat, ané- orny, I stand away from; I revolt from évevyzave + dat., I meet xabiotnur [= xaza- + tornur), when transitive, I set X up; T appoint X; + eig + ace., I put X into a certain state; when intransitive, I am appointed; I am established; + ei + acc., I get /fall into a certain state; I become el¢ dnoptav xatéotn, he fell into perplexity, be- came perplexed napawéo [= xapa- + aivéo), napatvéca or xapatvéco- pot, napfveca, maphvexa, naphvnuat, mapnvébny + dat. and infin., J advise someone to do something oqnatva, [aquave-] onuava, lonuny-] éojynve, [onpov-] oeohpacnat, éonudvenv, I signal; I sign; I show Nouns 6 noipiv, tod nowuévos, shep- herd 11 BAn, tig BAns, woods, forest 8 9680s, t0 p6Bov, fear; panic 0s, 703 Spov, shoulder gies Babtc, -cia, -6, deep Bede, -H, -dv, terrible; clever, skilled; + infin., clever at, skilled at epnpos, -ov, deserted zpaxis, -eia, -6, rough Adverbs H810ta, superlative of hdéac, most sweetly; most pleas- antly; most gladly od pévtor b1& ROAD th tHv avOpdnov Epya Katadimdvtes, avéBnoav Eni t& Spn- Koi onaviag Sn sversyzavov dvOpdnorg, noutévas S& dAtyous éHpewv ot ta xpdBata Evepov. fioay 5& did peydhov div, év alg moAAat te Spdes joa Kai nohAai érdtan. tpayetdc 8% yevousvng tig 6808 Koi ob ad{sc edpeiv, 6 wev Atkar- 5 dnoktg eig cropiav xatéorn &yvodv thy O8dv- 8 BE OiAnnog tvOpanov iSdv xpoctévra, “iSod, nétep,” Epn, “pa dpic éxeivov adv UvSpa Kansvra mpds hpé; poriverar kovnyéme elvar- Kbav yep Adxonve Enerar abt. Gp’ ob Bovder oriioar cdrdv Kai EpgoBar et ath t O8d¢ npd¢ KépwOov oéper;” ¥on: “othoapey obtdv.” 8 BE Avxondnodas, “uédroré ye,” 119. 0 NOZTOE (By 41 [oxaviws, rarely Evenov, were grazing Bpbec, oaks shétat, pines xovnyéms, hunter Adxawa, Laconian, Spartan otowpev, subjunctive, let us stop him!) mposxapodvtog S& tod veaviov, Kbav ayping bAaKTET Katt dpuston én’ cedtodg- 6 BE vedviag Eom Kai Bonads, “orhOL, “Apyn.” Een, “Kai stynoov.” 6 odv Arkardnodig npoordy, “yaipe, & veavia,” on, “dp” oloba od ci abtn h dtpamdg npdc thy KépwOov géper;” 6 8é, “wdhiote ye, Exeice géper- ibob—kEcotw adthy iSeiv drip td Spoc, gépovoay. padiag 5% yaoee odthy, sav ye Epudtov cnpaavévtov. GAAS nodd dnéyer h KéprOoc, xai Sv ddtyou vbk yevioetar: Yous BE cig Kiv8dvov xatacrhceabe udvot év toig Spear voKtepedoveec. Epruov yap Svtov tHv dpav odsevi EvredEecde avOpdnov el Lh mowevi tii. GAN’ dyere, nag Exere 10d atrov; dAAG petvate: Shoo yep dpiv Aaydv. i809.” Kai tadita eindv td ponadov, 8 Eni tots dors Egepe, xatéOnxev- 860 yap Onpia é tod pomdAov expéwato, dv ev Abous tH ArxonondArdi napéSaxev. 6 SE SeEdpevos nreiomy yépw dnédmxev. 6 Sb vedvias, “obdév gotuv,” Len, “nAeiator yap Aad yiyovta bv toig Speci, eyd SE padias aipd adtove: Sewdtatos yap eipt xvvnyetetv. yaipete odv xai edrvyoite.” tadta 8 eindv énopedeto xat& thy dtpandv, oi 5é Bpadéws dviicav [bAuxrei, barks dp’ ofe8a, do you know? atpards, poth Ov... Eppdtov, the stone heaps, cairne vuxtepebovtes, spending the night x&<¢ tyete tod aitov, how are you off for food? aydv, hare pdnadov, club, hunter's staff O8neta, beasts, animale axpéwato (from xpénanat), were hanging days: nominative plural xvvnyetetv, to hunt (translate, hunting) edtvgoite, optative expressing a wish, may you be lucky! good luck to youl} tonépac 8 yyvopévng moment twi évérvyov, S¢ tét mpdBorta. Kotdr thy dddv HAavvev. 6 dt iSdv adbtods mpocrdvrac cic gSBov Karaotag Zotaev adtodg Kai Boats, “ives éoté,” Eon, “ol Bid thig vurrds mopeveocde; ndBev HAOete Kai moi Epyeobe;” 6 SE Aixardnodic mpooidy névta tk yevépneva, éEnyfcato, 6 5& nowhv edpevdds SeEdpevos adtod,, “ahAd navies,” Eqn, “Rpds Ardg eior ntwxot te Eeivoi te, GARE voxtdg H5n yryvonévng napawd dpiv pdvors odor Wh 1B 20 25 30. 3548 Athenaze: Book II voxtepeverv év totic Speci. tyete 54, EABete pet’ enod eic thv KaAGBny, ev f Keotw div pévew thy voxta.” of 8° obv tods 108 nowévos A6yous copévac SeEduevor elmovro ade eig OAtyny twée KahSBny. § 68 nowy, “bod: elerte. by pby whe 1” alyac éuehEo kat t& npdPata, dweic 5& ta oxedn Katabévtes ndp Kaboate Kai 4 xabitecbe.” Inpdc Aréc, under the protection of Zeus ntmyoi te Eeivoi te, beggars and stran- gers thy KaAbBqv, my hut dapévac, gladly anédto,I will milk t& oxedn, baggage] } uv obv @idinnos ndp Exavcev, 6 5E nathp Kabfevos divenavero &k tig waxpdc 6800. 6 BE nowshy th mpdBara snérbec, énavibv deinvov napeckesate, citsv te Kai topov Kai yada. o Sz Aixarénodtc, “i8ob, & othe,” kon, “kovnyérng ts, b xatée thy 686 45 éverdyouev, tovde tov Loydv hiv kBoxev. Gp’ odv Booher durav adtdv éni Seinve;” 0 86, “udAtoté: ye- ota yop H8toter Sernvicouey: uetée 8 1d Seinvoy 6 naic HéAn Koerat.” tov obv Aaydy onthoavtes HSéag eSeinvncay: Enerta SF 6 wev iArmnog wéAn ASev, 6 SE ohy usbovg Kdeyev, Fos néveec ottwg Excpvov date cic addv Savoy 50 tneoov. [sbpdv, cheese y&Aa, milk dat, to roast wéAn ¥aeran (from ga), will sing songs Sev, was singing) PRINCIPAL PARTS: More Labial Stems (-r-, -@-) xéx-t0, xoyo, ixoya, xéxopa, xéxonpat, xdzny, I strike; I knock on (a door) von-t0, [tate] toxthao, I strike, hit yetoo, yaya, Eypaya, yéypaga, yéypannar, éypdgny, J write WORD BUILDING From your knowledge of the prepositions at the left, deduce the meaning of the adverbs at the right: 1. avi ave 3. xe Ebw 5. xatd = Kt 2. cig low 4. bv tvBov 6 pds pdow19, 0 NOZTOXL (f) 49 GRAMMAR 3, The Verb tom: Forms Yornpr, otrow, Eornoa, Eornv, Lotnxa, éoraOnv, J make X stand; 1 stop X; I am setting X (up) Yom: Present, Imperfect, Future, and Aorist, Active Voice Stems: otn-/ota- Present: transitive, I make X stand; I stop X; I am setting X up Indicative Imperative Infinitive Participle {orn-j i-ord-var i-oris, orn-¢ tom i-oraca, oty-ou(v) Lordy, oto-wev gen., t-ordvt-og, ete. {-ata-te tota-te i-ota-on(v) Imperfect: transitive, I was making X stand; I was stopping X; I was setting X (up) Indicative For Eota-pev fote-te Tora-cav Future Regular sigmatic future: atioo, orjoeis, oticet, ete., J will make X stand; I will stop X; I will set X up Sigmatic 1st Aorist Regular sigmatic Ist aorist: éomoa, éotoac, éomoe(v), ete., transitive, I made X stand; I stopped X; I set X up Athematic 2nd Aorist: intransitive, I stood Indicative Imperative Infinitive Participle éotny oti-von ord, Eons ori-6 stéio., zom™ ord, ¥ormuev gen., ottivt-og, etc, Forte otf-re fomoav50 Athenaze: Book II Yormpt: Present and Imperfect, Middle/Passive Voice Stem: ota- Prosent: transitive, Iam setting X (up) for myself; intransitive, I stand Indicative Imperative Infinitive Participle ‘ora-par iora-cOa1 i-oté-pev-og, -1, -ov ‘-ota-car t-ora-co ‘ora-tor i-oré-peba ‘ora-a0e i-ora-o8e Y-ota-vtar Imperfect: transitive, J was setting X (up) for myself; intransitive, I was standing Indicative {-ord-pnv Lora-co {ota-to i-ord-weda Lota-obe Lora-vto tor: Future and Aorist, Middle Voice Stem: om- Future Regular sigmatic future: orjaopyor, otievy, otiaetat, etc., transitive, T will set X (up) for myself; intransitive, I will stand Aorist Regular sigmatic Ist aorist: zomoduny, Eomjow, éotfaaro, etc., transitive, I set X (up) for myself Greek Wisdom Heraclitus divOpdimoug péver dnoBavéveas rive ovx EXnovtan ob82 Soxobgw. Fragment 27 Diels4, 19, O NOZETOE (fp) 5L Yormut: Future and Aorist, Passive Voice Stem: ota- Future Regular -0n- future passive: otaOjoopa, orabjcevy, otabjaerm, ete, I will be set (up) Aorist Regular -6n- aorist passive: totaOny, totéBng, éotdbn, etc., 1 was set (up) Exercise 195 Make two photocopies of the Verb Chart on page 274 and four copies of the Verb Chart on page 275. Fill in the forms of tornu, except for the subjunc- tive and optative, in the active voice (present, imperfect, future, sigmatic aorist, and athematic 2nd aorist), in the middle/passive voice (present and imperfect), in the middle voice (future and sigmatic Ist aorist), and in the passive voice (future and aorist). Keep these charts for reference. The Verbs xaSiotnnt and épfotapar A common compound of Yorn is xa0iomp1, transitive, I set X up; I ap- point X; + elg + ace., I put X into a certain state. When intransitive this verb means J am appointed; I am established; + ei + acc., I get /fall into a certain state; I become Study the following examples carefully and translate them: a xbwv tbv Eévov cic pdfov karésmocv. (transitive) 8 Eévos eis p6Bov xaxéom. (intransitive) 8 Bfiyog tov TepiKAA otparnyov Katéomoev, (transitive) 6 Llepuxhiic otparnyds KaBlotaton. (middle; intransitive) 6 Iepixhiis otparnyds katéot. (intransitive) ot ‘ABnvatior véiovg xateotioavto. (middle; transitive) Another common compound of tomut is defotapa, dnooricopar, axéorny, I stand away from, I revolt from, e. oi "loves dnd tv Mepody dgtotavean. ot “aves dnd tev Mepoay énoothoovean. ot “Teves dnd tv Mepoiiv énéomaay. The Tonians are revolting /will revolt /revolted from the Persians.Athenaze: Book II Exercise 19¢ Identify and translate the following forms: 1. otfibt 6. %otmoov (2 ways) 11. dgiotatat 2. torévor 7. tom 12. xabictavto 3. otiiven 8. atijoov 13. xataotioovrot 4, Yoraobe (2 ways) 9. atdc 14. otioas 5. orhoacBet 10. omocipevos 15. égiotaso Exercise 196 Read aloud and translate: 1. ot ‘ABnvation eig noACuOV KotéotnoAV. 2, oi noAguior buds elg gury Katacticoust. 3. tig o& Kprtiy (judge) ipav Katéomoev;, 4. 6 Onaedc Bacrredg sav ‘ABnvaiay Katéom. 5. ot ‘ABnvaiiot vopoug Kertestoavro. 6. ot “EdAnves tods Aaedupoviong hyepovac (leaders) Katecthioavto. 7. ot atparnyoi eg o6Pov Kataotivtes dxopedyery EBobAoVTO. 8. tocadro. naBdvres odSénote (never) cig nohEpOV adc KotAsmodpeba. 9. oi “leaves dnd tHv Mepodv énootisovtm. 10. of “loves dd tGv Mepodv émootavees toig “EXAnow éBoxGnoav. Exercise 197 Translate into Greek: 1. The people appointed this (man) general again. 2. This (man), having been appointed general, advised the people not to fight. 3. He told us to cease from war and gave the city peace (= put the city into a state of peace). 4. We advise you to revolt from the Persians at once. 5. The Greeks, attacking the barbarians bravely, put them to flight. OI EAAHNESZ TOYS TIEPZEAY KATA OAAATTAN AEYTEPON NIKQXIN Read the following passages and answer the comprehension questions: The battle of Mycale took place, according to tradition, on the same day as the battle of Plataea, in spring 479 B.C. The Greek victory eliminated the Per- sian fleet in the Aegean and was followed by a second revolt of the Jonians from Persia, The following passages are adapted from Herodotus 9.90104.1 O NOZTOE @) 53 tipo. fpr &pyopivy 1d tav “EAMivav vautuxdy eig thy Atyivay ovvehéyeto, vies Eprndv Séxa Kai éxatv. evtedfev 88 cic thy Afidov ExRevoav, Bovddpevor tods “lavas thevfepdom. napdveag 8% tod vawerKod év th Aihup, AMBov dkyyedor dnd fig Léuov, ol Himmaov adbrobs npdg Léyov mrevoaveas toic fapPéipors émotpatedoar: “ol yap B&pBapor,” Eoacay, “od noAAac vatds Lxovawv, of BE “Taves buds {Bdvtes ede Gnoomaovtar Gnd tv Mlepodv. ovtas odv “got Spiv Kal dvdpag "EMAqvac BAevbepGoai Kai dpyBver tods PapBApore,” 6 obv otpatnyds 6 tHV ‘EAAHVveV zobrovg tods ASyoug SeEGyevos tic varwoi npdg Eauov hyeiro. [apa fpr dpxyopéve, with the beginning of spring hv Aiylwav, Aegina api0- pv, in number évreDBev, from there tiv Afjhov, Delos tig Laov, Samos] 1. Where did the Greek fleet assemble, and how many ships were there? 2, Why did the fleet sail to Delos? 3, What did messengers from Samos ask the Greeks at Delos to do? 4, What two facts did the messengers cite in urging the Greeks to act? 5. What two things do the messengers claim that the Greeks could do? 6, What was the response of the Greek general? tig BE sig Edpov dqixduevor napeckevatovro cig varwpayiay, oi Mépaar ed0dg Gnénhevoay mpds thy tinerpov- Eokc yap adtoig wih veopayiav noreiabor: od yeep dE spayor Aeav ot vijeg abtGv. énomdesaavtes obv pds THY MuKéAny ts vais avethxvooy Kai teixog éxoinoav mepi aedtdc, of SE “EAAnves tabta ydvtec ESl@Kov adtods cig thy MvKdAnv, tg BE eyydg eyévovto tod tHv moAeniov otpotonéSov Kai oddeic tgatveto dvarydpevos GAM vais elSov avervaptévas Koo 100 teiyovs, mprov uév napanAsovres tods “lavas éxdAecav, Kehevovtes adtods dnootivar dnd tév Mepoay, Eneita 5& cig thy yfiv exPdvtes tH tetyer npocéBarAov. [eig vavpaytay, for a battle at sea thy Ymeipov, the mainland = a&Eropazor, battle-worthy tiv Moxédnv, Mycale dveiAxvoay (from avéAxo), they beached t08...ctparoxéBov, the camp dvayduevos, putting out to sea avern- vgpivas (perfect passive participle of dvédxw, I draw up), drawn up (on the shore), beached tom+gen., inside napandtovtes, sailing past | 7. What did the Persians do when the Greeks arrived at Samos? Why? 8. How did the Persians protect their fleet? 9, How did the Greeks respond to this maneuver of the Persians? 10, When the Greeks saw that the Persians were not putting to sea and were continuing to protect their beached fleet, what two things did they do? npaitov p2v obv cevBpetag euccyovr0 of PapBapot, énei SL of "ENAves Wi OpHA mpocgepdjtevor 1 teizog etRov, tpeydpevor Epvyov. of SE “Toves, de lov tobsAthenaze: Book IL "EM avag vikGveae, xpdc ardtodg adtopodkjcavtes toig Pupfdpors Evérecov. oi}tas ody td Sebtepov dnéotycav ot “Teves dnd tHv Iepodv. [dpnfi, rush, onset xposgepduevor, charging abtopodhaavres, deserting] 1 What action of the Greeks put the Persians to flight? 12. At what moment did the Ionians desert the Persians? 13. When the Ionians deserted the Persians, what did they do? Exercise 199 Translate into Greek: 1, At the Ionians’ request (use genitive absolute with aitém), the general decided to lead the fleet to Samos. 2. The messengers said, “We will not betray (npoddcouev) you but will revolt. from the Persians.” 3. The barbarians, having seen the ships of the Greeks approaching, fled to the mainland. 4. The Greeks, having disembarked from their ships, attacked the wall and took (it). 5. The Tonians, having seen the Greeks winning, revolted from the Persians and came to aid the Greeks. The death of Agamemnon19. 0 NOETOE @) 55 New Testament Greek John 2.1-8 The Wedding at Cana xa tf Anéng tA tpim yéuos tyévero ev Kowér wig Todratac, xai Av A wimp tod ‘Inood éxei- exAHOn Se Kai 6 "Incodg Koi of pabntai ato cig tov ye&pov. Kai dareprisarvtos olvov Aéyet h khtnp 08 ‘Inaod npds axdtdv, “olvov odx Exovaw.” éyer ost 6 ‘Tnoods, “ti guot xat oot, yoven; otimo fixer h diper pov.” (yéuos, a wedding sfig Tadihatac, of Galilee oi pabnsat, the disciples dare- phoavtos otvov, when the wine gave out obaa, not yet 4 dpa, hour] Aéyer f urtnp adtod toig Staxdvors, “ vr dv A€yn Spiv roujoate.” Aoav Sz axed MOwan SSpian 2 xorr& tov KaGapiapdv tHv ‘lovdatov xetwever, yopodooar dvix perpntirg 840 i tpeig, Adyer adroig 6 “Mavis, “yeploate rie DBpldig BSatos.” koi éyéuioov abras Eos dive. Kai Aéyer osdroig, “avedioate viv Kai gépete 1H dpyvtprcdtvy”: of 88 HveyKav. [roig Staxdvors, fo the servants 8 trav Aéyn, whatever he says — MBwat, made of stone ard tov xaBapiaydy, for the purification rv ‘lovbaiav, of the Jews yupodoa, holding ava + acc., at the rate of, up to wetpyts, measures (ane etpnzig = about nine gallons or thirty-four liters) yeuloare, fill X (acc.) with ¥ (gen.) dvo, up (ie., full) avthhoate,draw tH apyxitptehivg, to the master of ceremonies veyxav: asigmatie aorist of gépol Concluded in Chapter 20 b ‘Ingods, tod ‘Ingod, 1H ‘noo’, rbv “Ingodv, & ‘Insod, Jesus ai lovB8aior, tav ‘lovdaiav, the Jews heed Bae REM ‘Terrace of Lions on Delos; ca, 610 8.20 iv abroig twig Bapacat toi “Aypépvoves foraveo. VOCABULARY Verbs Gpéoxer, [dpe-] &péoen, fipece, personal + dat., it is pleas- ing Seixvdu, imperfect, éSeixvov, [Serx-] SetEm, éerba, 5é5er- yo, Béderypan, eetxOnv, I show xa8opém [= Kata- + dpdel, lon-] xatéyouan, [i5-] cet- ei8ov, I look down on Nouns 2d alpa, tod atpatos, blood b Adav, tod Agovtosg, lion ud wéyeBoc, tod peyéBovg, size td téxvov, tod téxvon, child 8 témog, tod téxov, place Adjectives daopadns, -s, safe MOwwog, -n, -ov, of stone, made of stone Adverb or Preposition ivtéc, adv., within, inside; prep. + gen., within, inside Adverbs &va, up; above eEaipvne, suddenly xéta, down; below Particle Sixov, doubtless, surely Proper Names ai 'Eptviec, tav 'Epivvéy, the Furies (avenging spirits) ai Mo«ivar, tv Moknvév, Mycenae Gitepor Ge Gevoemns coe aera gained ievaavees eno! pedovto Kai téog detkovto zig &xpa t& pn, ag’ dv KateiSov 16 te nediov Kétw Ketpevov cai teiyn tivd éni Adgov éotnxdta. 6 BE Pthinnog tov natépa othodas, “nénna,” fon, “teiyn twvd. peycAo. dpa én’ éxeivov tod Adgov éotnKdta. GAA’ einé por, tiva éotiv;” 6 Se20. 0 NOETOE 3 Atxondnodg nov twa xpdvov npdg tét tein Brénov, “exeive gor, & nai,” on, “dg soi Soxei, th tv Moxnvav telyn.” 6 88 idrnmos, “Gpa GAnOh déyers;” Eon. “Epo. éxei Ginoev 6 ’Ayoutuvev; &pa Poorer Serxviver pot té tod ‘Ayapepvovos Sdpata; dpa keotw hiv éxeioe xotoPiven Koi t& Sapte Bewpeiv;” 6 58 Aucordnodac, “eon xataBiivar, ef cot Soxei, ob yup wéda nodd dméyer th teiyn tic b800, xoi—aye yap sotw—thy vita évtds THY TeYYav dopaheis pevodpev.” [Abp0v, crest ofa hill tormxéea, perfect participle, standing t&... Bdpara, the palace] otitmg cindy, 1 nox8i cata: 13 Spog Ayjeato. Bt’ sAtyou obv toi reigeot emdnoiaCov Kai Eni tdv ASqov dvaBdvtes cig tdi ROLIG a Lrt~—~—~—~—~—~—~—C—C—C—CC—C*“CC_C_CE “h natep,” Egn, “yiyavtes Sinov tadta ta teiyn Oxoddpnoav- GvOpmmoi yap tosodtove AiBovg aipew odK eSbvavto.” 6 5é ArxarénoAig, “dAnBA Aéyerc, & téxvov,” Zon: “oi yap Kixhones, tic gdaw, tadta énoinoov. GAX’ 180d, pyov Bovpdordy cor Sei~o Bhéne tivo.” 6 58 bidrnnog dvaPAénav Sho Agovtac Mivoug elBe tc nbAGG QvAGTIOVtIAS. todtovg 5é Bedodpevor mpodyadpovv Kai cic Bxpov tov Aspov agrxdpevor ev adtoig toig Sdpact tod *Ayapéuvovoc totavro, t6 te neBiov Kabopavtes Kai thy AdAattav tH Mo Aaunopévny. [éxAnolatov + dat., they were approaching ylyavtes, giants @xoBunoay, built Bavpdordy, wonderful, marvelous apxopevny, shining) dEakovng db Kopi 6 Oidinnog Kai ei¢ @dBov Kpvepdv Katéorn. “& natep,” Eqn, “obx &péoKer por odtoc 6 Tém0G. aipatog yap Cer.” 5 BE Arcondnohs, “undiv goBod, & séxvov,” Eon: “tous ai "Eptvies ‘Ayapéuvovég te Kai tig maykdxow yovarkds £t Kai vov nepigoitdoiv. GAN od PAc&yovat ce, téxvov. ABE. 56¢ por thy yeipa. eyd cor hyhoopon.” Kal odtas cindy, 1 nari dg téexota xét@ fyheato.58 Athenaze: Book II [optéev (from gpiva), shuddered xpvepdv, icy Ser + gon, it smells of | nayné- xo, completely evil nepigortaow, wander about] PRINCIPAL PARTS: Velar Stems (-y-, -x-) &y-w, &Ee, [&yay-] Hyavov, [ay-] Axo. hymen, ixOnv, I lead; I take gedy-o, pesEouat, [vy-] Epvyov, [oevt-] xépevya, I flee; I escape xpatta, [npax-] rp&o, Expata, xéxpaya, xénpayyat, énpayOnv, intransitive, I fare; transitive, I do WORD STUDY Deduce the meaning of the Greek word from which the first part of each of the following words is derived. Then give a definition of the English word: 1, photograph (td iq, t03 gwtdg =?) 4. paleography (nahardc, -é, -dv =?) 2. seismograph (4 cevouss = 2) 5. cryptography (xpintw = 2) 3. telegraph (tijAc = ?) Give two other English words beginning with tele- and explain their mean- ings and Greek stems. GRAMMAR 1. The Verb defxvbpi Stem: derx-, show Seix-vo-pr, deiEo, Berka, Seberza, SéBeryuar, BeiyOnv, J show In the present and imperfect tenses of this verb, endings are added di- rectly to the extended present stem Seix-vi-/-vo-, Note the nasal suffix -vi-/- ve-. The other principal parts are furmed regularly from the stem deux-. The following verbs are conjugated like Seixvbyt in the present and im- perfect: Ceby-vo-u1, Cede, ev€a, Hevyuat, sedyOnv or yay, I yoke evoty-vi-ut [= dver + ofy-vi-p1], imperfect, avépyov (double augment), avoikw, avépba, avéwya, évépyuon (I stand open), avedySnv, Topen pay-v0-u1, pAEw, EppnEa, Eppaya (intransitive, I have broken out), éppéyny, aorist passive participle, payeis, I break oév-voun, [oBe-] cBéow, ZoBeoa, éofinxa. (intransitive, I have gone out), éoBéoOny, I put out, extinguish Greek Wisdom Heraclitus Bp. yp oBevviver piAAov i xvpxaiév. Fragment 43 Dielsead cael x8 Se(xvopi: Active Voice Stems: deixvi-/deuvo- Present Indicative Imperative Infinitive Participle Setevout Sercvivan Berxvic, detkvig Sefxvd Seikvica, Beixvdauv) Berxviv, Seixvopev gen., Seixvivtog, ete, Seixvute Beixvute Berxvioaor(v) Imperfect Indicative eelxvdv éBexvig eSeixva eBeixvopev ebeixvore ébeixvocoy Setxvdyt: Middle /PassiveVoice Stem: derxv- Present Indicative Imperative Infinitive Participle Betxvopon BetxvvcBar — Serxvipevos, -m, -ov Betxvncat Beteveco Beixvoran BerxvopeBe. Beixvncbe Beixvuabe Beievovtau Imperfect Indicative édeuxvopny éeixvoco B5eixvv70 ederxvopeOa sBetxvucbe é3eixvovtoCi Athenaze: Book II Exercise 200 Make two photocopies of the Verb Charts on pages 274 and 275 and a third copy of the chart on page 275. Fill in the forms of Cevyvour, except for the subjunctive and optative, in the active voice on the first set, in the middle voice on the second, and in the future and aorist passive on the third copy of the chart on page 275. Keep these charts for reference. Exercise 208 Identify and translate the following forms of deixvoyr, dvotwoun, Cebyoun, and phyiu: 1. Berxviaouv) 2. Beixvvcfat (2 ways) Beiter (2 ways) 11. hove) dvotyvure (2 ways) 12. Beixvoco (2 ways) Cara 3. &etxvi Yopnfav 13, évoikavtes 4, Beuxvioa SebBtig 14, pnywiver 5. éBeixveco (2 ways) 10. dvéoEe(v) 15. Cesyvupev Exercise 207 Read aloud and translate: 1. 6 otpampyds tov dyyekov ExéAevoe ts nORGG avoiEcn Kai todg mpéoBer (ambassadors) 5éyeo8a1. 2. 8 beyyehog robs gbAaKas (the guards) Hoczo ci ob« avorwhtio zc ROA. d axrcovpyds robs Bods Levbae apoty (to plow) HpEato (began). 4, dv bodhov KaAgoas MiGov wEnotov kerkev ait Kal ExéAevoev éxgépew bx to¥s éeypod. 5. Mog toaoiizos td diporpav pager: dei obv tov AiBov alipew Kal Ex@éperv. 2 War Clouds The alliance formed between Sparta and Athens during Xerxes’ invasion did not last. When the allies rejected the general whom the Spartans sent to command the fleet in 478 B.C. and formed the Delian League under Athenian leadership, Sparta did not demur. However, she watched the succosses of the League and the growth of Athenian power with increasing anxiety. In 464 B.C, there was an earthquake at Sparta, and in the ensuing chaos the helots revolted. The Spartans asked their allies, including Athens, to send help, and the Assembly was persuaded by Cimon to send a force under his com- mand, When this force failed to take the helot stronghold, the Spartans dis- missed them. This rebuff resulted in a volte-face in Athenian policy. As soon as Cimon returned (461 B.C.), an ostracism was held, and Cimon was sent into exile for ten years. Pericles emerged as the dominant statesman, a position he held until his death in 429 B.C. Under his leadership, Athens broke with Sparta,20. 0 NOETOE ( 61 made an alliance with Argos, and soon became involved in a sporadic war with Sparta and hor allies, which lasted intermittently for fifteon years On the whole, Athens was successfull, and at one time her empire extended to include Boeotia and Megara, but she was overextended. In 446 B.C. when Euboea and Megara revolted and a Lacedaemonian army advanced to the borders of Attica, she was glad to make peace. The Thirty Years’ Peace stipu- lated that each side should respect the other's sphere of influence and not ad- mit into her alliance an ally of the other. ‘There followed a period of peace and retrenchment, during which Peri- cles eschewed imperialistic adventures, observed the terms of the peace, and built up Athenian resources. Sparta and her allies, however, especially Corinth, continued to distrust Athens and to fear her ambitions. The Aegean and Black Sea were already Athenian preserves; when she began to extend her influence in the west, Corinthian fears increased. In 433/432 B.C. the Corinthian colony of Corcyra (Corfu) was embroiled in a quarrel with her mother city and asked Athens for help. Athens agreed to make a defensive alliance, and when Corinth attacked Corcyra an Athenian squadron, which had been sent to “observe,” joined in the battle and routed the Corinthian fleet. Shortly after this, Potidaea, which was both a colony of Corinth and a member of the Athenian Empire, revolted from Athens and asked Corinth for help. The Corinthians sent “volunteers,” and Athens laid siege to the city. In late summer 432 B.C., representatives of the Peloponnesian League voted that Athens had broken the terms of the peace and that war should be de- clared. Both sides tried to make the other appear the aggressor. Finally, the Spartans sent an ultimatum: “The Lacedaemonians desire peace, and there will be peace, if you let the Greeks be independent.” Pericles advised the Athenians to reject this ultimatum and to call on the Spartans to submit their differences to arbitration under the terms of the peace. By now the Pelopon- nesian army was mustered, and in early summer 431 B.C. it invaded Attica. Corinth: the site of the anciont city, dominated by the remains of the temple of Apollo62 Athenaze: Book IL O NOZTOE (8) VOCABULARY Verbs Seinvéw, I eat (dinner) ‘tnt, imperative, 1, infinitive, Tévan, , participle, tel ¢, imper- fect, thy, [i-] Hoa, Axa, im- perative, [é-] é, infinitive, elvoa, participle, ei, etka, elpan, ev@nv, J let go, release; I send; I throw; middle, tenon, imperfect, téunv, I hasten dgtnyr [= dno- + tquul, J let 0, release; I send; I throw éotnus [= dee + tq), I throw; + ni + ace., I throw at ovvinnt + gen. of person, ace. of thing, I understand xpbxre, [kpvo-] kpbyo, Expv- ya, xéxpupuat, éxpdg@ny, Thide havOdver, [AnO-] Aow, [Xa6-] EdaGov, [AnO-] MAnBa + acc. and/or participle, I escape someone's notice doing some- thing = I do something without someone's noticing; I escape the notice of someone olxripa, [oixtipe-] oixtipé, [oixttp-] Sxttpa, I pity xapépxopor, I go past; I pass in, enter; I come forward (to speak) mpoépxouat, J go forward, ad- vance Noun ‘A Opyh, this dpyfig, anger Adjective Evio1, -ai, -a, some Adverb or Preposition #&q, adv., outside; prep. + gen., outside Preposition éni+ gen., toward, in the direc- tion of; + dat., at; of price, for; + acc., at; against; onto; upon Adverbs nf, with infin., not nods, far, by far Timepov, today ¥BoEev obv abtoic wh éyyd¢ TOV Muxnvav voxtepederv, GALE th tetyn Kotodindveec tevto éni tig Kopiv@ov. 81 ddtyou, H8n xotaSbveeg 10d HAtov, eig xduny twee dixovto. eet 8 adtovpydg nig adtoig mpd th 656 dvanavopévors Evevgdv Gripe Kal otkabe Hyaryev. éxédevoev adtods éyydg to mupdc KaBiom. 4) piv odv yovih abtod citov mapéoye, d 5& adtovpyds énei 58 g5einvncav, o adtovpyds Hpeto adtods noi nopetovtat, Kai aKodaas Sti mpdc thy KépwOov nopevovear, “h KépivOoc,” gon, “nodd dnéyer. odKkovv dovacGe exeioe dqixéobor thyepov. GAR’ ei Soret, Ueotwv dpiv 2vO65e vontepeder.” oi 88 yapw peylotny abt dnéBocay Kai eyydg tod mupadc KatéKeweo. tf 5 dorepatg, dvaréMoveo tod HAiov, tov 1020. 0 NOZTOS (8) 8 ——_—LCaiCi —r—~—“‘i‘“‘OSC——trS—sr—CS—sCis—SCiCsisCStrsts=éaiCUia‘iCUisC‘iCris;s kal Katayayiov éCytovv. [voxtepevery, to spend the night xaraBbvros, setting, having set xdynv, village varéhhoveos, rising xatmydytov, inn] mpocrovtes obv xpdg tivdpa tive Sc 51a tfig 050d napher, ipovto nod gort Kataydyisv 1. d 8 Gewav Bléwais Kai eig dpyhv Karaotéc, “npac tev atdv,” Een, “AOnvator gaivecbe éivtec, ti Poddecbe; ti 5& npatrete Ev th KopivOg;” toic 5: napodar Bonaas, “Set po epnete,” Yon, “pidor. ‘A@nvatot twee népevew: Kordoxonor Sénov évtlv, of fvOov t& vedpia KatacKeydpevor.” 6 d& Atxardmodic, “cl Adyers, © BOpane; odk sopév Kotdoxonor aAA’ adtovpyoi, otnep dnd this ‘EmSavpov ’AGHvaLe ieeOa.” GAA’ Hin ovvAAGev Bythos KopwOiov of dypicog EBécov- Evior BE Koi AiBoug BAdwPowov Kai én’ adrods égtecav. [xpd¢ tv cidv = Doric Greek for the Attic xpig tv Ocdv, by the gods! kbvteg = Doric for dvteg Ba= Doric for 54 4 = Doric for tfi Epnete = Doric for ¢Aere n&pevtiv = Doric for népeow Kxathexoxo spies Sanov = Doric for 54x0v avelv = Dorie for eiciv fv@ov = Doric for (Mov té vedpra, the docks xata- oxewspevor, about to spy on, to spy on) 6 obv Arxordnods cic GdBov Karaoric, “pdye, bidinne,” Eon, “ds réyiota.” ot uev obv Kpvyov xpdc t&s mbAGG, of BE KopivOtor Brdxovtes A{Bovg totecav. tpéyovres bE 8 te DiAinmog Kai d narhp tod¢ Sidxovrag Xpvyov Kal EAabov év tdgp@ twi kpoydpevot, ev f &mdoay thy voxto Buevov. hugpas SE yevouevng ed0d¢ Enopedovto Kai navtas &vOpdnovg EAaBov tayéas tépevor. tg Sz toig Mey&porg npoceydpovv, od eloWABov eic thy noAIV GAA napiAOov Ew tov terydv. ottas obv téAog EAaBov eig thy ’AttuKhy eioeABSvtes Kal Ene mpOtoy agixovto eig thy "EAevoiva, Keipevor mpd ti obo venavovto- mOAMe yap Kai Sewa noWdvies udda Exapvov, Hote od é8bvavto mpotévan. [té@pe, ditch totic Meydporc, Megara] 15 20 25, 30 3564 Athenaze: Book II PRINCIPAL PARTS: More Velar Stems (-x-, -x-) Brdxo, B.4Ea or Sdouar, Cloke, Sedioza, 1dx9nv, I pursue, chase evdadtra, [oviax-] pvddo, éoslaba, xepvdaya, xegbdaypar (Lam on my guard), égvddx0nv, I guard Borda, [Sox-] 5680, Eoka, SEBoynar, Edz0nv, I seem; Ithink edyouar, ebEopar, ndgaunv, ndynan, I pray;+ dat, [pray to WORD BUILDING The following table illustrates some ways in which nouns and verbs can be formed from a single stem. Define each word: Stem 1. ttha- Aah tIpdéw 2. avayxa- fh dveyen — dvayxdto 3. dpya- room SpyiConon 4. oiKole- — doiKog oixéo Hoiknorg §—doixntig — td olen. 5. Sovdo- 800205 —sBovAdw HdobAworg 6. npoK- xfs anpitre 2d ehptyna GRAMMAR 2. The Verb tn Stems: long-vowel stem 4-; short-vowel stem é-, send inut, Koa, fa, etka, eluar, env, I let go, release; I send; I throw; middle, J hasten (present and imperfect only) This verb is particularly common in compounds. In the present and imperfect the stem is reduplicated, but its reduplication is linguistically more complex than that seen in Sian, tiOqu, and Yorn. fnuu: Active Voice Present Indicative Imperative Infinitive Participle iévon ieic, ter ieion, iby, gen., ivtos, etc,20. 0 NOXTOE @) Future: ijoo, foes, foe, ete Aorist Indicative Imperative Infinitive hea elvan Teac && fixe(v) elpev elte fre eloav {nux: Middle /PassiveVoice Present Indicative Imperative Infinitive feo , ieatiar Yeoor Yeoo erat Teneo feobe ieoBe ievton Imy Indicative iépny ‘tea teto tue ‘eobe ‘tevto Participle ets, eioa, a, gen., Evtos, ete Participle Tépevos, -n, -ovAthenaze: Book II {npu: Middle Voice Future: fjoopon, Hisev/p, Hoetan, ete. Aorist. Indicative Imperative Infinitive Participle elunv fo8ar Euevos, -m, -ov eigo ob elto elueda. eiode oe eivto tnt: Passive Voice Aorist Passive: et@ny, eins, ein, etc. Future Passive: el@joouo, ei®joevy, eiBjoeran, ete. For compounds of tnt, see page 62. Exercise 205 Make two photocopies of the Verb Chart on page 274 and three copies of the Verb Chart on page 275. Fill in the forms of inut, except for the subjunctive and optative, in the active voice (present, imperfect, future, and aorist), in the middle/passive voice (present and imperfect), in the middle voice (fature and aorist), and in the passive voice (future and aorist). Keep these charts for reference. Exercise 20¢ Identify and translate the following forms of thus, dptnur, eof, ovvtnut, eiys, and elu: 1. Yeo@en (2 ways) 6. dgeioav (2 ways) 11. dgod 2. avvidav) 7. bges 12. téven 8. iguevog (2 ways) 8. dgeiabe 13. egtéveu 4, dpiixe(v) 9. fevto (2 ways) 14. elven 5. dwels 10. ovviixas 16. elvan Exercise 206, Read aloud and translate into English: 1. ot Eunopor xpdg tov Aiuévo tépevor vadv ELAtovv wéAACVOAY mpdg T&S “ABHVac RAciceaBan. obtog SodA0g bedpo tewevas HABev Kati Andis éx KivSivon Zowae. 2. 3. otxade obv iguevot tov nacépe pmoapey adtdv ELesBepov deeivon.3. 20. 0 NOZTOE (8) 67 4. a nev ywvh, “ih diges tdv SoBRov, d diver,” kon. 5. 8 BE dvip tv BodAov doeic ‘AGAvaLe teto Kal KAAov BotRov éxplato (aorist of avéouan, I buy). 6. dpa avving xévee & cinev 6 yépav; 7, ob névea cuviixa by6. Apa ob névea cuviévar 86vac0; 8, ey, néveas owvels, tH yépove xdpw énéBaxa. 9. d kovnyétns Aayav iby tov Kive. dofiKeV. 10, todg Kbvag apévees cdv Anydy EudKopev. Verbs That Take Supplementary Participles: KavOdvo, toyyavo, 98dva, and gaivopat The verb AavOdva, Mow, EhaBov, AéknOa, meaning I escape notice, es- cape the notice of, is used idiomatically with a supplementary participle. The participle contains the main idea of the sentence and is usually translated with a finite verb, while the form of AavOéva becomes an ad- verbial phrase. Note these examples from the last paragraph of the read- ing passage above: HAaBov Ev téqpy twi Kpvydpevor. They hid themselves in a ditch without anvone’s noticing (that they were doing s0). névraig avOpdnovg EAaBov taxémc tepevor. They quickly hurried, unobserved by everyone. Note that in the second example ZAa@ov takes a direct object, névras, évOpdrnovs, lit., they escaped notice of all men. Here are two more examples: Babov ciceNéveec. They entered without being seen. Brabev tervrdv todx0 nowotic. He did this unawares. Some other Greek verbs may also be used with supplementary participles: a, Twyxdvo, tesEopan, Ervyov, terignxa, I happen to (of a coincidence) Exoyov napévtes oi mpéofiers. The ambassadors were present by chance. b. q0dve, gbiconar, {pace or ¥pOny, I anticipate; I do something before someone else eoAdconey Syec &prKEdpevor. We arrived before you.Ch Athenaze: Book II gotvopen, pevicopa or gavodpa, néonva, apdavny, I appear; I seem You have seen this verb meaning I appear; I seem, and used with an infinitive, e.g.: 41 yovh oaiverar odpov elvar. The woman appears to be sensible. With a participle instead of an infinitive, it means I am shown to be; I am proved to be; I am clearly, e.g.: A yovh oddgpav obc0 gaiverar The woman is shown beingito be sensible = is clearly sensible. Exercise 207 Read aloud and translate: 1. ot eee te Om ol Koptv@1o1 €y8pol yfyveaBar épatvovro. of KopivOror éx8po1 bvtec pastvovee, ye, Oidinne, tobs Srdxoveas Ade év rade tH t~pM Kprwdytevos, 6 OiAinnos tov natépa *pbace td Spog Karafac. poardvros tod av8pds h yovh Eruye KaOGouevn év th abAj (courtyard). “paiver apyds obca, & yovan,” ton: “ci odk epydter:” of Mépaat todg "EMnvas EgBacay dnorheboavtes mpdg thy ineipov (mainland). of Mépoen épaivovto ob BovAdwevor veroraysiv. 6 Beondtng toyyaver Kadesdov. EqQacay tov xemdive: eis thy Lpéva: cionAgoveec. OI A@HNAIOI TOYZ AAKEAAIMONIOYZ ANAMIMNHIEZKOYZIN Read the following passages (adapted from Thucydides 1.73-75) and answer the comprehension questions below: Nearly fifty years after the battle of Salamis, the Corinthians were urging the Spartans to make war on Athens. Athenian ambassadors, who happened to be in Sparta on other business, took the opportunity to remind the Spartans of what they owed to Athens. Atyouey Sn ey te 1H Mapadvt udvor ExwSdvescapey toic BapBdpors noxduevor, Kai énet td Sebtepov HABov, od Suvdnevor Katé yiv &piveoBar, eloBdvtes eig tac voc navSnpel Ev LeAapive évowpayhoapev, date odk sdvavto20. 0 NOXTOS (8) o of B&pBapor Kora nda Enmhgovees thy [eAondvnaov StaeGeipew. texptprov 6 néytozov tobrav adtoi of BépBapor Exoinoav: Exel yup tig vawciv EvIKoapeY, Exeivor he téote 1H nAdovi 108 otpatod éveydpnoav. [t@ MapaQavi, Marathon éxwSoveboapev, we ran/took the risk navBnpel, all of us together atk xéAw, city by city texphprov, proof 1 nAtovi 100 otpatot, with the greater part of their army] 1, Who were the only ones to risk fighting the barbarians at Marathon? 2, When the barbarians came a second time how did the Athenians prevent them from destroying the Peloponnesus? 3. What proof did the barbarians give of the point that the Athenians are making here? of 82 ‘ABnvaior év todtorg rpic te Goehyerara napéoxouev, &pOudy te vedv mheiotov, Kai dvSpa otparnyov aopdtatov, Kai npoBdptay doxvordmy. vedv yey yup ta. 80 pépn tv naoHv mapéaxouEV, OematoKALa SE otpammydy, dg Eneroe tobs Bhoug atparnyods év toisg atevoig vavpayiioor, xpobdpiav St tocadmy EBnAdoowev Sore nei Auiv xoté yfiv obBeic EBoABer, Exhindvees thy noAw Kot tis oixeia: BragOetpavres, ciaPdvres aig ths verbs exwSdvedoapev, Syets nev yep Encl EpoPeiae dnkp Dudv Kal ody hudv, EBonOhoate (Kte yep Huev Er Hor, od moipeyévedOe)- hueic 58 xwvSvvebovtes todoapev Sys te Kal hud adtods. [ra bpedtpatara, the most useful things a&piOydv, number xpoddptav, eager- ness, spirit Goxvotétny, most unhesitating, resolute t& 860 uépn, two-thirds éxhindvtes, having left behind —v& oixeia, our property, belongings — bu, still ior, safe] 4, What three most useful things did the Athenians offer in the struggle against the barbarians? What percentage of the ships did they supply? What was Themistocles responsible for? By what four actions did the Athenians show their rpoOoyia? What was it that finally prompted the Spartans to send aid? Whom do the Athenians claim to have saved? PRIDE rosaseny te mpobduiay rote Syrdsavtes Kat tooatmy ywaunv, Sp’ Bert Bouev, & AaxeBarpdvior, tooaimns &xBpae tv "ERAveav Suit thy &pyhy fiv Exouey; xaii yup adtiy chvde dpyhy EASBouev od Bracduevor, &A& dpdv ob Wednodvtav rapapetver xpdg t& dxddoina tOv BapBéowv, HpIV BE xpocedBdveay tav ouppdzoy xai adrGv aitedveay qudc hyeudvag Kotcotfiven, [kxOpac, hatred thy dpyhy, the empire Braokpevos, using force nopapeivat, to stand fast, stand your ground t& dxéAoina, the remnants, those remaining Avepdvas, leaders] 670 Athenaze: Book II 10. What do the Athenians ask the Spartans? IL How do the Athenians claim to have secured their empire? 12 Why did the allies of the Athenians choose the Athenians to be their lead- ers rather than the Spartans? Exercise 206 Translate into Greek: 1, The Spartans, having heard both the accusations (t& éykAf\wata) of (their) allies and the words of the Athenians, were debating (use BovAesouar xept) the matter alone. 2. Many were saying that the Athenians were acting wrongly (use pre- sent tense of dBtxéw) and (that) it was necessary (use present tense) to wage war immediately. 3. But Archidamus, being king, advised them not to get into war. 4. “For,” he said, “they have (use dative of the possessor) very much money and very many ships. We are not able to defeat them by sea. And so we will suffer terribly (use xaxé and x&ozo) ourselves more than we will harm them.” 5. But he was not able to persuade the Spartans, who decided to wage war. New Testament Greek. John 2.9-11 The Wedding at Cana (concluded) tog 88 eyesouto & &pyripiidIvos 7d Bop olvov yeyevmpévoy Kai obK HBer nOBEv éotiv, of 8% Sidxovor fiSeicav of avthnKdres 1 H8mp, gavet tov vougio & aepyrtpixdivos Kad Myer acdrG, “ndig EvOpwnos npdrov tov xaAdv olvev HOw Kai bray peOvoBGow tov Eéaou- od tehpnKas tv xahdv olvov gag fpr.” tadTY Enoinocy &pxhy tav onpetwv & "Inootg év Kavir tic Padunatats kai égavépwoey thy B6Eav acbtob, xa énioteveay eis edrdv oi pobre ecdeod. [éyeboato, tasted d &pyrtpixdtvoc, the master of ceremonies —_yeyevnukvov, that had become {Se1, he was aware (lit., was knowing) {Sersav, were aware ot AveAnxétes, the ones who had drawn gavel, calls thv vopglov, the bridegroom xl@nawy, serves (lit., puts, places) 8rav weBvaddaw, when they are drunk tov #idaoa, the inferior (wine) tethpnag (from tnpéo), you have saved _tiptt, now xv onuelav, of his signs/miracles éavépwaev, he showed viv S6Eav, the glory éxiatevaay, ingressive aorist, came to believe eis, in oi uabntal, the dis- ciples)20. 0 NOZTOX @) 7 Classical Greek Tyrtaeus ‘Tyrtaeus of Sparta (fl, 600 B.C.) composed poems to encourage his fellow Spartans to fight bravely in the war against the rebelling Messenians (see es- say in Chapter 18). In this poem (12, of which we give lines 23-24, 27-28, and 31-32) he says that the only virtue that matters is courage in war. exitig 8 Ev npopdyorst ned gihov Greve Adpdv, &orw te wai haods Koi narép’ edeAeloac. ... dv 5 Sdvodpoveee pv Ops véor ye yépoveec, cepyoréy te n60@ nica KeKnde nOAIG... oddE note KAgog EoOAAV dndAAVtAL Od8" Evo’ axdr0d, GAA dnd yiig nep tov yiverar GBdvartos. {abtds 8", and he (Tyrtaeus has been describing the ideal warrior, and he continues his description here) ev npouéyount, in the front line tov, here not dear, but his own (a Homeric usage) BAese (from BhAvyn, Attic, déxdhAon), gnomie aorist; translate as present, lose @6pév, spirit; life Aaorc, the people ed«Aeioas, bringing glory to + ace. tdv8',and him ddvetpovrar, lament dues, alike véou, young men Bb, and &pyahtp...x809, with grievous longing xéxnBe (from xfda), perfect with present sense, mourns «htog éo@Adv, his good fame axddhvtat, perishes ep, although tay = dv yivetar = yiyvera] New Testament Greek John 3.1-3 Nicodemus Visits Jesus fv 88 SvOpamog &k tHV Gapioaiov, Nixdinpog Svona adtH, Spyov sav ‘Tovdaev: obtog AMBev npdg crdtdv voxtds Kal elnev abt, “PaPBi, ofSapev dtr dnd God eANAvOag SrBdoKorrog: odFeig yap Sivorar cadea t& onpeia nore’v & od noveig, dv pi 6 Beds per’ adt0d.” dmexpi8n "Inoods Kor einev odti, “auhy duhv Aéyo cor, édy uh Tis yevvnOf dovoPev, ob Siverton iBeiv thy Baorrciav tod Geod.” [rOv Oapicaiav, the Pharisees &pyov,a leader abrdvii.e., Jesus paBBi, rabbi, teacher, master eA4\AvBas, you have come SiBGoxahos, teacher anweia, signs, miracles éév ph, unless fi, subjunctive, is aphv, verily yevvnOfi, is born &vabev, from above; anew thy Pacthetav, the kingdom) Concluded at the end of Chapter 2121 H EKKAHSIA (a) pdg thy Tikva oxeddovaw iva cis thy éxkhnatev é&v Karp) napdow VOCABULARY Verbs dyopeva, I speak in the Assem- bly; more generally, I speak; I say avaytyvéoxe, [yvo-] éva- yéoonan, avéyvav, I read Bovieto, Bovresco, éBot- Revo, BeBotrevKa, BeBow- Aevpan, éBovdecOny, active or middle, I deliberate; I plan 050, bow, Z8dca, [Fv-] tébv- xa, téOvpar, érdOnv, J sac- rifice nodenéo, I make war; I go to war mpoxerpan, mpoxeicopar + dat., 1 lie before wngiCopar, [yngte-] yngrodpar, [ynor-] éyngroduny, Eyhor- open, I vote Nouns Tapxh, thc &pxic, beginning; rule; empire ty éxKAnota, tig éxxAnatac, assembly & xpéofiuc, 10d npéaBeas, old man; ambassador; usually pl., oi mpéoBerc, tov npéoBewv, ambassadors 6 pitap, 10d PAtopos, speaker; politician Adjectives HSptor, -c, -a, 10,000 poptor-a1, -a, numberless, countless véos, -&, -ov, young; new Prepositions tvexa + preceding gen., for the sake of; because of Conjunctions tv + subjunctive, if iva + subjunctive, so that, in or- der to (expressing purpuse) Proper Names oi MeAonovvijaron, tev Medo- novvnoiwv, Peloponnesians ij Tv0l, tic Huxvos, the Pnyx (the hill in Athens on which the Assemblies were held)21H EKKAHZIA (a) 3 od noAdG 8 Votepov dvactig d Arkarénohic 1H Ordinng, “avaornOr, & nai,” kon: “xarpds yop or noped_ecBor. ed0d¢ odv oneddapev mpd thy nddwv.” dpuicavees odv 51’ SMyou noAots éverdyyavov adtovpyoig "ABHale nopevopévors. 4 odv ArccndmoArs yépovel tit mpooxaphatis, d¢ éyybg abtod EBddilev, Hpeto tivos évexa tocodtor AOHVaLe omeddovatv. 4 dé, “ti Aéyers, & vOpane;” Yon: “&pa todto dyvoeic, St thpepov exxAnate yevhserar; mévtes obv npg td ory onebSopev tobrov éveKa, va év Th Exxdnoig tov pntdpov dxodvopev. mpayporta yup péytota tH Sup mpdxertar epi dv yph BovredecBan.” d 88 Arcandnodic, “AAAS viva 3h mpdxertar 7 Shno, & yépov;” 8 é, “AAAG tig todtO Gyvoel, St xph BovdedecBar nétepov néAepov nomnaapeba xpd todg Mehonovvnaiovs fi thy cipfwav cdcopev;” lonedSmpev, let us hurry Gxobwpev, we may hear noincdpeba, we should make} 8 Bb Atxondnodas, “HAA ti véov éyévero; néhat yp &xOpol etow oi MeAonowvjoto GAN od eig noAepov Katéotnwev GALE pévovaw ai onovdai. ti obdv viv ye Sei nepi tod moAguov Siaxpiverv;” 6 38 yépav, “GAA& xai rods dyvoeis, Bru xpéaferg vewati Enenwav of Aaxedadviot ot tadta einov: ‘Aaxedaydvior Bodrovtar tiv elphyny elvar- elpivn 8" Eaton, dv tobg "EMAnvac adtovduous Gite’; Kededovow odv hnas thy apyhv dqiéver, todto odv BovrevecBar Sei, notepov thy dpyiv dg@pev i ndAeuov mpd tod Tedonovvnaioug nomodpeba.” 6 BE Arxondnodg, “& Zed,” Zon: “sobe' Koti éxeivo. viv yap Extoroyen tt of KopivOtor ei¢ Spyhy Katactavtes AiBovg ep’ Has eptecav, yovtes St “AOnvatot éspev. GAM onedSapev, d nai, Wva év Kop nupdpev.” [Staxpivew, to decide veaoti, recently abrovénovs, independent, free a pfite (from éginuy), you let... go &@@pev (from aginu), we should let go, give up xappev (from xdpeyit), we may be present] ed0dg ov Spynoav Kai eic tac MAGS d@rKdpevor mpd thy Tloxva etpexov. éxei 52 Sn ovvnyeipeto 6 Sfpog Kai popior 10 20 2574 Athenaze: Book JI napiioay, tods mpvtdvers wévovtes, 81' ddiyou 8 eiceABdvtec of te npvtdvers Kai 6 émorérng Kai of HAAoL Powdevtod ExcBilov. Emeita 88 Eotynoay pev oi napévtes, 6 SE lepeds mpdg tov Baydv xpooedBdv 26 te lepetov Ydoe Kai tic Beoic nEEaro, iva 1 Shp edpevets dow. évrodOa Si O wev exratdrns tov wipdKe éxéAevce 79 npoPodrevpa dvoyvOvar. 6 BE KApvt 1d xpohodrevpa dvayvods tov Sfuov Hpeto nétepov Soxet edbd¢ wnpiCeoBur i xph mpdtepov Bovdedeobar nepi 10d mptynatos. 6 Sk Sipos éxerportdvnoe, SNAdV Sti n&vtEC flob- Rovten nepi tod mpaynatos Povred_eoBor tosobtov Svtoc. éveadOa 8i 6 Kfipvl, elnev: “tic dyopetew Poddetar;” tdv obv pytdpev noAAoL npdg td Piya naptdvtes Hydpevov, KAAor ubv Aégyovtes St yph nohepetv, &AAOr 8 Str odév yp; Eunddiov elvar tig eiphvnc. [rods xpvtdvers, the presidents of the tribes of citizens ad ématdtn, the chairman Bovdevtai, councilors dor (from cin), they might be td spoBobAevpa, the mo- tion for deliberation éxerpordvnoe, voted (by show ofhands) 18 Bfina, the speakers’ platform &Aor... &ARor, some... others tynddrov + gen., in the way of] PRINCIPAL PARTS: Dental Stems (-6-, -8-) onevSa, oxetou, tonevoa, tonevxa, Loxevopar, I hurry ne{Oo, neico, Exeioa, xéxerxa (I have persuaded) or (n010-] nénovda (+ dat., Itrust), [new-] xéxeropar, éxetoBny, I persuade; middle, present, imperfect, and future + dat., I obey WORD STUDY Explain the meaning of the following English words with reference to their Greek stems: 1, anthropology 4. anthropophagous (goy- = ?) 2. philanthropy 5. misanthrope (ptcéo = 2) 3. anthropomorphous ( wop@ =?) 6. _pithecanthropus (4 ni€neas = ?) Greek Wisdom Heraclitus avOpdnov d cogdratos npds Bedv niOnKos pavetrar Kail oopig Kai KéMAEL Ka Toig didAog now. Fragment 83 Diels 3521. H EKKAHESIA (@ a GRAMMAR 1. The Subjunctive Mood. Verbs in the subjunctive mood are used in certain types of main and subordinate clauses (see Grammar 3). Subjunctives are usually very easy to recognize from the long vowels or n, which occur in all forms, except when obscured in some forms of the contract verbs. Here are some sentences with subjunctives taken from the reading passage above: a. eb0d¢ ofv oxedSmpev node thy néhav. Let us hurry immediately to the city. b. onevbouev tostov vere, iva év rf exkAnoig Ov pnrdpav éxobmpev. We are hurrying for this reason, so that we may hear the speakers in the Assembly. c. nétepov ndhepov nornogpeba npdg tods Meonownatorg % eiptivny ad- ompev; Should we make war against the Peloponnesians or should we keep peace? 2. Forms of the Subjunctive There are no imperfect or future subjunctives. The subjunctive of ini, I am, is as follows: &, }-s, 4h dnev, Ate, &- uv). These same letters are used to form other active subjunctives, as seen in the charts below. Present Active Indicative Subjunctive deo do abers dbs aber abn dasouev Mo-pev dere Mente dSovor(v) 18-e-ouv) gud gudé-a > gua gureig gens > ours guret gundé-n > oa dooney ouré-w-nev > — grddpev gudeite Oén-te > guafite gidobouv) gilé-a-ou(v) > grddoulv)Athenaze: Book IT Tipe Tipd-w > tines, Tud-n-¢ > Tne tind-n > TYLOpev Tt tipate pee tipdor(v) tind-w-suv) > Snho Byhb-w > Sndoig ua Shot Sndodpev Syré-a-pev > — SyAdnev Sndodte SnAd-n-te > Snare SnAodon(v) Sndé-a-a(v) > SyAdor(v) Note that the usual contractions take place. Note that -a- contract verbs have identical forms in the indicative and subjunctive, singular and plu- ral, and that -o- contract verbs have identical forms in the singular in- dicative and subjunctive. Present Middle (Contracted Forms Only) Indicative Subjunctive Indicative | Subjunctive Sonor Manor quodper ghar dderor din — Ad ovdei or QrAAl grail Abert, anton gudeita guitar AOspeOa ——-ADpeBe gore — prddpicdar Meade anode gureiabe prdfiobe dover, AMwvtar grhoivrar graven tdpor Ippon Sndotuer — SNAGyor Tipe Tipe Bnjdoi Sndot Tparon para Syrodear —- SAD ipdeOa — pdpeda Snhovueda — SHAdpeOa sTpdoBe tipéo8e Sndotofe —-SNAaDe Tavern = tpdvtor Sndodveor — SnAGveat Aorist Active and Middle Subjunctives Note that there is no augment in the subjunctive mond and that the middle voice uses primary endings. Sigmatic Ist Aorist (e.g., of Mo): Sigmatic Ist Aorist Active Indicative: ica, etc. Sigmatic Ist. Aorist Active Subjunctive: baw, banc, Adon, Mioauey, Mionte, Mowar(v)7 21. H EKKAHEIA (a) Sigmatic 1st Aorist Middle Indicative: dhioduny, ete. Sigmatic 1st Aorist Middle Subjunctive: Moaner, Mop, Monta, Modpeba, Monae, Mowvret Asigmatic Ist Aorist of Liquid Verbs (e.g., of apo): Asigmatic 1st Aorist Active Indicative: ipa, etc. Asigmatic 1st Aorist Active Subjunctive: &pw, dns, don. &papev, dpnte, dpaan(v) Asigmatic 1st Aorist Middle Indicative: jpduny, ete. Asigmatic 1st Aorist Middle Subjunctive: pwpar, dn, dpnta, épdueba,, ZpnaGe, Gpovece Thematic 2nd Aorist (e.g., of Leinw): Thematic 2nd Aorist Active Indicative: #inov, ete. Thematic 2nd Aorist Active Subjunctive: Rinw, Aims, Ainp, Ainwpev, Ainnte, Minwor(v) Thematic 2nd Aorist Middle Indicative: éAnduny, etc. ‘Thematic 2nd Aorist Middle Subjunctive: Mnopor, Ming, Manta, dedpela, Kinnobe, Mnavecr Athematic 2nd Aorist (e.g., of Baive): Athematic 2nd Aorist Active Indicative: éBny, ete. Athematic 2nd Aorist Active Subjunctive: BG, Bic. BA, BOpev, Brice, Bao) Aorist Passive Subjunctives Verbs with -6n- Ist aorist passives (e.g., 24): -6n- Ist Aorist Passive Indicative: ¢hiGny, ete -6n- ist Aorist Passive Subjunctive (note the -8e- stem and the accent; Av-8é- > Av84): 2086, AvOFfic, AvO4, AvBGyev, AwOize, AvBGar(v) Verbs with -n- 2nd aorist passives (e.g., ypégo): -n- 2nd Aorist Passive Indicative: typaeny, ete. -n- 2nd Aorist Passive Subjunctive (note the -Oe- stem and the accent; ypag-é-w > yagi): YPA9S, YPAghs, YPAgA, yPuPauEV, Ypagfite, ypapdovv) Greek Wisdom Heraclitus néxeaBar xph tov Sfuov inép 105 vouou Sanep telyoug, Fragment 44 DielsB Athenaze: Book II Exercise 21a, Fill in the subjunctive forms on all Verb Charts completed for Book I ex- cept for the charts for Exercise 110. Keep the charts for reference. 3. Uses of the Subjunctive Mood a, The subjunctive (usually 1st person plural) is used in exhortations, as in example a in Grammar 1 above (page 75). This is called the horta- tory subjunctive, and its negative is ua, e.g.: avEpeias paydpeba. Let us fight bravely. uh ed6ic Yopev. Let ws not go immediately. bh to.odt0 notjoapev. Let ws not do such a thing. Note that the difference between the present and aorist subjunctive is in aspect, not in time; i.e., the present subjunctive is used when the action is viewed as a process, and the aorist is used when the action is viewed as an event. This applies to the other uses below as well. b, The present or aorist subjunctive (usually Ist person) may be used in deliberative questions, as in example c in Grammar 1 above (page 75) and in the following: xi xotdpev; ndtepov pévepev # olkade Exaviowev; What are we to do? Are we to stay or return home? Remember that the double question is introduced by nétepov, whether, which is not translated. c. The aorist subjunctive (2nd person singular or plural) is used with uh in prohibitions or negative commands, e.g.: wh tobt0 nowhons. Do not do this. d. The subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses introduced by ‘va, Snug, or &s to express purpose, as in example b in Grammar 1 above (page 75). A negative purpose clause is introduced by iva wi, dnas wi, ¢ wh, or simply py. The following are further examples: Gvbpelac woxsneda Ya thy narpida cdoopev. We are fighting bravely so that we may save our fatherland (= to save our fatherland). onesdovow Snag pi dyt &pixoven. They are hurrying 80 that they may not arrive late (= lest they ar- rive late = 80 as not to arrive late). Note that several different translations are possible in English, Note also, however, that Attic Greek prose does not use a simple infinitive to express purpose as we most commonly do in English.21. H EKKAHEIA (a) 99 e. The subjunctive is used in some types of conditional clauses, e.g.: eipiivn 8 Eotar, éév tolls “EXAnvas adtovénoug defite. There will be peace, if you let the Greeks go free. Note the use of éév (= ei + div). Exercise 218 Change the following to the subjunctive; 1. Adopev 8. eldovto, 16. nbEato 2. Pisce) 9, éyévero 16. eXOnouw 3. tHe 10. éiAnoas 17. éypdon 4. 8ndodpev LL. porydpeBor 18, éBéAouev 5. Abovron, 12, &néBave(v) 19. értwiOnc 6. édodunv 13. etdere 20. dptxdpeber 7. BaBov (2 ways) 14. eBovdetcato 21, tgdvngav Exercise 21y Read aloud and translate into English; identify each use of the subjunc- tive: 1. otiite, & ptdor- cxondpev t roufowpev. 2. nbtepov oikade éxavé Boner ij Ev toic Specw pEvopey; 3. donépdig yryvonévng, uh Levonev Ev toic Speaty ARE o'KaBe onesSapev. 4. nic oiKade egixcweda; thy yp d5dv éyvooipev. 5. ibod, HEeotw éxeivov tdv notméva épéaQan tive dbdv EhdyeBa. 6. pi dropsyns, & yépov, GAN’ ein’ hyiv ric aBd¢ pds td Kot géper. 7. uh éxeioe viv ye Spunonte: od ytip atEea¥e mpd vurtis, 8. ti norduev, & pidor; 6 yap nowy Adyer St1 of SoveweBbar dqrKésBar mpd voKtds, 9. cig tb neBiov xoroPdvees oixlay td CyrGpev tv évanavdpebe. 10, pépac 88 yevonevng, ebOds dppricwpsy. Exercise 215 Translate into Greek: ae 2. 3. The Athenians are deliberating whether they are to make war against the Peloponnesians. Let us hurry to the city and listen to the speakers. Are we to yield to the enemy or save the city? (Use aorist subjunctives in this and the next sentences.) Don’t listen to the ambassadors; they are not telling the truth. Let us send them away immediately.80 Athenaze: Book II The Athenian Democracy The radical democracy of Pericles’ time had evolved over many years. Solon, in his reforms of 594/593 B.C. (see essay, Book I, Chapter 8, page 118), had broken the old aristocratic (eupatrid) monopoly of power by making wealth, not birth, the criterion for political privilege. He also gave the As- sembly a more important role in decision making; it elected the nine magis- trates (archons) from the top two property classes and was supported by a new Council of 400, which prepared business for debate in the Assembly and which also formed a counterweight to the old Council of the Areopagus, which before Solon’s reforms had been the governing body of Athens. The most democratic feature of Solon’s constitution was the Heliaea; this was the Assembly sitting as a court of appeals from the decisions of magistrates. Solon’s constitution continued to function throughout the following period of strife between factions of the nobility and throughout the ensuing tyranny of Pisistratus and his son Hippias. When Hippias was driven out in 510 B.C., the noble families began to compete for power once more. Herodotus (5.66) says, “Two men were preeminent, Cleisthenes the Alcmeonid and Isagoras. These were involved in a struggle for power, and Cleisthenes, being worsted, took the people into partnership.” In 508 Isagoras was driven into exile, and Cleisthenes put through a program of reforms, which established a moderate democracy. First, he probably extended the citizenship, so that every free man, land- less or not, had the right to vote. Secondly, to prevent the recurrence of dynas- tie rivalry, he instituted an elaborate system that destroyed the territorial ba- sis of the nobles’ power. He divided Attica into 139 demes (see essay, Book 1, Chapter 3, pages 28-29), each with its own assembly and demarch; he abol- ished the four old Athenian tribes (9dA0‘), based on kinship, and replaced them with ten new tribes, which were artificial political units, so constituted that the political influence of clan and locality was ended. ‘This photograph shows the Acropolis from the west with the Arcopngus (the hill of Ares, god of war) in the foreground; here the ancient, Council of the Areopagus met.21H EKKAHZIA (a) 81 The ten new tribes formed the basic administrative and military units of the state, Fach tribe (904i) provided fifty members (councilors, BoAcvtat) to the Council (Bovd#) of 500, which now replaced Solon’s Council of 400; every deme elected a fixed number of councilors in proportion to its size. The new Council had a key role; it prepared business for the Assembly in its probouleutic function and was also responsible as an executive committee of the Assembly for seeing that decisions of the people were carried out. In the military sphere, each tribe provided one brigade, which was commanded by one of the ten generals elected by the Assembly. The Assembly of all adult male citizens was sovercign, It elected the nine archons, whose functions were largely judicial, and the ten generals; it met regularly to debate issues brought before the people by the Council, and it continued to function as a court of appeals as the Heliaea. The ancient Coun- cil of the Areopagus still had important but vague powers, especially in judi- cial matters and as guardian of the constitution. To Cleisthenes, probably, should also be ascribed the institution of os- tracism. Once a year the Assembly was asked whether it wished to send one of the citizens into exile. If the people voted in favor of an ostracism, a mect- ing was held at which every citizen scratched on a fragment of pottery (Sotpaxov) the name of the politician he would like to see banished. The man against whom most ostraca were cast was sent off into honorable exile for ten years, In 487 B.C. a change was introduced by which the nine archons were se- lected by lot (from the top two property classes) instead of by election. It fol- lowed that the importance of the archons declined while that of the generals, who were still elected, increased. In 462 B.C. a statesman named Ephialtes, supported by the young Pericles, put through measures that stripped the Are- opagus of its powers and transferred them to the Assembly, Council, or popu- lar courts, which now became courts of first instance instead of courts of ap- peal. Ephialtes was assassinated soon after his reforms, and his place as leader of the people was taken by Pericles, who dominated the Assembly until his death in 429 B.C., thirty-two years later. The key principles of democracy that had long been recognized were the rule of law and the equality of all citi- zens before the law (icovopia). ‘To these Pericles added two further principles, which the Greeks considered characteristic of radical democracy, namely, selection for office by lot and payment of all officials. Lot had been used for selecting the archons since 487 B.C., but now it was extended to the selection of councilors. At the same time the archonship was opened to the third property class, the Cevyiroa, those able to keep only a team of oxen (fedyos). Now that any citizen, rich or poor, might be selected for office, it became essential that officials should be paid. Soon pay was instituted not only for the archons and councilors but also for the 10,000 members of the jury panel, who received a small wage for each day they sat in one of the courts into which the Heliaea was now dividedE74 Athenaze: Book II H EKKAHSIA (§) VOCABULARY Verbs &pxa, &pko, ipEa, ipypar, HpxOny + gen., active or mid- dle, I begin; + gen., active, Trule émPovreto + dat., I plot against vanifa, [voute-] vouré, [vout-] évéuioa, vevoutxa, vevd- uicpar, évopiaOny, I think manpéa, I fill mpoaya, I lead forward Nouns fh dvayen, tig dverens, ne- Axdpa, tig xdpas, land Adjectives &Bbvatos, -ov, impossible; in- capable Bvvatés, -i, -6v, possible; ca- pable éxdrepos, -@, -ov, each (of two) Byor0s, -a, -ov + dat., like teheutaios, -&, -ov, lost tordabe, tordde (note the ac- cent), todvée, such (as the fol- lowing) ror0bt0¢, torasen, torobto, such cessity xpdvi0g, -&, -ov, lengthy ih Bixn, tig Sixng, custom; jus- Preposition tice; right; lawsuit; penalty Kath + acc., down; distribu- 4 Bbvante, tfc Buvdpeas, tive, each; by; on; according power; strength; forces to; of time, at (military) Adverbs 4 Sides, 10d iStdtov, private ibiq, privately person. eC, on foot fh otpatid, tig otparias, Expression army avayxn éoti(v), it is neces- A tiph, ths tlufig, honor sary 4 tpénog, tod tpdnov, manner; way Spelling The following passage and the passage at the end of this chapter are adapted from the historian Thucydides. He used the Ionic spelling -oo- in words that in Attic have -rt-, e.g., npdioocwv for rpértew; he used the Homeric and early Attic spelling Eiv (Evv-) for abv (avv-); and he used és (é0-) instead of eic (cio-) and alet instead of éei. We have preserved these spellings in the passages from Thucydides. In Chapter 22 when the narrative returns to Di- caeopolis and his family, we use the Attic forms. Chapter 23, based on Thucy- dides, again uses his spellings. Chapter 24 on the education of Philip, which includes a passage adapted from Plato, uses the Attic forms. In chapters 25 and 26 the readings are based on Herodatus, and some features of his Ionic Greek are preserved, o.g., & for ei¢ and np&ocw for xpéttw. More features of his Ioniv Greek are preseved in the readings in chapters 27 and 28.21. H_EKKAHZIA () 83 téhog 5 napedOdv TepicAfic 6 EavOinnov, dvip Kat’ éxeivov tov xpdvov nptog "AOnvaiav, Agyew te kai mpdooew Svvatdtatos, maphver tordde: “rig uv young, d 'AOnvaior, ated fig ordeiig Exownt, uh elcew HeAonovvnaiors. Sfov yop éotw Sri of AoxeSaipdvior Kot mpdtepov Kai vov piv émBovdedovow. gv wev yp Taig EvvOnKars eipnto btu xpi Bixas pev Ov Biagopdv GAAMAoIG Si8dvor Kal BéxeoOun, Eyew 58 Exarépove & Exouev: vOv SE odte Bixdg abtol ftmoav odte hndv S1Sdvtwv Séxovtor, GAAG PobAovtor noréup UGAAOV H Adyors ta eyKAHpota SiarecBar. nodAd te yop tALa huiv énitécoova, Kai oi tehevtaion olde Hxovtes Huds KeAedovar tods “EhAnvas odtovopoug detévat, éyd odv dpiv mapaws pndév ete GAAS thy dpyhy cdlew Kai noheuetv mupaoKerdecbor. [Exonar + gen. Zeling to taic EvvOhxate, the treaty _ eXpyto (from eipw; see page 195) it was stated (it,, pluperfect, it had been stated) Bixas ... tv Stagopav. BiB4van kai BéxeoBa1, to give one another and to accept arbitration of (our) differ- ences ta tyeAtpata BaAdedBat, to settle their complaints énitdocovaw, they impose, dictate] div 88 é¢ néAeHOV Kataotapev, te tod moAnov odK GoOevéstepa Bowe: yane yap éxosovees: adtoupyoi yép eiow of TleAonovvfjorot Kai ovte iiq ot’ gv Kowd xphpard got adtoic, Kai oi to1odtor ote vats mAnpodv obte neGdcc otpatiiic NOAAGKIC ixnéunew Sdvavtar ob yap eéAovow and tHv KAfpav noddv xpovov dneiver, Kai té yphwote. Sei dnd av kavtav eogéperv. udyn obv WG mpdg &navtas “EAAnvas Svvatoi eicw oi NeAonovvijaror Kai oi Evppayor dvtéxe, moAenov 52 ypdviov noreisbor xpds Hwas aSbvator. {éoBevéarepa, weaker tv xow}, in the treasury Av xAhpav, their farms xd rv tavtav, from their own (private property) “hueic yp thi Ouddoans Kpotodpev. Kai édv éni thy yopav fav neti Yow, jneis éni tiv éxetvov mhevodpeba. péyo. yp gor td tig GoAdoons Kpdtos. nddw yap oixodpev viow duolev fv odSeic modépiog Svvator AaPeiv. yph odv thy Lev yiv Kai thc oiKitis ageivat, thy 88 OdAaccav Kai thy ndAw oviAdooel. 20 25& Athenaze: Book II “av 58 tobto1g dmoxptvduevor dnonéunopey Sti tag nohErs adtovopous dgnoopey giv Kai exeivor dgdar tds RdALLG fig OnNKdOUS tyovou, Bixtic te Sri eEAopeV Sodven Katie téic EvvOnKdic, noAgHov Be odk dipEopev, et Se EpEovaw éxeivor, dpvvovpeba.. [oxnxéong, subjected, obedient Bixag ... BoSvat, to submit to arbitration tag EpvO Andis, the treaty] “codta dé éniotacbar yp, Sti aveyKn éoti nodepetv, Kai Ot Ek tév peyiotav Kivddvev Kai moder Kai ididty Uéyiotar Tinat meprytyvovtar. ot piv natépec dpdv tod te BapBdpovg dmedoavto xai & thy vv Sbvapww xporyoyov thy moAtv, dw&s SE od yph adtdv xaxtovag yiyvesBan, GARG tobs te eyBpodg navi tpénw dniveoBar kal toi Emyryvopévorg thy now Uh EAdosova napododvan.” Inepryiyovear, result axedcavto (from dnadia), they pushed back, drove off twig emyryvopévorg, those coming after, your descendants] 3 wav obv Mepuxdiic toradra elnev, of 52 ‘AOnvaion vontoavres miety ueiceey eopaiven) coneinayes 1G] ceekoer) an cele AaxeSatpoviors dnexpivavto Kote névta. doc Eppacev. ot St npésPeig dnexapnoay én’ otkov Kai obéts batepov éxpeaBevovto. [kat& xdévra, point by point txpeaBesovro, were not coming as ambassadors] —adapted from Thucydides 1,140-146 PRINCIPAL PARTS: Stems in -C- and -1f- Cavpudlo, Bavpdoouar, aspaca, teOadpaxa, teOadpacnar, {avudeBqv, intransitive, Iam amazed: transitive, I wonder at; [admire opato, ppdco, tgpaca, xégpaxa, néppacnan, tgpasOny, I show; I tell (of); 1 explain; middle and eorist passive in middle senae, I think about; I consider ronite, [kopie-] xourd, [xom-] Exduroa, exduixa, Kexdpispat, ExoutoOny, J bring; I take SpryiLopar, [spye-] Spyiodpar or fdpno-] dSpyrsS8hoopar, Spyropar, tapylo®ny, I grow angry; I am angry; + dat., Igrow angry at; Iam angry at WORD BUILDING Deduce or find the meanings of the words in the following sets: 1. i Bien; SiKenos, -€,-ov; # Sixcnocivy; BSiKos, ov; dSrxéas 1d &B(enpor 2, APovds; Povdetw; dPovrevtiic; 1 BodAevpe; mpoBovdedur td xpoBovrAcope 30 35 4021. H_EKKAHEIA (§) GRAMMAR 4, The Subjunctive of -11 Verbs eit, Tam Present Active: 6, fis. f, Suey, Fite, dov(v) elu, I will go Present Active: Yo, ins, tp, taney, tte, Yoouv) BiSopr Present Active: 8154, SBHc, 61h, SBGpiev, 5i8Bre, H.S0.(v) Present Middle/Passive: SiSGpen, 5189, 55Gron, S.8Gne0a, HrdGo0e, 5:Sdveon Aoriat Active: $8, 36, 59, SGnev, Sate, SA0u(v) Aorist Middle: Sapor, 54, SSron, Sonede, SHa0e, Svea Aorist Passive: 8004, So8fic, 508i, SoBdyev, Sobtize, SoBHa1(v) ttOqpe Present Active: 1166, Ofc, 168A, WOGpEV, Bice, ABGor(v) Present Middle/Passive: GSpar, rOA, rOFitar, rOGpeOa, rOFjaVe, dro Aorist Active: 8a, Bic, Of, OGpev, Bre, Bdat(v) Aorist Middle: Gdyor, Of, Ofitan, Adpe8a, OfaHe, Pdvror Aorist Passive: 10d, tellfic, teOii, teOGuev, teBfite, teOGoL(v) Yornpt Present Active: intd, istic, iotfi, iorduev, iotiite, iotaou(v) Present Middle/Passive: iotdpat, torf, torfitan, iordpeba, iotiobe, iotavratAthenaze: Book II Aorist Active: ott, otis, Ot, otHpev, otiite, otdouv) Aorist Middle: GrGponr, otf, crite, atdpele,, orale, crave Aorist Passive: ota8d, oat otabf, otabduev, atabiite, ctaBou(v) Selevdpe Present Active: Serevie, Serxvins, Serxvig, Sercvianev Serxvinte, Seuviar(v) Present Middle/Passive: Berxviouon, Serxvin, Serxvintan, Berxvodyela, Serxvinade, Sexvavrar Aorist Active: Seiko, detEns, deity, Seitopev, SetEnte, Seitwar(v) Aorist Middle: Beikonan, SeiEp, SetEnren, SerkSueOa, Seitnobe, SeiEovror Aorist Passive: SeryOd, SeryOfic, SeryOf, SerxSauev, SeryGiire, SeryGadouv) i Present Active: 1G, tg, th, Toney, tite, taou(v) Present Middle/Passive: iGpon, if, ifr, topea, bode, tavrat Aorist Active: &, Ac, A, duev, Ate, bow) Aorist Middle: Spon, fy Aran, debe, hoBe, dvran Aorist Passive: 206, eijc, £07, Hdpev, EOAte, Eder(v) N.B. Many verbs that are compounded with prepositional prefixes are sometimes found with recessive accent in the subjunctive and sometimes with the accent of the uncompounded form retained, e.g., xépapev or napayev. We follow the latter accentuation in this book. Exercise 21e Fill in the subjunctive forms on all Verb Charts completed to date for Book II and on the charts for Exercise 118. Keep the charts for reference,21. H EKKAHEIA (8) 87 Exercise 216 Identify the tense, voice, person, and number of these subjunctive forms: 1. S08dpev 6. ude (2 ways) 11. SeEdnede 2. bidate 7. ioraau(v) 12. Berevin (3 ways) 3. 865 8. orabfic 13. (2 ways) 4. 1104 (3 ways) 9. ote 14. taouv) 5. Odpeda 10. Bettas 15. 68 Exercise 219 Read aloud and translate into English; identify each use of the subjunctive: 1. ph ofkor pévopev GAME mpdg td Hoty idpeba aos th exxAnoia rapaev. 2. eig chy Mibxva Yonev Wo tiv pntdpav d&xosmpev Bovdevouevav ti nothowpev. 3. of yap MeAonovvioinr xpéoPers nendugacr (have sent) MEovtag br mOhepos Zotar édv wh tiv épyhy cpapev. 6 MepixAtig, “uh depfite thy dprhy.” gnatv xi obv notowuev; nétepov thy apr deGuev # &s nOAeLoV Kataotapev; ths b8piss KataGpev Kai mpdc thy dypdv anedSapev iva tov Kiva. Cntdpev. Kandy Sdpov (gift) tf neudi SGuev th tov Kiva. edpodon. Hit SeiEns thy d8v 1H Eever- yeudi yup Aéyer. xovaov, & nai, Wo ovvific ti Aéyer d SiBdoxorhos. ph dvorkfire tds mora, b pdAaKeC: ol Yap NOEUIOI RPocywpodaiv. oe Bean Exercise 216 Translate into Greek: 1. If (év + subjunctive) you give us money, friends, we will help you. 2, Let us stop and look at the temple. 8. Let us go to the temple (in order) to put up an offering (use td &yaAua) to the god. Are we to show (to) the priest the offering that we intend to give? 5. Let us revolt from the Persians and sail at once (in order) to come to aid the Greeks. a88 Athenaze: Book IL OI AYTOYPIO!I ANIZTANTAI Read the following passage (adapted from Thucydides 2.14 and 16-17) and answer the comprehension questions: oi SE ‘AOnvation éneBoved te th Mepixhet cai sceKouilovro ex tav dypdv noidag Kai yovaikas Koi thy MANY KatoaKeviy f Keer’ ofxov éxpdvto- mpéBara BE Kal Snobyie &¢ thy EiiPorev Enenwov Kal té&s viiooug tats Emixetpévas. yor|nT BE cebtoig éylyvero h dvdotaore, bdr aiel ridBeaay of nodAai év tois érypoic vixeiv. EPapivoved te oixids te xataheinovees Kai icpd, Siartdy te wéAAovees wero BaARew. éners 6% detKovto é& td Batu, OMyors kev Taw dmfipxov oiKHoeIs: of BE moAhot té te Epfuc tig réAews Genoav wal t& iepd. Kol KeteoKevdoaveo Kal Ey tig nUpyoig trav terySv MOdAol Kai hs Exoords nov eBbvato, ob yep exdonoe EovehBdveng adtobs h nékig, GAM Yotepov Sh ta te worxpée telyn Ginoav Kai tod Tetpondig t& nore, lécexout{ovto, they brought in xataoxeviv, equipment, household furniture Snobbyia, beasts of burden (yoked) emixeruévisg, lying nearby 4 &vdoraors, the removal eiéQecav (irom £8w), pluperfect with imperfect sense, were accustomed oinoddol, the majority &Bapbvovts, they were distressed Biartav, way of life wetaBdAnerv, to change énerdi, when dnfipzov, were (ready) oixfaers, dwellings xateoxevicavto, they set up house xal,even toi rdpyorg, the towers %xagtos, each nov, anywhere éxepnae, accommodated, was large enough for & KoMAG, the greater part) What did the Athenians bring with them from the country? Why was the removal from the countryside difficult and distressing? What problem confronted them when they arrived at the city? Where did most of them settle? In what other places did some of them set up their households? PROVE Exercise 211 Translate into Greek 1. As the enemy was advancing into Attica (use genitive absolute), obey- ing Pericles we all went to the city. 2. We were very distressed (use Baptvopan) (at) leaving (our) homes behind. 3. When (énet) we arrived at the city, no house was ready (use dnépyo) for us. 4. And so at first we lived in a tower (use mbpyog), but later we set up house (use xataoxevdtouat) near the long walls. 5. But when (ézet) the enemy withdrew, we returned to (our) homes.21, H_EKKAHZIA @®) Classical Greek Solon Solon, besides being a statesman who saved the Athenian state from revo- lution by his reforms (sec page 80), was a poet, who used his poetry as propa- ganda to warn and inform his fellow citizens. In the following lines (fragment 9), he warns them of the danger of tyranny. His warning was prescient; thirty years later Pisistratus became tyrant of Athens. Ex vegélng méderon xrdvos pévos ABE xarhdtng, Bpoveh 8° &x Acpnpiic yiyverar doteponiic- dv8pav 8 éx peyeAov nédig SrAvtan, & SE poveipyou Bios diSpty Sovhoouvny Enecev. Any 8 kEdpave’ ob BgBIsV go Kataoyeiv Sorepov, &Ad' Hn yh wa advo voeiv. IvegéAng, cloud nédetat,comes yrovog pévog HdEYaAaCNS, the might of snow and hail povth, thunder &eteponis, lightning BAAvtan, perishes ic... povépyou... Sovkoabvay, under the slavery of a monarch aiSptp, through its folly xecev: gnomic aorist; translate as present inv... €Eépave(a), if you raise (having raised) (a man) too high xataayeiv, to restrain (him) t1va, someone, one vottv, to think aboutl New Testament Greek John 3.4-7 Nicodemus visits Jesus (concluded) Aéyer mpdg wirdv NixdBqpos, “nde Sivarar svOpaxos yevndAvar yépwv dv; uh Bbvarar eig thy KOAG tig untpdg adod Sevtepov eiaeABety cal yevunbfvan;” GenexpiOn "Incods, “civ dphv Aéyo oor, kev wih tig yevnbf & SBatog Kati rvetotos, ob Svatar eiaeNBetv eig chy BactRetdv cob Bod. 1 yeyevvnnévov éx fig oapKds adip— gorw, Kai 1 yeyevnpévoy x tod nvesuaros nvebyd eot. Uh Bavpsags St elndv cor, ‘Set bude yevvyfiven &veoBev.” [yevvnOfivan (from yevvdu, I give birth to; passive, 1am born), to be born th: here in- troducing a question expecting the answer “no” tiv xotMav, the womb — &phv, ver- ily tv ph, unless xvebparos, spirit thy Buothettv, the kingdom td yeyev- vnnévov, that which has been born tig capxds, the flesh &vaev, from above; anew)22 H ANAZTAXIY (a) good pon uh Bt’ Myou els néAeuov KataatOpey 6 yap veawlas tév te nacépa Kai thy yovaixe zaipew xeAeder VOCABULARY Verbs avOtorapor [= dvi- + fotaporl, [om-] avtioticoue, dve- éotnv, dvOéotnxa + dat., I stand up against, withstand dviotapon [= dva- + Yorajor], [otn-] évacticopat, &v- éotny, &véotnxa, I stand up; Lam forced to move; I move; I evacuate eloBdAAo + cig + ace., I invade Love, Aavers, Aover, Rodpev, Aodte, odou(v), imperfect, Zhovv, Rodoopar, ELovoa, AéL0v- por, I wash; middle, I wash myself, bathe Sndpyo [= bno- + dpyol, I am; T exist; I am ready Nouns hh dvédoracts, tis evacrd- seas, forced move; move; evacuation 4 otenarG, tis oixfcews, dwelling A ovdaxh, tig pvAaKiic, guard; garrison Relative Pronoun Borg, Hit1g (note the accent), & ‘i, often in indefinite or gen- eral clauses with é&v and sub- junctive, anyone who, who- anything that, whatever; pL, all that; whoever; what- ever Relative and Interrogative Adjec- tive 6006, -n, -Ov, as great as; as much as; pl., as many as névtes aot, all that, who- ever; révto Sea, all that, whatever Conjunctions énevdi, when; since énerSdv [= énerdh + bw], in in- definite or general clauses with subjunctive, when (ever) piv + indicative or + &v and subjunctive, until; + infin., before22. H ANAEZTALIE (0) 91 tehevtnodons Sé tiig EKKANoIas Kai TOV nOAItOV dmidvtov, 6 Atxardnomeg, “dye 84, & nai,” Eon: “oikad_e onevdsapev vo th nti dnovta th yevopevar eEnydpeO.” céyota odv enopedovto Kai H8n vortis yevonevng cig thy oixiGy detkovto. tod bE AvkatondArSog xdwavtos thy Obpav, EEAABEv h Moppivy Kal tov Oidinmov iSoboa dye 0 Sra. Kai BAénovta hondiCeto Kai yaipovoa tbaxpdoev. dc 5° eloeABdvteg thodoaved te Kai eScinvnoay, 6 wiv Dikinnos névea. tEnyeizo boo. tyévero Ev th 689 Kai ev tH ‘AckAnmetm- h 88 étépneto axovovoa. [hondtero, embraced] 6 BE Arxordnods Enavto snyeito Sou tKoveav tv pytdpav ev tf exkAnoia ayopevdvtov. “odtas ody,” Zon, “poBodpar ph dv dAiyou eig noAepov KatactHnev. yon S& Hues tH Meprdei neWopévovs bnavta napacxevatesbar ao cig 18 Koty ava- otnoopévovc: énerdiv yap of [eAonovvyotot eig thy ’AttuKhy eioBdAwouw, dvéeyen Eotar thy oixiay Katadindveas 'ABHVate &vactivar.” 4 SE Muppivn, “otpor,” ton: “ti Aéyers, d divep; nai yep Svvnodpeba Thy te oiKlav KataAineiv Kal th mpdPata Kal ods Bods; rai eig tig AOHVEs vactavtes nod i oixhoopeV; oddepic. yap AiV dndpyer otknars év to Borer. GAM ob Svvatdv éott tadta mpsEou.” 5 SE Arkondmodts, “GAR dvdyxn Eoroa, & yovar, todtoe mpBEor tobrov Evexa: énerdav yap ot Medonovvijoton eis thy yfiv eloBéAwow, Hpets ob Suvnodpeba: adzoig udyn avtiotiiver tocodtorg obow: ote Borg Ov Kw tov teydv pévy, anoavettor dnd tdVv nodepiov- ovvenAdvres 88 ei thy nddiv, névres dogareic odpeda Kal od8eic xivédvos Zoran pi of moAgnior Hnds PAdmtwow, thy uEv yy d~péveors xal tis oixias, tig 5E PaAdtIng Kal ndAEms QvrAaKiy Exovtas,” [AnoBaveitar, will die, i.e., will be killed (dno0vjjoxw = passive of énoxteivo)] 202 Athenaze: Book II PRINCIPAL PARTS: Liquid and Nasal Stems (-A-, -v-) ey yéAA-c, [ayyede-] cyyere, [dyyerd-] Hyyerde, [dyyed-] Hyyedxa, fivyehwan, HréAOny, F announce; I tell BGAA-, [Bare-] ard, [Bar-] EBadov, [BAn-] BEBAnxa, BEBAnuar, aPAROnV, { throw; I put; I pelt; I hit, strike gatv-e, [pave-] gave or pavodpat, [onv-] Eonva, [oav-] xépacpar, / show oatv-ouat, [gav-] pavigopar (2nd future passive) or (gave-] gavodpar, (onv-] xéonva, [oav-] Egdvnv + infin,, Iappear; I seem; + participle, Iam shown to be; Iam proved to be; I am clearly WORD STUDY Give the Greek words from which the following English words for subjects of academic study are derived: 1. mathematics 3. geometry 5. biology 2. arithmetic 4. physics 6. zoology GRAMMAR 1. Clauses of Fearing Examine these sentences from the reading passage above: goRodper ph 81’ 6Atyou ei RéAepOV Katactapev Tam afraid that we will (may) soon get into war, oddeig xivSbvog Lore ph of moAEror Hyaks BAdnt@ctv. There will be no danger that the enemy will (may) harm us, Subordinate clauses introduced by uf state what is feared; such clauses of fearing may be introduced by verbs such as goBotya or expressions such as xivb0véc éstwv, and the verb of the clause of fearing is in the subjunctive (present or aorist, differing in aspect only). When the clause of fearing is negative, the introductory yr is accom- panied somewhere in the clause by 08, e.g.: Epofosunv wh ev Karp odx deixapar Iwas afraid that I would (might) not arrive in time. ‘Where English uses the infinitive, so does Greek, e.g.: ood par 10670 novfioat. Iam afraid to do this. Note that if the introductory verb or clause is in the present tense, we translate the subjunctive with will or may, but if the introductory verb or clause is in a past tense, we translate the subjunctive with would or might22, H ANAZTAZIZ (a) 8 Exercise 220 Read aloud and translate into English: 1. Gp’ od poBeioGe wh xaxdv 11 néBapev; 2. xlvBovds don wh yemdv 6 Myon yévmton. 3. xainep goBovpévn uh yoderh yevnrar A dvdataors, H yova tH cvdpt ne(Qeten, 4. 8 yépav Ehoneit0, poBoduevos wi ob8énote (never) éxavin. ooBodpor Wh of pshaxec (guards) odx BEAwow avoiEur (to open) tig nOMis, ot Boot égoBobveo uh 6 Beandeng aotow (at them) dpyitnsan. od goPosyeBo. Bw tOv terydv uévewv. oi naiBes EqoBodveo te GAnOH AéyeLv. oBovpevor vuKtog éxavréven of adtoupyoi ev tH Koter Euevov. d vasKAnpos époBetto 12} 6 yeysdv thy vadv SuagBelpp. a Beene Exercise 228 Translate into Greek: 1. 1 fear we will (may) not arrive at the city in time. 2. There is a danger that the enemy will (may) soon come into the land. 3. We set out toward the city immediately, being afraid to stay in the country. 4. The farmers were afraid that the enemy would (might) destroy their homes. 5. Are you not more afraid (Don't you fear rather) to sail home than to go by land? 2. Indefinite or General Clauses In relative, temporal, and conditional clauses, the indicative mood is used if the clauses are definite, i.e., specific in reference or in time. If the reference or time is indefinite or general, éiv + the subjunctive (present or aorist) is used; &v is placed after the relative pronoun or combined with some temporal conjunctions and with the conditional conjunction et. Relative: Definite: névteg éxetvoug tia of €v Eadapivi guaxéoaveo. All honor the men who fought at Salamis. Relative: Indefinite or General: Barre dv EEw tav rergSv pévy, dnoGaveirar ond tav xoreptov. Whoever remains outside the walls will be killed by the enemy. (Present subjunctive = ongoing process)Athenaze: Book II Boris Av tobt0 norqon, ttnfic dEwWs Eon. Whoever does this is worthy of honor. (Aorist subjunctive = simple action) Temporal: Definite: énel eig td Korv dptxdpeda, xpic tiv ayopdv éonetcapev. When we arrived at the city, we hurried to the agora. Temporal: Indefinite or General: énerSity (= éneid} + dv) cig td Botw Yapev, xpdg thy dyopiiv oncsSopev. Whenever we go to the city, we hurry io the agora. Temporal: Definite: ot Enapriétar gudyovro tems mavtes Enecov. The Spartans were fighting until all fell. After a negative main clause, npty is usually used: al yovaixes abt dniAGov xpiv dgixeto d iepetc. The women did not go away until the priest arrived. Temporal: Indefinite or General: usivare Bug &v ExavéAOn d nari. Wait until father returns. Again, after a negative main clause, xptv is usually used: ai yovaikes obk amido: mpiv &v dgixntar d tepets. The women will not go away until the priest arrives. Conditional: Definite: el th Mepredet mareders, wépog cf. If you believe Pericles (now), you are foolish. Conditional: Indefnite or General: dav (= ci + dv) th Meptxhei miotedapev, udpot éopev. If we ever believe Pericles, we are (always) foolish. The last example above is also called a present general condition. Indefinite Relative Clauses: Note that dons, itis, 8 t1, anyone who, whoever; anything that, what- ever; pl., all that; whoever; whatever, is commonly used with év in indef- inite relative clauses with the subjunctive, as in the second example in the list above. Both halves of the word decline, as follows (but note the alter- native forms):