lOMoARcPSD

Summary - tutorial work 1-12

Neural And Visceral Anatomy (University of Newcastle (Australia))

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Neural and Visceral Lab Exam Notes.

Week One:

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Temporalis muscle is contained within the temporal fossa, which is evident between the
zygomatic arch and the temporal bone. Infratemporal fosa continues below, under the
zygomatic arch, containing the pterygoid muscle. Coronoid process also sits within the
infratemporal fossa. Petrous part of the temporal bone lies below the basilar part of the
occipital bone. It contains a large fossa. Lateral and medial pterygoid plates come down
from the middle of the skull, in the middle of the inferior skull. Between these two plates are
the two openings of the nasal cavities, which contain inside them the conchae. Ridges are
made from anteriorly the sphenoid ridges and posteriorly the petrous part of the temporal
bone.
Anterior and middle cranial fossa: Crest in the middle, between the cirbiform plates is
known as the cristi galli. The cribiform plate forms the roof of the nasal cavity. Smooth area
behind the cribiform plate is the roof of the sphenoid sinus. Complicated raised area in the
middle of the skull is known as the sella turcica. It depresses deep down into the pituitary
fossa. Anterior and posterior clinoid processes are those stick structures which come over
the deep depression of the sella turcica. The slope behind the sella trucica is known as the
dorsum sellae.
















Frontal, zygomatic, maxilla, sphenoid and ethmoid bones: Frontal bone forms most of the
floor of the anterior cranial fossa. Has a frontal sinus. Zygomatic bone forms the bony
prominence of the cheek. Maxilla forms most of the hard palate. Maxilla joins to the
sphenoid bone. Hole between the joint in the maxilla and sphenoid bone is known as the
Pteygo Maxillary Fissure.

Sphenoid: Forms part of the orbit. Also forms large complicated part of the floor of the
cranium. The pterygoid process is the bifid process which is bilateral located underneath the
greater and lesser wings. Lesser wing forms the sphenoid ridge separating anterior and
middle fossa. Also forms small posterior part of the orbit. Greater wing forms the front wall
and floor of middle cranial fossa, and also forms part of the temporal and infratemporal
fossa. Also forms large part of lateral wall. The greater and lesser wing parts of the orbit are
separated by the superior orbital fissure. The pterion process projects downward to the
maxilla, which are called the pterygoid plates. The hamulus comes from the base of the
pterygoid plates.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Ethnoid bone: crista galli and cribiform plates are the only visual parts, and also the medial
wall of each orbit.
Nasal bone forms the nose and lacrimal forms the inside and anterior part of the orbit.
Opening between the lacrimal and ethnoid bone is the opening for the nasolacrimal duct.
Palatine bone is the posterior part of the hard palate.




Get pictures of:
Temporal Bone: squamous part and petrous part, as well as the mastoid and
tympanic part.
Occipital bone, to include squamous, basilar and two condylar parts
Pictures of the sutures of the brain, including coronal sagittal, squamous, lambdoid.


Bregma is the intersection of the sagittal and coronal sutures
Lambda is the intersection of the lambdoid and sagittal sutures
Pterion is a craniometric point at the junction of the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal
bones.
Asterion is a craniometric point at the junction of the parietal, occipital and temporal bones
Nasion is a point on the middle of the nasofrontal suture.

Get a picture of the foramina which exist within the skull, predominantly those
which allow for the protrusion of cranial nerves.

Anterior cranial fossa:
Cribiform plate: olfactory nerves from olfactory receptors to the olfactory bulb.
Middle cranial fossa:
Optic canal: optic nerve, opthalamic artery, and central vein of the retina.
Superior orbital fissure: oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves; opthalamic
division of trigeminal nerve and opthalamic veins.
Foramen rotundum: maxillary division of trigeminal division
Foramen ovale: mandibular division of trigeminal nerve, accessory meningeal artery.
Foramen spinosum: middle meningeal artery
Foramen lacerum: greater and deep petrosal nerves en route to the pterygoid canal
Carotid canal: internal carotid artery sympathetic nerves (carotid plexus)
Posterior cranial fossa:
Internal auditory meatus: facial and vestibulococclear nerves and labyrinthine
artery.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Jugular foramen: glossopharyngeal, vagus and spinal accessory nerves, also

beginning of internal jugular vein.
Hypoglossal canal: hypoglossal nerve and meningeal artery
Foramen magnum: spinal cord, accessory nerve, vertebral arteries, venous plexus of
vertebral canal, and anterior and posterior spinal arteries.
Foramina in the front of the skull:
Supraorbital notch: supraorbital nerve and vessels
Infraorbital foramen: infraorbital nerve and vessels
Mental foramen: mental nerve and vessels.
Foramina in the base of the skull:
Stylomastoid foramen: facial nerve
Incisive canal: nasopalatine nerve
Greater palatine canal: greater palatine nerve and vessels
Lesser palatine canal: lesser palatine nerve and vessels.

Find picture for foramen cecum



Crista galli is the triangular midline process of
the ethmoid bone extending upward from the
cribiform plate. It provides attachment for the
falx cerebri.









Anterior clinoid process, which are anterior processes of the lesser wing of the sphenoid
process. Posterior clinoid processes are two tubercles from each side of the dorsum sellae.
Lesser wing of the sphenoid forms the anterior boundary of the middle cranial fossa, the
sphenoidal ridge separating the anterior from the middle fossa and forms the boundary of
the superior orbital fissure. The greater wing forms the anterior wall and floor of the middle
cranial fossa, and presents two openings, the foramen ovale and foramen spinosum. The
sella turcica (Turkish Saddle) is bounded anteriorly by the tuberculum sellae and posteriorly
by the dorsum sellae, its deep central depression is the hypophyseal fossa that
accommodates the pituitary gland, lies directly above the sphenoid sinus, and the dural roof
of the sella turcica is formed by the diaphragm sellae. GET DETAILED PICTURE OF SPHENOID
BONE.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

The mandible consists of three
main parts: body, angle and
ramu. The ramus has two
processes the coronoid and
condylar processes. The
temporalis muscle attaches on
the coronoid process, neck and
head on the condylar process.
The condylar process forms the
TMJ with the mandibular fossa
on zygomatic process of the
temporal bone, with the body
containing alveolar processes for
lower teeth.
GET COMPLETE PICTURE OF
MANDIBLE TO INCLUDE ALL
PROCESSES LISTED.








The third branch
of the trigeminal
nerve (V3) runs
through the
mandible. It
enters in the
mandibular
foramen,
innervating the
lower teeth and
exits through the
mental foramen.

Sphenomandibular and stylomandibular ligaments and capsule of TMJ support this joint.
Mylohyoid line for attachment of mylohyoid muscle.
GET MORE DETAILED DIAGRAM DISPLAYING V3

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

LAB TWO

The pre-central gyrus is associated with the motor system, the post central gyrus with
sensation and the superior temporal gyrus with hearing. The insular love is within the
temporal lobe, which is associated with the sense of taste.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Brain ventricles are lined with ependymal cells. CSF is secreted from the choroid plexus in
the brain ventricles. CSF communicates with the subarachnoid space by three foramina,
which are located in the fourth ventricle. These are called the foramina of Lushka and one
midline foramen known as foramen of magendie. CSF is reabsorbed by arachnoid
granulations into venous sinuses.










































Venous sinuses are formed by the splitting of two dural layers. The final drainage into the
internal jugular veins occurs via a complex system of sinuses on the outside of the brain.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

All of the circle of Willis branches from the internal carotid arteries as well as the vertebral
arteries.
Mid-cerebral artery: biggest and supplies most of the lateral side of the brain, including the
motor and somatosensory cortex.
Opthalamic: runs with the optic nerve into the retina.
Anterior cerebral artery: supplies the medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes.
Posterior cerebral artery: provides the visual cortex.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Anterior cerebral artery is evident on the medial hemispheric surface. The posterior cerebral
artery is seen from the ventral and medial surfaces. Midde cerebral artery does the lateral
surfaces.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

NERVE

COMPONENTS

Olfactory (CN I)

Optic (CN II)`

Oculomotor (CN
III)

Trochlear (CN IV)

Trigeminal (CN V)

Ophthalmic V1

Maxillary V2

LOCATION OF
NERVE CELL
BODIES
Special Sensory Olfactory
epithelium
(olfactory cells)

CRANIAL
EXIT

MAIN ACTIONS

Foramina in
cribiform
plate of
ethnoid bone

Smell from nasal

mucosa of nasal
cavities, superior
sides of nasal
septum and
concha.
Special Sensory Retina (ganglion Optic Canal
Vision from the
cells)
retina
Somatic Motor Midbrain

Motor to extra


occuli muscles,
Visceral Motor Presynaptic:
Superior
rotates eyeball
midbrain
orbital fissure
Postsynaptic:
Innervates
cillary ganglion
sphincter
pupillae and
cillary muscle,
constricts pupil
Somatic Motor Midbrain
Superior
Motor to
orbital fissure superior oblique,
rotates eye
infero-laterally.


Superior
Sensation from

Trigeminal
orbital fissure cornea, forehead

ganglion

skin, scalp,
Somatic

Foramen
eyelids, nose,
(general)
Pons
rotundum
mucosa of nasal

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Mandibular V3

sensory

Foramen
ovale

Abducent (CN VI)

Somatic Motor

Pons

Facial (CN VII)

Somatic
(branchial)
motor

Special Sensory

Visceral Motor

Ponds


Geniculate
ganglion

Presynaptic:
pons
Postsynaptic:
pterygopalatine
ganglion and
submandibular
ganglion

Vestibulocochlear
(CN VIII)

Vestibular

Cochlear

Vestibular

ganglion
Special sensory

Spiral ganglion

cavity and
paranasal
sinuses

Sensation from
skin over maxilla,
muscosa of nose,
maxillary sinuses
and palate

Sensation skin
on face over
mandible, TMJ,
mucosa of
mouth, anterior
2/3rds of
tongue.

Motor to
muscles of
mastication.
Superior
Motor to lateral
orbital fissure rectus turns eye
laterally.

Motor to

muscles of facial

expression and

scalp, stapedius
Internal
of middle ear,
acoustic
stylohyoid, post.
meatus,
Digastric.
facial canal,

stylomastoid Taste from
foramen.
anterior two
thirds of tongue
and palate

Parasympathetic
innervation of
submandibular
and sublinguinal
salivary glands,
lacrimal gland
and glands of
nose and palate.

Vestibular

sensation from
Internal
semicircular
acoustic
ducts, ultricle
meatus
and saccule
related to

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Glossopharayngeal Somatic
(CN IX)
(branchial)
motor

Visceral motor

Visceral
sensory

Special Sensory

Somatic
(general)
sensory

Medulla

Presynaptic:
medulla
Postsynaptic:
otic ganglion

Superior
ganglion

Inferior ganglion

Inferior ganglion

Jugular
foramen

Vagus (CN X)

Medulla

Presynaptic:
medulla
Postsynaptic:
neurons on
viscera

Inferior ganglion

Inferior ganglion

Superior
ganglion

Jugular
foramen

Somatic
(branchial)
motor

Visceral Motor

Visceral
sensory

Special sensory

Somatic
(general)
sensory

movement and
position of head.

Hearing from
spiral organ
Motor to
sylopharyngeus
assiting with
swallowing

Parasympathetic
innervation of
parotid gland

Visceral
sensation from
parotid fland,
carotid body and
sinus, pharynx,
and middle ear.

Taste from
posterior third of
tongue

Cutaneous
sensation from
external ear.
Motor muscles
of pharynx,
intrinsic muscles
of larynx,
muscles of
palate striated
muscle in
superior
esophagus

Parasympathetic
innervation of
smooth muscle
of trachea,
bronchi,
digestive tract,
cardiac muscle
of heart

Visceral
sensation from
base of tongue,
pharaynx, larynx,

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Hypoglossal (CN
XII)

Somatic motor

Medulla

Hypoglossal
canal

trachea, bronchi,
heart,
esophagus,
stomach and
intestine

Taste from
epiglottis and
palate

Motor to SCM
and trapezius
Motor to
intrinsic and
extrinsic muscles
of the tongue

Basal Ganglia

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Striatum and Globus Pallidus: the putamen forms the outermost portion of the wedge. It is
divided into internal and external portions by a medial medullary lamina. There are a large
number of myelinated fibres that transverse it, terminate in it and originate in it. The
putamen starts at the junction of the diencephalon and telencephalon. The caudate nucleus
remains in the wall of the lateral ventricle.
Subthalamic Nucleus and Substantia Nigra: the subthalamic nucleus is enveloped in white
matter, and is located between the medial part of the cerebral peduncle and the thalamus.

The substantia nigra consists of two

parts: the dorsal compact part which
contains closely packed pigmented
neurons and a reticular part which has
loosely packed non-pigmented neurons.
The compact part provides modulatory,
dopaminergic projections to other parts
of the basal ganglia and the reticular
part is one of the basal ganglia output
nuclei.
Corpus Striatum: caudate,
putamen and globus pallidus.
Striatum/neostriatum: caudate
and putamen (input region)
Lentiform nucleus: putamen and
globus pallidus
There are two parts to the
globus pallidus, including the
medial/internal and
lateral/external wrt the internal
capsule.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Limbic System:
Gyri: parahippocampal, uncus, cingulate, subcollosal and insula- emotional
response.
Deep structures: amygdala, hippocampal formation, mammillary bodies- fear
response, memory
Major tracts: the fimbria, fornix, mammilothalamic tract and stria terminalis.
(Hippocampus is located in the floor of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle)










































The tracts are involved in the connection between a limbic structure and the hypothalamus.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

The
outer
layer of
the
cerebral
cortex is
made up
of
complete
grey
matter.

Frontal

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Parietal























Occipital and
Temporal.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Anterior thalamus forms the posterior boundary of the lateral ventricle

Medials ide forming the wall of the third ventricle
Lateral side bounded by the posterior limb of the internal capsule.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Superior surface is related to the body of fornix and third ventricle.

Inferiorly it is related to the hypothalamus and tegmentum.
Anterior section of the thalamus is associated with the limbic system, medial part controls
the dorsomedial nuclei and the lateral part is involved in both sensory and motor relays.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Take note of Tectum.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Closed Medulla










Open Medulla.














Spinal cord/ cerebral peduncle

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Thorax: Cardiopulmonary systems and URT.
Thorax is composed of three components. There is the
mediastinum and two pleural cavities on either side. Within
the mediastinum there are 4 divisions: great vessels, heart,
oesophagus and thymus. The mediastinum is located
behind the sternabrae and in front of the 4 vertebrae.
Thorax borders and walls include: vertebrae, ribs,
manubrium, sternabrae and xiphoid, intercostal muscles,
thoracic inlet and thoracic outlet. Midclavicular lines
indicate the edges of the thorax.








The superior portion of the mediastinum
is the portion containing the great
vessels. Great vessels include: aorta,
brachiocephalic artery, left common
carotid artery, left subclavian artery and
superior vena cava.

The anterior portion of the mediastinum is
the smallest subdivision, containing:
Internal thoracic/mammillary
arteries: supply the anterior chest wall and
diaphragm. Branches of subclavian arteries
sending braches to pericardium.
Thymus: specialized immune system
organ behind the sternum. T lymphocytes are
produced here. Lies directly behind the
sternabrae.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Posterior mediastinum:
Azygous venous
system: alternate venous
drainage system in addition
to the inferior vena cava
system. It is the thoracic
wall venous drainage.
Azygous vein is only found
on our right side. Capable
of returning blood from the
lower part of the body to
the heart, if the IVC is
blocked. Two veins are
evident on the left which
will drain into the azygous,
which then drains into the
superior vena cava.
Aorta and branches
Esophagus

Thoracic duct: lymphatic drainage system, one of the

largest in the body.
Sympathetic plexus.

The esophagus and aorta lie anterior to the vertebral column.
Arch of aorta bends over the left bronchus, forming the
descending aorta. Trachea is posterior to the arch, with the
esophagus posterior to the trachea.












The thoracic duct, evident in green on the diagram,
is where the lymphatics will drain to. Largest
lymphatic drainage system in the body. At L2 is an
enlarged sac region known as the cisterna chilli,
extending as the thoracic duct into the neck.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Sympathetic chain ganglia: evident

on either side of the vertebral
column. All join together to form
plexuses within the thoracic and
abdominal cavities.




Middle mediastinum consists of the heart. Heart is cone shaped, consisting of four
chambers. Heart sits in a fibrous pericardial sac, made of a outer fibrous and inner serous
(visceral and parietal) layers. Attached to thoracic structes, for example the central tendon
to the diaphragm.






Phrenic nerves outline the left and right
border of the heart. They act to innervate
the diaphragm.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

The diaphragm lies inferior to the
mediastinum, bordering the thoracic
outlet. It is composed of the central
tendon, crus of the diaphragm.
Esophagus, vena cava and aorta pass
through the diaphragm.










On the heart, the ventricles are
primarily seen. Apex of the heart is at
intercostal space 5, and the atria lie
posterior to the ventricles. Auricles are
like extra impinges of the atrium. On the right hand side are both the superior and inferior
vena cava. At the arch of aorta there is the brachiocephalic artery, brachiocephalic trunk, on
the left we have the left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Blood supply to the heart is through the coronary arteries. At aortic valves we have 3 cusps.
Coronary arteries branch from these cusps. Right coronary artery will pass through the right
auricle and pulmonary trunk, descending vertically into the coronary sulcus and passing
along the diaphragmatic surface. Supplies the right atrium, most of the right ventricle,
diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle and AV node and intraventricular septum. Left
coronary artery passes between the auricle and pulmonary trunks. Two primary branches
become the circumflex and intraventricular branch. Circumflex branch travles along the
coronary sulcus to the diaphragmatic base of the heart. Left anterior descending provides
the left ventricle and left coronary supplies the left atrium and most of the left ventricle.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

The coronary sinus is the main drain which sits
at the posterior part of the heart. Cardiac veins
include:
Great cardiac: begins at the apex of the
heart ascends to the coronary sulcus,
turning to continue to the base,
feeding into the coronary sinus.
Small cardiac: right hand side between
the atria and ventricle, running along
the base of the coronary sinus
Middle cardiac: arises from the apex
on the base side.
Posterior cardiac: from left ventricle to
coronary sinus.








Right atrium: the sino-atrial node is near the entry of the superior vena cava. Foramen ovalis
is the connection during the embryonic development linking the left and right sides, closing
after birth. Atria contains pectinate muscle, which is thinner than ventricular muscle.
Divided from right ventricle by the tricuspid valve.

Right ventricle: right atrioventricular valve is the tricuspid valve. Chorae tendinae is the
papillary muscle, which prevent cusps prolapsing during systole. Trabecular carnae is the
irregular muscle lining the wall of the ventricle. Deptomarginal trabecular are referred to as
the moderator band (fibres initiate muscle contraction).

Left atrium:Blood flows to the left ventricle via the mitral valve. Smoother muscular walls
then the right hand ventricle.

Left ventricle: thickest layer of myocardium. Outflow occurs through the intraventricular
septum. Flow occurs through the aortic valve, which contains three cusps.

SA node is at the side of the superior vena cava entry
cells are pace making, self propagating action potential
cells. Short time after SA node activation, action
potential will arrive at A node, close to coronary sinus
entry. This then has two pathways which can conduct.
Right bundle branch, and left bundle branch, pass
through septum and branch around the ventricles to
cause contraction.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Major arteries arising from the aorta and ligamentum

arteriosum.






















Visceral and Parietal Pleura: Visceral pleura cover the
lungs and the parietal pleura lines the thorax wall. Within
the lungs there are four parietal pleural regions:
including: costal, parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic.
Space between the parietal and visceral layers is known
as the parietal cavity or pleural space, which is fluid filled
to reduce friction.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

The right lung is larger, and is also composed of three lobes in comparison to two. Two
evident fissures in the right lung, including the horizontal and oblique. Medial surface is
adjacent to the heart. The left lung has a medial surface is adjacent to the heart, aortic arch,
thoracic aorta, and esophagus.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Innervation of the lungs comes from
intercostal and phrenic nerves. Anterior
and posterior pulmonary plexuses
innervate both the trachea and bronchi.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Thyroid is contained within the neck, it is a large endocrine gland, acting to regulate
metabolism and calcium homeostasis.

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD

Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by bob hi ([email protected])