The Sense Relations
The meaning of a word can be determined by its relationship with other words. So the words
have complicated relationship with each other. For example we do not know the meaning of
.. Without knowing the word .
They assume that there is a sense relationship exist within a language, through that relationship
we know the meaning of the words. Sense is a complex relationship with other words.
Sense relationship is the type of relation the words have with other words.
Different types of sense relationship.
SENSE RELATIONS
Hyponymy
Polysemy
Synonymy
Meronymy
Gradable Antonym
Homophone
Complimentary Antonym
Homographs
Relational opposites
Antipodals
Reverses
Antonymy
Homonymy
Hyponymy: It is the notion of inclusion. X is the hyponym of Y, if X is a subset of Y. The
characteristics of X are included in Y, but all the characteristics of Y are not included in X, rather
they share some similar characters. So they may have some characters in common. Due to these
characters one becomes a subset of other.
For example:
is a part or subset of birds so it is the hyponym of bird. But all birds are not included in the
category of pigeon.
/TamTar/ is a subset of vegetables, so this is hyponym, while vegetable is superordinate.
/biryni/ is hyponym of rice, and rice is their hypernym. Same is the case with /khr/ and /tyhr/
/tahRi/ both are hyponyms of [Link] rice is their superordinate.
Synonym: it is the notion of sameness of meaning. X is synonym of Y, if X is replace with Y,
and have no effect on their meaning. That is, does not change views. Two words will be
synonymous to each other if these words have same meaning.
/n/ and /bdn/ are synonymous to one another. (Body)
/hrf/ and /dumn/ are synonymous to one another. (Enemy)
/simt/ and /dnb/ are synonymous to one another. (Direction)
/bp/ and /wled/ are synonymous to one another. (Father)
Antonym: Antonyms refers to the condition of being opposites. In this condition X stands
opposite to Y. Antonym may be divided into the following five types.
(a)Gradable antonym: This type of antonym is mainly used, while comparing something with
something else. Often occurs in binominal pairs.
/bht/ and / tr/ more and less
/km/ and /zyd/ ..less and more
/tt/ and /br/..good and bad
/lmb/ and /tt/.. tall and small
(b)Complementary Antonyms: it acts upon complement relationship. It offers a choice
relationship.
/dn/ and /rt/.. day and night
/mrn/ and /dn/.. to die and to live
/hrm/ and /hll/.forbidden and lawful
/ sn/ and /mkel/easy and difficult
(c) Relational opposites: These are reciprocal in nature, that is, one word is because of other.
They depend on each other.
/mN/ and /bp/ mother and father
/Xrd/ and /ferXt/.. buy and sell
/mzbn/ and /mhmn/. Hospitable and guest
/Xs/ and /m/ .. particular and common
(d) Antipodals: They are situated in opposite direction.
/mrq/ and /mb/Mashriq and maghrib
/pr/ and /nttei/ .above and below
/dyN/ and /byN/ Right and left
/ndr/ and /bhr/.inside and outside
(e) Reverses: it includes the reversal of a process.
/n/ and / dtn to come, to go
/dtt/ and /hr/. Win and loss
/grm/ and /srd/ .. Summer, winter
/xzn/ and /bhr/ Autumn and spring
Polysemy: it is a relationship in which a word may have more than one meaning, the word may
have more sense, the may have some distinct meanings but those meanings are somehow related.
/smdr dhz/.. ship
Chamakta howa sitara.. Brighten star
Dil samandar .
Tota howa piyaar broken love
Homonymy: The words having the same form with unrelated meaning. Two words have the
same physical form as well as phonological form but differ in meaning.
/ghr/ and /ghr/... moment, watch
/kn/ and /kn/ mehndi, who
/zubn/ and /zubn/. Tongue and Language
/kn/ and /kn/. Mine and Ear
Homophone: The words having the same pronunciation but different in physical form as well as
in meaning.
/bp/ and /bhap/ . Father and steam
/sfr/ and /sfr/.. Journey, Islamic month.
/tt/ and /tt/.. peak, and small
Homographic: the words having the same spelling but different in pronunciation as
well as in meaning is referred as homographic.
/rkn/ and /rkn/.. To stop, and to put
/bil/ and /bl/. Masculine of cat, and bat.
Meronyms: It refers to a part relationship. X is meronym of Y if X is a part of Y.
/dnt/ . Tooth is meronym of Mouth.
/nXn/. nail is meronym of finger.
/sr/.. head is meronym of a body.
/std/ .. teacher is meronym of school.
