Grinding Technology Course

Mass and Heat Balances

Mass and Heat Balances

MASS AND HEAT BALANCES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.1

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 3

1.2

MASS BALANCE ....................................................................................................... 4

1.2.1

The General System ................................................................................................ 4

1.2.2

Total Mass Balance ................................................................................................ 5

1.2.3

Partial Balances ..................................................................................................... 7

1.3

GAS BALANCES ........................................................................................................ 9

1.3.1

General Theory....................................................................................................... 9

1.3.2

Measurement and Calculation of Gas Flows ....................................................... 10

1.3.3

Determination of Gas Flows ................................................................................ 16

1.3.4

False Air Calculation ........................................................................................... 27

1.4

HEAT BALANCE ..................................................................................................... 33

1.4.1

Introduction .......................................................................................................... 33

1.4.2

Heat Balance for the Mill System ......................................................................... 33

1.5

CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................... 34

1.6

APPENDIX I .............................................................................................................. 35

1.7

APPENDIX II ............................................................................................................ 37

1.8

APPENDIX III........................................................................................................... 39

1.9

APPENDIX IV ........................................................................................................... 42

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Mass and Heat Balances

1.1

INTRODUCTION

The mill installation is supplied with materials, gas flow and heat energy. The mass, gas and
heat balances for the mill system should be in equilibrium.
There are various reasons for which it is of interest to know the mass and heat balance. These
are:
A. Planning of the production
B. Control of the material quality
C. Control of the process
D. Development of heat balances
E. Optimisation of energy consumption
F. Process optimisation
In this module the significance of mass and heat balance and relevant factors identified for
calculating mass and heat balances will be described. The subjects will be covered in the
following order:
Mass Balance
Gas Balance
Heat Balance

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1.2

MASS BALANCE

The major part of planning the production, control of the quality and control of the process is
based on mass balances. The mass balances can be calculated as total balances or partial
balances. All of them can be divided in non-equilibrated and equilibrated balances (See
Figure1). This section will deal with the following aspects of mass balance:
The general system
Total mass balance
Partial balances

1.2.1

The General System

The general system of the mass flow is shown on Figure 2. The total quantity of material A(t)
in the system, which has CjA(t) concentration of component "j", is a sum of the different
material flows In(t), which have different concentration of common component "j". The output
of the system consist of different flows Ok(t), which have different concentration of component
"j".

Figure 1 Non-equilibrated and Equilibrated Balances.

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Figure 2 The General System of the Mass Flow.

1.2.2

Total Mass Balance

The total mass balance is described as:

INPUT = OUTPUT + ACCUMULATION
and the general equation is:
N

I t Q
n 1

k 1

dA t
dt

There are two principal cases of the above mentioned equation:

Non-equilibrated (time-dependent) system.
Equilibrated or stabilised system (independent of time).

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The first one is very complicated, and is normally limited to considerations on large time
horizons, f. ex. daily, weekly, and monthly balance of the production, contents of stocks, etc.
The second case is less complex, and the equation is reduced to:
N

I t Q
n 1

k 1

This mass balance can represent output from mills, kilns, crushers etc. at a stabilised
production. Figure3 shows the raw mill system, where the mill is fed with lime-stone, marl and
sand, and supplied with drying air. Mill output consists of raw mix and humid air. A typical
example is shown on the "Raw Mill Production Summary" (see Figure 4).

Quantity [tons]
874,2
134,5
51,0
1.059,7

Dry limestone
Dry marl
Dry sand
Raw meal production

Figure 3 Raw Mill

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Figure 4 Raw Mill Production Summary.

Partial Balances
The partial balances are divided into two types:
Component balances
Molecular balances
The component balances are described as:
N

n 1

I n t C

t O k t C kO, j t dA t
K

I
n, j

dt

k 1

The component balances can also be divided in non-equilibrated and equilibrated systems. The
non-equilibrated component balance requires a large amount of information f. ex. process
control on filling of pre-homogenising stores, where a fixed quality is required. In cases where
the flows and concentrations do not vary in relation to time (equilibrated component balances),
the general equation is reduced to:

I t C t O t C t
N

n 1

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I
n, j

k 1

O
k, j

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This equation is used for programming and proportioning purposes (assuming that the quality
of the raw materials is known) such as raw material proportioning, proportioning of stockpiles,
programming of quarry work and control of the dosage of gypsum to the cement mill.
The last one is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Dosage of Gypsum to a Cement Mill.

There are no chemical reactions; therefore, this is a component balance, whereby the general
rule is valid:
INPUT = OUTPUT + ACCUMULATION
In this case there is no accumulation, and the result is:
INPUT = OUTPUT
Component balance for SO3:
INPUT
N

I t C
n

n 1

I
n , SO 3

0 ,5
46 ,1
6 th
6
100
100
0 , 43 2 , 77 0 0 3, 20

86

0 2

OUTPUT

O k t C k , SO 3 t 100
K

k 1

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3, 20
3, 20
100
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Mass and Heat Balances

The molecular balances are very difficult to handle, taking into consideration that chemical
reactions take place in the system. The same is the case for non equilibrated molecular
balances, where no chemical changes occur.

1.3

GAS BALANCES

This section will cover the following points:

General Theory.
Measurement and calculation of gas flow.
Determination of gas flow.
False Air Calculation.

1.3.1

General Theory

The major part of the process which takes place during the burning of cement clinker involve
gases, for example:
a)

Drying of raw materials and coal

In general, the drying processes are affected by heat exchange between hot
gases and moist solid materials. The heat transferred to the solid phase
evaporates the moisture which subsequently is transferred as water vapour to
the gas stream.

b)

Heating
In the cement industry, heating takes place by combustion during which hot
gases are formed and heat content exchanged with a solid phase.

c)

Cooling
In the cement industry, two main types of cooling takes place; one is cooling by
gases and the other is cooling by evaporation of water.

d)

Transport
In various types of equipment, air or gases are used to transport powdery
materials e.g. air slides, screw pumps, Flux pumps, air lifts etc.

As it was mentioned in section 3.1, there are various reasons for which it is of interest to know
the gas flows which circulate between the different systems. The gas balances are formed on
the basis of total balance in the system. During the process, it is possible that certain
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compounds change phases in such a manner that part of the solid material in the system leaves
in the form of gases. The reasons for that are chemical reactions such as decarbonisation or
physical-chemical reactions such as evaporation. Sometimes it is possible to separate the
balance of water/vapour from the gas balance. In this way three balances are developed on basis
of the total balance:
A. Balance of dry solids
B. Balance of moisture/water/vapour
C. Balance of dry gases
Based on the three balances, one balance of solids may be calculated. This balance comprises
the balance of dry solids and the part of the moisture balance for the water or moisture which
has not evaporated. In the same manner it is possible to calculate the total gas balance, i.e. the
balance of dry gases plus the part of the moisture balance that comprises the vapour, i.e. the
water evaporated during the process.
The total gas balance in the system contains several unknown variables. These variables must
be determined on the basis of specific measurements. In order to determine the total balance,
the following specific measurements are performed:
A. Determination of the gas composition by:
Gas analyzer.
Determination of the dew point temperature.
B. Determination of gas quantities by:
Pitot tube measurements.
Fan performance curves.
Measurement of pressure losses.
The most appropriate measurements depend on the particular situation and should be decided in
each actual case.
1.3.2

Measurement and Calculation of Gas Flows

In cement factories, there is a great need to find out the different air and gas flows through
mills, kilns, coolers and filters.

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To determine these flows several measurements and calculations exist, and they will be
presented as follows:
Calculation of specific gravity of a gas.
Humidity and dew point.

[Link]

Calculation of Specific Gravity of a Gas

The specific gravity of a gas depends on:

Chemical composition
Physical conditions.
As a point of reference for the physical conditions used: 0oC and an atmospheric pressure of
10333 mm WG (pressure at sea level). The specific gravity, ot, of a dry gas under these
conditions, is calculated on the basis of the volumetric percentages of its content of CO 2, O2,
CO and N2:

ot 0,01 1,965 CO2 1,429 O2 1,250 CO 1,251 N 2

kg
Nm3

If no gas analyses exist, the values from the following table can be used.
Specific gravity and heat
Specific gravity
3
kg/Nm *
kg/m3
kg/m3
ot
(90oC)
(100oC)
1,293
0,97
0,95
1,40
1,05
1,02
1,30
0,98
0,95
0,80
0,60
0,59

Specific heat
cal/g/oC **

Atmospheric air
0,24
Kiln gases
0,25
Aux. furnace gases
0,26
Water vapour
0,45
Raw materials
0,22
Clinker
0,19
o
*) Dry air at 10333 mm WG (760 mm Hg) and 0 C
**) Valid for air and gases 0-200oC and materials and Clinker 0-400oC.
If the physical conditions are different from the reference conditions (10333 mm WG, 0oC), the
following formula is used to find the specific gravity of the actual condition.

t ot
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273 b p

273 t 10333
11

kg

m3

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where t is the actual temperature, measured in oC, p is the relative pressure (in duct), b is the
barometric pressure which depends on the altitude h, in m, above sea level, and which is
calculated as:

b 10333 e 0 , 0001255 h

mmWG

The formula is shown graphically in Figure 6.

Altitude and Barometric Pressure (b)

b=10333*e-0,0001255*h

Barometric pressure b ( mmWG)

11000

10000

9000

8000

7000

6000
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Altitude h (meter)

Figure 6 Altitude and Barometric Pressure.

In this way, it is possible to calculate the specific gravity of any dry gas, on condition that its
chemical composition, temperature and barometric pressure are known.

[Link]

Humidity and Dew Point

The dew point is an important value because a decrease in the gas temperature to a value
below dew point will cause condensation of the water vapour and may result in problems
during operation.
The dry bulb temperature refers to the intensity of the heat content of substance as measured
with a common thermometer in degrees.

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The wet bulb temperature is a method for determining the amount of moisture in air or gases.
This is accomplished by using a standard, common thermometer with a wick or a sock on the
sensing element (bulb). With the wick wet with clean water the thermometer is inserted into the
gas stream or whirled through the air to create air movement over the bulb and wick. The
resulting cooling effect from the evaporation process lowers the thermometer reading. The
temperature will drop corresponding to the rate of evaporation, which will be determined by the
amount of moisture in the air or gas stream. The more moisture there is present in the air, the
slower will the rate of evaporation be, thus resulting in higher wet bulb reading.

The dew point temperature is defined as the temperature at which air is 100% saturated with
moisture and the moisture begins to condense out of the air. When air or gas steam is cooled it
becomes denser and, therefore, can hold less moisture. When the air is cooled to the
temperature at which it cannot hold any more moisture, it is 100% saturated, and this represents
the dew point temperature. The relation is shown graphically in Figure 7 (Dew Point
Temperature).
It should be pointed out that in lowering the temperature of the air until the dew point is
reached, the moisture content of the air does not change. However, each change in the
temperature changes the percentage of humidity in the air, since the ratio of moisture in the air
to the amount of moisture the air can hold changes with the temperature.

Figure 7 Dew Point Temperature.

Humidity is a term used to describe the presence of moisture in the air. The amount of
moisture that the air will hold depends upon its temperature. The warm air will hold more
moisture than the cold air.
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Relative humidity refers to the amount of moisture in a given volume of air compared to the
amount of moisture the air would hold if completely saturated at the temperature at which the
comparison is being made. The relative humidity is expressed in percentage.
Absolute humidity is the ratio between the amount of water and gases expressed as kg H2O
per kg gas. If the units are moles, then the ratio expresses the absolute molar humidity. In most
cases the molar ratio is more convenient to use, due to the fact that it is easy to make
conversions between molar and volume ratios on basis of the ideal gas laws.
Determination of the absolute humidity may be done graphically by using Figure 8 (Water
Vapour in Air and Gases). The graph shows the ratio between water and dry gas amount wo and
the ratio between the water and wet gas amount y = wo/(1+ wo).

1,0

0,9

0,9

0,8

0,8

y (kg water/kg wet gas)

wo (kg water/kg drygasr)

0,7

0,7

0,6

0,6

0,5

0,5

0,4

0,4

0,3

0,3

0,2

0,2

0,1

0,1

0,0

kg water/kg wet gas y=wo/(1+wo)

kg water/kg dry gas wo

Absolute Humidity versus Dew Point Temperature

1,0

0,0
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Dew point temperature (degC)

Figure 8. Water Vapour in Air and Gases

The determination of gas humidity can be made in the following way:

a) Measure the temperature of the dry and the wet thermometers on the chosen gas and
water vapour mixture.
b) Look up the figure "Dew Point Temperature". The dew point is then found at the coordinates given by the wet and dry thermometer temperatures, respectively. The
value of the dew point temperature is determined by interpolation between the curves
ranging from 0 to 80oC.
c) When the dew point has been determined as described in points a) and b) proceed to
Figure 8. Water Vapour in Air and Gases. Select the dew point temperature on the
abscissa and follow the corresponding vertical line to the interpolated curve for %
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CO2 (as determined by Orsat analysis). Then follow a horizontal line from the
intercept to the ordinate axis, where the absolute humidity in kg vapour per kg dry gas
can be read.
If it is required to determine the molar humidity, then the above value should be
converted to a volume ratio at the required conditions by using the corresponding
water and gas densities.
d) Knowing the absolute humidity of the gas wo, it is possible to calculate the specific
gravity of the moist gas, - i.e. dry gas + water vapour, according to the following
formula:

1 wo
1
w
o
ot 0,8

kg
Nm 3

moist gasses

Examples of calculating gas humidity are available in Appendix I of this module.

[Link]

Evaporation of water

Evaporation of water (transformation from liquid into steam) can happen not only when the
water is boiled at 100 C. The evaporation heat for the water heated up to 100 C is 539
kcal/kg, Since the heat, used for heating the water to 100 C, is 100 kcal ( specific heat 1
kcal/kg), the total heat consumption will be 639 kcal/kg. Knowing the specific heat for the
steam between 0 C and 100 C, it is possible to calculate the evaporation heat at the
temperature lower than 100 C (see figure 9). If we assume that the average specific heat of the
steam is 0.44 kcal/kg, the evaporation heat at 0 C will be:

H e0 H e100 100 0,44 *100 595kcal / kg

The total heat for evaporation of the water at 80 C can be fide as:

He80 H e0 0,44 * 80 630,2 kcal / kg

Attention: The values of the specific heat and heat of evaporation can vary, depending of the
used basis sources.

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Evaporation of water
700
630,2
639

595
600

Heat content (kcal/kg)

500

400

300

200

100
100

80
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Temperature (degC)

Evaporation at 0 degC

Evaporation at 100 degC

Evaporation at 80 degC

Figure 9 Evaporation of water

1.3.3

Determination of Gas Flows

Various methods can be used to determine a gas flow, such as:

A) Measurements with Pitot tube
B) Fan characteristics
C) Heat balances.
In this lesson, the methods A and B are treated, while C is treated separately.

[Link]

Measurement with Pitot Tube

The measuring point is very important for the reliability of the measurement when D is the
diameter of a duct. There should not be curves, dampers or other obstructions in a distance of
minimum 5 x D before and 2 x D after the measuring point. If possible, a point with small dust
load and maximum distance to cyclones, separator and fans should be chosen.
The total pressure, p, is the sum of the dynamic pressure, pd, and the static pressure, ps.
p = pd + ps
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With the Pitot tube all three types of pressure can be measured by connecting simple
manometers to the Pitot tube in the following way:
p:
ps:
pd :

manometer connected to +
manometer connected to manometer connected to + and -

To eliminate the effects of a non-laminar airflow, it is necessary to take measurements in the

whole cross section of the duct to get a reliable average value. In practice, a set of
measurements are made according to the duct diameter, as shown on page 19.
The dynamic pressure is calculated as an average of the

p dm

p d of each point of measurement:

pd
n

Knowing the dynamic pressure it is possible to calculate the air velocity in the duct, v, as:

v 4,43

m sec

f * p dm
t

where f is dynamic pressure correction and is the specific gravity of the gas.
f = 1 for normal Pitot tube, f = 0,7 for S-type (normally marked on the tube) see figures 10a
and 10b)
Knowing the air velocity the air or gas flow in the duct can be calculated as:

Q1 3600

D 2 v t kg
hour
4

If it is necessary to find the flow in m 3 or Nm3 the following relations can be used:

Q Q1 t

Q 0 Q1 o

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m3

hour

Nm 3

hour

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Example of Air Flow Determination with Pitot Tube

In the duct from R1S11 to the bottom of the separator, Pitot tube measurements have been
carried our as follows:
Data:
Duct diameter = 2000 mm.
pd(a)
1
12
85
120
125
70
20
2

0,97 D
0,90 D
0,81 D
0,68 D
0,32 D
0,19 D
0,10 D
0,03 D

pd(b)
2
18
75
115
120
80
15
2

mm WG
mm WG
mm WG
mm WG
mm WG
mm WG
mm WG
mm WG

Calculate the air flow rate in m3/s, m3/min, Nm3/min and kg/min.
t
o

The gas density is:

= 1,05 kg/m3 (o at 0oC and 1 atm)

= 1,30 kg/Nm3

3
3
2,0 2 27,02 84,9 m s 5093 m min
4
Q0 Q

t
1,05
3
5093
4113 Nm min
0
1,30

Qm Q t 5093 1,05 5347 kg min

Qm Q0 o 41131,30 5347 kg min

The Pitot tube should be used as shown in figures 10a or 10b.

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Figure 10 Measurements with the Pitot Tube.

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- +
pd

Figure 10a Normal Pitot tube

D
+

pd

Figure 10b. S-type Pitot tube is used, if the gas stream is dust filled

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Fan Characteristics
To determine the air flow in a system by means of fan characteristics the following rules and
procedures should be used:
Rule No. 1:
Fan characteristics are valid only at the conditions given together with the curves (fan
revolutions, temperature, pressure and specific gravity).
Rule No. 2:
Because of rule No. 1, it is necessary to distinguish between diagram and actual values:

Diagram
value
Actual value

[Link]

Specific
gravity
(kg/m3)

Fan
velocity
(rpm)

Power
consumption
(kW)

Air flow
(m3/s)

Total
pressure
(mbar)

n1

PA1

Q1

Pt1

PA

Pt

Procedure for Using Fan Characteristics

1) Calculate the specific gravity of the gas/air at actual conditions, using the
equation:
(0 at 0oC and 1 atm.)

t o

273 b p

273 t 10333

kg

m3

where p relative pressure (in duct) in mmWG

2) Based on the actual power consumption of the fan, PA, the diagram value can
be calculated as:

n
PA1 PA 1 1
n t
3

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3) With PA1 calculated, use the fan characteristics to find Q1 and Pt1.
4) To transform Q1 and Pt1 to actual values use the following formulas:

Q Q1

n
n1
2

n
Pt Pt1 t
n1 1

m3

mbar

pt is the total pressure at the pressure side minus the total pressure at the suction side, or the
static pressure at the pressure side minus the static pressure at the suction side, providing that
the dynamic pressure is the same on both sides.
pt = (ps,p + pd,p) - (ps,s + pd,s) = ps,p - ps,s

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[Link]

Recalculation of Fan Performance

Fan performance calculation at changed speed:

(see Figure 11)

Q v1 Q v

n1
n

n
p t1 p t 1
n

n
PA1 PA 1
n

Figure 11 Fan Performance Calculation at Changed Speed.

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Fan performance calculation at changed impeller diameter:

(see Figure 12)

Q v1 Q v

d1
d

d
pt1 pt 1
d

d
PA1 PA 1
d

Figure 12 Fan Performance Calculation at Changed Impeller Diameter.

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Fan performance calculation at changed density:

(see Figure 13)

Q v1 Q v

pt1 pt 1
t

PA1 PA 1
t

Figure 13 Fan Performance Calculation at Changed Density.

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Specific gravity calculation at changed temperature and atmospheric pressure: (see Figure
14)

273 t PA

1 t
273 t1 PA1
The following symbols are used for all calculations:
Qv
pt
PA
t
d
n
t
b

volume flow,
total pressure,
power consumption,
gas density,
impeller diameter,
fan speed,
working temperature,
atmospheric pressure,

(m/s)
(mbar or mm WG )
(kW)
(kg/m)
(mm)
(rpm)
(oC)
(mmWG)

The index "1" refers to new operating conditions.

Figure 14. Performance Curve for Fan [Link]. 2000/2000.

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1.3.4

False Air Calculation

When considering the air flow participating in the overall clinker burning process, which are
schematically represented in Fig 15, an important factor must always be taken into
consideration. This factor is the so-called false air (also known as parasite, in-leaking or
infiltrating air). False air enters through badly closed openings, e.g. mill inlet seal, inspection
doors, dampers, etc.

Figure 15 Schematic Representation of Gas Flows in the Kiln System.

This in-leakage should at all times be kept at a minimum, since it cuts down the efficiency of
the system fan. The cold false air may also cause an undesirable temperature drop to below the
dew point which may cause condensation and eventually result in corrosion problems. The
extra volume of air which the system fan has to transport requires extra power to drive this fan.
It can be calculated that a false air quantity of 40 % may result in an extra power consumption
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consumption of the system fan of about 40 %, which is a significant inefficiency of the system.
It is thus of importance at all times to maintain an effective sealing of all unnecessary openings.
The quantity of false air is usually determined on the basis of O2 or CO2 analyses by using the
Orsat apparatus at any two given points in the system. False air is usually expressed in per cent
of unmixed gases at the inlet measuring point. In the calculations, atmospheric air is reckoned
to contain 0 % CO2 and 21 % O2. In the calculations the term "gas" signifies the unmixed gases
and the term "mixture" signifies the mixture of gases and false air.
At the measuring point I is found:
QI
O2,I

Nm3 smoke gases containing

% oxygen

corresponding to a total oxygen quantity of:

QI O2, I
100

Nm

O2

At the measuring point II is found:

QII
O2,II

Nm3 (smoke gases + false air) containing

% oxygen.

A calculation of the false air which infiltrates the system between points I and II can then be
determined according to:
False Air = QII - QI
0,21 (QII - QI)

Nm3 containing
Nm3 oxygen,

Where:

Q1 O 2 , I
O 2 , II

100

0,21 Q II Q I
Q II

100 %

from which:

Q II Q I

21 O 2 , I
21 O 2 , II

Nm 3

If the air or gas quantities are unknown, the percentage of false air may simply be calculated on
the basis of the oxygen contents:
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False air

O 2 , II O 2 , I
21 O 2 , II

100 %

Example
In the raw mill circuit shown in Figure 16, measurements of CO2 and O2 were carried out by
Orsat analysis. The quantity of false air in the raw mill circuit is calculated according to the
equation in Figure 17.

Figure 16 Determination of False Air in the Raw Mill Circuit

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Figure 17 Calculation of the Amount of False Air Into a System

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Position A to B:

CO 2

O2

29,0 27,4
100 5,84 %
27,4 0,0

4,75 4,33
100 2,58%
21 4,75

Average 4,2 %
Position B to C:

CO 2
O2

27,4 18,9
100 44,97 %
18,9 0,0
8,93 4,75
100 34,63 %
21 8,93

Average 39 ,8 %
Position C to D:

CO 2

O2

18,9 16,8
100 12,50 %
16,8 0,0

9,97 8,93
100 9,43 %
21 9,97

Average 10 ,97 %

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Position A to D:

CO2
O2

29,0 16,8
100 72,62 %
16,8 0

9,97 4,33
100 51,13 %
21 9,97

61 ,88 %

Average

Too much false air at the system inlet lowers the temperature.
False air increases the total air quantities, and thereby the load on the fan.

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Mass and Heat Balances

1.4

HEAT BALANCE

1.4.1

Introduction

Now and then it is useful to establish a total material- and heat (energy) balance of the mill
system. This is a rather elaborated calculation, however, it gives one of the most complete
description of the operating system.
The balance itself is based on the conservation of energy i.e.
ENERGY (input) = ENERGY (output + accumulated)
If we consider the mill as the system, it becomes basically a question of determining the heat
content flowing into and out of the system. Apart from electrical power input all major energy
exchanges are directly related to the heat transfer.

NOTE:
The accumulated energy - i.e. the energy used to create new surface - is negligible
according to the low efficiency of the grinding process (less than 1 %).

1.4.2

Heat Balance for the Mill System

To establish the heat balance an arbitrary standard condition of 0oC and 760 mm Hg are
normally used. Still it is common to calculate in kcal/h. The system may consist of any subpart
of the total mill system. Figure 18 shows a mill system with typical input and output
components.

Figure 18 Mill System with Typical Input and Output Components.

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Mass and Heat Balances

Input
Material to the mill will be the heat content of the total dry feed. For close circuit the separator
is normally not included, i.e. the return has to be considered as feed. Heat content of raw
materials, clinker and other components ( e.g. gypsum) can be found from tables.
[Link]

Air to the mill is an atmospheric air for the cement mill. For the raw mills it will often be solely
kiln gases, or a mixture of kiln gases and auxiliary heat generator air. Coal mills use of
atmospheric air or kiln gases will depend on the used system ( non-inert atmospheric air, inert
kiln gases ). In the calculation a consideration of false air amount entering the system should be
made.
The water calculation should include moisture in the feed components and water injected into
the mill (cement mills). The power supplied to the mill should be converted to kcal/h : 1 kWh =
860 kcal.
Output
The material can always be calculated by a simple mass balance.
The air will contain a total air out of the system ( together with the false air).
The water will include heat consumption of the residual moisture in the material and
evaporated water as vapour.
The heat losses are mainly surface losses from the mill shell, and depend on the surface
temperature. Normally the surface loss for the ball mill is calculated as 600 kcal/hm2.
Examples of heat balance calculations are attached to this Module in Appendix IV.
[Link]

1.5

CONCLUSION

Correct balances of mass, heat and gases in a ball mill grinding system are of considerable
importance. Balances that are not properly checked and maintained can cause malfunctioning
of the grinding system and also cause excessive power consumption. In this module problems
of mass and heat calculations have been introduced and the proper solutions given. It is
recommended to train additionally with problem solving by using the CBT pertaining to the
module.

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Mass and Heat Balances

1.6

APPENDIX I

GAS HUMIDITY CALCULATIONS

Determination of ot
Orsat-analyses
CO2
O2
CO
N2

11,66 %
6,52 %
0,04 %
81,78 %

Specific gravities
CO2

1,9643 kg/Nm3

O2

1,4289 kg/Nm3

CO

1,250 kg/Nm3

N2

1,251 kg/Nm3

Calculated specific gravity of gas:

CO 2

O2

Nm 3 CO 2
kg CO 2
0,1166

1
,
9643
0,2290 kg Nm3 gas
3
3
Nm gas
Nm CO 2
Nm 3 O 2
kg O 2
kg
0,0652

1
,
4289

0
,
0932
gas
Nm 3
Nm 3 gas
Nm 3 O 2

Nm 3 CO
kg CO
CO 0,0004

1
,
250
0,0005 kg Nm 3 gas
3
3
Nm gas
Nm CO
N2

Nm 3 N 2
kg N 2
0,8178

1
,
251
1,0231 kg Nm 3 gas
3
3
Nm gas
Nm N 2

ot 1,3458 kg Nm3 gas dry

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Determination of o
Measurements:

tdry = 90oC and twet = 50oC

From Figure 7:

Dew point = 45oC

From Figure 8:

wo = 0,068 kg vapour/kg dry gas

Volume of 1,000 kg dry gas

1
1,3458

0,743 Nm3

Volume of 0,068 kg vapour

0 , 068
0 ,8

0,85 Nm3

0,743 0,085

0,828 Nm3

Volume of 1,068 kg moist gas

1, 068
0 ,828

Specific gravity of the moist gas, 0

1,290 kg/Nm3

Determination of

static pressure, Ps = - 200 mm WG

Measurements:

H = 1400 m above sea level

From Figure 6:

barometric pressure, b = 8640 mm WG

t o

t 1,290

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273
b ps

273 t dry 10333

kg

m3

273 8640 200

0,792
273 90 10333

36

kg

m3

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Mass and Heat Balances

1.7

APPENDIX II

AIR FLOW CALCULATIONS

Example of Air Flow Determination with Pitot Tube
In the duct from R1S11 to the bottom of the separator (see Figure 19), Pitot tube measurements
have been carried out as follows:
Data:
Duct diameter = 2000 mm.
pd(a)
1
12
85
120
125
70
20
2

0,97 D
0,90 D
0,81 D
0,68 D
0,32 D
0,19 D
0,10 D
0,03 D

pd(b)
2
18
75
115
120
80
15
2

mm WG
mm WG
mm WG
mm WG
mm WG
mm WG
mm WG
mm WG

Calculate the air flow rate in m3/s, m3/min, Nm3/min and kg/min.
The gas density is:

t
0

=
=

1,05 kg/m3
1,30 kg/Nm3

3
3
2,0 2 27,02 84,9 m s 5093 m min
4

Q0 Q

t
1, 05
5093
4113
1,30
0

Nm 3

min

Q m Q t 5093 1,05 5347 kg min

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Figure 19 Pitot Tube Measurement in the Raw Mill Circuit

Solution to the Example of Air Flow Determination with Pitot Tube:

pd

pd

pd

1,00
3,46
9,22
10,95
11,18
8,37
4,47
1,41
50,06

1,41
424
8,66
10,72
10,95
8,94
3,87
1,41
50,20

6,22

6,28

p d 6 , 26

Average

p d 39 ,3 mm WG

t 1, 05
v 4, 43
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kg
m3

39 ,3
27 ,1
1,05
38

m s

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Mass and Heat Balances

1.8

APPENDIX III

FAN PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS

Example of Fan Performance
The power consumption of a fan of the type [Link] 2000/2000 is:
PA
t
p
b

=
=
=
=

230 kW
89oC
-20 mbar = -204 mm WG
10072 mm WG

Use the performance curve for the fan to determine the quantity of air transported in:
a) Nm3/s
b) m3/s
c) kg/s

The fan motor is replaced with a new motor with the speed: n = 1050 rpm.
Calculate the quantity of air transported with the same data as above in:
d) Nm3/s
e) m3/s
f) kg/s

Solution to the Example of Fan Performance

From the performance curve it is found that:

75 0 ,96

kg
m3

1 75 0,96 kg m3
0 0,96

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273 75
273
39

kg
Nm3

1,22 kg Nm3

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Mass and Heat Balances

t 89 1,22

273 10072 204

0,88 kg m3

273 89
10333

PA1 PA

a)

b)

c)

1
0,96
230
251 kW
t
0,88

Qv Qv1 25,5
Qv 0,88 25,5

kg
s

m3

22,4 kg s

22 , 4 kg s
Qv
18 ,4
kg
1,22 Nm 3

Nm 3

n 1050 RPM
n 1 970 RPM

Q v Q v1

d)

n
n1

24 ,3 kg s
Qv
19 ,9
1, 22 kg Nm 3

Nm 3

1050
27,6
970

e)

Qv 25,5

f)

Qv 0,88 27,6 kg s 24,3 kg s

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Mass and Heat Balances

Figure 20 Performance Curve for Fan [Link]. 2000/2000.

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1.9

APPENDIX IV

HEAT BALANCE CALCULATIONS

Case 1
An open-circuit cement mill with two grinding compartments has the following characteristics:

Diameter of mill shell

Length of mill shell
Length of first compartment
Power consumption, C1
Power consumption, C2

4,2
11,0
4,25
997
1669

m
m
M
kW
kW

Operational data:
Production
Feed temperature (clinker + gypsum)
Material temperature, outlet C1
Material temperature, outlet C2
Air temperature, mill inlet
Air temperature, outlet C1
Air temperature, outlet C2
Water temperature (injected water)
Airflow at mill inlet

85
170
108
122
25
108
122
18
20000

tph
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
kg/h

Fixed data to be used in heat balance:

Specific heat of cement
Specific heat of air
Heat loss from mill surface
1 kWh consumed by mill
Heat of evaporation at 100oC
Specific heat of vapour (0 -120oC)
Vapour in the air at mill inlet
Specific gravity of dry air
Specific gravity of vapour

0,19
0,24
600
860
539
0,44
0,015
1,293
0,80

kcal/kgoC
kcal/kgoC
kcal/m2h
kcal
kcal/kg
kcal/kgoC
kg/kg dry air
kg/Nm3
kg/Nm3

a) Use a heat balance for the first compartment to calculate the amount of water that must be
injected to maintain 108o in the outlet.
b) Use a heat balance for the second compartment to calculate total amount of water that must
be injected to maintain 122oC in the outlet.
c) Calculate the total airflow in the mill outlet (airflow at inlet + vapour) in kg/h, Nm3/h and
m3/h at 122oC.
d) Calculate the air velocity in the free area above the ball charge at the mill outlet (q = 30%).
e) Calculate the total amount of vapour in the airflow in kg vapour/kg dry air, and find the
expected dew point and wet temperature in the mill outlet (Figures 3.7 and 3.8)
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Mass and Heat Balances

Case 2
For a TIRAX coal mill, 32 x 4,5 + 2,8, the following operational data are given:
Production (incl. H2O)
Water in product
Water in feed
Inlet temperature (gases)
Outlet temperature
Power consumption
Specific heat of coal
Feed temperature

20
2,2
14,2
400
75
450
0,25
20

tph
%
%
o
C
o
C
kW
kcal/kgoC
o
C

a) Based on a heat balance for the coal mill operating at above conditions find the necessary
amount of gases for drying, in kg/h and m3/h.
b) The hot gas duct between the grate cooler and the coal mill inlet has a diameter of 1 m.
Calculate the air velocity in this duct.

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Mass and Heat Balances

Case 3
We will now treat a closed-circuit raw mill installation, as shown in the following diagram:

Actual operational data:

Production
Water in raw materials
Water in product and return materials
Temperature of raw materials
Temperature of false air
Mill inlet temperature
Kiln gases available
Temperature in mill outlet
Temperature of return material
Specific heat of raw meal
Specific heat of kiln gases
Specific heat of false air

124000
?
0,5
10
10
325
110000
80
78
0,21
0,25
0,24

kg/h
%
%
o
C
o
C
o
C
kg/h
o
C
o
C
kcal/kgoC
kcal/kgoC
kcal/kgoC

a) With a circulation factor of 2,0 calculate the maximum water % which can be dried in this
mill. False air is 0%.
b) Will the drying capacity increase with a circulation factor of 3,0?
c) What will the drying capacity be with 25% false air in the mill?
Circulation factor = 2,0 and the same amount of kiln gases.

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