CE 6670

Structural Engineering Design Studio

Assignment 2
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN REPORT FOR A
INDUSTRIAL BUILDING IN VISAKHAPATNAM

DESIGN REPORT
GROUP 2

M. VINOD KUMAR
CE11B034
ATHIRA C.K
CE14M061
HISHAM ABDULLA
CE11B087
G. DIVAKAR
CE14M066
MOHD ABSAR SIDDIQUI CE14M073

CONTENTS
1. DESIGN BASIS REPORT
2. LOAD CALCULATIONS
3. MODELING IN SAP

4. MODELING RESULTS
5. DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

5.1. DESIGN OF SECONDARY TRUSS

5.2. DESIGN OF MAIN TRUSS
5.3. DESIGN OF PURLINS
5.4. DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS
5.5. DESIGN OF CORBEL
5.6. DESIGN OF COLUMNS
5.7. DESIGN OF BEAMS
5.8. DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
6. ESTIMATION OF COST AND BILL OF QUANTITIES

DESIGN BASIS REPORT

Project Description
The building to be designed as an industrial enclosure located at Visakhapatnam. It has
following units.
- Light weight north light roof
- Double girder 50t EOT crane
- Gantry girder
- RC columns and beams
- Isolated footing
- 4 Openings of 4.5m 4m
Dimensions of different floors:
Dimensions of the basement floor:

36 X 20 m

Figure 1: Plan of the Structure.

Soil report of the site:

Foundation system to be a series of isolated footings with soil bearing capacity as follows (as per
soil report given in question)

The soil is stiff and strong with no possibility of liquefaction.

Safe bearing capacity of the soil = 200 kPa
Unit weight of the soil = 20 kN/m3
Modulus of sub grade reaction for the soil = 50,000 kN/m3
Maximum height of water table is at -5m below ground level.
DESIGN LOADS
A) Super Imposed loads
The imposed loads that are envisaged to act permanently (wherever applicable) are
considered for analysis and design. These load values are based on IS: 875 (part-1)-1987
and general construction practice.

Imposed load intensities

Description

Intensity of Load (kN/m3)

Roofing
Galvanized Steel Sheet (0.5mm thick)

3.75 kg/m3

(TATA Shakti Steel)

Masonry Wall

20 kN/m3

B) Live Loads
Reference: IS: 875 (Part-2)-1987
Inclination of roof = 15.524o
Live Load LL=0.75-.02(15.52-10) = .64kN/m2

C) Wind Loads
The wind pressure has been calculated based on the data furnished below and other provisions laid
in IS: 875 (Part 3)-1987
Parameters for wind load calculationsSite Location

: Visakhapatnam

Zone: IV (As per IS 875 Part 3)

Basic Wind Speed Vb

Risk Coefficient K1

= 1.00 (Probable Design life of structure is assumed as 50years)

Terrain Category

50 m/s

= 2

Class of Structure

Class B

Factor

0.88 to 0.98 (Varies with height)

K2

Topography factor

K3 = 1.0

Internal pressure coefficient= +/-0.2

Design Wind Speed and wind pressure can be calculated for individual units as per base dimensions
and height of structure with reference to IS: 875 (part 3)-1987.

F) CRANE LOAD

Double girder EOT- 50T

Wheel base- 4m
Minimum hook clearance -1m
Weight of crane bridge=400kN
Weight of trolley 135kN
Vertical clearance 3m

BASIC LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

Reference: IS: 875 (Part-5)-1987
Type
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination

Load Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

LOAD COMBINATIONS
DEAD LOAD (DL)
LIVE LOAD (LL)
WIND LOAD X WLX
WIND LOAD Y WLY
CRANE LOAD (CL)
1.5(DL+IL)+1.05CL
1.2(DL+IL)+1.05CL+WL
1.2(DL+IL)+1.05CL-WL
1.2(DL+IL+WL)+0.53CL
1.2(DL+IL-WL)+0.53CL
1.5(DL+WL)
1.5(DL-WL)
0.9DL+1.5WL
0.9DL-1.5WL
DL+0.35(IL+CL)
DL+LL
DL+WL
DL-WL
DL+LL-WL
DL+LL+WL
DL+WL+CL
DL-WL+CL

Table 4: Load Combinations.

ANALYSIS METHOD
The given structure shall be analyzed for Static, Crane and Lateral loads due to Earthquake/Wind loads
and its combinations.
The analysis shall be done with the standard softwares such as SAP2000.

DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS

The design life of the structure is assumed as 50 years.

All R.C.C. structures will be designed according to the Limit State method as specified in IS:
456-2000.

Roof Truss shall be analysed as a 2D Truss in SAP2000.

Design of the structure shall be done for the worst combination of the forces and moments
obtained from the analysis.

Bracings are provided as the building is located in zone IV.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
1) The building is Industrial structure with Steel Roof Truss and RCC Columns and beams.
2) Galvanized Steel Sheets are provided covering the Roof Truss.
3) Grade of Concrete:
M30 grade concrete shall be used for foundation/column/beams/slabs etc.
Concrete design Mix as per IS 456-2000
5) Reinforcements: Grade Fe500 steel shall be used as per IS 1786.
6) Grade 43 cement shall be used.
7) Beam dimensions:
All floor beams = 250x500
8) Column dimensions:
Columns = 350mm x 600mm
9) Truss member - Fe 250 hot rolled tubular sections.

MATERIAL
Reference: IS: 875 (part 1)-1987
Steel - 350grade for purlins, connection plates and 310 grade for truss members
Concrete - M30 grade

Materials

Unit Weight in kN/m3

Steel

78.50

Reinforced Concrete

25

Plain Concrete

24

Soil

20

Water

10

Brick Block

18

Table 5: Materials Used.

REINFORCEMENT COVER Reference: IS 456-2000

The minimum clear cover to main reinforcement shall be as follows
Footing = 75mm
Beams = 40mm

Column= 40mm

FOUNDATION SYSTEM
Safe bearing capacity of the soil is 200 kN/m2
Isolated Footings are provided for all the Columns.
Piles will be installed so that the foundation can be treated as a fixed system.

CODES & STANDARDS

All analysis and designs are conforming to the relevant Indian Standards. List of relevant Indian Standard codes
refer for analysis & designCODE

DESCRIPTION

IS:875 (Part-1)-1987

Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for

Building and Structures-Unit Weights of Buildings Materials and
Stored Material.

IS:875 (Part-2)-1987

Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for

Building and Structures-Imposed loads

IS:875 (Part-3)-1987

Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for

Buildings and Structures Wind Load.

IS:875 (Part-5)-1987

Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake ) for

Buildings and Structures - Special Loads and Load Combinations

IS:456 - 2000

Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete

IS:1786-1985

Specification for High Strength Deformed Steel Bars and Wires

for Concrete Reinforcement
Indian Standard Code of practice for Design & Construction
Foundations in Soil: General Requirements.
Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and. Detailing

IS:1904
SP:34 -1987
SP:6
IS 800:2007

Handbook for Structural Engineering

Indian code of practice for construction in steel
Table 6: Codes Used

LOAD CALCULATIONS

GRAVITY LOAD CALCULATION

Gravity load is analyzed using SAP2000. Self weight values are calculated by SAP directly and live loads
are taken from the Indian standards.
WIND LOAD CALCULATION
The wind pressure has been calculated based on the data furnished below and other provisions laid in IS:
875 (Part 3)-1987
Parameters for wind load calculationsSite Location

: Visakhapatnam

Zone: IV (As per IS 875 Part 3)

Basic Wind Speed Vb

Risk Coefficient K1

= 1.00 (Probable Design life of structure is assumed as 50years)

Terrain Category

50 m/s

= 2

Class of Structure

Class B

Factor

0.88 to 0.98 (Varies with height)

K2

Topography factor

K3 = 1.0

Internal pressure coefficient= +/-0.2

Height

Pz(kPa)

0-10

1.45

10-15

1.57

15-17.5

1.61

Table 1: Calculations of Design Pressure due to variations in height.

Wind direction

F=(Cpe-Cpi)*Ae*Pd(kN/m)
B

W0(+1)

-2.38

-2.38

-1.52

-1.52

-1.52

-1.08

-1.3

W0(+2)

-2.38

-2.38

0.65

0.22

0.65

-1.3

W0(-1)

-1.52

-1.52

-0.65

-0.65

-0.65

-0.22

-0.44

W0(-2)

-1.52

-1.52

0.87

1.52

1.08

1.52

-0.44

W180(+1)

-0.87

-1.08

-0.87

-1.3

-1.3

-1.95

-1.08

W180(+2)

-1.08

-1.3

-1.3

-1.95

-1.08

W180(-1)

-0.22

-0.44

-0.44

-1.08

-0.22

W180(-2)
0.87
-0.22
0.87
-0.44
-0.44
-1.08
-0.22
Table 2: Calculations of Design Wind Force in different directions on Mono Slope Trusses
Cpe-Cpi

F(kN/m)

15

15

W90(+)

-1.35

-0.85

-2.92

-1.84

W90(-)

-0.95

-0.45

-2.05

-0.98

Table 2: Calculations of Design Wind Force in different directions on Mono Slope Trusses.

Figure 2: Mono Slope Roof Truss

0-12m

Right(kN)

Top(kN)

Bottom(kN)

Left(kN)

Force(ext) Force(int) Force(ext) Force(int) Force(ext) Force(int) Force(ext) Force(int)

W0(+1)

11.68

23.36

-18.36

-36.72

-18.36

-36.72

-7.04

-14.08

W0(+2)

11.68

23.36

-18.36

-36.72

-18.36

-36.72

-7.04

-14.08

W0(-1)

20.96

41.92

-7.92

-15.84

-7.92

-15.84

2.4

4.8

W0(-2)

20.96

41.92

-7.92

-15.84

-7.92

-15.84

2.4

4.8

W180(+1)

-7.04

-14.08

-18.36

-36.72

-18.36

-36.72

11.68

23.36

W180(+2)

-7.04

-14.08

-18.36

-36.72

-18.36

-36.72

11.68

23.36

W180(-1)

2.4

4.8

-7.92

-15.84

-7.92

-15.84

20.96

41.92

W180(-2)

2.4

4.8

-7.92

-15.84

-7.92

-15.84

20.96

41.92

W90(+)

-20.96

-41.92

13.14

26.28

-13.14

-26.28

-20.96

-41.92

W90(-)

-11.68

-23.36

23.58

47.16

-2.7

-5.4

-11.68

-23.36

Table 3: Calculations of Design Wind Forces on Walls.

Figure 3: Wall Directions.

CRANE LOAD CALCULATIONS

Double girder 50t EOT crane
50t crane specifications (ref N Subramaniam steel structures)
Capacity =50t= 500kN

Wheel base C =3.5m

Maximum hook distance L1=1m
Vertical clearance=3m
Weight of crane bridge= 400kN
Weight of trolley=135kN
Impact Loads
As per is 875 and is 807
Vertical forces transferred to wheels=25%
Horizontal forces transverse to rails=10%
Horizontal forces along the rails=5%

Vertical loads
Load on each wheel W1= Wt (Lc-L1)/ (Lc 2) = 635

18.81
18.8 2

Including impact W1= 301 1.25=376.3 kN

Due to weight of the crane girder Wc
Load on each wheel W2=

Wc 400
=
=100 kN
4
4

Including impact W2= 100 1.25 =125kN

Lateral loads (surge loads transverse to the rail)

Lateral load as per IS 875
L=10%W=0.1W
W= lifted weight + trolley weight
=500kN+135kN =635 kN
L =0.1 635=63.5 kN
This is equally divided among 4 wheels (double flanged wheels)
L=

63.5
=16 kN
4

per each wheel

=301kN

Longitudinal load (drag load)

L (per wheel) = 5 W/100
W= 301+100= 401 kN
L = 5

401
=20 kN
100

W= 376.3+125 =501kN

Maximum vertical reaction Ra = W 2

4
4
=501.3 2
=557 kN
4.5
4.5

Maximum horizontal reaction Va= V 2

C
L

= 16 2

4
=17.77 kN
4.5

H= 2 Wg=2 20=40 kN
Moment per wheel at CG of gantry girder =20(0.15+0.3) = 9kNm
Ra=

9
=4 kN
4.5

MODELING IN SAP
We modelled this Industrial building in SAP using Grids. We provided Moment releases in Trusses.

Figure 4: SAP2000 Model

DESCRIPTION OF MODEL
Spacing of Purlins 1.34m
Spacing of Pratt truss -9m
Spacing of N truss -5m
Beams are spaced at 4 m height
Columns are spaced at 4.5 m
For choosing the Brick wall size, Table B5- SP20:1991 was utilized.
In Vertical direction - Span/thickness=17

Span=3910mm --OK
In Horizontal direction - Span/thickness=25
Span=5750mm-- OK

Figure 5: Column Frame in SAP Model.

As the deflection of topmost point was getting very large Columns were elevated to the topmost point
level to take care of deflections. Connection details are given in A2 sheet.

Figure 6: Secondary Truss in SAP Model.

Figure 7: Main Truss in SAP Model.

Figure 8: Purlins and Bracings in SAP Model.

Figure 9: Moment Releases.

Wind Loads are calculated and applied on the specific Wind Direction.

Figure 10: Wind Load (90+).

Figure 11: Wind Load (0+).

Figure 12: Crane Load.

MODELING RESULTS

Figure 13: DL Axial Force Diagram in Secondary and Columns.

Figure 14: Deal Load Axial Force Diagram in Main Truss.

Figure 15: BMD due to Dead Load.

Figure 16: BMD due to Live Load.

Figure 17: BMD due to Live Load.

Figure 18: Axial Force Diagram due to Wind Load (90+).

Figure 19: Axial Force Diagram due to Wind Load (90+) in Secondary Truss.

Figure 20: Bending Moment Diagram due to Wind Load (90+).

Figure 21: Axial Force Diagram due to Crane Load.

Figure 22: Bending Moment Diagram due to Crane Load.

DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

DESIGN OF SECONDARY TRUSS
Design of the one top chord, of truss at grid Y=15m is presented below
The two load combinations, a truss member must be designed are
Load combination having maximum compressive force 1.5DL+1.5W(0+)
Load combination having maximum tensile force 0.9DL+1.5W(90+)
Maximum Tension 250 kN
Maximum Compression 180 kN
Circular Hollow Sections (CHS) are selected as members of the truss because of the reason that
they have high buckling strength when compared to any other section of the same area.
CHS of grade 310 are used i.e. fy = 310Mpa (available from Tata Steel)

Figure 23: N-Truss Design.

Design of load combination 1.5DL+1.5W (0+)
Tension = 251kN Minor axis BM = 0 kNm
Major axis BM = 1.1 kNm
Design for Tension:
The required area of cross section, Ag = Tdg*mo/fy
= (250*1000*1.1)/310
= 887 mm2
Choosing CHS section ISNB80M, whose area is 1070 mm2
Design tensile strength of ISNB80M = 301.4kN

Design for Moment:

The design bending strength of ISNB80M is calculated below.
Section classification:
= sqrt(250/310) = 0.898
D = 88.9 mm, t = 4 mm, D/t = 88.9/4 = 22.225 (<42 = 37.72), Hence section is Plastic
The CHS sections will be not be subjected to LTB because they are closed sections
Design Bending strength of ISNB100H = Zp*fy/1.1 = 22000*310/1.1 = 6.2 kNm (>1.1kNm),
Hence safe

Design for combined forces

Section strength check:
n = N/Nd = (251/ 301.4) = 0.8323
Mndz = Mndy = 1.04*Md*(1-n1.7) = 1.04*6.2*(1-0.83231.7) = 1.73 kNm
1 = 2, 2 = 2 from Table 17 of IS 800:2007
Ratio = (My/Mndy)1+(Mz/Mndz)2 = (1.1/1.73)2+(0/1.73)2 = 0.4052 (<1) , Hence safe.
Overall member strength check
= 0.8, conservatively assuming T and M can vary independently
Ratio = (-*(T/A)/(Md/Zec))+(My/Mdy)+(Mz/Mdz)
= (-0.8*(251/1070)/(6.2/22000))+(1.1/6.2)+(0/6.2) = -0.45(<1), Hence safe
Design for load combination 0.9DL+1.5W(90+)
Compression = 180 kN, Minor axis BM = 0 kNm, Major axis BM = 0.9 kNm
Design for compression
Lets check whether section ISNB80M is adequate to take the compression load of 180 kN
Unsupported length of the member, l = 1330 mm
Effective length of the member, leff = l = 1330 mm (since the member is hinged at both ends)
Minimum radius of gyration, rmin = 30.009 mm
Slenderness ration, leff/rmin = (1330/30.009) = 44.32 (<180) from Table 3 of IS 800:2007
Buckling class a (from table 10 of IS 800:2007)
Imperfection factor, = 0.21 (from Table 7 of IS 800:2007)
From Table 8(a) of code IS 800:2007, stress reduction factor, = 0.9
Design compressive stress of the member, fcd = *fy/mo = (0.9*310)/1.1 = 255.4 MPa
Design compressive force of the member = fcd*Ag = 257.1*1050 = 273.4 kN (>180kN), Hence
safe
Design for moment
Design bending strength of ISNB80M = 6.2 kNm (>0.9 kNm), Hence safe
Design for combined forces
Section strength check:

n = N/Nd = (180/273.4) = 0.597

Mndz = Mndy = 1.04*Md*(1-n1.7) = 1.04*6.2 *(1-0.5971.7) = 3.77 kNm
1 = 2, 2 = 2 from Table 17 of IS 800:2007
Ratio = (My/Mndy)1+(Mz/Mndz)2 = (0.9/6.2)2+(0/6.2)2 = 0.057 (<1) , Hence safe.
Overall member strength check:
Cmy = 1, Cmz = 1, ny = nz = 0.658
Ky = Kz = 1+(0.538-0.2)*0.658 = 1.234
Ratio = (P/Pdz)+(0.6*Ky*Cmy*My/Mdy)+(Kz*Cmz*Mz/Mdz)
= (180/273.4)+(0.6*1.234*1*0/6.2)+(1.234*1*0.9/6.2)
= 0.838(<1), hence safe.
Hence the section ISNB80M is selected as cross section for the member.
The forces in the top and bottom chord members of all the trusses along the length of structure
So the same sections are used for all the top and bottom chords of the members of truss.
Using the same procedure described above, the web members of the secondary truss are designed
ISNB50M is used for all web members of all secondary trusses.

Figure 24: Secondary Truss.

DESIGN OF MAIN TRUSS

Main truss is designed using the same procedure used for secondary truss

Top and bottom chords of all Main trusses ISNB100M

Web Members of all Main trusses ISNB80M

Figure 25: Main Truss.

DESIGN OF PURLINS
The critical load combination for design of purlins is 0.9DL+1.5WL (90+)
Design for load combination 0.9DL+1.5WL (90+)
Compression = 20kN, Minor axis BM = 0.2 kNm, Major axis BM = 13.2 kNm
Design for compression
Lets check whether section ISMB100 is adequate to take the compression load of 20 kN
Unsupported length of the member, l = 1000 mm
Effective length of the member, leff = l = 1000 mm (since the member is hinged at both ends)
Minimum radius of gyration, rmin = 16.717 mm
Slenderness ration, leff/rmin = (1000/16.717) = 59.82 (<180) from Table 3 of IS 800:2007
Buckling class a (from table 10 of IS 800:2007)
Imperfection factor, = 0.21 (from Table 7 of IS 800:2007)
From Table 8(a) of code IS 800:2007, stress reduction factor, = 0.798
Design compressive stress of the member, fcd = *fy/mo = (0.798*350)/1.1 = 253.8MPa
Design compressive force of the member = fcd*Ag = 257.1*1460 = 370.5kN (>20kN), Hence
safe

Design for moment

Moment of Inertia about weaker axis, Iy = 408000 mm4

Radius of gyration about weaker axis, ry = 16.717 mm
Effective Length for LTB, LLTB = 1000 mm (at each 1000mm, compression flanges of purlins are
connected by CHS sections)
Center to center distance between flanges, hf = 100 mm
Thickness of flange, tf = 7.2 mm
Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling Moment as per approximate equation given in the code,
Mcr = 55.9 kNm
LT = sqrt(Zpfy/Mcr) = sqrt(52000x350/55.9000000) = 0.57
LT = 0.21 for rolled section
LT = 0.5(1+0.21(0.57-0.2)+0.57x0.57) = 0.7

LT

= 1/(0.7+sqrt(0.7x0.7-0.57x0.57)) = 0.9

fbd = 0.9x350/1.1 = 287 MPa

Md = Zpfbd = 52000x287 = 14.9 kNm
Design bending strength of ISMB100 = 14.9 kNm (>13.2 kNm), Hence safe
Design for combined forces
Section strength check:
n = N/Nd = (20/464) = 0.043 (<0.2)
Mndy = Mdy = Zpfy/1.1 = 11000x350/1.1 = 3.5 kNm
Mndz = 1.11Md (1-n1.7) = 1.11x14.9x (1-0.043) = 15.827 kNm (>14.9 kNm), hence take it as 14.9
kNm
1 = 1, 2 = 2 from Table 17 of IS 800:2007
Ratio = (My/Mndy) 1+ (Mz/Mndz) 2 = (0.2/3.5)1+(13.2/14.9)2 = 0.057 (<1) , Hence safe.
Overall member strength check:
Cmy = 1, Cmz = 1, ny =0.054 nz = 0.045
Ky =1.032Kz = 1+ (0.538-0.2)*0.658 = 1.0052
KLT = 1-(0.1x0.57x0.045)/(1-0.25) = 0.997
Ratio1 = (P/Pdz) + (0.6KyCmyMy/Mdy) + (KzCmzMz/Mdz)

= (20/444)+(0.6x1.032x1x0.2/3.5)+(1.0052x1x13.2/14.9)
= 0.882(<1), hence safe.

Ratio2 = (P/Pdy) + (KyCmyMy/Mdy) + (KLTMz/Mdz)

= (20/371) + (1.032x1x0.2/3.5) + (0.997x13.2/14.9)
= 0.95(<1), hence safe.
Hence the section ISMB100 is selected as cross section for the Purlins.
The forces in all Purlins are almost same, so the same sections are used for all Purlins.
Design of Tension only bracing:
The critical load combination for the design bracings is 0.9DL+1.5WL (90+)
The force in the bracing for critical load combination = 180 kN
The required area of cross-section of the member = Tdg*mo/fy = (180*1.1*1000/350) = 566 mm2
Choosing ISRO28 as the section, whose area of the cross is 615 mm2, hence safe.
The forces in all bracings are almost same, So the same sections is used for all bracings.

Check for Deflections

Purlins:
The maximum allowable deflection = span/150 from Table 6 of IS 800:2007
= 5000/150 = 33.33 mm
The deflections due to serviceable loads are presented below in the form of a table

Load Combination
deflection (mm)
DL+LL
-17.708
DL+WL(0+)
28.454
DL+WL(0-)
13.72
DL+WL(90+)
30.573
DL+WL(90-)
26.855
Table 6: Deflection of Purlins for Service Loads.
So, the deflections are within the limit specified by IS 800:2007 => the serviceability limit state is
satisfied
Main Truss:

Vertical deflections
The maximum allowable vertical deflection = span/300 from Table 6 of IS 800:2007
= 20000/300 = 67mm

The vertical deflections due to serviceable loads are presented below in the form of a table
Load Combination Vertical deflection (mm)
DL+LL
-32.708
DL+W(0+)
21.454
DL+W(0-)
13.72
DL+W(90+)
15.573
DL+W(90-)
26.855
Table 7: Vertical Deflection of Main Truss for Service Loads.
So, the vertical deflections are within the limit specified by IS 800:2007 => the serviceability limit state is
satisfied
Lateral deflections
The maximum allowable lateral deflection = span/300 from Table 6 of IS 800:2007
= 20000/300 = 67mm
The lateral deflections due to serviceable loads are presented below in the form of a table
Load Combination
Lateral deflection (mm)
DL+LL
-2.708
DL+W(0+)
11.352
DL+W(0-)
13.721
DL+W(90+)
14.5
DL+W(90-)
16.574
Table 8: Lateral Deflection of Main Truss for Service Loads.

So, the lateral deflections are within the limit specified by IS 800:2007 => the serviceability limit state is
satisfied.

DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS
There are two types of connections used in the structure
1. Hinged connection (top and bottom chords of the truss to web members of Main truss)
2. Hinged connection (top and bottom chords of the main truss to columns)
Design of Type-I connection:
The maximum tensile force in the web members of the secondary truss at grid Y=15 is 171kN. So for this,
the gusset plate connection is designed, and it is adopted for all the web members to connect to the top or
bottom chords of the secondary truss.
The design checks the connection must be checked for is bearing failure of the gusset plate, shear failure
of the bolt, gross yielding of the connecting plates.
Design check for bearing failure of gusset plate
End distance, e = 34mm
Pitch distance, p = 34mm,
Diameter of the hole, do = 22mm
Diameter of the bolt, d = 20mm
Ultimate tensile strength of the plate, fu = 490MPa
Ultimate strength of the bolt, fub = 1000Mpa (10.8 grade)
Kb = smaller of (e/ (3do)), (p/ (3do))-0.25, (fub/fu), 1.0 = 0.52
The bearing strength of the plate = 2.5kbdtfu/1.25
= 2.5x0.52x20x20x490/1.25
= 196kN (>171kN), hence safe.
Design of the shear failure of the bolt:
The bolt connecting the gusset plates and the web members is in double shear.
20mm diameter bolt of 10.8 Grade is used.
The design shear strength of the bolt = fu*n*An/1.25
= (1000/sqrt (3))*2*(3.14*20*20/4)/1.25
= 290KN (>171kN), hence safe

Design for gross yielding failure of the connecting plates:

The gross yielding strength of the connecting plate = Agfy/1.1
= 65x10x350/1.1
= 207kN (>85.5kN), hence safe.

Design of Type-II connection:

X=9
Design for compression force
The maximum compression force at the base plate = 160kN
Bearing strength of concrete = 0.45fck = 0.45x30 = 13.5MPa
Required area of base plate = 160x1000/13.5 = 11852 mm2
Use a base plate of size 150X150 of grade 350, whose area = 22500mm2
Projection will be 34mm on each side, i.e. a = b = 34mm
W = (164x1000)/(150x150) = 7.29 MPa
Required thickness of the base plate = sqrt(1.5x7.29x(34x34 0.3x34x34)x1.1/350) = 5.27mm
Lets take base plate of thickness 8mm
Design for tensile force
The tensile forces has to be carried only by anchor bars
The maximum tensile force at the base plate = 237kN
Lets take 20mm dia bar of 8.8 Grade, with embedment length of 175mm
Design tensile strength of one 20mm diameter bar of grade 8.8
= 0.9*800*(3.14/4) *20*20*0.78/1.25
= 141.2KN
Tensile capacity of the 20mm bar based on concrete breakout failure = 15.5*sqrt (fck)*hef1.5
= 196.54KN (>141.2KN)
No of bars required = 237/141.2 = 1.7 (take 2 bars).
Design for shear
The entire shear has to be resisted by the friction between the base plate and concrete, but we cant
rely on this because as time goes the surface between the base plate and concrete might become
smooth.
So shear lug is used here to resist the entire shear
The maximum shear force = 134 kN

The required area of the shear lug Alg = V/(0.45fck) = (134x1000)/(0.45x30) = 9925mm2
Lets take shear lug of dimensions 200mm width (W) and 75mm depth (H)
Assuming a grout depth of 25mm
The cantilever end moment at joint with the base plate, Mlg = ((134x1000)/200) x (75)/2
= 25125 N-mm
The required thickness of the shear lug, tlg = sqrt (4*Mlg*1.1/fy) = 17.77 mm,
Hence adopt thickness as 20mm.
All connection Details are provided in A2 Sheet.

DESIGN OF CORBEL

Figure 26: Structural action of a corbel.

(Ref: ACI 318 -05)

Loads on corbel
Factored vertical load Vu =1.05 557 = 585kN
Factored Horizontal load Nuc = 1.05 18 =19kN
Distance of vertical load from the face of column av = 600mm
Geometry of corbel

Size of the Column = 350mm 600mm

Therefore width of the corbel = 350mm
Main reinforcement = 22mm
Horizontal reinforcement= 10mm
Length of bearing plate (lw) = 150 mm
Length of the corbel = av + lw /2 + 2 + diameter of horizontal link + cover = 750 mm
Taking depth of the corbel as 900 mm
Effective depth of the corbel d = 900 - 30 - 22/2 = 859 mm
Depth of corbel at the outside of the bearing area = 0.6 859 = 520mm
Design of tension reinforcement
For the bracket geometry
av/d = 600/859 = 0.69 hence it can be designed according to 11.9.3 of ACI 318- 05
Minimum horizontal force acting on corbel Nuc, min = 0.2 Vu = 117kN
Horizontal force acting on corbel Nucact = max (Nuc, Nuc_min) = 117kN
For balanced condition j = 0.85
Area for shear friction reinforcement
Avf = Vn / (fy ) = 1114 mm2

Ref 11.7 of ACI 318- 05

Af = [(Vu a) + (Nuc, act (h d))] / ( fy j d) = 1305 mm2

(Ref 11.9.3.3 of ACI 318- 05)
Nominal area required
An = Nuc_act / ( fy) = 312 mm2

(Ref 11.9.3.4 of ACI 318- 05)

Area of tension reinforcement required Asc = max ([(2 Avf) / 3] + An, Af + An) = 1617mm2
Minimum area of tension reinforcement Asc, min = 0.04 f c b d / fy = 899 mm2
(Ref 11.9.3.5 of ACI 318- 05)
Asc,req = max(Asc, Asc_min) = 1617 mm2
Provide 5-22 mm diameter bars as main reinforcement (Ast provided = 1900 mm2)
Design of horizontal reinforcement

Area of horizontal reinforcement required

(Ref 11.9.4 of ACI 318- 05)

Ah = max (Avf / 3, Af / 2) = 653 mm2

Minimum area of horizontal reinforcement Ah, min = 0.5 (Asc_req - An) = 652.5 mm2
Ah, req = max (Ah, Ah, min) = 652 mm2
These must be placed within 2/3 d
2 859/3 = 570 mm
Provide 5 no closed hoops 2 L - 10mm.
Detailing of Corbel is given in A2 sheet.

DESIGN OF COLUMNS

Figure 27: Columns considered for Design.

Design of Column-1

Design combination 1.2(DL+IL) +1.05CL-0.6WL 90 (+)

Pu= 1119kN
Mx= 440 kNm
My=107 kNm
Steel grade -Fe 500, concrete grade M30
Assume a trial section of 350x600
Dx = 600mm, Dy=350mm
Slenderness ratio
Lex= 0.8x15000 =12000mm (one end fixed and other end hinged)
Ley= 0.7x4000 =2800mm (partial fixity at both ends)
Lex/Dx= 20>12
Ley/Dy=8<12
Hence the column is slender in one direction.

Minimum eccentricities
ex, min = l/500 +Dx/30 =50>20

------

ey, min = l/500 +Dx/30 =19.67<20 hence take ey, min =20mm
Primary moments for design
Mx= 440 kNm
My=107 kNm
Additional eccentricities
eax=Dx(lex/Dx)2/2000 = 120mm
eay=Dy(ley/Dy)2/2000 = 11.2mm
Additional moments
Max =Pu x kax x eax =1119x1x0.12= 134.28 kNm
May =Pu x kay x eay =1119x1x0.0112= 12.53 kNm
Total factored moments

kax, kay =1 as Pu < Pb

(Clause25.4, IS456)

MMux = M ux + Max =574.28 kNm

MMuy = M uy + May =119.5 kNm
Trial section
Mu =1.15x (574.282+119.52) =674 kNm
Pu/fckbD =0.177
Mu/fckbD2 = 0.178
Providing cover = 40mm

----- (Table 16, IS456)

d=64 mm
d/D = 0.18 0.2

----- (Referring to chart 38 SP- 16)

p/fck =0.08
Longitudinal steel
p = 0.08 x 30 = 2.4%
Ascreqd. = 2.4 x 350 x 600/100 = 5040mm2
Provide 10 28 mm
Asc, prov =6157mm2
p/fck (provided)= 2.9/30 = 0.096

Check additional moments

d/Dx =.106
d/Dy =0.18
Pubx/ fckbDx =0.18 Pubx=1134 kN

----- (referring to chart 36 SP- 16)

Puby/ fckbDy = 0.22

----- (referring to chart 38 SP- 16)

Puby=1386kN

Puz =0.45fck x Ag + (0.75fy-0.45fck)As

Puz =5060.9 kN
Modification factor
(Puz- Pu ) / (Puz- Pubx) =1.072
(Puz- Pu ) / (Puz- Puby) =1.0 assumed values are correct

Checking of section
p/fck =0.096
Pu/fckbD=0.177
d/Dx =.106
d/Dy =0.18
M ux1/ fckbD2=0.2

----- (referring to chart 36 SP- 16)

M uy1/ fckbD2= 0.16

----- (referring to chart 38 SP- 16)

M ux1=756> MMux
M uy1=604> MMuy
n =1.035
(574.28/756)1.035 + (119.5/604)1.035 =0.93<1 ----- Hence OK.
Provide lateral ties of 10mm diameter at 300mm spacing

Design of Column-2
Design combination 1.2(DL+IL+WL00 (-1))
Pu= 468kN
Mx= 456 kNm
My=0kNm
Steel grade -Fe 500, concrete grade M30
Assume a trial section of 350x600
Dx = 600mm, Dy=350mm
Slenderness ratio
Lex= 0.8x15000 =12000mm (one end fixed and other end hinged)
Ley= 0.7x4000 =2800mm (partial fixity at both ends)
Lex/Dx= 20>12
Ley/Dy=8<12
Hence the column is slender in one direction
Minimum eccentricities

ex, min = l/500 +Dx/30 =50>20

------

(clause25.4, IS456)

ey, min = l/500 +Dx/30 =19.67<20 hence take ey, min =20mm
Primary moments for design
Mx= 456 kNm
My=0 kNm
Additional moments
Additional eccentricities
eax=Dx(lex/Dx)2/2000 = 120mm
Max =Pu x kax x eax =468x1x0.12= 46.16 kNm

kax=1 as Pu < Pb

Total factored moments

MMux = M ux + Max =512.18 kNm
Trial section
Pu/fckbD =0.074
Mu/fckbD2 = 0.135
Providing cover = 40mm

----- (table 16, IS456)

d=62.5 mm
d/D = 0.1

----- (referring to chart 36 SP- 16)

p/fck = 0.06
Longitudinal steel
p = 0.06 x 30 = 1.8%
Asc, reqd. = 1.8 x 350 x 600/100 = 3780mm2
Provide 10 22 mm
Asc, prov =3801mm2
p/fck (provided) = 1.87/30 = 0.062
Check additional moments
d/Dx =0.1
Pubx/ fckbDx =0.25 Pubx=1572 kN
Puz =0.45fck x Ag + (0.75fy-0.45fck) As

----- (referring to chart 36 SP- 16)

Puz =4254.6 kN
Modification factor
(Puz- Pu) / (Puz- Pubx) =1.4>1
----- Hence OK.
Provide lateral ties of 10mm diameter at 300mm spacing.

Figure 28: P-M Interaction Curve for Columns.

Detailing of Columns is given in A2 Sheet.

DESIGN OF BEAMS

Two types of beams are used in the design of building, one in longitudinal direction and other in
transverse direction. Designs are based on the maximum load combinations, obtained from the SAP2000.
M30 concrete and Fe500 steel are used in the design.

Design of Longitudinal Beam

The design loads are obtained from the max. Load combination of 1.2(DL +IL +WL00 (-)) and modified as
given below.
Maximum negative moment at support: 104 kNm
Maximum positive moment at mid support: 36 kNm
Maximum shear force at support: 84 kN
Torsion is negligible.

Design for flexure

300 x 300mm section is assumed.
@ Support:
Mu/bd2 = 3.85
30 mm clear cover is provided and it gives d'/d approximately equal to
From table 56 of SP: 16, Pt =1.135 and Pc=0
Five 16mm diameter Fe500 bar @ 45mm spacing is provided as tension reinforcement at the top of
section and two 16 mm diameter Fe500 bar is provided at the bottom corner of the section with clear cover
of 30mm from both the edges.

@Mid support:
Mu/bd2 = 1.34.
From the interpolation of values in Table 56, SP: 16
Pt = .6 and Pc = 0 is provided.
Three 16mm diameter Fe500 bar @72mm spacing is provided as tension reinforcement at the bottom of
section and two 16mm diameter bar is provided at the top corner of section with a clear cover of 30 mm
from both edges.

Design for shear

Vu = 84 kN
Shear stress of concrete: 0.68 N/mm2 (From Table 61, SP: 16)
Design shear force Vus = 22.8 kNm
As the design shear force is less, nominal shear reinforcement is given based on the IS456.
Two 6mm diameter Fe500 bar is used as vertical stirrups at 200mm spacing. (200mm < 0.75d=202 mm)

Design of Transverse beam

The design loads are obtained from the max. Load combination of 1.2(DL +IL +WL90 (+)) and modified
as given below.
Maximum negative moment at support: 150 kNm
Maximum positive moment at mid support: 60 kNm
Maximum shear force at support: 104 kN
Torsion is negligible.

Design for flexure

300 x 300 section is assumed.
@Support:
Mu/bd2 = 6.67
30 mm clear cover is provided and it gives d'/d approximately equal to
From table 56 of SP: 16, Pt =1.825 and Pc=0.756. Therefore Ast = 1368 mm2 ; Asc =567 mm2.
Five 20mm diameter Fe500 bar @ 45mm spacing is provided as tension reinforcement at the top of
section and two 20 mm diameter Fe500 bar is provided at the bottom corner of the section with clear cover
of 30mm from both the edges.
@Mid beam:
Mu/bd2 = 1.85.
From the interpolation of values in Table 56, SP: 16
Pt = 1 and Pc = 0 is provided.
Three 20mm diameter Fe500 bar @76mm spacing is provided as tension reinforcement at the bottom of
section and two 20mm diameter bar is provided at the top corner of section with a clear cover of 30 mm
from both edges.

Design for shear

Vu = 104 kN
Shear stress of concrete: 0.68 N/mm2 (From Table 61, SP:16)
Design shear force Vus = 42.8 kNm
As the design shear force is less, nominal shear reinforcement is given based on the IS456.
Two 10mm diameter Fe500 bar is used as vertical stirrups at 200mm spacing. (200mm < 0.75d=202 mm).
Detailing of Beams is given in A2 Sheet.

DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
Two types of Footings Footing-1 and Footing-2are designed for 2 Columns Column-1 and Column-2
respectively.
Design of Footing 1
Size of Footing
Pu = 971kN, Mux= 385kNm, qa = 200 kN/m2 at a depth of 1.5 m.
Assuming the weight of the footing plus backfill to constitute about 15 percent of Pu, resultant
eccentricity of loading at footing base,
9711.15
BL

385
2
+ BL
6

(200) kN/m2

Provide B = 3100 mm and L = 3100 mm; this gives projection of 1250 mm in X direction and 1375mm in
Y direction.

Figure 29: Footing-1 Size.

Thickness of footing based on Shear

Service soil pressure, qu, max =
qu, min =

971
3.13.1

971
3.13.1

3856
2
3.13.1

3856
3.13.12

= 178.6 kN/m2

= 23.5kN/m2

One-way Shear
The critical section is located d away from the column face
The average pressure contributing to the factored one-way shear,
qu = 178.6 (23.5 * (1250-d)/2)/1550
Assuming d=500mm we get qu= 0.173N/mm2
Vu1 = 0.173 x 3100 (1250 - d)
Assuming c = 0.4 (pt = 0.3) (For M30 Concrete and Fe500 Steel)
Vuc = 0.4 x 3100 x d
Using Vu1 Vuc we get d 357mm
Two-way Shear
The critical section is located d/2 from the periphery of the column all around.
The average pressure contributing to the factored two-way shear is, qu = 0.128N/mm2
Vu2 = 0.128 x (3100 x 3100 (350 + d) (600 + d))
cz = ks(0.25 f ck ), ks = 0.5 + 350/600, but limited to 1.0
cz =1.37
Vuc = 1.37x ((350+d) + (600+d)) x 2 x d
Vu2 Vuc
d 300mm
So clearly One-Way Shear governs
Clear cover = 75mm
Diameter of bar = 16mm
Provide D = 450mm
Design of flexural reinforcement
In X Direction,
Cantilever projection = 1250mm
Width = 3100mm
d = D d/2 clear cover = 367mm
qu = 0.1786N/mm2 at footing edge
qu = 0.13785N/mm2 at face of column
1250 2
Mu = (0.13785 x 3100 x
) + (0. 1786-0. 13785) x 0.5 x 3100 x 12502 x
2
R= Mu/bd2= 0.975MPa

2
3

= 399.65kNm

Which gives pt = 0.235

Therefore assumed pt = 0.3 is O.K.
Ast, reqd = 3413mm2
Diameter of bar = 16 mm
Provide 16mm diameter bars @ 180 c/c

In Y Direction,
Cantilever projection = 1375mm
Width = 3100mm
d = D d/2 clear cover - d= 351mm
Average qu = (0.13785 + 0.1786)/2 = 0.1582N/mm2
1375 2
Mu = (0.158 x 3100 x
) = 463kNm
2
R= Mu/bd2= 1.2MPa
Which gives pt = 0.29
Therefore assumed pt = 0.3 is O.K.
Ast, reqd = 3413mm2
Diameter of bar = 16 mm
Provide 16mm diameter bars @ equal spacing i.e. @180 c/c
Detailing of Footing 1 is given in A2 Sheet.

Design of Footing 2
Size of Footing
Pu = 363kN, Mux= 363kNm, qa = 200 kN/m2 at a depth of 1.5 m.
c = 25 kN/m3 s = 20 kN/m3
Eccentricity e = M/P = 1000mm
As eccentricity is very high we will design an Eccentric Footing.
Minimum Area required A= P/(qa-(c-s)D) = 1.9 m2
As eccentricity is very high, we take B = 1000 mm and L = 3500 mm
Provide B = 1000 mm and L = 3500 mm; this gives projection of 2450 mm in X direction and 325mm in
Y direction.

Figure 30: Footing-2 Size.

Thickness of footing based on Shear

Service Soil pressure, qu, max =

363
3.51

= 103.7 kN/m2

One-way Shear
The critical section is located d away from the column face
The average pressure contributing to the factored one-way shear,
Vu1 = 0.1037x 1000 (2450 - d)
Assuming c = 0.4 (pt = 0.3) (For M30 Concrete and Fe500 Steel)
Vuc = 0.4 x 1000 x d
Using Vu1 Vuc we get d 504.4mm

Two-way Shear
The critical section is located d/2 from the periphery of the column all around.
Vu2 = 0.1037 x (3500 x 1000 (350 + d)(600 + d))
cz = ks (0.25 f ck ), ks = 0.5 + 350/600, but limited to 1.0
cz =1.37
Vuc = 1.37x ((350+d) + (600+d)) x 2 x d
Vu2 Vuc
d 300mm
So clearly One-Way Shear governs
Clear cover = 75mm
Diameter of bar = 16mm
Provide D = 600mm
Design of flexural reinforcement
In X Direction,
Cantilever projection = 2450mm
Width = 1000mm
d = D d/2 clear cover = 517mm
qu = 0.1037N/mm2 considered uniformly.
2450 2
Mu = (0.1037 x 1000 x
) = 311.23kNm
2
R= Mu/bd2= 1.16MPa
Which gives pt = 0.28
Therefore assumed pt = 0.3 is O.K.
Ast, reqd = 0.3 * 1000 * 517/100 = 1551mm2
Diameter of bar = 16 mm
Provide 8-16mm diameter bars @ equal spacing 120mm c/c
In Y Direction,
Cantilever projection = 325mm
Width = 3500mm
d = D d/2 clear cover-d = 501mm
qu = 0.1037N/mm2 considered uniformly.

325
) = 38.34kNm
2
R= Mu/bd2= 0.04MPa < Rmin
Ast, min = 0.0012 * 3500 * 600 = 2520mm2.
Diameter of bar = 16 mm
Provide 13-16mm diameter bars @ equal spacing i.e. @ 275mm c/c
Mu = (0.1037 x 3500 x

Detailing of Footing 2 is given in A2 Sheet.

ESTIMATION OF COST AND BILL OF QUANTITIES

Estimation of Roof Structure.
Main Truss
Member

Number

Weight(kg/m)

Length(m)

Weight(kg)

ISNB100M

12.17

20

1947.2

ISNB80M

28

8.4

2.5

588

ISNB80M

32

8.4

3.535

950.21

Total

3485.41

Table 9: Calculations of weight of Main Truss members

Secondary Truss
Member

Number

Weight(kg/m)

Length(m)

Weight(kg)

ISNB80M

20

8.4

9.34

1569.12

ISNB80M

20

8.4

1512

ISNB50M

20

5.03

0.37

37.23

ISNB50M

20

5.03

1.527

153.62

ISNB50M

20

5.03

0.7413

74.58

ISNB50M

20

5.03

1.737

174.75

ISNB50M

20

5.03

1.112

111.87

ISNB50M

20

5.03

201.2

ISNB50M

20

5.03

1.483

149.19

ISNB50M

20

5.03

2.29

230.38

Table 10: Calculations of weight of Secondary Truss members

Purlins
Member

Number

Weight(kg/m)

Length(m)

Weight(kg)

ISMB100

96

11.5

5520

ISNB20L

240

1.4

1.33

446.88

Table 11: Calculations of weight of Purlins.

Bracings
Member

Number

Weight(kg/m)

Length(m)

Weight(kg)

ISRO28

32

4.83

5.3

819.17

Table 12: Calculations of weight of Bracings.

Type

Weight(kg)

Cost(Rs.)

Main Truss

3485.41

209124.6

Secondary truss

6624.45

397467

Purlins

5966.88

358012.8

Total

16076.74

964604.4

Table 13: Calculations of Cost of Roof Structure.

BILL OF QUANTITIES (in INR)

Price of concrete per m3 = 7000
Price of Reinforced Steel (per kg) = 60
Price of Sheeting (for 1 m3) = 2000

Item

Quantity

Cost
(Rupees)

Concrete

475 m3

32 Lakhs

Roof steel

16.1 tonnes

9.64 Lakhs

Steel Reinforcement

5.7 tonnes

4 Lakhs

Sheeting

747.2 m2

7.5 Lakhs

Connections

3 Lakhs

(20% of Roof Steel)

Total

57 Lakhs

Table 14: Bill of Quantities

Approximate total cost of building = 57 Lakhs

Total area of building = 7750 ft2
Cost of building per ft2= 736rupees