International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
International Conference on Quality Up-gradation in Engineering, Science and Technology (ICQUEST2015)
Soil Structure Interaction of Tall Buildings
JagadishponrajNadar
Hement S. Chore, PhD
[Link]
P.G. Student
Dept. of Civil Engg.
DattaMeghe COE, Airoli, India
Prof. and Head
Dept. of Civil Engg.
DattaMeghe COE, Airoli, India
Asst. Prof.
Dept. of Civil Engg.
DattaMeghe COE, Airoli, India
ABSTRACT
The conventional design procedure involves the assumption
of the fixity at the base of the foundation and therefore,
neglects of the flexibility of the foundation and the
compressibility of the sub-soil. For the realistic solution, it is
essential that the superstructure- foundation- soil interaction
be considered as one compatible unit. Finite element method
is one such amongst [Link] view of the afore-mentioned
observations, the interaction analyses have been reported to
quantify the effect of soil-structure interaction on the response
of the building frame resting on raft foundation recently.
Along similar lines and based on the scope outlined in those
studies, an attempt has been made here to carry out the
interactive analysis of the building frame having forty and
eighty storey resting on typical raft foundation. For this
purpose a study is carried out on raft foundation resting in
cohesive soil, subjected to lateral load. For the purpose of the
analysis, simplified idealizations are made in the theory of
finite elements. The slab of the frame is idealized as three
dimensional four-noded shell elements. Beams and columns
of the superstructure frame are idealized as three dimensional
two-noded beam elements. Raft of the sub-structure is
idealized as three dimensional four-noded shell elements. In
the independent analysis response of the structure is
considered in terms of bending moments, shear force,
deflection developed in structure. The effect of soil- structure
interaction is observed to be significant for the behavior of
structure considered in the present study for all the cases
considered. The building is analyzed for various load cases,
mainly gravity loads (due to dead load and live load) and
lateral loads). Analysis is carried out by using standard
package ETABS. The comparison of these models for
different parameters like Storey Displacement, Column
Bending moments and Time period are presented
Keywords
Lateral displacement, Shear force, Storey drift, Storey shear,
Shear wall, Time period
1. INTRODUCTION
Spectacular failure of structures has been observed in every
major seismic event. Gujarat earthquake of 26 January 2001
have demonstrated that the strength alone would not be
sufficient for the safety of structures during the earthquake. In
conventional design, buildings are generally considered to be
fixed at their bases. In reality, flexibility of the supporting soil
medium allows some movement of the foundation. However,
if the structure is very massive and stiff, such as high-rise
buildings, and the foundation is relatively soft, the motion at
the base of the structure may be significantlydifferent than the
free-field surface motion. A foundation is interface between
superstructure with underlying soil or rock. In seismic
environment, the loads imposed on a foundation from a
structure under seismic excitation can greatly exceed the static
vertical loads or even produce uplift; in addition, there will be
horizontal forces and possibly moments at the foundation
level. Structural engineering and geotechnical engineering are
frequently isolated from one another as if they were two
independent disciplines. In reality, however, a structure and
the soil on which it is founded are one system, and their
interplay must be considered in order to achieve reasonably
accurate soil settlement prediction In cities like Mumbai
which are located on seashore, most of area consist of
reclaimed soil, because of constraint on space & land high rise
building are essential. Also recent trend of construction is that
numbers of buildings are constructed on island where
founding base of building created by artificial created inland.
As a result of this soft layers of soil the earthquake ground
motion get modified & high rise building have relatively
longer predominant time period. Due to this soil structure
interaction, response of structure get significantly modified
and detailed studies needs to be done while design such a
buildings
2. BUILDING DESCRIPTION
A building is assumed for analysis that consists of a G+40
storey R.C.C. Residential building. The plan of the building
is regular in nature. The building is located in Seismic Zone
III and is assume on soil with bearing capacity of 80 T/m2
and 250 T/m2. The building is 120.0 in height, length is
50m and 55m in width. The important features of this
building are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Salient features of the building
Type of Structure
Multi-storey frame structure.
Design Philosophy Limit state method conforming to IS:
456 - 2000
Number of stories
(G + 40)
Total height of
120 m
buildings above
Natural Ground
level
Floor Heights
All Typical Floors = 3.00m
Walls
200 mm thick including plaster
Materials
Seismic analysis
M 30 , M40, M50, M60, M70 and Fe
500
Dynamic method
Seismic zone
III
Response
Reduction factor
Importance Factor
5
1
Basic Wind Speed
44m\s
Category Wind
Class
Spring properties
Bearing capacity / Allowable
settlement
15
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
International Conference on Quality Up-gradation in Engineering, Science and Technology (ICQUEST2015)
4. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
4.1 Column / Shear wall forces
Table 1 Column Forces
Fig 1: Plan
3. MODEL & ANALYSIS
Building is modeled using standard package ETAB. Beams
are modeled as two noded beam elements with six DOF at
each node. Shear wall are modeled using shell element.
Equivalent static analysis or linear static analysis is
performed on models. Based on analysis result parameters
such as story displacement, column forces, the time period is
compared with respect to mode shape are compared for each
model. Following the model have been considered
on soil having bearing capacity of 250 T/m2.
From the analysis result of all the three cases it is observed
that the column forces at lower storey increases drastically for
buildings under SSI as compared to the fixed support.. The
variation in forces is in the range of 10-125 percent .Columns
in the internal part of the frame is less effected as compared to
the columns in the outer edges. Bending moment / forces in
the column increased at lower levels by performing SSI
analysis as compared to that of fixed condition
Case III: Forty storey building having raft foundation resting
4.2 STOREY DISPLACEMENT
Case I: Forty storey building having fixed support at base.
Case II : Forty storey building having raft foundation resting
on soil having bearing capacity of 80T/m2
Fig 3: Displacement in EQx
Fig 2: Etabs 3D view of model with (i) Fixed support
(ii) Support on raft
The storey deformation in X and Y direction graphical
representation is shown in Fig. 3 and 4 respectively.
16
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
International Conference on Quality Up-gradation in Engineering, Science and Technology (ICQUEST2015)
Fig 6: Mode shape with respect to time period.
From Fig. 6, the fundamental time period is found to be more
in Mode shape 1 from model 3. The trend of time period is
less in other models considered in the present investigation)
we see considerable difference in the response of the building.
Time period of the buildings has increased from fixed base to
actual Raft spring model.
5. CONCLUSION
Fig 4: Displacement in EQy
From the storey displacement in X and Y direction for
different cases, it is seen that the model 3 shows the higher
displacement. However, in respect of other models, the storey
drift is found to increase with number of stories. Deflection of
the building increases while analyzing the tall buildings with
SSI method
4.3 TIME PERIOD & MODE SHAPE
The mode shape with respect to time period for different
models is shown in Table 5. Along similar lines, the mode
shape with respect to fundamental time period is shown in
Fig.6
Table 2 Table of time period & frequency
The behaviors of multistoried building with fixed support &
without fixed but resting on the raft with consideration of soil
interaction have been studied in present paper. In this we get
the results from analysis of model for case1 (case 1) its shows
the less lateral displacement, mode shape with respect to time.
From the nonlinear Etabs models, it is concluded that the soil
interaction effect is very remarkable. Deflection of the
building increases while analyzing the tall buildings with SSI
method. In addition to building height, stiffness of the
structural members in building the soil parameters played a
main role in controlling the deflection of the building. Softer
the soil more was the deflection. Time period & frequency is
shooting up for the cases considering SSI. Softer the soil more
was the time period. Also the time period variation was higher
for taller buildings, hence higher the storey more will be the
effect due to soil .Comparing the time period of building (case
1 with case 2 and case 3) we see considerable difference in
the response of the building. Time period of the buildings has
increased from fixed base to actual Raft spring model. This
results in under estimation the actual force in structure in case
1, this may also affect the stability of the building. Bending
moment / forces in the column increased at lower levels by
performing SSI analysis as compared to that of fixed
condition.
6. REFERENCES
[1] Anandakrishnan M. and N.R. Krishnaswamy, Response
of embedded footings to vertical vibrations, Journal of
The Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, SM10,
Oct 1973, pp 863-883.
[2] Dasgupta, S., Dutta, S. C., & Bhattacharya, G., (1999)
Effect of Soil-Structure Interaction on Building Frames
on Isolated Footing J. of Str. Engg., Vol.26, No.2, 129134..
[3] Chopra Anil K. and J.A. Gutierrez, Earthquake response
analysis of multistory buildings and including foundation
interaction, Earthquake Engineering and Structural
17
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
International Conference on Quality Up-gradation in Engineering, Science and Technology (ICQUEST2015)
Dynamics, Vol.3Tavel, P. 2007 Modeling and
[10] Jennings, P. C. &Bielak, J., (1973), Dynamics of
Simulation Design. AK Peters Ltd.
Building-Soil Interaction Bulletin of the Seismological
Society of AmericaVol.63, No.1, 9-48
Fenves,G.L.&SerinoG.,(1990)Soil-Structure Interaction
in Buildings from Earthquake Records Earthquake
[11] Kumar, S., & Prakash, S., (1997),Natural Frequency
Spectra, Vol. 6, No. 4,641-655.
Response of Structures Considering Soil-Structure
Interaction, Seismic Behavior of Ground and
Gupta, S., Penzein, J., Lin, T. W., &Yeh, C. S.,(1982)
Geotechnical Structures, SecoPinto (ed.), 225-233.
"Three-Dimensional Hybrid Modeling of Soil-Structure
Interaction", Earthquake Engineering and structural
[12] Lee Ian K. and P.T. Brown, Structure foundation
dynamics, John Wiley & sons, ltd., vol. 10, 69-87.
interaction analysis , Journal of the Structural Div.
proceedings of the American society of Civil Engineers,
Hadjian, A.H., Niehoff, D. &Guss, J., (1974) Simplified
1972, pp 2413-2431.
Soil-Interaction Analysis with Strain Dependant Soil
Properties , Nuclear Engineering and Design, vol. 31,
[13] Nogami, T.,(1996)Simplified Subgrade Model for
218-233
Three-Dimensional
Soil-Foundation
Interaction
Analysis, Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engg, Elsevier
Inaba, T., Dohi, H., Okuta, K., Sato, T. &Akagi,
Science Ltd., Vol. 15, 1996, 419-429.
H.,(2000) Nonlinear Response of Surface Soil and NTT
Building due to Soil- structure Interaction during the
[14] Noorzoei J., P.N. Godbole and M.N. Viladkar,
1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake, Soil
Nonlinear soil structure Interaction of plane frames-A
Dynamics & Earthquake Engg. Elsevier Science Ltd.,
parametric study , Computer and Structures, Vol.49,
Vol. 20, 289
No.3, 1993, pp 561 -566.
[8] IS: 1893-2002, "Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake
Design Of Structures (Fourth Revision) ", Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi,
[9] IS: 1498-1970, Classification and Identification of Soil
for General Engineering Purpose Bureau of Indian
standards, New Delhi
IJCATM : [Link]
[15] Noorzaei, J., Viladkar, M. N., & P. N. Godbale, (1991),
Soil-Structure Interaction of Space Frame-Raft-Soil
System-a Parametric Study, Computers and structures
vol.40, No.5, 1235-1247.
18
