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[email protected]Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Ventilation Effectiveness
REHVA Guidebook no 2
AUTHORS
Elisabeth Mundt, Professor, KTHRoyal Institute of Technology,
Stockholm, Sweden (editor)
Hans Martin Mathisen, Ph.D.,
Sintef, Trondheim, Norway
Peter V. Nielsen, Professor,
Aalborg University, Denmark
Alfred Moser, Ph.D., ETH, Zrich,
Switzerland
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
CONTENTS
1.
VENTILATION EFFECTIVENESS IN A NUTSHELL (3 p)
2.
SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY (4 p)
3.
WHY VENTILATION EFFECTIVENESS (5 p)
4.
TYPICAL CONTAMINANTS AND CONTAMINANTS
DISTRIBUTION IN VENTILATED ROOMS (6 p)
5.
THEORY AND DEFINITIONS (8 p)
6.
MEASUREMENTS (12 p)
7.
PREDICTION OF AIR QUALITY BY COMPUTATIONAL FLUID
DYNAMICS (4 p)
8.
CASE STUDIES (21 p)
9.
DEFINITIONS OF VENTILATION EFFECTIVENESS IN
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES (1 p)
10.
APPENDIX 1 (1 p)
11.
REFERENCES (4 p)
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
VENTILATION EFFECTIVENESS
includes
A
Indices representing the
ability of a system to
exchange the air in the room
B
Indices representing the
ability of a system to remove
air-borne contaminants
air change efficiency,
contaminant removal
effectiveness (CRE), c
local air change index, P
a
local air quality index, Pc
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTERS
1. VENTILATION EFFECTIVENESS IN A NUTSHELL
2. SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY
3. WHY VENTILATION EFFECTIVENESS
Distributed source Q, mean concentration
Concentration field resulting from point source Q
ce
ce
c
cs
Distributed source Q
Point source Q
Keep concentration low
ce
ce
Pa
cs
Pc
Point sensor P
Point sensor P
cs
Point source Q
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
cs
4 TYPICAL CONTAMINANTS AND CONTAMINANTS
DISTRIBUTION IN VENTILATED ROOMS
cP ce
Return opening
The location of a return
opening may have a very
large influence on the
concentration
distribution, although it
only has a small influence
on the velocity
distribution.
0
-5
10
15
20 s e
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
4 TYPICAL CONTAMINANTS AND CONTAMINANTS
DISTRIBUTION IN VENTILATED ROOMS
Displacement ventilation and vertical concentration gradient
The idea behind displacement ventilation is to accept a variation in the
concentration distribution with a high value below the ceiling and a low
value in the occupied zone.
0,95
0,90
0,80
0,70
cexp
0,73
0,95
0,90
0,80
0,70
cexp
0,76
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
5 THEORY AND DEFINITIONS
Air Change Efficiency
a
qv
a=
Mean age of air in the exhaust n
2 x Room mean age of air
2
P
qv
The mean age of air in the exhaust
is always equal to the nominal time constant n
Age
0
n=V/qv
What is the mean age of the air in the
room?
The room mean age of air can not be less than half the nominal time constant!
Thus the air change efficiency < 100 %
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
5 THEORY AND DEFINITIONS
Air Change Efficiency
Piston flow
Fully mixed flow
n
n 2
a 100 %
a 50 %
Displacement flow
Short-circuit flow
n
n 2 n
50 % a 100 %
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
n
n
a 50 %
THEORY AND DEFINITIONS
Contaminant Removal effectiveness, CRE
Concentration in the exhaust ce
CRE =
c
Mean concentration in the room
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
5 THEORY AND DEFINITIONS
Contaminant Removal effectiveness, CRE
Contamination source in a stagnant zone
Contamination source close to exhaust
ce
ce
c ce
c ce
Contamination source in a stagnant zone
Contamination source close to exhaust
ce
ce
c ce
c ce
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
6 MEASUREMENTS
Pressure control valve
Closing
valve
Injection of tracer gas
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Injection
point
Flowmeter
(Rotameter)
or mass flow
controller
6 MEASUREMENTS
Exhaust air
concentration
Analyser
Switch
Alternative 1
Tube from gas bottle
Local room air concentrations
Alternative 2
Tube from gas bottle
Routines for how to measure and calculate the ventilation effectiveness
Concentration (ppm)
c0 14
12
10
ci-1
ci
This part of the curve could be
used to calculate the decay
8
6
For calculation of the tail the
calculated decay is used
4
2
ti-1 ti
10
Time (minutes)
15
20
cn
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
6 MEASUREMENTS
Planning
1. Develop team
2. Incorporate commissioning
specificati ons
Design
3. Review p roject design
Commissioning
4. Develop commissioning plan
Installation
5. Develop prefunctional checklist
6. Execute prefunctional checklist
7A. Correct deficiencies
7. Are expected
results realised?
No
Yes
8. Approve prefunctional checklist
9. Develop functi onal tests and
di agnostic monitoring pl an
Acceptance
10. Execute monitoring and
functional pl ans
11A. Co rrect deficiencies
11. Is equi pment
in compliance?
No
Post-acceptance
12. Accept equi pment performance
13. Develop final co mmissioning report
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
7 PREDICTION OF AIR QUALITY BY
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
Contaminant distribution around a sedentary person, contaminant source at the floor
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
7 PREDICTION OF AIR QUALITY BY
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
The exposure of a standing person from different surfaces with the same emission
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
8 CASE STUDIES
Description and Design Values, Measured Results, Discussion of Results
3,6 m
3,8 kW ceiling light
6m
Auditorium
21,5 m
320 seats
Measurement column
15,8 m
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
8 CASE STUDIES
Auditorium
Temperature, C
22,4 C
20
25
24,8 C
23,8 C
20,7 C
Local air quality index
890 ppm CO2
0,56-0.82
0,85- 0,97
19 m
Room width: 21.5 m
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
420 ppm CO2
8 CASE STUDIES
Office in town hall
Office in town hall
Full scale experiments
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
8 CASE STUDIES
Office in town hall
Winter case
Summer case
Warm supply air jet
Cold
down-draught
from windows
Draught from
the subcooled
supply air jet
Flow pattern before reconstruction of the ventilation system
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
8 CASE STUDIES
Office in town hall
3
Height (m)
New system
Old System
0
0
Carpet as contaminant source
1
2
3
4
Dimensionless concentration (c/c e )
Concentration profiles
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
8 CASE STUDIES
Industrial building
8m
5m
Section A-A
25 m
Height (m)
4
Mixing ventilation
Measuring position
24 m
75 mA-A
Section
5m
8m
38 m
25 m
1
A
10
14
18
22
26 P (min)
Displacement ventilation
Mixing ventilation
A
Measuring position
Displacement ventilation
38 m
24 m
75 m
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
8 CASE STUDIES
Homogeneous emission techniques
7m
4m
13,2 m
Laboratory hall
Subdivision of the room
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
8 CASE STUDIES
Homogeneous emission techniques
c/ce
1
0,35
0,28
0,27
0,33
c/ce
1
0,42
0,35
0,28
0,33
0,50
0,45
0,43
0,48
1,33 m above the floor
Computed local mean
age of air in the subvolumes between the
two layers
0,54
0,60
0,63
0,57
c/ce
1
c/ce
1
1,33 m above the floor
The shadowed ellipses
show the positions of
the two 750 W air
convectors at the floor
level
Floor level
The shadowed ellipses
show the positions of
the two 750 W air
convectors at the floor
level
Local mean age of air
Floor level
Local concentrations with point sources
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Thank you for your
attention
The life
Grandchild 2003
Skansen 2004
Great-grandmother 1928
Local mean age
5 months
Local mean age
X years
Local mean age
80 years
Life mean age 40 years?
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