PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEM
O V E R V I E W
PLUMBING
1.
The art and science of creating and
maintaining sanitary conditions in
building used by humans.
2. The art and science of installing,
repairing and servicing the pipes,
fixtures and appurtenances necessary
for bringing in water supply and
removing liquid and water-borne
wastes.
HISTORY
Copper Pipe used in a water system in the
ancient palace ruins in the Indus Valley 5,500
years old
Around 2,500 BC, the Egyptians used copper
pipes in their irrigation and sewerage
systems
HISTORY
In the ancient Babylon, the science of
hydraulics had been established as
evidenced by their skillful planning in
their network of canals
During the Roman Empire (500BC455AD), aqueducts were built to
convey water from sources to houses
HISTORY
Construction of underground public
water supply system for public baths.
Ex: bath of Diocletian, a bath that could
accommodate 3,200 bathers at one time.
HISTORY
The quality of plumbing declined after the
fall of the Roman Empire in A.D. 476.
During the middle ages, people
disposed of waste materials by
throwing them into the streets. In 1500s
a type of water closet was developed.
Septic tanks were introduced in the
mid-1800s, and a modern sewerage
system began operating in London in
the 1860s
HISTORY
Plumbing Practice in the
Philippines
In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the
government in the City of Manila. Master Plumber John F.
Haas became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing
Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code based on
the Plumbing Code of the United States was incorporated into
the Building Code for the City of Manila.
In 1935, the National Master Plumbers Association of the
Philippines (NAMPAP) was formally organized
Manila City Ordinance 2411, the Plumbing Code for the
City of Manila was enacted and placed under the
Department of Public Services, Manila.z
Principles
22 Basic Principles of the
Plumbing Code
All premises intended for human use or habitation shall
be provided with a supply of pure `nor subject to backflow
or back- siphonage.
1
2
3
4
Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be
supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure
adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise.
Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the
minimum quantity of water consistent with proper
performance and cleaning.
Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed
and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion
through overheating.
Principles
5
6
7
8
Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with
a public sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the
sewer system.
Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water
closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or
shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and
personal hygiene.
Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent
material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall
be located in ventilated enclosures.
The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and
maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids,
clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the
pipes may be readily cleaned.
Principles
All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED
materials, free from defective workmanship, designed
and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure
satisfactory service.
9
10
11
12
13
Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system
shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap.
The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to
provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage,
aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.
Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to
prevent clogging and the return of foul air to the building.
Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to
effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the
workmanship.
Principles
Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive
mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere
unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be
allowed to enter the building drainage system.
14
15
16
17
Proper protection shall be provided to prevent
contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar
materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the
fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with
the building drainage system.
No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment
which is not properly lighted and ventilated.
If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision
shall be made for the disposal of building sewage by
some accepted method of sewage treatment and
disposal, such as a septic tank.
Principles
18
19
20
21
22
Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to
backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to
prevent its overflow in the building.
Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable
condition by Registered Master Plumbers.
All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to
be accessible for their intended use.
Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the
preservation of the strength of structural members and
the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces
through fixture usage.
Sewage or other waste from plumbing system which may
be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be
discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless
first rendered innocuous through subjection to some
acceptable form of treatment.
Components
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
PLUMBING FIXTURES
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM
Nature of Water
The Water Cycle:
3 Major
Phases:
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
The Plumbing Cycle
Components & Flow in
Water Systems:
S U P P L Y
DISTRIBUTION
U S E
Water Mains,
Storage Tanks
Pressure,
Piping
Networks
Plumbing
Fixtures
S O U R C E
COLLECTION
Lakes, Rivers,
Reservoirs
Gravity,
Piping
Networks
Treated water
returned to the
original source
TREATMENT
DISPOSAL
Sewage Plants,
Natural
Purification
Sanitary and
Storm Sewers
The Plumbing Cycle
Water Functions Diagram:
SUPPLY
DISTRIBUTION U S E COLLECTION DISPOSAL
Flow of water (& water carried wastes) should always
be only in one direction (from supply to disposal)
The two sides should always be carefully separated
from each other
WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
Sources of Water
Sources of Water
Rainfall
Obtained from roofs and watersheds. It is
soft pure and good on places where there is
an abundant rainfall
Natural Surface Water
A mixture of surface run-off and ground
water. Surface sources include river,
lakes, ponds and impounding
reservoirs.
Underground Water
That portion of the rainwater which has
percolated into the underground deposits
Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE
COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Natural
Surface
Water
Obtained from
ponds, lakes
and rivers
Easy to
acquire;
Usually in large
quantities;
Used for
irrigation,
industrial
purposes and,
when treated,
for community
water supply
Contains a large
amounts of
bacteria, organic,
& inorganic
substances;
Purification &
treatment is
necessary
Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE
Rain
Water
COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Collected from
roofs of
buildings and
special water
sheds and
stored in
cisterns or
ponds;
Cistern water
for drinking
should be
boiled,
chlorinated or
otherwise
sterilized
Water is soft &
pure and is
suitable for the
hot water
supply system
Only a source
during the wet
season;
Storage
becomes a
breeding place
for mosquitoes;
Roofs may not
be clean
Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE
COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Ground
Water
Obtained from
underground by
means of
mechanical &
manual
equipment;
From springs
and wells and is
the principal
source of water
for domestic
use in most
rural areas
Usually has an
abundant
supply;
requires less
treatment
because of
natural filtering
May have
organic matter &
chemical
elements;
treatment is
suggested;
Character of
ground water, its
hardness,
depends upon
the nature and
condition of the
soil and rock
through which it
passes or
percolates
Types of Water
Natural Water
Readily found in nature
Purified Water
Water which undergoes treatment, either
physical, biological or chemical means to
improve water quality.
Contaminated Water
Water with any material or substance that affects the
quality of water and affects the health of an individual.
Types of Water
Polluted Water
Water with the presence of any foreign
substance
Hard Water
Water with the presence of elements such as calcium,
Magnesium, Iron and aluminum.
Soft Water
Water without the presence of Calcium and Magnesium.
Types of Water
Grey Water
Water from laundries, wash basins, sinks, shower, bathtubs
Black Water
Water plus human waste that is flushed out of toilets
and urinals.
Storm Water
Rain, Surface run-off.
Properties of Water:
1. Heat Capacity
ability to absorb heat without becoming much
warmer.
2. Surface Tension
ability of water to stick to itself and pull itself
together.
Properties of Water:
3. Capillarity
ability of water to climb up a surface
against the pull of gravity
4. Dissolving Ability
ability to dissolve almost any substance, it
is known as a universal solvent
Water Treatment
PROBLEMS
CAUSE
EFFECTS
CORRECTION
1. Acidity
Entrance of
oxygen and
carbon dioxide
Corrosion of
non-ferrous
pipes
Rusting &
clogging of
steel pipes
Raising alkaline
content by the
introduction of
a neutralizer
(sodium
silicate)
2. Hardness
Presence of
Clogging of
magnesium and pipes
Impaired
calcium salts
laundry and
cooking
3. Turbidity
Silt or mud in
surface or in
ground
Discoloration
Bad taste
Boiling
Use of an ion
exchanger
(zeolite
process)
Filtration
Quality of Water
Water Quality Problems &
Their Correction:
PROBLEMS
CAUSE
EFFECTS
CORRECTION
4. Color
Presence of
Iron and
manganese
Discoloration of Oxidizing
fixtures
filter
and laundry
5. Pollution
Contamination
by organic
matter or
sewage
Disease
Chlorination
Water Treatment
Treatment & Purification:
OBJECTIONALBLE
ELEMENT
Calcium, Magnesium
REASONS FOR TREATMENT
Produces hardness
Sulfur
Bad taste & odor, highly corrosive to
plumbing, stains clothing, etc.
Salt
Bad taste, highly corrosive
Iron
Stains clothing & plumbing fixtures,
interferes with water softeners, iron bacteria
clogs pipes
Pathogenic germs
Unhealthy; may cause poliomyelitis
Acid
Highly corrosive, picks up lead, stains
clothing
Algae
Bad taste & odor
Water Treatment
Treatment & Purification:
OBJECTIONALBLE
ELEMENT
Carbon Dioxide,
Hydrogen Sulfide
METHOD OF TREATMENT
Aeration
Suspended Material
Coagulation & Settling Process
Bacteria
Chemicals & Sand filtration
Calcium &
Magnesium
Addition of water softeners
Iron
Iron Filters
Sulfur
Chlorination
Pathogenic Germs
Disinfection
Acid
Marble or Limestone Filtration
Purification of Water
AERATION
praying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it
over rough surfaces to remove entrained noxious gases such as
carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide
COAGULATION
(FLOCCULATION)
Process of removing of some suspended matter, along with
some coloration. Hydrated aluminum sulfate is added.
Purification of Water
FILTRATION
ater is passed through layers of sand
and gravel in concrete basins in order to
remove the finer suspended particles.
SEDIMENTATION
ater is passed through basins
so sediments can settle
through a period of time
CHLORINATION
ater is injected with hypo-chlorite or chlorine gas to kill
the harmful bacteria.
Purification of Water
AERATION (OXIDATION)
rocess of improving the taste and color of water,
remove iron and manganese and decrease in
corrosiveness.
OZONATION
A water treatment process that destroys bacteria and
other microorganisms through an infusion of ozone, a
gas produced by subjecting oxygen molecules to high
electrical voltages.
Purification of Water
DISTILLATION
simple approach to purification. In this process, water is heated
to allow condensation.
SEDIMENTATION
t is important to control corrosion in order to keep water systems
operating freely and to prevent corrosive water from increasing
the concentration of hazardous materials. Use of copper pipes.
CORROSION CONTROL
he advantage of fluoridation is that children who drink fluoridated
water have lower rates of tooth decay.
Purification of Water
NUISANCE CONTROL
pplication of Copper Sulfate to the water body to resist organisms
such as algae..
ADSORPTION
chemical species is adhered without chemical reaction. Some
porous materials have the ability to attract contaminants to their
surfaces, thereby removing them from solution. Ex. Carbon
ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION
Treatment by exposure to ultraviolet radiation to kill bacteria.
WATER DESALINATION
he procedure is done by heating seawater then pumping water into
a low pressure tank, where the water partially vaporized. The water
vapor is then condensed and removed as pure water. The process is
repeated many times.
Wells & Pumps
Types of Wells
(General):
Shallow Wells
Deep Wells
Individual Well Springs:
(Types According to Method of Construction)
Dug Well
Most common type
Usually dug manually
Around 15 m deep
a.k.a. shallow well
Wells & Pumps
Bored Well
Similar to dug well, but constructed
using an auger driven in by hand or
with power tools
Seldom hand driven below 15 meters,
but can reach 40+ meters with power tools
Wells & Pumps
Bored Constructed using an auger
cylindrical bucket
two-blade auger
helical auger
tubular auger
Wells & Pumps
Bored Constructed using an auger
Tripod used to support
long auger extensions
during drilling
Wells & Pumps
Jetted Well
Use of extreme water pressure so as not to
affect existing foundations in the vicinity
Makes use of a suction pump above, while
casing acts as the pump riser
Used only where ground is relatively soft,
hence sometimes referred to as
Sand-Point Wells
Wells & Pumps
Jetted Sand-point well, dug with extreme water
pressure
using jetting tube
jetting in casing
Wells & Pumps
Driven Well
Dug with a sharp pointed hollow
slotted iron rod and well screen
Depths are from 10-15 meters
Wells & Pumps
Driven Dug with a sharp pointed hollow slotted iron
guided on outside of pipe
guided on inside of pipe
driving on clamp
driving on inside of point
Wells & Pumps
Driven Dug with a sharp pointed hollow slotted iron
Drive points and screens. (a) perforated pipe with screen
Drive points and screens. (b) spiral
trapezoidal wire
Wells & Pumps
Drilled Well
Used for drilling oil
Can reach up to 1000 m
Wells & Pumps
Drilled dug with sophisticated mechanical equipment
Wells & Pumps
Drilled dug with sophisticated mechanical equipment
Wells & Pumps
Locating
a Well:
2 Most Common
Sources of
Contamination:
Septic Tank /
leach fields
Livestock
feedlots
Location must
not be less than
100 ft. away
from such
pollution sources
Locate on higher ground
The deeper the well, the better for natural filtration
Wells & Pumps
Methods of Well Screening:
Well screens are made of non-corrosive material like brass.
Natural material like stones and rock sediment provide
additional screening
Wells & Pumps
2 Basic Types of Pumps
Piston Pumps
Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston
Single Action (water is drawn
in with only 1 motion) or;
Double Action (water is drawn
in with either stroke)
Duplex or Twin Piston Pump
Wells & Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Water is drawn into the pump & discharged with a
centrifugal force
Wells & Pumps
Jet Pumps
Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing water up
from a well.
There are four types of Jet Pumps:
Deep well Jet Pumps are used in high volume applications
Shallow well Jet Pumps are used for residential wells
Convertible Jet Pumps can
be used for deep wells
and shallow wells
Miniature Jet Pumps are
used for small applications
Wells & Pumps
Types/Classifications of Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps
piston pumps that operate with controlled speed. The
discharge from a reciprocating pump is pulsating and changes
only when the speed of the pump is changed. Sometimes an
air chamber is introduced to regulate the pulsation.
Wells & Pumps
Rotary Pumps
Rotary pumps are piston pumps that make use of a pump driver
Rotary Pumps can discharge from 900 to 1200 GPM
Rotary Pumps are more efficient for viscous fluids
Wells & Pumps
Submersible Pumps
Submersible Pumps are designed to be fully immersible within a tank or
other media storage receptacle.
Many common types of pumps can be designed by manufacturers to
be submersible
Sump Pumps
Sump pumps are used in applications where excess water must be
pumped away from a particular area.
Sump pumps, in general, is a category that encompasses a number
of styles of pumps that are used to pump out collected fluid
Wells & Pumps
Turbine Pumps
Turbine Pumps are centrifugal pumps used for large applications
because of their multiple impellers
a turbine pump has a vertical turbine located below ground water
levels and a driving motor located higher up, usually over the
well casing at grade level.
Turbine Pumps can discharge up to 2000 GPM
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Water Supply System
A system in plumbing which provides and
distributes water to the different parts of the
building or structure, for purposes such as
drinking, cleaning, washing, culinary use, etc.
Drainage System
All the piping within a public or
private premises which conveys sewage,
rainwater or other liquid wastes to a point
of disposal
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Sanitary Drainage Pipes
Pipes installed to remove the
wastewater and water-borne wastes
from plumbing fixtures and convey
these to the sanitary sewer and other
point of disposal.
Ventilation System
A system of pipes, fittings and other
devices installed for the purpose of
providing circulation of air and creating
balanced atmospheric condition within
the
system
thereby
preventing
siphonage and backpressure.
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Soil Pipe
A pipe that conveys the discharge of
water closets or similar fixtures
containing fecal matter.
Waste Pipe
A pipe that conveys only liquid
waste free of fecal matter.
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Sewage
Any liquid waste containing animal
or vegetable matter in suspension or
solution. It may include liquids
containing chemicals in solution.
Drain
A pipe which carries ground and
surface water, storm water or waste water
into the building drainage system.
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Storm Drainage System
System of pipes, fittings, devices
and appurtenances for removing storm
water-rainwater, surface run-off and
underground seepage resulting from
precipitation.
