[Link].

org

Training Report

On

Car Parking Systems

A Training report file submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Mechanical

At

Submitted to: Submitted by:

[Link] [Link]
 [Link]

Certificate
[Link]

PREFACE
 [Link]

PREFACE
I have undertaken training from ................company working on one of their
project Car Parking Systems It has been taken care that this documents elicits
the system development process in a lucid and an understandable manner. The
contents have been divided into segments, all of which have been explained in
detail in the following pages. I have tried my best to elucidate all the relevant
detail to the project to be included in the report. While in the beginning I have
tried to give a general view if the project, to make it clear in the later stages, I
have included the portion that was specifically assigned to me and also described
where that part is actually being used.
 [Link]

Acknowledgement
 [Link]

Acknowledgement
I would like to thank respected Mr.. and Mr. ..for giving me such a
wonderful opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving
me guidelines to present a project report. It helped me a lot to realize of what we
study for.

Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as i went

through my work and helped to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or
un-necessary stuffs.

Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more
organized and well-stacked till the end.

Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word.
It helped my work a lot to remain error-free.

Last but clearly not the least, I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to
complete my report on time.
 [Link]

INTRODUCTION:
There are two types of car parking systems: traditional and automated. In the long term,
automated car parking systems are likely to be more cost effective when compared to traditional
parking garages. Automatic multi-storey automated car park systems are less expensive per
parking slot, since they tend to require less building volume and less ground area than a
conventional facility with the same capacity. Both automated car parking systems and automated
parking garage systems reduce pollution cars are not running or circling around while drivers
look for parking spaces.

Normally we can see in the multiplexes, cinema halls, large industries, and function halls there is
problem they have to go and search which line is empty and which line having place to park the
vehicle, for parking then they need workers for parking in correct position it is the money
consumed process. So to avoid this problem Automatic Car Parking System is implemented.

This system is used in big companies, apartments, shopping malls. By using this system any
number of cars can be parked floor after floor to reduce the wastage of area. This is developed by
using 8051 microcontroller.

HISTORY:

Over the years, car parking systems and the accompanying technologies have increased and
diversified. Car parking systems have been around almost since the time cars were invented. In
any area where there is a significant amount of traffic, there are car parking systems. Car Parking
systems were developed in the early 20th century in response to the need for storage space for
vehicles.

In the 1920s, forerunners of automated parking systems appeared in U.S. cities like Los
Angeles, Chicago, New York and Cincinnati. Some of these multi-storey structures are still
standing, and have been adapted for new uses. One of the Kent Automatic Parking Garages in
New York (now known as the Sofia Apartments is an Art Deco landmark that was converted into
luxury condominiums in 1983. A system that is now found all over Japan the ferris-wheel,
or paternoster system was created by the Westinghouse Corporation in 1923 and subsequently
 [Link]

built in 1932 on Chicagos Monroe Street. The nash motor Company created the first glass
enclosed version of this system for the Chicago Century of Progress Exhibition in 1933, and it
was the precursor to a more recent version, the Smart Car Towers in Europe.
 [Link]

System Overview:

The parking system is based around a micro-controller and U-shaped photo sensors. It is quick
and efficient in operation. The micro-controller is interfaced to the PC by serial port through
ICL232 which is a dual RS-232 Transmitter/Receiver. Photo sensors, four-phase stepper
motor and micro-controller control the entire operation of the car parking control system
collectively. The seven segment display and serial interface is used to display the number of cars
in the parking lot. Block diagram of the system is

shown in figure.

Fig1.1: block diagram of system overview

Basic Components:
Stepper motor
U-shaped Photo Sensors
Seven segment Display
Serial Interfacing
 [Link]

3.1Stepper Motor:

A stepper motor is a digital device, in that digital information is processed to accomplish an end
result, in this case, controlled motion. It is reasonable to assume that a step motor will faithfully
follow digital instructions just as a computer is expected to. This is the distinguishing feature of a
step motor.
In essence, step motors are electrical motors that are driven by digital pulses rather than a
continuously applied voltage. Each pulse equals one rotary increment, or step (hence, step
motors), which is only a portion of one complete rotation

8-wire configuration:

8-wire configuration of stepper motor used in Automatic car parking projects , the control is
consisting of micro-controller 8051 and some other components in this post you will learn how
to configure a stepper motor with 8 wire. Some useful circuit diagrams of the stepper motor are
also shown in the figures below

Upward arrow shows counterclockwise stepping sequence. Downward arrow shows clockwise
stepping sequence
 [Link]

3.2U-shaped Photo Sensors:

This device has a compact construction where the emitting-light sources and the detectors are
located face-to-face on the same optical axis. The detector consists of
a phototransistor Transmitter is positioned opposite the receiver used for small distances and
narrow objects

3.3 Seven segment Display:

The seven segment display is found in many electronic devices. It is just 7 LEDs that have been
combined into one case to make a convenient device for the displaying numbers and some letters

Fig3.3: seven segment display

 [Link]

3.4SerialInterfacing:
Thermo-controller is interfaced to the PC by serial port through ICL232 logic level converter. An
IBM compatible computer and 89C51 microcontroller interface is used in RS-232 serial
communication.
RS-232 Serial Communication:

RS-232 is a serial communication standard which enables data to be transferred in serial

form between two devices. Data is transmitted and received in serial bit stream from one point
to another. Four parameters specify an RS-232 link between two devices.
These are baud rate, data width, parity and stop bits and are described below.

Baud rate: The baud rate (bits per second) determines how much information is transferred over
a given time interval. A baud rate is usually be selected between 110 and 76800 baud, e.g. a baud
rate of 9600 corresponds to 9600 bits per second.

Data width: The data width can be either 8 bits or 7 bits depending upon the nature of data
being transferred.

Parity: The parity bit is used to check the correctness of the transmitted or received data. Parity
can either be even, odd, or no parity bit can specify at all.

Stop bits: The stop bit is used as the terminator bit and it is possible to specify either one or two
stop bits.
 [Link]

Display and Serial Interfacing of automatic car parking :

Seven Segment Display:

This hardware is used to display the number of cars in the parking lot. Basically, this board has
six-segment display but using only one display can do our work.
Microcontroller Port2 is use to handle the display unit.

Serial Interfacing:
This unit is to display the number of cars in parking lot on the computer. The computer may be
placed in any control room. Serial cable is used in null modem mode.
We use the DB9 connector for serial interfacing. In null modem mode pin 7,8 and pin 6,4 are
shorted with each other. While pin 3 is used for transmit data and pin 2 for reception

Fig3.4: serial cable details

 [Link]

Hardware working:

In car parking control system the basic emphasis on the control of stepper motor by blocking the
sensors beam. Three sensors are used to control one motor. Remaining hardware is use to display
the number of cars in parking lot. Or in other words how many times laser beam is blocked.

The 8051 is the brain of this whole hardware. It reads the input signals and start sending the
stepping sequences to the motor. When the input beam of S1 is blocked motor start rotating in
clockwise direction. This direction indicates the opening of the barrier, where S1 indicates that a
car has come. The S2 sensor is used as the gate open limit sensor i.e. when S2=on it means gate
is completely opened. Then a delay routine is called so that a particular time is adjusted for car to
cross the gate. After that motor start rotating in counter clockwise direction, which indicates that
gate, is closing now. Finally, when S3=on it indicates that gate is completely closed now. So
motor will stop rotating.

A display is provided at the ground floor which is basically a counter that displays number of
cars in each floor. It informs whether the floors are fully filled with the cars or is it having place
in a particular floor or not. There is facility of lift to carry the car to up and down. Movement of
Lift is controlled by stepper motor. An indicator with a green and red LED is kept in all the
 [Link]

floors to indicate whether the lift is busy or is it ready to take the car up or down. If the red LED
glows that means the lift is already engaged and the person has to wait for the green LED to
glow.

After this the seven segment display incremented its value, which indicates that a car has entered
in the parking lot. This display is basically for the people, which are driving the car. Similarly,
serial interfacing is also used to display the number of cars in the parking lot. This display is for
the person in control room.

The exit gate motor will also work on the same pattern. But after this the seven segment display
and PC decreased the display number. This indicates that a car has left the parking lot.

Fig4: block diagram of automatic car parking

 [Link]

When a person needs to come down from a particular floor to ground floor, he is expected to
focus the headlight onto the LDR placed in that floor. Now sensor section sends signal to motor
that the lift has to be send back to that particular floor and sends a signal to glow RED LED
indicating that the lift is busy. As soon as the lift reaches that particular floor car should come
inside the lift, the display counter at the ground floor decrements by one as to indicate the floor
capacity has increased by one. Lift comes back to its normal position and that time, the motor
that drives it , also stops. Now processor sends signal to glow GREEN LED indicating that lift is
free.

If there no parking taking place, the processor carries out the job according to the
following priority:-

1. It checks whether any password is entered.

2. It checks whether any car is entered to lift.

3. It checks whether any car headlight is pressed in front of LDR placed in each floor.

Following are the main sections in this model.

4.1 Display section

4.2 Keyboard, indicator & Beeper section

4.3 Lift & motor section

4.4 Sensor section

4.5 LCD section

4.1 DISPLAY SECTION:

 [Link]

This section displays the floor number along with the number of cars which has been already
parked in that particular floor. So whenever a car is ready to either come down or go up, the
program either decrements the count or increments the count automatically according to the
going up or coming down of a car. Display section is done by interfacing with 8255(PPI) of
[Link] 3 ports of 8255 are connected to three 7-segment display. Block diagram of this
section is shown.

Fig4.1: block diagram of display sec

4.2 KEYBOARD, INDICATOR & BEEPER:

In this section,12 switches are connected in matrix form and it has three LEDs , RED,
GREEN&YELLOW. The person, needed to enter the password has to wait until the GREEN
LED glows and when it glows, he has to press the START button first. This time the RED
LED glows. Then the person has to enter the password. As soon as it is entered, the program
checks it with the already stored passwords. If it is correct, YELLOW LED glows. If the entered
password is wrong, beeper starts beeping signifying the incorrectness of the password entered.

The indicator section contains 2 LEDs , RED & GREEN which are present in all the floors.
RED LED signifies that the lift is presently busy and shall not entertain any car to enter but if
GREEN LED glows, it suggests that the lift is ready and the car can enter the particular floor.
 [Link]

Beeper and LED's are connected to port C upper of 8255.

One more advantage of beeper is that; when a person tries to enter the lift irrespective of
finding the display section to be FFF (means the floors are already filled), program sends a signal
to Beeper section and it starts beeping indicating that he is not supposed to enter the lift since all
the floors are already filled.

4.3 LIFT AND MOTOR SECTION:

In lift section, there is a light beam and LDR to know whether a car has entered the lift
or not. When the GREEN LED of indicator section glows, that means the lift is ready for the car
to enter. When the car enters the lift, the light beam falls on LDR present in the lift gets cut and it
gives a signal that a car has entered the lift. Then program decides which floor lift has to go and
gives a signal to motor section.

The motor section is a mechanical part of the model which is used for taking the lift
up/down. When the lift has to go up, program gives the signal and the motor rotates clockwise
and if it has to go down, it rotates anticlockwise.

4.4 SENSOR SECTION:

Sensor section contains LDR's .These LDR's are connected to each floor to give
information if any car has to come down. When a person needs to come down from a particular
floor to ground floor, he is expected to focus the headlight the car onto the LDR placed in that
floor. When light falls on LDR its resistance decreases.

4.5LCD SECTION:
 [Link]

LCD is used to display some messages which is useful to car owners. Here 2X16 LCD ( Liquid
Crystal Display) is used. This is used to display messages like

WELCOME TO CAR PARKING SYSTEM

LIFT IS BUSY PLEASE WAIT

PLEASE ENTER YOUR PASSWORD

TYPES OF AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING:

Lift Box Type

Park Type
Z Park
ELEPARK
Elegant Park
Round Type
Various Types

Lift Box Type:

 [Link]

2 Park Type:
No digging required.
No Hydraulic parts.
Electric device
Reliable & smooth operation.
Requires minimum Maintenance.

Z-Park:

Multi-storied car parking system, where space is utilized effectively at comparatively lower
cost, which is more than twice that of the limited parking space on the ground.

Abundant product lineup, including the ascending/descending mechanism, satisfies a

wide range of parking needs for shops, office buildings, and apartment houses.

ELEPARK:

Elevator Type Car Parking System: The combination of cutting edge technologies realize
compactness, and low noise. Effectively utilizing open spaces in urban areas.
 [Link]

Advantages of Multi-story car parking system:

Automatic multi-storey car parks provide lower building cost per parking slot, as they typically
require less building volume and less ground area than a conventional facility with the same
capacity. However, the cost of the mechanical equipment within the building that is needed to
transport cars internally needs to be added to the lower building cost to determine the total costs.
Other costs are usually lower too, for example there is no need for an energy intensive
ventilating system, since cars are not driven inside and human cashiers or security personnel may
not be needed.
A multi-storey car parks offer greatest possible flexibility for the realization of optimum parking
solution. A fast parking process in which the driver does not have to maneuver his car or drive
backwards, guarantees highest comfort and security. A single lift serves 6 to 12 parking spaces
per level taking up a minimum of space. Time-saving vertical and horizontal movements take
place simultaneously ensuring fast parking and
 [Link]

Limitations of a multi-storey car parking system:

[Link] subjective analysis has shown that the greatest effects of a Multi-Storey Car Park on
Surrounding Residential Blocks are the air and noise pollution caused by the motor vehicles.

[Link] lots also tend to be subject to contamination with concentrated spots of pollutants such
as motor oil.
[Link], they often cover large contiguous areas with impermeable paving surface. This means
that virtually all of the rain (minus evaporation) that falls becomes runoff.

4. The parking lot must be built to effectively channel and collect runoff.

[Link], the runoff has been shunted directly into storm sewers, streams, or even sanitary
sewers.

6. However, larger municipalities now require retention basins to catch runoff to reduce the
stress on sewer systems.
Many areas today also require minimum landscaping in parking lots. This usually principally
means the planting of trees to provide shade.

[Link] have long preferred shaded parking spaces in the summer, but parking lot providers
have long been antagonistic to planting trees because of the extra cost of cleaning the parking
lot .
 [Link]

CONCLUSION:

Automatic car parking is one of the important factor in traffic areas, multiplexs, apartments, etc;
Car parking system that is discussed here is automated without human being that means if the
driver leaves it at the starting of this system the elevator takes the car to the parking slot.

We have to used the equipments of microcontroller, Infrared transmitters and infrared receivers
for each and every parking slot, IR receivers should be connected to the microcontroller.

Stepper motor plays a vital role in this system for lifting the car and display i.e; seven
segment display is used at each and every floor. Sensors are used for sensing the car when it
enters the areana and when it leave.

Automated car parking is very useful in this modern world where finding a small place have
become a big problem. This system is present in DELHI, MUMBAI, BANGLORE in our
country.

Reference

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]
[Link]