Zoot Suit Riots

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"Zoot Suit Riot" redirects here. For the album by the Cherry Poppin' Daddies, see Zoot Suit Riot
(album). For that album's title song, see Zoot Suit Riot (song).

Zoot Suit Riots

Zoot suits in 1942

Date June 1943

Location Los Angeles County, California, United States

Causes Conflict between American servicemen stationed

in Southern California and Mexican-American
youths

Methods Widespread rioting

The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of racist attacks in June 1943 in Los Angeles, California, United
States, between Mexican American youths and white Americans servicemen stationed in Southern
California.
White servicemen and civilians attacked youths who wore zoot suits because the outfits were
considered unpatriotic and extravagant during wartime, in which rationing of fabric was required for
the World War II war effort. While most of the violence was directed toward Mexican
American youth, young African American and Filipino Americans were attacked as well because
they also sported zoot suits. [1] The Zoot Suit Riots were related to fears and hostilities aroused by the
coverage of the Sleepy Lagoon murder trial, following the killing of a young Latino man in
a barrio near Los Angeles. The riot appeared to trigger similar attacks that year against Latinos
in Chicago, San Diego, Oakland, Evansville, Philadelphia, and New York City.[2]

Contents
[hide]

1Origins
2Immediate lead-up to the riots
3The riots
4Reactions
5In popular culture
6See also
7References
8Further reading
9External links

Origins[edit]
During the early 20th century, many Mexicans immigrated for work to such areas as Texas, Arizona,
and California.[3]
During the Great Depression, in the early 1930s the United States deported between 500,000 and 2
million people (including up to 1.2 million U.S. citizens) of Mexican descent [4]to Mexico (see Mexican
Repatriation), to reduce calls on limited American resources. By the late 1930s about 3 million
Mexican Americans resided in the United States. Because of its history as part of the Spanish
Empire, Los Angeles had the highest concentration of Mexicans outside Mexico.[5]
As early residents, the Latinos occupied historic areas. In addition, they had long been informally
segregated and restricted to an area of the city with the oldest, most run-down housing.[5] Job
discrimination in Los Angeles forced many Mexicans to work for below-poverty level wages.[6][7] The
Los Angeles newspapers described Mexicans by using racially inflammatory propaganda,
suggesting a problem with juvenile delinquency. [8][9][10] These factors caused much racial tension
between Mexicans and whites.[11]
During the late 1930s, young Latinos in California, for whom the media usually used the then-
derogatory term Chicanos (which some Mexican Americans today adopt as self-identity), created a
youth culture.[12][13]
Lalo Guerrero became known as the father of Chicano music, as the young people adopted a music,
language and dress of their own. Young men wore zoot suitsa flamboyant long jacket with baggy
pegged pants, sometimes accessorized with a pork pie hat, a long watch chain, and shoes with thick
soles. They called themselves "pachucos." In the early 1940s, arrests of Mexican-American youths
and negative stories in the Los Angeles Times fueled a perception that these pachuco gangs were
delinquents who were a threat to the broader community.[14]
In the summer of 1942, the Sleepy Lagoon murder case made national news; nine teenage
members of the 38th Street Gang were accused of murdering a civilian man named Jos Daz in an
abandoned quarry pit. The nine defendants were convicted at trial and sentenced to long prison
terms. Eduardo Obregn Pagn wrote,
"Many Angelenos saw the death of Jos Daz as a tragedy that resulted from a larger pattern of
lawlessness and rebellion among Mexican American youths, discerned through their self-conscious
fashioning of difference, and increasingly called for stronger measures to crack down on juvenile
delinquency."[15]
The convictions of the nine young men were ultimately overturned, but the case generated much
animosity within the white community toward Mexican Americans. The police and press
characterized all Mexican youths as "pachuco hoodlums and baby gangsters." [16][17]
With the entry of the United States into World War II in December 1941 following the Japanese
attack on Pearl Harbor, the nation had to deal with the restrictions of rationing and the prospects
of conscription. In March 1942, the War Production Board (WPB) regulated the manufacture of
men's suits and all clothing which contained wool. To achieve a 26% cut-back in the use of fabrics,
the WPB drew up regulations for the manufacture of what Esquire magazine called, "streamlined
suits by Uncle Sam."[18] The regulations effectively forbade the manufacture of the wide-cut zoot suits
and full women's skirts or dresses. Most legitimate tailoring companies ceased to manufacture or
advertise any suits that fell outside the War Production Board's guidelines. But the demand for zoot
suits did not decline; a network of bootleg tailors based in Los Angeles and New York City continued
to produce the garments, and youths also continued to wear clothes that they already owned. [14]
Meanwhile, thousands of American soldiers, sailors, and Marines arrived to Los Angeles
on leave while awaiting to be shipped out to the Pacific Front. Servicemen and zoot suiters in Los
Angeles were immediately identifiable by their dress. Some whites thought that the continued
wearing of zoot suits represented the youths' public flouting of rationing regulations. Officials began
to cast wearing of zoot suits in moral terms, associating it with petty crime, violence and the
snubbing of national wartime rules.[14] Although Mexican-American men were over-represented in
the United States Armed Forces as a percentage of their population,[19] many white American
servicemen resented the sight of young Latinos wearing zoot suits after clothing restrictions had
been published, especially coming from areas of the country with little experience or knowledge of
Mexican-American culture.[20][21]

Immediate lead-up to the riots[edit]

Following the Sleepy Lagoon case, U.S. service personnel got into violent altercations with young
Mexican Americans in zoot suits in San Jose, Oakland, San Diego, Delano, Los Angeles, and lesser
cities and towns in California. During this period, the immense war buildup attracted tens of
thousands of new workers to major installations, including many African Americans in the second
wave of the Great Migration.
The most serious ethnic conflicts erupted in Los Angeles. Two altercations between military
personnel and zoot suiters catalyzed the larger riots. The first occurred on May 30, 1943, four days
before the start of the riots. A dozen sailors, including Seaman Second Class Joe Dacy Coleman,
were walking down Main Street in Los Angeles when they spotted a group of women on the opposite
side. The group, except for Coleman, crossed the street to speak to the women. Coleman continued,
walking past two zoot suiters when one of them raised his arm, so he turned and grabbed it. A fight
broke out during which the sailor was struck in the back of the head, falling unconscious to the
ground, breaking his jaw in two places. On the opposite side of the street, five young men attacked
the group of servicemen for trying to talk to the women. The other servicemen fought their way back
to Coleman and dragged him to safety.[22]
Four nights later on June 3, 1943, another incident erupted. About eleven sailors got off a bus and
started walking along Main Street in Downtown Los Angeles. Encountering a group of young
Mexicans in zoot suits, they got into a verbal argument. The sailors stated to police authorities that
they were jumped and beaten by this gang. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) responded
to the incident, including many off-duty officers who identified as the Vengeance Squad. The officers
went to the scene "seeking to clean up Main Street from what they viewed as the loathsome
influence of pachuco gangs."[23]
The next day, 200 sailors got a convoy of about 20 taxicabs and headed for East Los Angeles, the
center of Mexican settlement. The sailors spotted a group of young zoot suiters and assaulted them
with clubs. They stripped the boys of the zoot suits and burned the tattered clothes in a pile. They
attacked and stripped everyone they came across who were wearing zoot suits. The Zoot Suit Riots
spread.[23]

The riots[edit]

"Authorities meet to discuss the Zoot Suit Riots" (photo: Los Angeles Daily News)

As the violence escalated over the ensuing days, thousands of white servicemen and civilians joined
the attacks, marching abreast down streets, entering bars and movie houses, and assaulting any
young Latino males they encountered. In one incident, sailors dragged two zoot suiters on-stage as
a film was being screened, stripped them in front of the audience, and then urinated on their
suits.[14] Although police personnel accompanied the rioting servicemen and civilians, they had orders
not to arrest any, and some of them even joined in the rioting. After several days, more than 150
people had been injured and the police had arrested more than 500 Latino civilians on charges
ranging from "rioting" to "vagrancy".[21]
A witness to the attacks, journalist Carey McWilliams wrote,
Marching through the streets of downtown Los Angeles, a mob of several thousand soldiers, sailors,
and civilians, proceeded to beat up every zoot suiter they could find. Pushing its way into the
important motion picture theaters, the mob ordered the management to turn on the house lights and
then ran up and down the aisles dragging Mexicans out of their seats. Streetcars were halted while
Mexicans, and some Filipinos and Negroes, were jerked from their seats, pushed into the streets
and beaten with a sadistic frenzy.[24]
The local white press lauded the racial attacks, describing them as having a "cleansing effect" to rid
Los Angeles of "miscreants" and "hoodlums".[25] As the riots progressed, the media reported the
arrest of Amelia Venegas, a female zoot suiter charged with carrying a brass knuckleduster. While
the revelation of female pachucos' (pachucas) involvement in the riots led to frequent coverage of
the activities of female pachuco gangs, the media suppressed any mention of the white American
pachuco gangs that were also involved.[14]
The Los Angeles City Council approved a resolution criminalizing the wearing of "zoot suits with reat
[sic] pleats within the city limits of LA" after Councilman Norris Nelson stated, "The zoot suit has
become a badge of hoodlumism." No ordinance was approved by the City Council or signed into law
by the Mayor, although the council encouraged the WPB to take steps "to curb illegal production of
men's clothing in violation of WPB limitation orders." [21] While the servicemen and civilians had first
targeted only pachucos, they also attacked African Americans in zoot suits who lived in the Central
Avenue corridor area. The Navy and Marine Corps command staffs intervened on June 7 to reduce
the attacks, confining sailors and Marines to barracks and ordering that Los Angeles be declared off
limits to all military personnel, with enforcement by Navy Shore Patrol personnel. In spite of this,
however, their official position continued to be that their men were acting in self defense. [21]
By the middle of June, the riots in Los Angeles were dying out, but other riots erupted in other cities
in California, as well as in cities in Texas and Arizona. Related incidents broke out in northern cities
such as Detroit, New York City, and Philadelphia, where two members of Gene Krupa's dance band
were beaten up for wearing zoot suit stage costumes. A zoot suit riot at Cooley High
School in Detroit, Michigan was initially dismissed as an "adolescent imitation" of the Los Angeles
riots. But, within weeks, Detroit was in the midst of the worst race riot in its history in which whites
attacked African Americans and destroyed much of their neighborhood. [14]

Reactions[edit]
As the riots subsided, nation-wide public condemnation of the military, police, and civilian officials
followed. The most urgent concern of officials, however, was relations with Mexico, as the economy
of Southern California relied on the importation of Mexican labor to assist in the harvesting of
California crops. After the Mexican Embassy lodged a formal protest with the State
Department, Governor Earl Warren of California ordered the creation of the McGucken committee to
investigate and determine the cause of the riots.[14] In 1943, the committee issued its report; it
determined racism to be a central cause of the riots, further stating that it was "an aggravating
practice (of the media) to link the phrase zoot suit with the report of a crime." The governor
appointed the Peace Officers Committee on Civil Disturbances, chaired by Robert W. Kenny,
president of the National Lawyers Guild to make recommendations to the police.[26] Human relations
committees were appointed and police departments were required to train their officers to treat all
citizens equally.[27] At the same time, Mayor Fletcher Bowron came to his own conclusion. The riots,
he said, were caused by Mexican juvenile delinquents and by white Southerners, a group arising out
of a region in which both overt legal and socially sanctioned white racial discrimination held sway
until the 1960s. Racial prejudice, according to Mayor Bowron, was not a factor.[27]
A week later, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt commented on the riots, which the local press had
largely attributed to criminal actions by Mexican Americans, in her newspaper column. "The question
goes deeper than just suits. It is a racial protest. I have been worried for a long time about the
Mexican racial situation. It is a problem with roots going a long way back, and we do not always face
these problems as we should." June 16, 1943[27]
This led to an outraged response from the Los Angeles Times which printed an editorial the following
day, in which it accused Mrs. Roosevelt of having communist leanings and stirring "race discord".[28]
On June 21, 1943, the State Un-American Activities Committee under State Senator Jack
Tenney arrived in Los Angeles with orders to "determine whether the present Zoot Suit Riots were
sponsored by Nazi agencies attempting to spread disunity between the United States and Latin-
American countries." Although Tenney claimed he had evidence the riots were "[A]xis-sponsored",
the evidence was never presented, although the claims were supported in the minds of the public by
Japanese propaganda broadcasts accusing the United States' government of ignoring the brutality of
U.S. Marines toward Mexicans. In late 1944, ignoring the findings of the McGucken committee and
the unanimous reversal of the convictions in the Sleepy Lagoon case on October 4, the Tenney
Committee announced that the National Lawyers Guild was an "effective communist front."[14][26]
Many post-war activists such as Luis Valdez, Ralph Ellison, and Richard Wright have claimed that
they were inspired by the Zoot Suit Riots. Cesar Chvez was a zoot suiter when he first became
interested in politics and zoot suiter Malcolm X took part in the Harlem zoot suit riots.[14]

In popular culture[edit]
In the third season of the sitcom, The Big Bang Theory, episode 12
"The Psychic Vortex," there is a mention of the Zoot Suit Riots.
The Zoot Suit Riots form the backdrop for the events in the
play Zoot Suit and the film based on the play.
 The riots are the subject of the 1991 song "Hey Pachuco" by
the Royal Crown Revue, which was later featured in the 1994
film The Mask (with the band playing the song on screen) and on its
soundtrack.
The 1997 song "Zoot Suit Riot" by the Cherry Poppin'
Daddies revolves around the riots.
The movie 1941 included a riot between servicemen and youths
sporting zoot suits (referring to the 1943 riot; another anachronism
was a portrayal of the Great Los Angeles Air Raid).
The riots are featured in the prologue of the James
Ellroy novel, The Black Dahlia. A flashback scene in The Black
Dahlia film takes place during the Zoot Suit Riots.
The film American Me opened with a depiction of the riots.
The 2011 video game L.A. Noire mentions the event during the
"Traffic" segment of the game, where the protagonist's partner
Stefan Bekowsky notes earning a bravery citation during the "zooter
riots."
The riots are mentioned in Toni Morrison's 2012 novel Home,
wherein Frank Money also imagines seeing a man in a zoot suit.
The riots are mentioned in Thomas Pynchon's novel Gravity's
Rainbow.
In his commentary voice over for his film "Fireworks", Kenneth
Anger mentions the riots as the subconscious inspiration (through a
dream) for the film's central theme.

See also[edit]

Los Angeles portal

Latino and Hispanic American portal

Battle of Brisbane, Australia, 1942

Battle of Manners Street in Wellington, New Zealand, 1943
History of the Mexican Americans in Los Angeles
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States

References[edit]
1. Jump up^ Viesca, Victor Hugo (January 2003). "With Style: Filipino
Americans, and the Making of American Urban Culture". our own
voice. Retrieved 2013-01-28. (originally delivered as a talk at the 9th
Biennial Filipino American National Historical Society Conference in
Los Angeles on July 27, 2002.)
2. Jump up^ Novas, Himilce (2007). "Mexican Americans". Everything
you need to know about Latino history (2008 ed.). New York: Plume.
p. 98. ISBN 9780452288898. LCCN 2007032941.
3. Jump up^ U.S. Bureau of Census (1960). "C". Historical statistics of
the United States: colonial times to 1957. 62. Washington, DC:
Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govt. Print Off., 1960. pp. 5758.
Retrieved 2010-09-11.
4. Jump up^ Johnson, Kevin R. (2005). "The Forgotten 'Repatriation' of
Persons of Mexican Ancestry and Lessons for the 'War on
Terror'". Pace Law Review. 26 (1): 126.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b Obregn Pagn, Eduardo (June 3, 2009). "2". Murder
at The Sleepy Lagoon. ReadHowYouWant.com. pp. 2328. ISBN 1-
4429-9501-7.
6. Jump up^ Reisler, Mark (1976). By the Sweat of Their Brow: Mexican
Immigrant Labor in the United States, 1900-1940. Greenwood Press.
pp. 9597. ISBN 0-8371-8894-6. OCLC 2121388. Mexican workers
helped fulfill the unskilled labor needs of American industry as well as
agriculture. Noting their availability at a time of declining European
immigration and their willingness to accept low wages, non-agricultural
employers began to rely upon Mexican workers as early as World War
I.
7. Jump up^ Ryan, James Gilbert; Schlup, Leonard C. (2006). Historical
dictionary of the 1940s. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 250251. ISBN 0-7656-
0440-X. The establishment of the Fair Employment Office and
Coordinating Committee on Latin American Affairs and the Office of
the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs dealt specifically with
Mexican American concerns. The prevailing racial violence ensured
that federal efforts would continue, but discrimination lived on. By
1945, however, reforms were no longer deemed necessary [by the
government]; protective innovations ceased, yet migration continued
8. Jump up^ Carey, McWilliams; Stewart, Dean; Gendar, Jeannine
(2001). Fool's Paradise: A Carey McWilliams Reader. Heyday Books.
pp. 180183. ISBN 1-890771-41-4. To appreciate the social
significance of the Sleepy Lagoon case, it is necessary to have a
picture of the concurrent events. The anti-Mexican press campaign
which had been whipped up through the spring and early summer of
1942 finally brought recognition, from the officials, of the existence of
an 'awful' situation in reference to 'Mexican juvenile delinquency.'
9. Jump up^ Obregn Pagn, Eduardo (June 3, 2009). Murder at The
Sleepy Lagoon. ReadHowYouWant.com. pp. 130
132. ISBN 9781442995017. In the early stages of the grand jury
investigation, many of the larger newspapers devoted no more than a
few brief lines to [the Sleepy Lagoon trial]. Yet from the beginning, the
Los Angeles Evening Herald and Express latched on to the term
'Sleepy Lagoon' and immediately turned it on the accused youths.
'Goons of Sleepy Lagoon' was a favorite moniker that skewed the brief
and otherwise bland reporting of the grand jury investigation and
subsequent trial.
10. Jump up^ Rule, James B (1989). Theories of Civil
Violence. 1. University of California Press. pp. 102108. The authors
surveyed references to Mexicans in the Los Angeles Times during the
period leading up to that city's anti-Mexican riots of 1943; these events
were called 'zoot suit riots' at the time. Turner found that, as the riots
approached, newspaper references to 'zoot suiters' rose whereas
other references to Mexicans bearing less emotional and negative
connotations declined. The zoot suit had become a symbol or code
expression for the 'bad' Mexican, even though it appeared that few of
the Mexican youths involved in the riots actually wore the notorious
outfit.
11. Jump up^ Solomon, Larry. Roots of Justice Stories of Organizing in
Communities of Color. New York: Chardon, 1998. Pg 22.
12. Jump up^ Ruiz, Vicki L.; Korrol, Virginia Sanchez, eds.
(2006). Latinas in the United States: A Historical
Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press.[page needed]
Long a disparaging term in Mexico, the term Chicano gradually
 transformed from a class-based term of derision to one of ethnic pride
and general usage within Mexican-American communities beginning
with the rise of the Chicano movement in the 1960s.
13. Jump up^ Herrera-Sobek, Maria (2006). Chicano folklore: a
handbook. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood
Press. ISBN 9780313333255. LCCN 2006000652.[page needed]
14. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i Cosgrove, Stuart (1984). "The Zoot-Suit and
Style Warfare". History Workshop Journal. 18: 77
91. doi:10.1093/hwj/18.1.77.
15. Jump up^ Pagn, Eduardo Obregn (2006). Murder at the Sleepy
Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A. Chapel Hill: The
University of North Carolina Press.
p. 145. ISBN 0807828262. LCCN 2003048891.
16. Jump up^ del Castillo, Richard Griswold (2000). "The Los Angeles
'Zoot Suit Riots' Revisited: Mexican and Latin American
Perspectives". Mexican Studies. 16 (2): 367
91. doi:10.1525/msem.2000.16.2.03a00080. JSTOR 1052202.
17. Jump up^ Pagan (2006). Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon, Pg. 159.
18. Jump up^ Schoeffler, O. E.; William Gale (1973). Esquires
encyclopedia of 20th century mens fashions. New York: McGraw-Hill.
p. 24. ISBN 0070554803. LCCN 72009811.
19. Jump up^ some 500,000 Mexican Americans served in the U.S.
armed services (around 17% of their population compared to under
10% for the general public) where they had the highest percentage of
Congressional Medal of Honor winners (17) of any minority in the
United States. Between 1942 and 1967, over four million Mexicans
and Puerto Ricans were contracted by the United States under
the Bracero Program to alleviate the labor shortage caused by WWII.
20. Jump up^ Osgerby, Bill (2008). "Understanding the 'Jackpot Market':
Media, Marketing, and the Rise of the American Teenager". In Patrick
L. Jamieson & Daniel Romer, eds. The Changing Portrayal of
Adolescents in the Media Since 1950. Nfvvzcew York: Oxford
University Press US. pp. 3132. ISBN 0-19-534295-X.
21. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Los Angeles Zoot Suit Riots". Laalmanac.com.
1943-06-03. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
22. Jump up^ Pagn, Eduardo O. (2000). "Los Angeles Geopolitics and
the Zoot Suit Riot, 1943". Social Science History. 24 (1): 223256 [pp.
242243]. doi:10.1215/01455532-24-1-223.
23. ^ Jump up to:a b Alvarez, Luis A. (2001). The Power of the Zoot: Race,
Community, and Resistance in American Youth Culture, 1940-1945.
Austin: University of Texas. p. 204.
24. Jump up^ McWilliams, Carey (1990). North from Mexico: The
Spanish-speaking People of the United States. Contributions in
American History. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-26631-
7.[page needed]
25. Jump up^ McWilliams, Carey (2001). "Blood on the
Pavements". Fool's Paradise: A Carey McWilliams Reader. Heyday
Books. ISBN 978-1-890771-41-6.[page needed]
26. ^ Jump up to:a b "Full text of "My first forty years in California politics,
1922-1962 oral history transcript"". Archive.org. p. 123.
Retrieved 2016-07-05.
27. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Los Angeles Zoot Suit Riots". Los Angeles Almanac.
Retrieved July 27, 2010.
28. Jump up^ Eduardo Obregn Pagn. Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon:
Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A. Chapel Hill: University of
North Carolina Press. 2004.[page needed]
 Further reading[edit]
Alvarez, Luis. The Power of the Zoot: Youth Culture and Resistance
During World War II (University of California Press, 2008)
del Castillo, Richard Griswold (2000). "The Los Angeles 'Zoot Suit
Riots' Revisited: Mexican and Latin American
Perspectives". Mexican Studies. 16 (2): 367
91. doi:10.1525/msem.2000.16.2.03a00080. JSTOR 1052202.
Mazon, Maurizio. The Zoot-Suit Riots: The Psychology of Symbolic
Annihilation. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 2002 ISBN 0-
292-79803-2 ISBN 9780292798038
Pagan, Eduardo Obregon (2000). "Los Angeles Geopolitics and the
Zoot Suit Riot, 1943". Social Science History. 24: 223
56. doi:10.1215/01455532-24-1-223.
Pagn, Eduardo Obregn. Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot
Suits, Race & Riots in Wartime L.A. Chapel Hill: University of North
Carolina Press. 2003. ISBN 0-8078-5494-8ISBN 9780807854945
Zoot Suit Riots. American Experience series, produced by Joseph
Tovares. WGBH Boston, 2001. 60 mins. PBS Video.

External links[edit]
Zoot Suit Riots. American Experience.
A list of newspaper articles written about the Zoot Suit Riots.
Images and primary source documents about the Zoot Suit Riots,
from the University of California
Cosgrove, Stuart (1984). "The Zoot-Suit and Style Warfare". History
Workshop Journal. 18: 7791. doi:10.1093/hwj/18.1.77.

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