Exercise 3

Aim: To study some selected animals on the basis of their external features

Principle: Diversity among animal kingdom is enormous. A systematic study of such

a huge number of animals would not have been possible without a proper classification.

ed
Zoologists have identified sufficiently large number of animals varying from microscopic
protozoans to the giant whale. These animals have been classified on the basis of
their morphological similarities and dissimilarities as well as on their phylogenetic
relationships. In the present study, emphasis has been put on morphological features.

h
The classification given at the end indicates their systematic position.

pu T
is
Requirement: Representative animals (slides, museum specimens, models,
re R
photographs, charts), microscope.

bl
E
Procedure
be C

The method of observing specimens of different taxa varies from microscopic

examination to gross morphological features seen with naked eye.
o N

For identification of some microscopic specimens, place the slide of the

specimen on the stage of a compound microscope. Adjust the focus using
the adjustment screws of the microscope in such a way that the entire
tt

specimen is clearly visible in the focus. For identification of animals visible

with the naked eye, specimens preserved in 5-10% formalin are used. Draw
labelled diagrams of the specimens seen.

Note: Features marked with * are the the identifying features of the organism.

Observation

AMOEBA Contractile vocuole Nucleus

no

(i) The whole body is made up of a single cell (acellular

organisation).
(ii) *Body shape is irregular with many blunt pseudopodia
(Fig. 3.1).
(iii) A deeply stained nucleus of almost round shape is
present. Food vacuoles
Pseudopodium
(iv) *A contractile vacuole and several food vacuoles are
present in the cytoplasm. Fig. 3.1 Amoeba

16
Exercise 3

Systematic position
Phylum Protozoa
Class Sarcodina

HYDRA
(i) Body, called polyp is elongated and cylindrical (Fig. 3.2). Tentacles
(ii) Long, slender and contractile tentacles (6-10) are present that Opening
encircle hypostome with an opening at the tip. This end is Hypostome

ed
called oral end.
(iii) The opposite (aboral) end of the body is flat, which helps the Body
animal to attach itself to the substratum. This is called Bud
basal disc.

h
(iv) Bud-like structures branch out from the polyp, which

pu T
is
ultimately separate as young hydra (vegetative propagation). Fig. 3.2 Hydra
(v) Sometimes, gonads may be seen as small bulges on the body.
re R
bl
Systematic position
E
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa
be C

FASCIOLA (LIVER FLUKE)

o N

The external features are as follows:

(i) *A leaf-like dorso-ventrally flattened body (Fig. 3.3), about Mouth
Oral sucker
20-30 mm in length, and 4 to 12 mm in width in the middle.
tt

Gonopore
(ii) Anterior part of the body is broader with a conical end.
Acetabulum
(iii) *Mouth is present at the tip of the cone, and is surrounded
by a muscular oral sucker.
(iv) On the ventral surface of the body there is a muscular ventral
sucker situated 3-5 mm behind (posterior) the oral sucker,
and it is called acetabulum.
(v) *Slightly anterior to acetabulum on the ventral surface, there Excretory pore
is an opening called genital aperture or gonopore. Fig. 3.3 Liver Fluke
no

(vi) At the tip of the posterior end, an opening called excretory

pore is present.
(vii) Liver fluke is bisexual.

Systematic position
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda

17
 Laboratory Manual: Biology

Note: It is a common parasite living in the liver tissue of some cattles like sheep and
buffalo. It can be easily seen with the naked eye, but the details of its external features can
be observed under the lower magnification of a microscope. For this purpose, the whole
mount slide of the specimen may be observed under a simple dissecting microscope.

ASCARIS (R OUND WORM)

The external features of round worm are as follows:

Mouth
(i) *Body long (20 to 40 cm), cylindrical (5 to 6 mm

ed
diameter) with no segmentation (Fig. 3.4).
(ii) Sexes are separate; the females are longer than the
males.
(iii) *Both the ends are pointed; posterior end of male is

h
ventrally curved.

pu T
is
(iv) Mouth is situated at the anterior end, and is surrounded
Female by three lips, one present mid-dorsally and rest two
genital
re R lips are situated ventrolaterally (for viewing these lips a

bl
aperture
magnifying lens is needed).
(v) *Single longitudinal lines are present on the dorsal,
E
Penial
spicule ventral and on the two lateral sides, all along the length
of the body. Out of these, the lateral lines are
be C

comparatively more distinct than the other lines.

(vi) Excretory pore is present on the ventral surface slightly
o N

behind anterior end.

(b)
(vii) In addition to the ventrally curved posterior tip, the male
worm has a pair of penial spicules very close to the
tt

(a) cloacal opening.

(viii) In case of female specimen a female genital aperture is
Fig. 3.4 Ascaris (a) Female
(b) Male
present mid ventrally at about one-third distance from
the anterior end.
Systematic position
Phylum Aschelminthes
Class Nematoda

Note: Round worm or Ascaris is one of the common parasites found in the intestine of
no

human beings.

PHERETIMA (E ARTHWORM)
The external features of earthworm are as follows:
(i) *Body narrow and elongated about 150 mm in length and 3 to 5 mm
in diameter (Fig. 3.5). The anterior end of the body is pointed whereas
the posterior end is slightly depressed or blunt.

18
Exercise 3

(ii) *Entire body is divisible into more than 100 Mouth

externally distinct segments of almost equal size.
These segments are called metameres.
(iii) Body surface of the living animal is slimy and moist
due to the secretion of mucus from the body wall. Clitellum
(iv) Dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body can be easily
distinguished, as the dorsal surface is darker than
the ventral one. Besides this, a mid-dorsal dark line
is also visible all along the length of the body due to
underlying dorsal blood vessel.

ed
(v) Mouth is situated ventrally in the first metamere
called the peristomium.
(vi) Anus is situated at the tip of the last metamere.

h
(vii) *In the adult earthworm, the skin or body wall around
the segments 14th to 16th is comparatively thick,

pu T
is
and it is called clitellum.
(viii) Female and male genital apertures are present
re R
ventrally in the14th and the 18th segments

bl
respectively. The female genital aperture is situated
E
mid-ventrally, whereas the male genital apertures are
ventro-lateral in position. (a) (b)
(ix) A pair of genital papillae is also present
be C

Fig. 3.5 Earthworm (a) Dorsal view

ventrolaterally in the 17th and the 19th segment just (b) Ventral view
above and below the male genital apertures.
o N

(x) On the ventral surface, four pairs of openings of

spermathecae are situated ventrolaterally in the
grooves between 5/6, 6/7, 7/8 and 8/9 segments.
tt

Systematic position
Phylum Annelida Anterior sucker
Class Oligochaeta

HIRUDINARIA (LEECH) Mouth

The following external features can be easily observed in

the specimen: Annulus
(i) *The body is elongated with convex dorsal surface,
no

and flat ventral surface (Fig. 3.6).

(ii) The dorsal surface is dark green, and the ventral
surface is yellowish brown.
(iii) Size varies from 6 to 10 cm in length. However, leeches
may contract or elongate their body much beyond
the limits mentioned. Posterior sucker
(iv) Body surface always remains moist due to secretion
of mucus from the body wall. Fig. 3.6 Leech

19
 Laboratory Manual: Biology

(v) *At the anterior end on the ventral surface a cup-shaped anterior
sucker is present. Mouth is present in the centre of the anterior sucker.
A ventral sucker is also present at the posterior end of the body.
(vi) Anus is present on the dorsal side at the junction of the last metamere
and the posterior sucker.
(vii) Hundred or more very closely arranged grooves or annuli are present
on the body surface. There are 33 body segments each with five
superficially marked annuli except the few anterior and posterior ones.
(viii) Each of the five anterior metameres bears a pair of eyes on the dorsal
margin. Each eye looks like a dark spot.

ed
(ix) There are 17 pairs of ventro-laterally arranged nephridiopores in the
metameres starting from 6th to 22nd.
(x) The male and female genital apertures are present on the ventral side
in the middle of the 10th and 11th metameres.

h
Systematic position

pu T
is
re R Phylum Annelida

bl
Class Hirudinea
E
Note: It is a blood-sucking (sanguivorous) ectoparasite on cattle and human.

PALAEMON (PRAWN)
be C

Following are the external features of prawn:

o N

(i) Size of the animal is

variable. Usually, it
measures between 20 and
30 cm in length (Fig. 3.7). Antenna
Cephalothorax
tt

Rostrum Eye
(ii) Usually orange-red in Abdomen
colour, however, the colour
is variable. Telson
(iii) A bit laterally compressed
body is elongated, bilateral
and symmetrical.
(iv) *Body is apparently
divided into anterior
cephalothorax (fused
Fig. 3.7 Prawn
head and thorax) and
no

posterior abdomen.
(v) *The cephalothorax can be identified by a thick and hard shield- like
cover, called the carapace. Anteriorly the carapace is extended as a
serrated and pointed rostrum.
(vi) *A pair of stalked compound eyes are present at the anterior end of
cephalothorax.
(vii) Abdomen consists of six segments each with its own set of biramous
appendage.

20
Exercise 3

(viii) At the end of the last abdominal segment, a terminally pointed

structure, telson, is present.
(ix) *There are 19 pairs of jointed appendages, i.e., one pair in each
segment. In the cephalothoracic region, there are 13 pairs of
appendages of which antennules, antenna, chelate legs, and
nonchelate legs are the prominent ones. The appendages of the five
anterior abdominal segments are called the pleopods or swimming
legs. The appendages of the last abdominal segment are broader and
called uropod.

Systematic position

ed
Phylum Annelida
Class Crustacea

h
Note: It is a common fresh water arthropod found in rivers, ponds, lakes, streams, etc.

pu T
is
B OMBYX MORI (SILKMOTH)
re R
bl
The external features of mulberry silkworm is given below:
E
(i) Body colour is creamy white and measures
approximately 25 mm in length (Fig. 3.8).
(ii) *Heavy and stout body is divisible into head, thorax and
be C

abdomen.
(iii) Head is comparatively small. Thorax is provided with
o N

three pairs of jointed legs and two pairs of wings.

Abdominal segments are continuous with thoracic Fig. 3.8 Silkmoth
segments.
(iv) *The entire body as well as wings are covered with
tt

microscopic scales.
(v) A pair of compound eyes and an antenna are present on
the head.
(vi) *In sitting posture, the wings remain outstretched (like
the wings of an aeroplane).
(vii) They are nocturnal.

Systematic position
Phylum Arthropoda
no

Class Insecta

Note: Silkworms are a group of insects (moths), which are species-specific to their host
plants. Silk threads are obtained from the cocoon which is a protective covering around
the pupa of these worms. Following are the different varieties of silkworm:
Mulberry Silkworm: Bombyx mori ( Its host plant is mulberry.)
Tasar Silkworm: (a) Tropical Tasar Silkworm Antheraea mylita (Its host plant is
Terminalia arjuna)

21
 Laboratory Manual: Biology

(b) Temperate Tasar Silkworm; (i) [Link] (ii) A. papha. (Its host plants are Sal, Oak, [Link].)
Muga Silkworm: Antheraea assemiensis (Its host plant is Machilus.)
Eri Silkworm: Philosamia ricinii (Its host plant is castor, Ricinus communis.)
Each and every species of silkworm has its own specific size as well as features. However,
the following features are common for all silkworms:
(i) Four stages in life cycle viz., egg, larva, pupa encased in cocoon, and silkmoth.
(ii) The moth is a non-feeding stage. Male moth mates with female, which lays 300-500
eggs. Both parents die 2-3 days after mating and egg laying.

ed
(iii) Silk fiber is obtained by boiling cocoons in water, and then by reeling out the threads.

APIS INDICA (HONEYBEE)

h
Honeybee is a social insect, and three distinct morphological forms

pu T
(members) can be identified in a colony of bees. These are queen,

is
workers, and drones. All the three morphological forms of bees have
re R the features of an insect (Fig. 3.9).

bl
Following common features are present in all the members of the
colony:
E
(a) (i) *Body is divided into three distinct regions: head, thorax
and abdomen.
be C

(ii) Head is somewhat triangular. A pair of large compound

eyes is present dorso-laterally on it. Three small ocelli
o N

are present on the dorsal surface between the two

compound eyes. Mouthparts are present ventrally on
the head.
(iii) Thorax consists of three segments, i.e., prothorax,
tt

(b)
mesothorax and metathorax. One pair of jointed legs is
present ventrally in each of the thoracic segment. There
are two pairs of membranous wings present dorsally
in the mesothorax and the metathorax.
(iv) Abdomen: A six-segmented abdomen is present behind
the metathorax. A very narrow region in between the
abdomen and thorax.
(c) Apart from these common features, the workers, queen and
drones can be identified by their own specific features:
Fig. 3.9 Honeybee
no

(a) Worker (a) Workers

(b) Queen (i) Workers (unfertile female) are smallest in size (Fig. 3.9a).
(c) Drone
(ii) Abdominal segments bear wax glands, which are present
ventrally on the four posterior abdominal segments.
(iii) *A sting is present at the end of the last abdominal
segment.
(iv) Pollen - collecting baskets are present in the thoracic legs.

22
Exercise 3

(b) Queen
(i) Queen (fertile female) is largest in size (15-20 mm) in a colony of
bees. Every colony has a single queen bee (Fig. 3.9b).
(ii) *The abdomen is long and tapering.
(iii) Wings and legs are small.
(iv) Eyes are small.
(v) Wax gland is absent in the abdominal segment.
(c) Drones
(i) Drones (males) are larger than workers but smaller than queen in

ed
size (Fig. 3.9c).
(ii) *Eyes are very large (i.e., even larger than those of workers).
(iii) Wax glands are absent in the abdominal segments.

h
The common Indian species of bees are: Apis dorsata, Apis indica and
Apis florae. Among these species Apis dorsata is largest in size and Apis

pu T
is
florae is smallest.

Systematic position
re R
bl
Phylum Arthropoda
E
Class Insecta
Order Hymenoptera
be C

PILA GLOBOSA (APPLE S NAIL)

o N

The external features are as follows:

(i) *Body of the animal remains lodged within a
hard and one-piece spirally coiled calcareous Shell
tt

shell (Fig. 3.10).

(ii) There is a wide opening at the end of the last
whorl of the shell, which remains closed by
another calcareous plate called operculum.
(iii) The body consists of four regions: head, foot, Operculum
visceral mass and mantle.
(iv) It inhabits shallow freshwater (paddy fields,
ponds) and moves with its foot.
Fig. 3.10 Pila

Systematic position
no

Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda

Note: Pila or apple snail is one of the common molluscs seen during the rainy season. It is
a sluggish organism.

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 Laboratory Manual: Biology

ASTERIAS (STAR FISH) Madreporite Anus

Mouth
The external features are as
follows
(i) *Starfish is an unique
marine organism, which
can be identified by its
star-shaped pentamerous
structure (Fig. 3.11).
Ambulacral
(ii) Body with apparent radial
groove

ed
symmetry with diameter
(a) (b)
ranging between 15-20
cm. Fig. 3.11 Star fish (a) Aboral view
(iii) Body has a central disc (b) Oral view

h
from which five tapering arms radiate.
(iv) The entire body surface bears numerous small-sized blunt

pu T
is
protuberances.
(v)
re R The lower surface is called the oral surface, as mouth is situated
centrally on this side (Fig. 3.11a).

bl
(vi) *Radiating from the mouth there are five grooves, the ambulacral
E
grooves, which continue in the five arms on the oral side.
(vii) *Special organs, called tube feet, are present in these ambulacral
be C

grooves.
(viii) The upper surface is called aboral surface, where anus is present
(Fig. 3.11b).
o N

(ix) At the margin of the central disc on the aboral surface is a circular
sieve like structure called madreporite situated near the junction of
two arms.
tt

Systematic position
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea

SCOLIODON (SHARK)
The external features of Scoliodon are as follows:
(i) *It is a marine fish having elongated, streamlined, dorsoventrally
flattened body at anterior end and laterally compressed at posterior
no

end (Fig. 3.12). Dorsal fin

Dorsal fin
Tail (anterior) Gill slits
(posterior)

Caudal fin
Anal fin Mouth
Pelvic fin
Pectoral fin
Fig. 3.12 Dog fish

24
Exercise 3

(ii) Body measures upto 60 cm in length.

(iii) Body is covered with minute placoid scales that can be felt when skin
is rubbed from tail to snout.
(iv) Body is divided into head, trunk and tail.
(v) A crescentic mouth is present on the ventral surface of the head
behind the tip. Mouth has several rows of sharp and backwardly
pointed teeth on both upper and lower jaws.
(vi) *Tail is elongated with heterocercal caudal fin (the upper and lower
halves of unequal size).

ed
(vii) *Body bears a number of unpaired and paired fins. The unpaired
fins have two dorsals, a lobed caudal and a median ventral fin. Pectoral
and pelvic fins are in pairs.
(viii) *Five pairs of gill slits are present laterally between mouth and

h
pectoral fins.
(ix) A median groove-like cloacal aperture is situated ventrally between

pu T
is
the two pelvic fins.
(x) Sexual dimorphism is visible as males have midventrally situated
re R
copulatory organ.

bl
Systematic position
E
Phylum Chordata
be C

Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclass Pisces
o N

Class Chondrichthyes

LABEO ROHITA (ROHU)

tt

The external features are as follows:

(i) Streamlined and laterally compressed body, which is grey or black on
the dorsal side; and silvery on the ventral surface. Size may reach up to
1m in length (Fig. 3.13).

Dosal fin
Scales
Caudal fin
no

Mouth

Operculum Anal fin

Pectoral fin

Pelvic fin

Fig. 3.13 Rohu fish

25
 Laboratory Manual: Biology

(ii) *Body is divisible into head, trunk and a tail with homocercal (dorsal
and ventral lobes are of equal size) caudal fin.
(iii) Head is extended between the snout and the posterior end of the
operculum (i.e., gill cover). Snout is depressed and obtuse. The
operculum is free and open along the posterior and ventral margins.
Mouth is a transverse opening near the tip of the snout, which has
fleshy lips.
(iv) *The margin of the lower lip is fimbriated.
(v) The whole body is covered with overlapping cycloid dermal scales.
(vi) Both unpaired and paired fins are present on its body. The unpaired

ed
fins are a dorsal fin, a caudal fin and an anal fin. Pectoral and pelvic fins
are paired.

Systematic position

h
Phylum - Chordata

pu T
is
Subphylum - Vertebrata
re R Super Class - Pisces

bl
Class Osteichthyes
E
Note: Labeo rohita or Rohu is one of the major freshwater carps having bony endoskeleton
found in rivers and ponds in the Indian subcontinent.
be C

RANA TIGRINA (FROG)

o N

The following features can be observed: (Fig. 3.14)

(i) *The body consists of head and trunk, neck is
absent.
(ii) Highly placed external nasal opening, eyes are
tt

Tympanic membrane
Eye bulging and covered by a nictitating membrane. The
outer boundary of middle ear is covered by a
membrane, called tympanic membrane.
(iii) *Skin is naked, (that is without any type of scales)
Mouth and slimy (secretion of mucous glands present in
the skin).
(iv) Mouth is terminal, having protrosible bifid tongue.
Upper jaw is beset with several rows of spiny teeth,
Forelimb lower jaw has no teeth.
(v) *Forelimbs are smaller than the hindlimbs. The
no

Hindlimb
Webbed foot forelimbs have four, and hindlimbs have 5 clawless
digits. An interdigital web-like membrane is present
Fig. 3.14 Frog
in the hind-limbs, which is used for swimming.
Note: There is a distinct sexual dimorphism between male and female frog. Males are
comparatively smaller in size and the base of the first digit of forelimb becomes thick and
pad-like. This is called nuptial pad, which helps in holding the females during mating.
On the ventral surface of the lower jaw, two vocal sacs are present for making nuptial calls
during breeding season.

26
Exercise 3

Systematic position
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Amphibia

CALOTES (GARDEN LIZARD )

It has the following external features: (Fig. 3.15)
(i) *Body is divided into head, neck, trunk and

ed
elongated tail.
(ii) *Body is covered with rough epidermal scales.
(iii) Head is triangular with a cone-shaped snout
having a wide mouth. A pair of nostrils and eyes

h
present on the head. Eyes are dorso-lateral in

pu T
position on head.

is
(iv) *Two pairs of pentadactyl (five digits) limbs; the Fig. 3.15 Garden lizard
re R
digits are clawed.

bl
(v) The skin provides the animal with protective
colouration in its environment.
E
Systematic position
be C

Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
o N

Class Reptilia
tt

Note: Garden lizard is an arboreal (tree dweller) reptile commonly found among the bushes,
shrubs and trees.

COLUMBA LIVEA (PIGEON)

Eye
Pigeon is one of the most common birds showing flight
adaptations and having cosmopolitan distribution.
The external features are as follows (Fig. 3.16):
Beak
(i) *Body covered with feathers.
(ii) Streamlined body divisible into head, neck and
no

trunk. Wing

(iii) *A small and round head, having beak without

teeth. In addition the head bears a pair of nostrils,
large eyes and opening of the ears (covered
with feathers). Hind limb
(iv) Eyes are provided with movable eyelids and
nictitating membrane. Fig. 3.16 Pigeon

27
 Laboratory Manual: Biology

(v) Cylindrical neck is very flexible to facilitate mobility of the head.

(vi) Forelimbs are modified into two wings for flying. The hindlimbs have
four-clawed digits of which the first one is backwardly directed and the
remaining three are forwardly directed. It helps in perching and bears
the weight of the body while standing.
(vii) Cloacal aperture is situated at the posterior end of the trunk.

Systematic position
Phylum - Chordata

ed
Subphylum - Vertebrata
Class - Aves

ORYCTOLAGUS LAGOMORPHA (RABBIT)

h
Rabbit is a fossorial (burrowing) mammal. However, it can lead a terrestrial

pu T
is
life in the thick vegetation.
re R The external features include (Fig. 3.17)

bl
(i) A medium sized animal, about 40 cm in length
E
when adult.
(ii) Body is covered with hair, and is divisible into
be C

head, neck, trunk and a small tail.

(iii) *Head is pear-shaped with a blunt snout.
o N

Anteriorly it bears a mouth and a pair of

external ears, the pinna. The upper lip has a
median cleft through which the incisor teeth
Pinna get exposed. Few prominent and stiff hairs are
tt

Tail present laterally on the upper lip. These are

Vibrissae touch- sensitive (tactile) and called vibrissae
or whiskers.
(iv) A short but highly flexible neck is present
between the head and the trunk.
(v) *Males have a small, cylindrical and muscular
Fig. 3.17 Rabbit penis, a pair of scrotal sacs in which a pair of
testes are lodged. Females have slit-like vulva.
Females also have four to five pairs of
no

mammary glands, which open ventrally as

teats or nipples along the thorax and
abdomen. Animal is viviparous.
(vi) Tail is short, upwardly directed and furry.

28
Exercise 3

Systematic position
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Mammalia

Questions
1. Match the characters given in Column A with the name of animals given in Column B.

ed
Column A Column B
(a) Hypostome (i) Amoeba
(b) Cephalothorax (ii) Hydra

h
(c) Ambulacral Groove (iii) Earthworm

pu T
(d) Pseudopodia (iv) Prawn

is
re R (v) Star fish
2. What are the important differences of workers, queen and drones in honey bee?

bl
3. Mention two main differences between male and female Ascaris.
E
be C
o N
tt
no

29