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AP Exam Study Guide

This document outlines the key models and concepts that will be covered in 7 units of a geography course. It provides brief 1-2 sentence descriptions of over 50 models and concepts related to population, culture, political systems, agriculture, economic development, industrial location, and urbanization. Some of the major models and concepts mentioned include demographic transition model, Hagerstrand’s time-geography model, diffusion of innovations, von Thünen’s land use model, Rostow’s stages of economic growth, central place theory, sector model, and multiple nuclei model. The document serves as an overview of the essential geographic theories and frameworks that students will learn about during the course.

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59 views2 pages

AP Exam Study Guide

This document outlines the key models and concepts that will be covered in 7 units of a geography course. It provides brief 1-2 sentence descriptions of over 50 models and concepts related to population, culture, political systems, agriculture, economic development, industrial location, and urbanization. Some of the major models and concepts mentioned include demographic transition model, Hagerstrand’s time-geography model, diffusion of innovations, von Thünen’s land use model, Rostow’s stages of economic growth, central place theory, sector model, and multiple nuclei model. The document serves as an overview of the essential geographic theories and frameworks that students will learn about during the course.

Uploaded by

Jackson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Models and Concepts

What to know about models


Name, unit of study, person who developed it, what it is supposed to explain, how it is used, illustration,
strengths and weaknesses, is it still effective or used today, modern application of the model

Unit 1
What is geography?
Location
Space
Place
Scale
Pattern
Regionalization
Globalization
Geospatial technologies
Major world regions
Sequent occupance Alfred H. Meyer
Map projections
Distance decay model

Unit 2
Population pyramids (age-sex structures)
Demographic indicators
Densities
Malthusian Theory
Demographic transition model
Epidemiological (mortality) transition model
Types of migration transnational, internal, chain, step, seasonal agriculture (transhumance), rural to urban
Push and pull factors
Refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced persons
Effects of pro and anti-natalist policies
Activity space
Hagerstrands time-geography model

Unit 3
Culture and culture traits
Diffusion
Acculturation, assimilation, multiculturalism
Popular and folk culture origin and diffusion
Language standard language and dialect
Major language families
English as a lingua franca
Dialect vs. language
Multilingualism
Official language
Toponymy
Universalizing and ethnic religions
Religion diffusion
Impact of religions on the cultural landscape
Race and ethnicity

Unit 4
Boundaries
Concept of territoriality
Federal and unitary states, confederations, centralized government, forms of governance
Political ecology
Nation-state concept
Colonialism and imperialism
Heartland and Rimland theories
Democratization
Supranationalism and international alliance
Devolution of countries centripetal and centrifugal forces
Electoral geography redistricting and gerrymandering
Hegemony
Donald Meinig types of colonial landscapes
Unit 5
Agricultural hearths Fertile Crescent, Ethiopia, Nile Valley, Mesoamerica, Southeast Asia, China
Development and diffusion of agriculture
o Edward Hahn economic land agricultural activity
o Carl Sauer agricultural origins and dispersals
o Neolithic agricultural revolution
o Second agricultural revolution
o Green revolution
o Large-scale commercial agriculture and agribusiness
Major agricultural producing regions Derwent Whittlesey
Agricultural regions associated with major climate zones
Land survey systems
von Thnens land use model
biotechnology including GMOs

Unit 6
Industrial Revolution
Economic sectors primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary
Theory of comparative advantage David Ricardo
Rostows stages of economic growth
Wallersteins World Systems Theory
Millennium Development Goals
Measures of development GDP, GDP per capita, HDI, GII, Gini coefficient
Bid rent
Models of industrial location
Hotelling
Walter Christaller
August Loesch
Webers industrial location theory
o Agglomeration
De-agglomeration
o Time-space compression
o International division of labor
Deindustrialization
Asian Tigers
Growth poles
NICs

Unit 7
Origin of cities site and situation characteristics
Borcherts epochs of urban transportation development
World cities and megacities
Christallers central place theory
Rank-size rule
Primate cities
Gravity model
Burgess concentric zone model
Hoyt sector model
Harris-Ullman multiple nuclei model
Galactic city model
Models of cities in Latin America, North Africa and the Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia and
South Asia
Edge cities boomburgs, greenfields, uptowns
New urbanism
Smart growth
Gentrification

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