Chitin, Chitosan,

Oligosaccharides
and Their Derivatives
Biological Activities
and Applications
 Chitin, Chitosan,
Oligosaccharides
and Their Derivatives
Biological Activities
and Applications
Downloaded by [Gadjah Mada University] at 22:38 26 April 2017

Edited by
Se-Kwon Kim

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
 CRC Press
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CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
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Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data

Kim, Se-Kwon.
Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives : biological activities and applications /
Se-Kwon Kim.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4398-1603-5 (alk. paper)
1. Chitin. 2. Chitosan. I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Chitin--analogs & derivatives. 2. Oligosaccharides. QU 83 K49c 2010]

QP702.C5K56 2010
573.774--dc22 2010014692

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

[Link]
and the CRC Press Web site at
[Link]
 Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................xi
Editor.............................................................................................................................................. xiii
About the Book................................................................................................................................. xv
Contributors....................................................................................................................................xvii

Part IThe Sources and Production ofChitin and Chitosan

Derivatives

Chapter 1 Chitin and Chitosan fromTerrestrial Organisms..........................................................3

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Nitar Nwe, Tetsuya Furuike, and Hiroshi Tamura

Chapter 2 Chitin and Chitosan from Marine Organisms............................................................ 11

Wolfram M. Brck, John W. Slater, and Brian F. Carney

Chapter 3 Chitin and Chitosan from Microorganisms................................................................25

Zorica Knezevic-Jugovic, Zivomir Petronijevic, and Andrija Smelcerovic

Chapter 4 Enzymatic Production ofChitinfrom Crustacean Shell Waste.................................. 37

Gyung-Hyun Jo, Ro-Dong Park, and Woo-Jin Jung

Chapter 5 Continuous Production ofChitooligosaccharides by Enzymatic Hydrolysis............. 47

Se-Kwon Kim and Jae-Young Je

Chapter 6 Biosynthesis of CelluloseChitosan Composite......................................................... 53

Muenduen Phisalaphong, Nirun Jatupaiboon, and Jeerun Kingkaew

Part IIPhysical and Chemical Aspects ofChitin

and Chitosan Derivatives

Chapter 7 Chemical Derivatization ofChitosan for Plasmid DNA Delivery:

Present and Future....................................................................................................... 69
Wing-Fu Lai and Marie Chin-Mi Lin

Chapter 8 X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Chitin, Chitosan, and Their Derivatives...................... 83

Waldemar Maniukiewicz

v
 vi Contents

Chapter 9 Mechanical Properties of Chitosan and ChitosanPoly(Vinyl Alcohol)

Blend Films................................................................................................................. 95
Masaru Matsuo, Yumiko Nakano, Teruo Nakashima, and Yuezhen Bin

Chapter 10 Electrostatic Properties of Chitosan.......................................................................... 117

Won Jong Kim

Chapter 11 Applications of Mass Spectrometry to Analyze Structure and Bioactivity

of Chitooligosaccharides........................................................................................... 127
Martin G. Peter and Marcos N. Eberlin

Chapter 12 The Use of Various Types of NMR and IR Spectroscopy for Structural
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Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan.................................................................. 149

Mohammad Reza Kasaai

Part IIIStructural Modifications of Chitin and Chitosan

Derivatives
Chapter 13 Chemical Modifications of Chitosan Intended for Biomedical Applications........... 173
Mani Prabaharan and Ashutosh Tiwari

Chapter 14 Enzymatic Modifications of Chitin and Chitosan..................................................... 185

Yong Zhao, Wan-Taek Ju, and Ro-Dong Park

Part IV Biological Activities of Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives

Chapter 15 Antimicrobial Activity ofChitin, Chitosan, andTheirOligosaccharides................ 195
Joydeep Dutta and Pradip Kumar Dutta

Chapter 16 Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Chitin, Chitosan, and Their Derivatives................. 215

Moon-Moo Kim and Se-Kwon Kim

Chapter 17 Chitosan Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration............................................................... 223

Riccardo A. A. Muzzarelli

Chapter 18 Antioxidative Activity of Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharides

andTheirDerivatives................................................................................................ 241
Pyo-Jam Park, Sushruta Koppula, and Se-Kwon Kim

Chapter 19 Effects of Chitin, Chitosan, and Their Derivatives on Human Hemostasis.............. 251
Se-Kwon Kim and Won-Kyo Jung
 Contents vii

Chapter 20 Antihypertensive Actions of Chitosan and Its Derivatives....................................... 263

Jae-Young Je and Chang-Bum Ahn

Chapter 21 Anticancer Activity and Therapeutic Applications of Chitosan Nanoparticles........ 271

Hang T. Ta, Dave E. Dunstan, and Crispin R. Dass

Chapter 22 Antidiabetic Activity and Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Chitin, Chitosan,

and Their Derivatives................................................................................................ 285
Chang-Suk Kong and Se-Kwon Kim

Part VBiomedical Applications of Chitin and Chitosan

Derivatives
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Chapter 23 Chitin/Chitosan Oligosaccharides: Effective Substrates for Functional Analysis

of Chitinases/Chitosanases........................................................................................ 295
Takayuki Ohnuma and Tamo Fukamizo

Chapter 24 Low Molecular Weight Water Soluble Chitosan with Free Amine Group
for Drug Delivery...................................................................................................... 325
Mi-Kyeong Jang and Jae-Woon Nah

Chapter 25 Chitosan/Chitosan Derivatives as Carriers and Immunoadjuvants

in Vaccine Delivery................................................................................................... 339
Suresh P. Vyas, Rishi Paliwal, and Shivani R. Paliwal

Chapter 26 Chitosan-Conjugated DNA Nanoparticle Delivery Systems for Gene Therapy....... 357
R. Jayakumar, K. P. Chennazhi, S. V. Nair, Tetsuya Furuike, and Hiroshi Tamura

Chapter 27 Chitinolytic Enzymes from the Moderately Thermophilic Bacterium

Ralstonia sp.A-471: Characterization and Application............................................ 371
Mitsuhiro Ueda

Chapter 28 Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives as DNA and siRNA Carriers............................ 377
Hu-Lin Jiang, Yun-Jaie Choi, Myung-Haing Cho, and Chong-Su Cho

Chapter 29 Metabolic Pathway of Chitin and Its Oligosaccharides in Marine

Bacterium Vibrios..................................................................................................... 391
Jae Kweon Park

Chapter 30 Medical Applications of Chitin and Chitosan: Going Forward................................405

Eugene Khor
 viii Contents

Chapter 31 Radiation Functionalization and Applications of Chitosan and Its Derivatives 415
Maolin Zhai, Long Zhao, Ling Huang, Ling Xu, Liyong Yuan, and Min Wang

Chapter 32 Applications of Chitosan Oligosaccharide and Glucosamine in Dentistry............... 447

Yoshihiko Hayashi

Chapter 33 Applications of Chitosan and Its Derivatives in Veterinary Medicine..................... 461

Sevda Senel

Part VIIndustrial Applications of Chitin and Chitosan

Derivatives
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Chapter 34 Separation Membranes from Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives................................ 481

Tadashi Uragami

Chapter 35 Hydrophobically Modified Acylated Chitosan Particles for Drug Delivery

Applications: An Overview....................................................................................... 507
R. Shelma and Chandra P. Sharma

Chapter 36 Chitin, Chitosan, and Their Derivatives in Beverage Industry................................. 519

Aurlie Bornet and Pierre-Louis Teissedre

Chapter 37 Chitin Nanofibrils and Their Derivatives as Cosmeceuticals................................... 531

P. Morganti

Chapter 38 Chitin, Chitosan, and Their Oligosaccharides in Food Industry.............................. 543

Janak K. Vidanarachchi, Maheshika S. Kurukulasuriya, and Se-Kwon Kim

Chapter 39 Chitin/Chitosan and Derivatives for Wastewater Treatment..................................... 561

P. N. Sudha

Part VIIAgricultural and Biotechnology Applications

of Chitin and Chitosan and Their Derivatives

Chapter 40 Chitin, Chitosan Derivatives Induce the Production of Secondary Metabolites

and Plant Development through InVitro and In Vivo Techniques............................ 589
Abdul Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed and Se-Kwon Kim
 Contents ix

Chapter 41 Mechanism and Application of Chitin/Chitosan and Their Derivatives

in Plant Protection.....................................................................................................605
Heng Yin and Yuguang Du

Chapter 42 Enhancing Crop Production with Chitosan and Its Derivatives............................... 619
Nguyen Anh Dzung

Index............................................................................................................................................... 633
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 Preface
With better appreciation of biopolymers derived from marine organisms, there has been increased
interest in their biomedical and industrial applications. Some such important molecules are chitin,
chitosan, oligosaccharides, and their derivatives, which have attracted significant interest in view
of their broad range of applications, including in the biomedical, agricultural, food science, and
technological fields, and in various industries. Chitin is a naturally abundant mucopolysaccharide,
and is the second-most abundant natural biopolymer after cellulose. Nature produces approximately
1011 tons of chitin annually worldwide as a by-product, and industrial use has been estimated at
10,000 tons annually. Chitosans are water-insoluble polymers, formed by the deacetylation of chi-
tins, and have important biological properties. In order to exploit the potential of these molecules
more fully and to increase their applications in diverse scientific areas, researchers transformed
these complex substances into low-molecular-weight oligosaccharides known as chitooligosaccha-
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rides (COSs). As in the case of amino acids, which are building blocks of proteins; less than 100
units of glucosamine get connected to form COSs, which have low viscosity and relatively small
molecular sizes [<118kDa, i.e., 100 180 (MW of the glucosamine)], which in turn make them
water soluble and readily absorbable in in vivo systems. A wide range of sources and technological
approaches for these biologically useful biopolymers have been identified, but the significance of
their diversity and the applicability of the different forms of these remarkable substances have yet
to be determined. A wealth of knowledge and diversity is continuously being added to the oceans,
which are the key sources for these natural substances as compared to terrestrial resources.
This book, Chitin, Chitosan, Oligosaccharides, and Their Derivatives: Biological Activities and
Applications, covers the key aspects of chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides, and their derivatives,
namely, their properties, sources, production, and applications in the biological, biomedical, indus-
trial, and agricultural fields. Part I provides an overview of the sources and production of chitin and
chitosan derivatives; Part II describes their physical and chemical aspects; Part III discusses their
structural modifications for biomedical applications; Part IV deals with their biological activities, in
particular, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihypertensive, anticancer, and antidia-
betic activities; Part V describes their biomedical applications, including their possible applications
as drug, vaccine, and gene carriers; Part VI discusses their industrial applications; and, finally, Part
VII covers their agricultural applications. The chapters in each part are a good collection of com-
prehensive research on these polymers carried out by proficient scientists from around the world. In
addition, the preparation methodologies for these polymers have also been well depicted by various
contributors in their respective chapters. I am quite certain that the findings and latest information
presented in this book will be helpful for upcoming researchers to establish phenomenal research
from an intersection of multiple research areas.
I am grateful to all the chapter authors who have provided the state-of-the art contributions in
the field of chitin/chitosan; their relentless effort was the result of scientific attitude, drawn from the
past history in this field. I also thank the staff of Taylor & Francis Group and CRC Press for their
continual support, which was essential for the successful completion of this book. I hope that the
fundamental ideas presented in this book serve as potential research and development material for
the benefit of humankind.

Se-Kwon Kim

xi
 Editor
Se-Kwon Kim is a professor in the Department of Chemistry and the director of the Marine
Bioprocess Research Center (MBPRC) at the Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.
He received his MSc and PhD from the same university and conducted his postdoctoral study
at the Laboratory of Marine Biochemical Engineering at the University of Illinois, Urbana-
Champaign, Illinois (19881989). Later, he became a visiting scientist at the Memorial University of
Newfoundland in Canada (19992000). Dr. Kim served as president of the Korean Society of Chitin
and Chitosan (19861990) and the Korean Society of Marine Biotechnology (20062007). He won
the best paper award from the American Oil Chemists Society in 2002. Prof. Kim was also the
chairman for the 7th Asia-Pacific Chitin and Chitosan Symposium, which was held in South Korea
in 2006. He is one of the board members of the International Society of Marine Biotechnology
(IMB) and the International Society for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods (ISNFF). His major
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research interests are the investigation and development of bioactive substances derived from chitin,
chitosan, and their derivatives, and their application in marine bioprocessing and mass-production
technologies for the marine bio-industry. Furthermore, he extended his research fields to include
the development of bioactive materials from marine organisms for applications in oriental medi-
cine, cosmeceuticals, and nutraceuticals. To date, he has authored over 400 research papers and
holds 65 patents.

xiii
 About the Book
Marine animals and plants have lots of pharmaceutical potential as they possess biologically impor-
tant molecules as compared with terrestrial organisms. Humans have studied the mechanism of
producing natural molecules and have taken advantage of these molecules by isolating them and
using them in various biotechnological, medical, as well as industrial applications. The basic con-
cept of this book is to draw attention to biopolymers such as chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides, and
their derivatives, which have the most therapeutic value. Their forms, functions, and applications in
various fields like food science technology, biotechnology, medicine, and industries are also treated
in detail. Experimentally, it was seen that these substances were very active against various infec-
tious, inflammatory, oxidative, as well as carcinogenic factors, and, hence, could serve as the basis
for developing functional foods or drugs.
The first three parts in the book cover the sources, physical and chemical properties, and struc-
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tural modifications of chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides, and their derivatives, including the iso-
lation and production of these molecules from different organisms. The various techniques and
technologies for chitin/chitosan studies have been well explained in a few of the chapters for a better
understanding of the potential of these molecules. The remaining four parts deal with the different
activities and applications of these molecules in biotechnology, medicine, agriculture, and industrial
applications.
This entire book was edited by leading experts in the field of natural biomaterials, and will be a
valuable reference source for researchers working in this field.

xv
 Contributors
Abdul Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Myung-Haing Cho
Department of Chemistry College of Veterinary Medicine
Marine Bioprocess Research Center Seoul National University
Pukyong National University Seoul, South Korea
Busan, South Korea
Yun-Jaie Choi
Chang-Bum Ahn Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
School of Food Technology and Nutrition Seoul National University
Chonnam National University Seoul, South Korea
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Yeosu, South Korea

Crispin R. Dass
Yuezhen Bin
Department of Orthopaedics
Department of Polymer Material Science
University of Melbourne
Dalian University of Technology
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Dalian, China
and
Aurlie Bornet Department of Surgery
KitoZyme S.A. St. Vincents Hospital
Herstal, Belgium Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Wolfram M. Brck Yuguang Du

Centre of Applied Marine Biotechnology Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
Letterkenny Institute of Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences
Letterkenny, Ireland Dalian, China
and
Brian F. Carney
Centre of Applied Marine Biotechnology Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory
Letterkenny Institute of Technology of Carbohydrates
Letterkenny, Ireland Dalian, China

K. P. Chennazhi
Dave E. Dunstan
Center for Nanosciences
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and
Engineering
Research Centre
University of Melbourne
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Kochi, Kerala, India

Chong-Su Cho Joydeep Dutta

Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Department of Chemistry
Seoul National University Disha Institute of Management and Technology
Seoul, South Korea Raipur, Chhatrisgarh, India

xvii
 xviii Contributors

Pradip Kumar Dutta Nirun Jatupaiboon

Department of Chemistry Department of Chemical Engineering
Motilal Nehru National Institute Faculty of Engineering
of Technology Chulalongkorn University
Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Bangkok, Thailand

Nguyen Anh Dzung

Department of Plant Biology R. Jayakumar
Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Center for Nanosciences
Tay Nguyen University Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and
Buon Ma Thuot, Vietnam Research Centre
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University
Kochi, Kerala, India
Marcos N. Eberlin
ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
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University of Campinas Jae-Young Je

Campinas, Brazil School of Food Technology and Nutrition
Chonnam National University
Tamo Fukamizo Yeosu, South Korea
Department of Advanced Bioscience
Faculty of Agriculture
Kinki University Hu-Lin Jiang
Nara, Japan Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
Seoul National University
Seoul, South Korea
Tetsuya Furuike
Faculty of Chemistry
Materials and Bioengineering and High Gyung-Hyun Jo
Technology Research Centre Department of Agricultural Chemistry
Kansai University Graduate School
Osaba, Japan Chonnam National University
Gwangjw, South korea
Yoshihiko Hayashi
Department of Cariology
Wan-Taek Ju
Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
Department of Agricultural Chemistry
Nagasaki University
Graduate School
Nagasaki, Japan
Chonnam National University
Gwangju, South Korea
Ling Huang
Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular
Science Won-Kyo Jung
Department of Applied Chemistry Department of Marine Life Science and
College of Chemistry and moleculer Marine Life Research Center
Engineering Chosun University
Peking University Gwangju, South Korea
Beijing, China
Woo-Jin Jung
Mi-Kyeong Jang Division of Applied Bioscience and
Department of Polymer Science and Biotechnology
Engineering College of Agriculture and Life Science
Sunchon National University Chonnam National University
Suncheon, South Korea Gwangju, South Korea
 Contributors xix

Mohammad Reza Kasaai Maheshika S. Kurukulasuriya

Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Department of Animal Science
Sari Agricultural and Natural Resources Faculty of Agriculture
University University of Peradeniya
Sari, Iran Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

Eugene Khor Wing-Fu Lai

Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry
National University of Singapore University of Hong Kong
Singapore, Singapore Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,
China
Moon-Moo Kim
Department of Chemistry
Marie Chia-Mi Lin
Dong-eui University
Department of Chemistry
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Busan, South Korea

University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,
Se-Kwon Kim
China
Department of Chemistry
Marine Bioprocess Research Center
Pukyong National University Waldemar Maniukiewicz
Busan, South Korea Institute of General and Ecological
Chemistry
Won Jong Kim Technical University of Lodz
Department of Chemistry Lodz, Poland
Polymer Research Institute
Pohang University of Science and Masaru Matsuo
Technology Department of Polymer Material Science
Pohang, South Korea Dalian University of Technology
Dalian, China
Jeerun Kingkaew
Department of Chemical Engineering P. Morganti
Faculty of Engineering Department of Dermatology
Chulalongkorn University Second University of Naples
Bangkok, Thailand Naples, Italy

Zorica Knezevic-Jugovic and

Department of Biochemical Engineering Centre of Nanoscience
and Biotechnology MAVI Sud s.r.l.
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy Aprilia, Italy
University of Belgrade
Belgrade, Serbia
Riccardo A. A. Muzzarelli
Chang-Suk Kong Institute of Biochemistry
Marine Bioprocess Research Center Polytechnic University of Marche
Pukyong National University Ancona, Italy
Busan, South Korea
Jae-Woon Nah
Sushruta Koppula Department of Polymer Science and
Department of Biotechnology Engineering
Konkuk University Sunchon National University
Chungju, South Korea Suncheon, South Korea
 xx Contributors

S. V. Nair Pyo-Jam Park

Center for Nanosciences Department of Biotechnology
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Konkuk University
Research Centre Chungju, South Korea
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University
Kochi, Kerala, India Ro-Dong Park
Division of Applied Bioscience and
Biotechnology
Yumiko Nakano Institute of Agricultural Science and
Department of Human Environmental Sciences Technology
Mukogawa Womens University Chonnam National University
Nishinomiya, Japan Gwangju, South Korea

Teruo Nakashima Martin G. Peter

Institute of Chemistry
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Institute of Resource Recycling

Kinki University University of Potsdam
Nara, Japan Potsdam, Germany
and
Nitar Nwe ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
Faculty of Chemistry University of Campinas
Materials and Bioengineering and High Campinas, Brazil
Technology Research Centre
Kansai University Zivomir Petronijevic
Osaba, Japan Faculty of Technology
University of Nis
Leskovac, Serbia
Takayuki Ohnuma
Department of Advanced Bioscience Muenduen Phisalaphong
Faculty of Agriculture Department of Chemical Engineering
Kinki University Faculty of Engineering
Nara, Japan Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok, Thailand
Rishi Paliwal
Mani Prabaharan
Drug Delivery Research Laboratory
Department of Chemistry
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Dr Hari Singh Gour University
SRM University
Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu

Shivani R. Paliwal Sevda Senel

Drug Delivery Research Laboratory Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy
Dr Hari Singh Gour University Hacettepe University
Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India Ankara, Turkey

Chandra P. Sharma
Jae Kweon Park Division of Biosurface Technology
Department of Biotechnology and The Biomedical Technology Wing
Biomaterial Engineering Research Center Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical
The Catholic University of Korea Sciences and Technology
Bucheon, South Korea Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
 Contributors xxi

R. Shelma Mitsuhiro Ueda

Division of Biosurface Technology Graduate School of Life and Environmental
Biomedical Technology Wing Sciences
Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Osaka Prefecture University
Sciences and Technology Sakai, Japan
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Tadashi Uragami
John W. Slater Faculty of Chemistry, Materials
Centre of Applied Marine Biotechnology andBioengineering
Letterkenny Institute of Technology Department of Chemistry and Materials
Letterkenny, Ireland Engineering
Kansai University
Suita, Japan
Andrija Smelcerovic
Department of Pharmacy
Janak K. Vidanarachchi
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Faculty of Medicine
Department of Animal Science
University of Nis
Faculty of Agriculture
Nis, Serbia
University of Peradeniya
Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
P. N. Sudha
Department of Chemistry Suresh P. Vyas
Dhanabagiyam Krishnaswamy Mudaliar Drug Delivery Research Laboratory
College Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Thiruvalluvar University Dr Hari Singh Gour University
Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India

Hang T. Ta Min Wang

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular
Engineering Science
University of Melbourne Department of Applied Chemistry
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia College of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering
Hiroshi Tamura Peking University
Faculty of Chemistry Beijing, China
Materials and Bioengineering and High
Technology Research Centre Ling Xu
Kansai University Department of Energy and Resources
Osaba, Japan Engineering
College of Engineering
Pierre-Louis Teissedre Peking University
Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Beijing, China
Faculty of Oenology-UMR INRA 1219
Oenologie Heng Yin
Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
Universit Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 Chinese Academy of Sciences
Villenave dOrnon, France Dalian, China

and
Ashutosh Tiwari
Department of Mechanical Engineering Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee of Carbohydrates
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Dalian China
 xxii Contributors

Liyong Yuan Long Zhao

Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Department of Biological and Chemical
Science Engineering
Department of Applied Chemistry Gunma University
College of Chemistry and Molecular Kiryu, Japan
Engineering
Peking University
Beijing, China Yong Zhao
Department of Agricultural Chemistry
Maolin Zhai Graduate School
Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Chonnam National University
Science Gwangju, South Korea
Department of Applied Chemistry
College of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering
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Peking University
Beijing, China