Ranganathan Polytechnic College

Thondamuthur - Coimbatore

TELEVISION ENGINEERING

III YEAR / VI SEM ECE

1 MARK QUESTION AND ANSWERS

UNIT- I

1. Define television.
In television, tele means distance and Vision means seeing. So
in general television means seeing from a distance. Broadcasting
means to send in all directions.

2. Define scanning.
Scanning is a technique to convert the picture elements into
electrical signal one by one at a fast rate.

3. Give the purpose of camera tube and picture tube?

Camera tubes are used to convert optical signal into electrical
signal and picture tubes are used to convert
electrical signal into optical signal.

4. Define horizontal scanning.

Horizontal scanning is a process in which the electron beam is
moving left to right and again right to left.

5. Define vertical scanning.

Vertical scanning is a process in which the electron beam is
moving top to bottom and again bottom to top.

6. Define sequential scanning.

In sequential scanning process, both the horizontal and vertical
scanning takes place at the same time.

Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)

Page 1
7. Give the horizontal and vertical frequency of sequential
scanning?
Horizontal frequency = Number of lines in a frame * number of
frames /sec
= 625*25
= 15,625Hz.
Vertical frequency = Number of frames/sec
= 25Hz.

8. Define flicker.
Flicker is an unwanted noise signal that give more disturbances
to the viewer when the picture is made alternatively bright and
dark.

9. Define blanking pulses.

A video signal obtained during the horizontal and vertical
retrace are not useful one.
So there is no need to transmit them.
So to make the retrace signal invisible, we are using blanking
pulses.

10. Define aspect ratio.

A ratio between width to height of the rectangle picture adopted
in TV system is known as aspect ratio.
Aspect ratio = width/height =4/3.
Aspect ratio = 4 : 3
11. Define resolution in TV system?
The ability of the image reproducing system, to resolve the fine
details of the picture, distinctly in both horizontal and vertical
direction is called as resolution of the TV system.

12. What is vertical resolution?

The ability to resolve and reproduce fine details of the picture in
vertical direction is called as vertical resolution.

13. What is horizontal resolution?

Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)

Page 2
 The ability of the system to resolve maximum number of picture
elements along the scanning line determines the horizontal
resolution.

14. What is peak white level?

Camera signal occupy 75% and the sync pulses occupy the
remaining 25%.
The level of video signals obtained for maximum white light is
called peak white level.

15. What is blanking level?

Likewise, the black level which is at 73% corresponds to the dark
picture. And as 75% level called blanking level the blanking pulse
are added.

16. What is pedestal?

The difference between black level and blanking level is called
pedestal.

17. What is whiter than white?

To reduce the noise effect, usually the region between 0% to 10%
is not used. And this region is called as whiter than white region.

18. What is pedestal height?

A distance between D.C. level and blanking level is called as
pedestal height.

19. List out the sections in line blanking period?

The blaking period consist of following three sections:
Front porch
Line sync and
Back porch

20. What is serrated pulses?

Vertical slots of 4.7s duration inserted in the vertical sync period
to achieve horizontal synchronization are called as serrated
pulses.

Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)

Page 3
21. What is time error?
Due to the half-line difference, there is some error in triggering
the vertical oscillator. This error is called as time error.

22. What is equalizing pulses?

To avoid time error we are adding five pulses before and after the
vertical sync period. These pulse is used to avoid the time-error
are called as equalizing pulses.

23. What is pre and post equalizing pulses?

The pulses added before the vertical sync pulse are called pre-
equalizing pulse and that added after the
vertical sync are called as post-equalizing pulse.

24. Give any one advantages of negative transmission?

Due to noise pulses, the video signal amplitude increases and
produce black dots on the screen. This will create much low
disturbance compared to white dots produced in positive
modulation.

25. Give the advantages of vestigial side band reception?

Channel bandwidth is reduced.
Reduction in transmitted power.

26. What is intermarries sound system?

The two IF frequencies are mixed to form a new 5.5MHz sound
signal carrier. This method of sound signal production is called as
intercarrier sound system.

27. Give TV channel band allocation?

Band 1 lower VHF range 41 to 068MHz
Band 3 upper VHF range 174 to 230MHz
Band 4 UHF range 470 to 582MHz
Band 5 UHF range 606 to 890 MHz.

28. List out the TV standard types?

Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)
Page 4
 [Link] (Federal communication commission)
2. NTSC (National television system committee)
3. CCIR (International radio consulative committee )
4. PAL (phase alteration with line)
[Link] (sequential technique with memory)

29. Give the 3 primary colors.

The three basic colors are called as primary colors they are,
Red ,green and blue.

30. What is additive mixing.

Two or three primary color lights are mixed together to form a
new color. That is by mixing pure colors, we can get new colors.

31. What is Subtractive mixing.

Different colors are obtained by subtracting primary and
secondary colors from white so this mixing is called as subtractive
mixing.

32. Give the purpose of rods & cone.

Rods are used to identify brightness variations so all the colors

are identify by the rod as various shades of gray from black of
white.
But cone are used to identify the colors [Link] have
three cones used to identify the three primary colors.
Accordingly they are called as red cone blue cone and green
cone.

33. What is Chromaticity.

Chrominance (or)Chromaticity diagram is a graphical
representation of primary colors and all other colors in a space co-
ordinate. Based on the principle of tristimulus value that the white
color is formed by mixing 30% red, 59% green and 11% blue.

Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)

Page 5
 34. What is Luminance.
It is the amount of light intensity as perceived by the eye
regardless of the color.

In black and white picture, more bright regions. Different colors have
different shades of luminance. So in monochrome TV, red color
appears as black and yellow color appears as white.

35. What is hue (Tint).

It is the predominant spectral color. For example green leaf has a
green hue and red apple has a red hue.

36. Give the different characteristics monochrome system.

Three monochrome systems with different characteristics have
developed. they are,
525 line American system
625 line European system and
819 line French System.

37. Give the different color systems standards.

NTSC (American system)
PAL (European system)and
SECAM (French system)

UNIT-II

1. What is camera tube.

A camera tube is an important unit, that is used to convert the
optical image into electrical signal.

2. Give the operating principal used in camera tube.

It is like an eye, to the T.V system. T.V camera tubes use photo
emission or photo conduction principal for converting the optical
source.

3. Give the characteristics of camera tube.

Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)

Page 6
 Spectral response
Sensitivity
Dark current and
Lag characteristic.
Light transfer characteristic

4. What is Light transfer characteristics?

It gives relation between light falling on the camera tube and the
electrical current produced.

5. What is spectral response?

It is the ability of the camera tube to responsed equally to all
colors like the human eye.

6. What is sensitivity.
Good camera tubes have high [Link] is the ability to
responsed for even very low illumination.

7. Define dark current.

This is the current produced, when there is no light falling on the
camera tube.

8. Define Lag characteristic.

It is the inability of the photo sensitive layer to fallow faster
changes in illumination on the camera tube.

9. Give the types of camera tube.

Vidicon
Plumbicon
Saticon
Newvicon
Chalnicon
Silicon diode array.

[Link] Vidicon.

Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)

Page 7
 It is a small size camera tube that operate on the principle of
photo conductivity. Here the conductivity of the target plate increases
with the intensity of light falling on it.

[Link] the 3 sections in camera tube.

Photo conductive target plate.
Scanning section and
Electron gun section.

12. Give the two working principle of vidicon.

The working of vidicon can be explained using
Photo conductive principle or
Leaky capacitor principle.

13. Define image lag of vidicon.

Due to time lag in the photo conductive layer, the output current is
not able to follow the fast changes in the brightness on the target plate.
This is called as image lag of vidicon.

14. Give the advantage and disadvantage of Vidicon.

Advantage:
Resolution is high
Long life and small size
Gamma cancellation circuit is not necessary.
Disadvantage:
High dark current
Poor sensitivity
High image lag.

15. Define Plumbicon.

Many of the drawbacks of the vidicon tube is removed in
plumbicon tube. It has very fast response and produces high quality
pictures even at low light. It has small size and light weight.

[Link] the advantage and disadvantage of plumbicon.

Advantage:
Reduced lag
Higher sensitivity
Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)
Page 8
 Medium size and compact
Disadvantage:
High cost
Spectral response is poor for red color region.

17. Define CCD camera tube.

These scanners are operating on the principle of charge coupled
devices. Here a large number of CCD array are formed together to
construct the image plate. It can store and transfer analog signals.

18. Give the Advantage and CCD camera.

No need for electron gun and electron beam.
No need for high voltage.
No need for vacuum envelope.

19. Give the basic functions of camera tube.

Amplify the week, low voltage signal from the load resistance RL.
Addition of blanking pulses.
Addition of sync pulses.

20. Define color camera tubes.

A color camera tube is used to split the optical image into the
three primary colors. A special type of mirror called, diachronic mirror
is used for this purpose.

21. Define Luminance Signal.

Luminance signal is used to represent the brightness of the
picture. The resistance matrix add the three primary color signals R,G
and B in the proportion of 0.3,0.59and 0.11.
Therefore Y=0.3R+0.59G+0.11B.

22. Define monochrome picture tube.

The picture tube is used to convert the video (electrical) signals
into optical (picture) signals.

23. Give the major parts in picture tube.

Electron gun
Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)
Page 9
 Focusing anodes
Deflection coils
Final anode
Phosphor screen and
External conductive (aquadag) coating.

24. Define intensity modulation.

By varying the voltage on the control grid, the beam current and
also the screen brightness is varied. This method is called as intensity
modulation.
25. Give the advantage of Aluminized screen.
The aluminium coating is connected to high voltage anode
coating. So it helps in collecting the secondary electrons emitted at the
screen. Also, the full anode voltage is applied to the screen phosphor.

26. Define screen Burn.

It is a defect in picture tube due to electrons. Whenever the TV is
switched OFF, the deflecting current also immediately cut-off. But the
EHT voltage is present for long time.

27 .Give the types of color picture tube.

Data-gun picture tude.
Precision-In-Line (P.I.L) or Gun-In-Line picture tube
Trinitron (Three-In-Line cathode) picture tube.

28. Give the working principle Of Delta -Gun Picture tube.

Radio corporation of America (R.C.A.) was developed this tube. As
the name implies, this tube employs, three separate guns, one for each
color, arranged in delta () shape.

29. Define Color Purity.

To get pure color, each electron beam should land at the centre
of the phosphor dot. This precise, alignment of electron beam is done
by purity magnets.

30. Define color convergence.

Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)

Page 10
 Convergence is the technique used to bring the three beams
together, so that hit the same part of the screen at the same time to
produce three coincident rasters on the screen.
31. Define Degaussing.
Degaussing means demagnetizing. It is used to remove
magnetic flux from the magnetized metal parts.

32. Define Trinitron color and give its advantage.

This type of tube was developed by Sony corporation of Japan.
These tubes are having a single gun with three in-line cathodes.
Advantage:
Construction is simple.
Only six picture tube adjustments and controls are required.
Brightness is more.

33. What is automatic Degaussing (ADG)

Degaussing circuits are used to remove the effect of magnetic field
due to earths magnetic field and by other strong magnetic fields.

34. Give the types of phosphor used in monochrome picture tube.

The phosphor chemicals are light metals such as zinc and
cadmium in the form of sulphide, and phosphate compounds.

UNIT- III

1. Give the two types of T.V transmitter.

The T.V transmitter may be classified into two types. They are,
TV transmitter using high level modulation
TV transmitter using low level IF modulation

2. Define visual & aural transmitter.

Visual transmitter is used for transmitting video signals and aural
transmitter is used for transmitting audio or sound signal

3. Give the circuit involved in visual exciter.

Visual exciter deals with the circuits related to video signals. It
consists of,
Video processing unit
Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)
Page 11
 Video modulator
VSB filter
Delay equalizers
Frequency up-converters and
Linear and power amplifier

4. Give the functional blocks of aural exciter.

Aural exciter deals with the signal for audio information. It consists
of,
Audio processing unit
FM modulator
Audio up-converter and
Linear and power amplifier

5. Define diplexer.
Diplexer is a filter network used to combine the video and audio
signal before feeding to a common transmitting antenna.

6. Define CIN diplexer.

CIN stands for constant impedance Notch diplexer (CIN).

7. Give the techniques involved in color signal transmission.

Two Techniques :
Frequency interleaving and
Quadrature modulation.

8. Define frequency interleaving.

The technique of sending the color information within the spacing
between the monochrome signal is called as frequency interleaving.

9. Define Quadrature modulation.

For the modulation of chrominance signal, a technique called as
quadrature modulation is used.

10. Define PAL color coder.

In PAL coder, the weighed (R-Y) and (B-Y) signals are modulated by
quadrature amplitude modulation [Link] the phase of the
sub carrier to one of the modulator is reversed from +90to-90at the
Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)
Page 12
line frequency. That is why this system is called as phase alteration by
line (PAL)

11. Define weighing factor in PAL system.

To avoid over modulation, we have the amplitude of color difference
signal before modulation with sub carrier. To achieve this (R-Y) and (B-
Y) components magnitude are reduced by multiplying them using a
value called as weighing factor . For (R-Y) and (B-Y) it is0.493

12. What is the frequency of color sub carrier?

In PAL system the sub carrier frequency
is4.43MHz.[(2*283+1)15625/2]

13. What are the color difference signals transmitted in color

system?
Luminance signal (Y) for monochrome and brightness, chrominance
signal(c) for color information.

UNIT- IV
1. Give the important sections in monochrome TV receiver.
The important sections in the receiver are,
Antenna section
RF tuner section
Video signal and AGC section
Audio signal section
Sync separator section
Oscillator (horizontal and vertical)section and
EHT section.

2) Define yagi-uda antenna.

A folded dipole with one reflector and more directors, called as
yagi-uda antenna. It is a high gain antenna.

3) Define RF tuner circuit.

RF amplifier, mixer and local oscillator are collectively called as RF
tuner circuit. The signals

Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)

Page 13
 received from the antenna are weak. So to amplify this weak signal
RF amplifier is used.

4) Define AGC.
An automatic gain control (AGC) circuit is used to automatically
control the gain of the amplifiers while receiving weak and strong
signals from the transmitter.

5) Give the requirements of AGC.

According to the strength of signal picked up by the antenna, the
gain of the receiver is varied by the automatic gain control (AGC)
circuit
AGC circuit must act fast to control the gain of RF and IF stages.

6) Give the requirements of video amplifier.

To produce a correct image on the screen of the picture tube, the
following are the requirements to be satisfied by the video amplifier.
Gain
Bandwidth
frequency distortion
Phase distortion
Amplitude distortion or non-linear distortion
Manual contrast control

7) Define High frequency compensation with its types.

High frequency compensation is obtained by the use of using
peaking coils. The different
Methods of using the peaking coil are
Shunt peaking
Series peaking and
Combination peaking

8) How a gain can be increased in low frequency compensation?

At low frequencies, the reactance of the coupling capacitor
increases, so the gain of amplifier decreases. By using decoupling
filters RF, Cf in the B+ supply line, the gain at low frequency can be
increased.
Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)
Page 14
9) List out the various section in PAL color receiver.
Monochrome and tuner section
Chrome Band pass Amplifier
Color killer
PAC Delay line stage
Separation of U and V signals
Color Demodulator
Phase discriminators
Reference oscillator

10) Give the need for sync pulse separator.

To synchronize the deflection oscillators (horizontal and vertical) at the
receiver, the sync pulse are used to trigger them.

11) Give the conditions for effective sync separation;

of the transistor should be large.
Output leakage current must be small
To have steep front edge of sync pulses, a high frequency
transistor can be used.

12) Define vertical sync separation.

In vertical sync separation, the resistor R1 and capacitor C1 forms
a low pass filter, which acts as an
integrator circuit.

13) Define horizontal sync separation.

In horizontal sync separation, the resistor R2 and capacitor C2
forms a high pass filter circuit, which acts as a differentiator circuit.

14) Give the needs of AFC

To avoid noise pulse entering along with horizontal sync pulse
automatic frequency control (AFC) circuits are needed to ensure that
the horizontal oscillator is operating at correct frequency.

15) Define hunting in AFC circuits.

Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)

Page 15
 If the time constant is too large, then the control is sluggish. If the
time constant is too small, then insufficient damping makes the
oscillator to hunt before returning to correct frequency.

16) Why we are going for anti-hunting networks.

Wearing or gear tooth effect on the picture will take place due to
excessive hunting in AFC. To avoid this we have to use anti-hunt
networks

17) Define anti-hunting network.

To avoid the hunting problem in AFC circuits, we have to use an
anti-hunt network. The resistor R2 in series with capacitor C2 is called
as anti-hunt network.

18) Give the merits of AGC.

Intensity and contrast of the picture, once set with manual controls
remain almost constant despite changes in the input signal
strength from the antenna
Contrast in the reproduced picture does not changes much when
the receiver is switched from one channel to another

UNIT-V

1. Define flat panel display.

In flat panel display, the picture tube is replaced by a flat panel
display. Since there is no picture tube, this type of receiver is much
compact and small in size.

2. Give the 2 methods to achieve flat panel display.

There are two methods to achieve flat panel display. They are,
Simple dot matrix with tri color film-dots.
Active dot matrix method

3. Define plasma display.
A plasma display panel (PDP) is a type of flat panel display
common
To layer TV displays (32inches or larger).
Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)
Page 16
 4. Define digital color.
Digital television means the digital processing of TV signals both at
the transmitter and at the receiver side.

5. Define CCU.
The heart of the digital system is the central control unit (CCU).It
is a microcomputer based device which controls and coordinates
all the circuit and signal processing functions.

6. List out the functional blocks of digital color TV receiver.

Video codec
Video processor
Deflection processing unit
Audio codec
Audio processor
Central control unit (CCU)

7. Give the merits of CCU.

Reduced ghosts
Interference from electrical appliances are suppressed
Synchronization is better
Reduction of 50Hz flicker
Picture resolution is high

8. Define remote control circuit.

To operate the various receiver controls from a distance by the
viewer is provided by the remote control circuits.

9. What are the signaling methods used for remote control.

Two signaling methods used for remote control are,
By ultrasonic wave (mechanically or electrically generated).
By infrared wave using LEDs.

10. Give the operating rang of remote control.

Remote transmitter uses infrared waves .It can operate within 7
meters and at a radians of 30 from the receiver point, labeled for
remote operation.
Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)
Page 17
 11. Define CCTV.
CCTV is a special application TV in which camera signals are
available only to a limited number of monitors. They find wide
application in education, business, industry and medicine.

12. List out the application of CCTV.

Education
Business
Surveillance
Industry
Home
Aerospace and oceanography

13. Telecine equipment.

Telecine is equipment used to convert film (motion picture)
information into television picture.

14. Define film change camera.

A movie projector is used to display the film to a TV camera. This
camera is called as film change camera.

15. Define digital CCD telecine system.

This digital CCD telecine film illuminated by a slit of light. This is
equivalent to a scanning one horizontal line. Then the light
intensity passed through the film is focused on the diachronic
mirror set up.

16. Mention important blocks in VCD player.

Slide assembly
Automatic tracking mirror assembly
Disc turning motor assembly
Tracking section and
Signal processing electronic section.

17. Give the fundamental components in DVD player.

A drive motor to spin the disc
Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)
Page 18
 A laser and lens system to focus in the bumps and read them.
A tracking mechanism that can move the laser assembly
Electronic circuitry that converts the digital signal to analog form.
Amplifiers to raise the signal to the desired level.

18. Give the 2 types of video disc system.

Laser (optical) disc system using laser optical disc and laser
vision playback
Video disc system based on capacitance principle.

19. List out the 2 formats in video disc.

Active play
Long play

20. Mention the advantage of DVD over laser disc video type,
VCD.
Since there is no physical contact with disc as it revolves, the quality
of picture and sound in DVD is better than on a video tape. Also the
high quality is maintained for long time .
Capacity
Convenience
Audio
Video, Resolution, Availability, price.

Prepared by: [Link] (Lect/RPC)

Page 19