Scilab Textbook Companion for

Modern Power System Analysis

by D. P. Kothari And I. J. Nagrath1

Created by
Brahmesh Jain S D
B.E
Electrical Engineering
Sri Jayachamarajendra College Of Engineering
College Teacher
Prof. R S Anandamurthy
Cross-Checked by
TechPassion

July 13, 2017

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description

Title: Modern Power System Analysis

Author: D. P. Kothari And I. J. Nagrath

Publisher: Tata McGraw - Hill Education, New Delhi

Edition: 3

Year: 2003

ISBN: 0070494894

1
 Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)

For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.

2
Contents

List of Scilab Codes 4

1 Introduction 6

2 Inductance and Resistance of Transmission Lines 12

3 Capacitance of Transmission Lines 20

4 Representation of Power System Components 24

5 Characteristics and Performance of Power Transmission Lines 31

6 Load Flow Studies 48

7 Optimal System Operation 70

8 Automatic Generation and Voltage Control 87

9 Symmetrical Fault Analysis 89

10 Symmetrical Components 110

11 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis 117

12 Power System Stability 136

13 Power System Security 170

14 An Introduction to State Estimation of Power Systems 179

3
17 Voltage Stability 183

4
List of Scilab Codes

Exa 1.1 Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Exa 1.3 Example 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 1.4 Example 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 1.5 Example 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 2.1 self GMD Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 2.2 Reactance Of ACSR conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 2.3 Inductance Of Composite Conductor Lines . . . . . . 14
Exa 2.5 VoltageDrop and FluxLinkage Calculations . . . . . . 15
Exa 2.6 Mutual Inductance Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Exa 2.7 Bundled Conductor Three Phase Line . . . . . . . . . 18
Exa 3.1 Capacitance of a single phase line . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Exa 3.2 Charging current of a threephase line . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exa 3.3 Double circuit three phase transmission line . . . . . . 22
Exa 4.1 Per Unit Reactance Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Exa 4.2 Per Unit Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 4.3 Excitation EMF and Reactive Power Calculation . . . 27
Exa 4.4 Power Factor And Load Angle Calculation . . . . . . . 28
Exa 5.1 SendingEnd voltage and voltage regulation . . . . . . 31
Exa 5.2 Voltage at the power station end . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Exa 5.3 Problem with mixed end condition . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Exa 5.4 Medium Transmission line system . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Exa 5.5 Maximum permissible length and and Frequency . . . 36
Exa 5.6 Incident and Reflected voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Exa 5.7 Tabulate characteristics using different methods . . . . 38
Exa 5.8 Torque angle and Station powerfactor . . . . . . . . . 41
Exa 5.9 Power Voltage and Compensating equipment rating . . 43
Exa 5.10 MVA rating of the shunt reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 5.11 SendingEnd voltage and maximum power delivered . . 46

5
Exa 6.1 Ybus using singular transformation . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Exa 6.2 Ybus of a sample system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 6.3 Approximate load flow solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Exa 6.4 Bus voltages using GS iterations . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 6.5 Reactive power injected using GS iterations . . . . . . 55
Exa 6.6 Load flow solution using the NR method . . . . . . . . 58
Exa 6.7 Ybus after including regulating transformer . . . . . . 63
Exa 6.8 Decoupled NR method and FDLF method . . . . . . . 64
Exa 7.1 Incremental cost and load sharing . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Exa 7.2 Savings by optimal scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Exa 7.3 Economical operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Exa 7.4 Generation and losses incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Exa 7.5 Savings on coordination of losses . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Exa 7.6 Loss formula coefficients calculation . . . . . . . . . . 81
Exa 7.7 Optimal generation schedule for hydrothermal system 83
Exa 8.1 Frequency change Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Exa 8.2 Load sharing and System Frequency . . . . . . . . . . 88
Exa 9.1 Fault Current Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Exa 9.2 Subtransient and Momentary current Calculation . . . 91
Exa 9.3 Subtransient Current Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Exa 9.4 Maximum MVA Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Exa 9.5 Short Circuit Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Exa 9.6 Short Circuit Solution using Algorithm . . . . . . . . . 101
Exa 9.7 Current Injection Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Exa 9.8 Zbus matrix building using Algorithm . . . . . . . . . 105
Exa 9.9 PostFault Currents and Voltages Calculation . . . . . 108
Exa 10.1 Symmetrical components of line currents Calculation . 110
Exa 10.2 Sequence Network of the System . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Exa 10.3 Zero sequence Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Exa 10.4 Zero Sequence Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Exa 11.1 LG and 3Phase faults Comparision . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Exa 11.2 Grounding Resistor voltage and Fault Current . . . . . 118
Exa 11.3 Fault and subtransient currents of the system . . . . . 120
Exa 11.4 LL Fault Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Exa 11.5 Double line to ground Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Exa 11.6 Bus Voltages and Currents Calculations . . . . . . . . 129
Exa 11.7 Short Circuit Current Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . 133

6
Exa 12.1 Calculation of stored kinetic energy and rotor accelera-
tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Exa 12.2 steady state power limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Exa 12.3 Maximum Power Transferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Exa 12.4 Acceleration and Rotor angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Exa 12.5 Frequency Of Natural Oscilations . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Exa 12.6 Steady State Power Limit 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Exa 12.7 Critcal Clearing Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Exa 12.8 Critcal Clearing Angle 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Exa 12.9 Critcal Clearing Angle 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Exa 12.10 Swing Curves For Sustained Fault and Cleared Fault at
the Specified Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Exa 12.11 Swing Curves For Multimachines . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Exa 12.12 Swing Curves For Three Pole and Single Pole Switching 164
Exa 13.1 Generation Shift Factors and Line Outage Distribution
Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Exa 14.1 Estimation of random variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Exa 14.2 Estimation of random variables using WLSE . . . . . 180
Exa 14.3 Estimation of random variables using WLSE 2 . . . . 181
Exa 17.1 Reactive power sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Exa 17.2 Capacity of static VAR compensator . . . . . . . . . . 183

7
List of Figures

5.1 MVA rating of the shunt reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

7.1 Incremental cost and load sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

9.1 Fault Current Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

9.2 Subtransient and Momentary current Calculation . . . . . . 94
9.3 Subtransient Current Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
9.4 Maximum MVA Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
9.5 Short Circuit Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.6 Current Injection Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

11.1 LG and 3Phase faults Comparision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

11.2 Grounding Resistor voltage and Fault Current . . . . . . . . 121
11.3 Fault and subtransient currents of the system . . . . . . . . 125
11.4 LL Fault Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
11.5 Double line to ground Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

12.1 Maximum Power Transferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

12.2 Critcal Clearing Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
12.3 Critcal Clearing Angle 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
12.4 Swing Curves For Sustained Fault and Cleared Fault at the
Specified Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
12.5 Swing Curves For Multimachines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
12.6 Swing Curves For Three Pole and Single Pole Switching . . . 169

8
 Chapter 1

Introduction

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Example 1

Example 1

1 // C h a p t e r 1
2 // Example 1 . 1
3 // p a g e 5
4 clear ; clc ;
5 fl =760 e3 ;
6 pf =0.8;
7 lsg =0.05;
8 csg =60;
9 depre =0.12;
10 hpw =48;
11 lv =32;
12 hv =30;
13 pkwhr =0.10;
14
15 md = fl / pf ;
16 printf ( Maximum Demand= %. 1 f kVA \n\n , md /1000) ;
17
18 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t a r i f f (b)
19

9
20 printf ( L o s s i n s w i t c h g e a r=%. 2 f %% \n\n , lsg *100) ;
21 input_demand = md /(1 - lsg ) ;
22 input_demand = input_demand /1000;
23 cost_sw_ge = input_demand *60;
24 depreciation = depre * cost_sw_ge ;
25 fixed_charges = hv * input_demand ;
26 running_cost = input_demand * pf * hpw *52* pkwhr ; // 52 w e e k s
per year
27 total_b = depreciation + fixed_charges + running_cost ;
28 printf ( I n p u t Demand= %. 1 f kVA \n\n , input_demand ) ;
29 printf ( C o s t o f s w i t c h g e a r=Rs %d\n\n , cost_sw_ge ) ;
30 printf ( Annual c h a r g e s on d e p r e c i a t i o n=Rs %d \n\n ,
depreciation ) ;
31 printf ( Annual f i x e d c h a r g e s due t o maximum demand
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t r i f f ( b )=Rs %d \n\n ,
fixed_charges ) ;
32 printf ( Annual r u n n i n g c o s t due t o kWh consumed=Rs
%d \n\n , running_cost ) ;
33 printf ( T o t a l c h a r g e s /annum f o r t a r i f f ( b ) = Rs %d\n\
n , total_b )
34
35 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t a r i f f ( a )
36 input_demand = md ;
37 input_demand = input_demand /1000;
38 fixed_charges = lv * input_demand ;
39 running_cost = input_demand * pf * hpw *52* pkwhr ;
40 total_a = fixed_charges + running_cost ;
41 printf ( maximum demand c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t a r i f f ( a ) =
%. f kVA \n\n , input_demand ) ;
42 printf ( Annual f i x e d c h a r g e s=Rs %d \n\n ,
fixed_charges ) ;
43 printf ( Annual r u n n i n g c h a r g e s f o r kWh consumed = Rs
%d \n\n , running_cost ) ;
44 printf ( T o t a l c h a r g e s /annum f o r t a r i f f ( a ) = Rs %d \n
\n , total_a ) ;
45 if ( total_a > total_b )
46 printf ( T h e r e f o r e , t a r i f f ( b ) i s e c o n o m i c a l \n\n\n
);

10
47 else
48 printf ( T h e r e f o r e , t a r i f f ( a ) i s e c o n o m i c a l \n\n\n
);

Scilab code Exa 1.3 Example 3

Example 3

1 // C h a p t e r 1
2 // Example 1 . 3
3 // p a g e 7
4 clear ; clc ;
5 md =25;
6 lf =0.6;
7 pcf =0.5;
8 puf =0.72;
9
10 avg_demand = lf * md ;
11 installed_capacity = avg_demand / pcf ;
12 reserve = installed_capacity - md ;
13 daily_ener = avg_demand *24;
14 ener_inst_capa = installed_capacity *24;
15 max_energy = daily_ener / puf ;
16
17 printf ( A v e r a g e Demand= %. 2 f MW \n\n , avg_demand ) ;
18 printf ( I n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y= %. 2 f MW \n\n\ ,
installed_capacity ) ;
19 printf ( R e s e r v e c a p a c i t y o f t h e p l a n t= %. 2 f MW \n\n
, reserve ) ;
20 printf ( D a i l y e n e r g y p r o d u c e d= %d MWh \n\n ,
daily_ener ) ;
21 printf ( Energy c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y
p e r day= %d MWh \n\n , ener_inst_capa ) ;

11
22 printf ( Maximum e n e r g y t h a t c o u l d be p r o d u c e d = %d
MWh/ day \n\n , max_energy ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.4 Example 4

Example 4

1 // C h a p t e r 1
2 // Example 1 . 2
3 // p a g e 6
4 clear ; clc ;
5 md =20 e3 ;
6 unit_1 =14 e3 ;
7 unit_2 =10 e3 ;
8 ener_1 =1 e8 ;
9 ener_2 =7.5 e6 ;
10 unit1_time =1;
11 unit2_time =0.45;
12
13 annual_lf_unit1 = ener_1 /( unit_1 *24*365) ;
14 md_unit_2 = md - unit_1 ;
15 annual_lf_unit2 = ener_2 /( md_unit_2 *24*365) ;
16 lf_unit_2 = ener_2 /( md_unit_2 * unit2_time *24*365) ;
17 unit1_cf = annual_lf_unit1 ;
18 unit1_puf = unit1_cf ;
19 unit2_cf = ener_2 /( unit_2 *24*365) ;
20 unit2_puf = unit2_cf / unit2_time ;
21 annual_lf =( ener_1 + ener_2 ) /( md *24*365) ;
22
23
24 printf ( Annual l o a d f a c t o r f o r U n i t 1 = %. 2 f %% \n\n
, annual_lf_unit1 *100) ;

12
25 printf ( The maximum demand on U n i t 2 i s %d MW \n\n ,
md_unit_2 /1000) ;
26 printf ( Annual l o a d f a c t o r f o r U n i t 2 = %. 2 f %% \n\n
, annual_lf_unit2 *100) ;
27 printf ( Load f a c t o r o f U n i t 2 f o r t h e t i m e i t t a k e s
t h e l o a d= %. 2 f %% \n\n , lf_unit_2 *100) ;
28 printf ( P l a n t c a p a c i t y f a c t o r o f u n i t 1 = %. 2 f %% \n
\n , unit1_cf *100) ;
29 printf ( P l a n t u s e f a c t o r o f u n i t 1 = %. 2 f %% \n\n ,
unit1_puf *100) ;
30 printf ( Annual p l a n t c a p a c i t y f a c t o r o f u n i t 2 = %. 2
f %% \n\n , unit2_cf *100) ;
31 printf ( P l a n t u s e f a c t o r o f u n i t 2 = %. 2 f %% \n\n ,
unit2_puf *100) ;
32 printf ( The a n n u a l l o a d f a c t o r o f t h e t o t a l p l a n t =
%. 2 f %% \n\n , annual_lf *100) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.5 Example 5

Example 5

1 // C h a p t e r 1
2 // Example 1 . 2
3 // p a g e 6
4 clear ; clc ;
5
6 c1_md_6pm =5; c1_d_7pm =3; c1_lf =0.2;
7 c2_md_11am =5; c2_d_7pm =2; c2_avg_load =1.2;
8 c3_md_7pm =3; c3_avg_load =1;
9
10 md_system = c1_d_7pm + c2_d_7pm + c3_md_7pm ;
11 sum_mds = c1_md_6pm + c2_md_11am + c3_md_7pm ;
12 df = sum_mds / md_system ;

13
13
14 printf ( Maximum demand o f t h e s y s t e m i s %d kW a t 7 p .
m \n , md_system ) ;
15 printf ( Sum o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l maximum demands = %d
kW \n , sum_mds ) ;
16 printf ( D i v e r s i t y f a c t o r = %. 3 f \n\n , df ) ;
17
18 c1_avg_load = c1_md_6pm * c1_lf ;
19 c2_lf = c2_avg_load / c2_md_11am ;
20 c3_lf = c3_avg_load / c3_md_7pm ;
21
22 printf ( Consumer1 >\t A v g l o a d= %. 2 f kW \ t LF= %. 1
f %% \n , c1_avg_load , c1_lf *100) ;
23 printf ( Consumer2 >\t A v g l o a d= %. 2 f kW \ t LF= %. 1
f %% \n , c2_avg_load , c2_lf *100) ;
24 printf ( Consumer3 >\t A v g l o a d= %. 2 f kW \ t LF= %. 1
f %% \n\n , c3_avg_load , c3_lf *100) ;
25
26 avg_load = c1_avg_load + c2_avg_load + c3_avg_load ;
27 lf = avg_load / md_system ;
28
29 printf ( Combined a v e r a g e l o a d = %. 1 f kW \n , avg_load
);
30 printf ( Combined l o a d f a c t o r = %. 1 f %% \n\n , lf *100) ;

14
 Chapter 2

Inductance and Resistance of

Transmission Lines

Scilab code Exa 2.1 self GMD Calculation

self GMD Calculation

1 // C h a p t e r 2
2 // Example 2 . 1
3 // p a g e 56
4 //To f i n d GMD o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
5 // From t h e g i v e n t h e t e x t book , l e a v i n g o u t t h e
f a c t o r o f r , we have t h e s e v e n p o s s i b l e
distances
6 clear ; clc ;
7 D1 =0.7788*2*2*(2* sqrt (3) ) *4*(2* sqrt (3) ) *2;
8 // s i n c e t h e r e a r e 7 i d e n t i c a l c o n d u c t o r s , t h e a b o v e
p r o d u c t s r e m a i n s same d o r a l l D s
9 D2 = D1 ;
10 D3 = D1 ;
11 D4 = D1 ;
12 D5 = D1 ;
13 D6 = D1 ;
14 D7 = D1 ;

15
15 Ds =( D1 * D2 * D3 * D4 * D5 * D6 * D7 ) ^(1/(7*7) ) ;
16 printf ( \n GMD o f t h e c o n d u c t o r i s %0 . 4 f r , Ds ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.2 Reactance Of ACSR conductors

Reactance Of ACSR conductors

1 // C h a p t e r 2
2 // Example 2 . 2
3 // p a g e 57
4 //To f i n d r e a c t a n c e o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
5 clear ; clc ;
6 f =50; // f r e q u e n c y
7 D =5.04; // d i a m e t e r o f t h e e n t i r e ACSR
8 d =1.68; // d i a m e t e r o f e a c h c o n d u c t o r
9 Dsteel =D -2* d ; // d i a m e t e r o f s t e e l s t r a n d
10 // As shown i n f i g
11 D12 = d ;
12 D13 =( sqrt (3) * d ) ;
13 D14 =2* d ;
14 D15 = D13 ;
15 D16 = D12 ;
16 // n e g l e c t i n g t h e c e n t r a l s t t e l c o n d u c t o r , we have t h e
6 possibilities
17 D1 =(0.7788* d ) * D12 * D13 * D14 * D15 * D16 ;
18 // we have t o t a l o f 6 c o n d u c t o r s , h e n c e
19 D2 = D1 ;
20 D3 = D1 ;
21 D4 = D1 ;
22 D5 = D1 ;
23 D6 = D1 ;
24 Ds =( D1 * D2 * D3 * D4 * D5 * D6 ) ^(1/(6*6) ) ; //GMR;
25 // s i n c e t h e s p a c i n g b e t w e e n l i n e s i s 1m=100cm

16
26 l =100;
27 L =0.461* log10 ( l / Ds ) ; // I n d u c t a n c e o f e a c h c o n d u c t o r
28 Ll =2* L ; // l o o p i n d u c t a n c e
29 Xl =2* %pi * f * Ll *10^( -3) ; // r e a c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e
30 printf ( \n\ n I n d u c t a n c e o f e a c h c o n d u c t o r=%0 . 4 f mH/km
\n\n ,L ) ;
31 printf ( Loop I n d u c t a n c e=%0 . 4 f mH/km\n\n , Ll ) ;
32 printf ( Loop R e a c t a n c e=%f ohms /km\n\n , Xl ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.3 Inductance Of Composite Conductor Lines

Inductance Of Composite Conductor Lines

1 // C h a p t e r 2
2 // Example 2 . 3
3 // p a g e 58
4 //To f i n d i n d u c t a n c e o f e a c h s i d e o f t h e l i n e and
that of the complete l i n e
5 clear ; clc ;
6 // t o f i n d mutual GMD
7 D14 = sqrt (8*8+2*2) ;
8 D15 = sqrt (8*8+6*6) ;
9 D24 = sqrt (8*8+2*2) ;
10 D25 = sqrt (8*8+2*2) ;
11 D34 = sqrt (8*8+6*6) ;
12 D35 = sqrt (8*8+2*2) ;
13 // s i x t h r o o t o f s i x mutual d i s t a n c e s
14 Dm =( D14 * D15 * D24 * D25 * D34 * D35 ) ^(1/6) ; // mutual GMD
between l i n e s
15
16 // t o f i n d GMR o f S i d e A c o n d u c t o r s
17 D11 =0.7788*2.5*10^( -3) ;
18 D22 = D11 ;

17
19 D33 = D11 ;
20 D12 =4;
21 D21 = D12 ;
22 D13 =8;
23 D31 =8;
24 D23 =4;
25 D32 = D23 ;
26 // n i n t h r o o t n i n e d i s t a n c e s i n S i d e A
27 Da =( D11 * D12 * D13 * D21 * D22 * D23 * D31 * D32 * D33 ) ^(1/9) ;
28
29 // t o f i n d GMR o f S i d e A c o n d u c t o r s
30 D44 =0.7788*5*10^( -3) ;
31 D45 =4;
32 D54 = D45 ;
33 D55 = D44 ;
34 // f o u r t h r o o t o f f o u r d i s t a n c e s i n S i d e B
35 Db =( D44 * D45 * D54 * D55 ) ^(1/4) ;
36
37 La =0.461* log10 ( Dm / Da ) ; // i n d u c t a n c e l i n e A
38 Lb =0.461* log10 ( Dm / Db ) ; // i n d u c t a n c e l i n e B
39
40 L = La + Lb ; // l o o p i n d u c t a n c e
41
42 printf ( \n\ nMutual GMD b e t w e e n l i n e s = %0 . 4 f m\n\n ,
Dm ) ;
43 printf ( GMR o f S i d e A c o n d u c t o r s = %0 . 4 f m\n\n , Da ) ;
44 printf ( GMR o f S i d e B c o n d u c t o r s = %0 . 4 f m\n\n , Db ) ;
45 printf ( I n d u c t a n c e o f l i n e A = %0 . 4 f mH/km\n\n , La ) ;
46 printf ( I n d u c t a n c e o f l i n e B = %0 . 4 f mH/km\n\n , Lb ) ;
47 printf ( Loop I n d u c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e s = %0 . 4 f mH/km\n
\n ,L ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.5 VoltageDrop and FluxLinkage Calculations

18
 VoltageDrop and FluxLinkage Calculations

1 // C h a p t e r 2
2 // Example 2.5
3 // p a g e 63
4 //To f i n d f l u x l i n k a g e s w i t h n e u t r a l and v o l t a g e
induced in neutral
5 //To f i n d v o l t a g e d r o p i n e a c h o f t h r e e p h a s e w i r e s
6
7 clear ; clc ;
8 Ia = -30+ %i *50;
9 Ib = -25+ %i *55;
10 Ic = -( Ia + Ib ) ;
11
12 // ( a ) t o f i n d f l u x l i n k a g e s w i t h n e u t r a l and v o l t a g e
induce in i t
13 Dan =4.5;
14 Dbn =3; // from f i g u r e
15 Dcn =1.5;
16 Phi_n =2*10^( -7) *( Ia * log (1/ Dan ) + Ib * log (1/ Dbn ) + Ic * log
(1/ Dcn ) ) ;
17 Vn = %i *2* %pi *50* Phi_n *15000; // v o l t a g e i n d u c e d f o r 15
km l o n g TL
18 Vn = abs ( Vn ) ;
19 printf ( \ nFlux l i n k a g e s o f t h e n e u t r a l w i r e = %f Wb
T/m\n\n , Phi_n ) ;
20 printf ( V o l t a g e i n d u c e d i n t h e n e u t r a l = %d\n\n , Vn )
;
21
22 // ( b ) t o f i n d v o l t a g e d r o p i n e a c h p h a s e
23 Phi_a =2*10^( -7) *( Ia * log (1/(0.7788*0.005) ) + Ib * log
(1/1.5) + Ic * log (1/3) ) ;
24 Phi_b =2*10^( -7) *( Ib * log (1/(0.7788*0.005) ) + Ia * log
(1/1.5) + Ic * log (1/1.5) ) ;
25 Phi_c =2*10^( -7) *( Ic * log (1/(0.7788*0.005) ) + Ib * log
(1/1.5) + Ia * log (1/3) ) ;
26

19
27 delta_Va = %i *2* %pi *50* Phi_a *15000; // l i k e we d i d f o r
neutral voltage
28 delta_Vb = %i *2* %pi *50* Phi_b *15000;
29 delta_Vc = %i *2* %pi *50* Phi_c *15000;
30
31 printf ( The V o l t a g e d r o p o f p h a s e a ( i n v o l t s ) = ) ;
disp ( delta_Va ) ;
32 printf ( \n\ nThe V o l t a g e d r o p o f p h a s e b ( i n v o l t s ) =
) ; disp ( delta_Vb ) ;
33 printf ( \n\ nThe V o l t a g e d r o p o f p h a s e c ( i n v o l t s ) =
) ; disp ( delta_Vc ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.6 Mutual Inductance Calculation

Mutual Inductance Calculation

1 // C h a p t e r 2
2 // Example 2 . 6
3 // p a g e 65
4 //To f i n d mutual i n d u c t a n c e b e t w e e n power l i n e and
t e l e p h o n e l i n e and v o l t a g e i n d u c e d i n t e l e p h o n e
line
5
6 clear ; clc ;
7 D1 = sqrt (1.1*1.1+2*2) ; // from f i g u r e 2 . 1 4
8 D2 = sqrt (1.9*1.9+2*2) ; // from f i g u r e 2 . 1 4
9 Mpt =0.921* log10 ( D2 / D1 ) ; // mutual i n d u c t a n c e
10 Vt = abs ( %i *2* %pi *50* Mpt *10^( -3) *100) ; // when 100A i s
f l o w i n g i n t h e power l i n e s
11
12 printf ( \n\ nMutual i n d u c t a n c e b e t w e e n power l i n e and
t e l e p h o n e l i n e = %f mH/km\n\n , Mpt ) ;
13 printf ( \n\ n V o l t a g e i n d u c e d i n t h e t e l e p h o n e c i r c u i t
= %. 3 f V/km\n\n , Vt ) ;

20
 Scilab code Exa 2.7 Bundled Conductor Three Phase Line
Bundled Conductor Three Phase Line

1 // C h a p t e r 2
2 // Example 2 . 7
3 // p a g e 69
4 //To f i n d i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e o f f o r t h e t h r e e p h a s e
bundled conductors
5 clear ; clc ;
6 r =0.01725; // r a d i u s o f e a c h c o n d u c t o r
7 // from t h e f i g u r e we can d e c l a r e t h e d i s t a n c e s
8 d =7;
9 s =0.4;
10 // Mutual GMD b e t w e e n b u n d l e s o f p h a s e s a and b
11 Dab =( d *( d + s ) *( d - s ) * d ) ^(1/4) ;
12 // Mutual GMD b e t w e e n b u n d l e s o f p h a s e s b and c
13 Dbc = Dab ; // by symmetry
14 // Mutual GMD b e t w e e n b u n d l e s o f p h a s e s c and a
15 Dca =(2* d *(2* d + s ) *(2* d - s ) *2* d ) ^(1/4) ;
16 // E q u i v a l e n t GMD i s c a l c u l a t e d a s
17 Deq =( Dab * Dbc * Dca ) ^(1/3) ;
18 // s e l f GMD i s g i v e n by
19 Ds =(0.7788*1.725*10^( -2) *0.4*0.7788*1.725*10^( -2)
*0.4) ^(1/4) ;
20 // I n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e i s g i v e n by
21 Xl =2* %pi *50*10^( -3) *0.461* log10 ( Deq / Ds ) ; // 10( 3)
b e c a u s e p e r km i s a s k e d
22 printf ( \n\ nMutual GMD b e t w e e n b u n d l e s o f p h a s e s a
and b = %0 . 3 fm\n\n , Dab ) ;
23 printf ( Mutual GMD b e t w e e n b u n d l e s o f p h a s e s b and c
= %0 . 3 fm\n\n , Dbc ) ;

21
24 printf ( Mutual GMD b e t w e e n b u n d l e s o f p h a s e s c and a
= %0 . 3 fm\n\n , Dca ) ;
25 printf ( E q u i v a l e n t GMD = %0 . 3 fm\n\n , Deq ) ;
26 printf ( S e l f GMD o f t h e b u n d l e s = %0 . 3 fm\n\n , Ds ) ;
27 printf ( I n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e = %0 . 3 f ohms /
km\n\n , Xl ) ;
28
29 // now l e t u s compute r e a c t a n c e when c e n t e r t o
c e n t e r r d i s t a n c e s are used
30 Deq1 =( d * d *2* d ) ^(1/3) ;
31 Xl1 =2* %pi *50*0.461*10^( -3) * log10 ( Deq1 / Ds ) ;
32 printf ( \n When r a d i u s o f c o n d u c t o r s a r e n e g l e c t e d
and o n l y d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r s a r e used , we
g e t b e l o w r e s u l t s : \ n\n ) ;
33 printf ( E q u i v a l e n t mean d i s t a n c e i s = %f\n\n , Deq1 ) ;
34 printf ( I n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e = %0 . 3 f ohms /
km\n\n , Xl1 ) ;
35
36 // when b u n d l e o f c o n d u c t o r s a r e r e p l a c e d by an
equivalent s i n g l e conductor
37 cond_dia = sqrt (2) *1.725*10^( -3) ; // c o n d u c t o r d i a m e t e r
f o r same c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
38 Xl2 =2* %pi *50*0.461*10^( -3) * log10 ( Deq1 / cond_dia ) ;
39 printf ( \nWhen b u n d l e o f c o n d u c t o r s a r e r e p l a c e d by
an e q u i v a l e n t s i n g l e c o n d u c t o r : \ n\n ) ;
40 printf ( I n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e = %0 . 3 f ohms /
km\n\n , Xl2 ) ;
41 percentage_increase =(( Xl2 - Xl1 ) / Xl1 ) *100;
42 printf ( T h i s i s %0 . 2 f h i g h e r t h a n c o r r e s p o n d i n g
value f o r a bundled conductor l i n e . ,
percentage_increase ) ;

22
 Chapter 3

Capacitance of Transmission
Lines

Scilab code Exa 3.1 Capacitance of a single phase line

Capacitance of a single phase line

1 // C h a p t e r 3
2 // Example 3 . 1
3 // p a g e 87
4 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e c a p a c i t a n c e t o n e u t r a l o f a
s i n g l e phase l i n e
5 clear ; clc ;
6 r =0.328; // r a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r s
7 D =300; // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e c o n d u c t o r s
8 h =750; // h e i g h t o f t h e c o n d u c t o r s
9
10 // c a l c u l a t i n g c a p a c i t a n c e n e g l e c t i n g t h e p r e s e n c e o f
ground
11 // u s i n g Eq ( 3 . 6 )
12 Cn =(0.0242/( log10 ( D / r ) ) ) ;
13 printf ( \ n C a p a c i t a n c e t o n e u t r a l /km o f t h e g i v e n
s i n g l e phase l i n e n e g l e c t i n g p r e s e n c e of the
e a r t h ( u s i n g Eq 3 . 6 ) i s = %0 . 5 f uF/km\n\n , Cn ) ;

23
14
15 // u s i n g Eq ( 3 . 7 )
16 Cn =(0.0242) / log10 (( D /(2* r ) ) +(( D ^2) /(4* r ^2) -1) ^0.5) ;
17 printf ( C a p a c i t a n c e t o n e u t r a l /km o f t h e g i v e n
s i n g l e phase l i n e n e g l e c t i n g p r e s e n c e of the
e a r t h ( u s i n g Eq 3 . 7 ) i s = %0 . 5 f uF/km\n\n , Cn ) ;
18
19 // C o n s u d e r i n g t h e e f f e c t o f e a r t h and n e g l e c t i n g t h e
non u n i f o r m i t y o f t h e c h a r g e
20 Cn =(0.0242) / log10 ( D /( r *(1+(( D ^2) /(4* h ^2) ) ) ^0.5) ) ;
21 printf ( C a p a c i t a n c e t o n e u t r a l /km o f t h e g i v e n
s i n g l e phase l i n e c o n s i d e r i n g the p r e s e n c e o f the
e a r t h and n e g l e c t i n g non u n i f o r m i t y o f c h a r g e
d i s t r i b u t i o n ( u s i n g Eq 3 . 2 6 b ) i s = %0 . 5 f uF/km\n\
n , Cn ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.2 Charging current of a threephase line

Charging current of a threephase line

1 // C h a p t e r 3
2 // Example 3 . 2
3 // p a g e 88
4 //To c l a c u l a t e t h e c a p a c i t a n c e t o n e u t r a l and
charging c u r r e n t o f a t h r e e phase t r a n s m i s s i o n
line
5 clear ; clc ;
6 d =350; // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n a d j a c e n t l i n e s
7 r =1.05/2; // r a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
8 v =110 e3 ; // l i n e v o l t a g e ;
9 f =50;
10
11 Deq =( d * d *2* d ) ^(1/3) ; //GMD o r e q u i v a l e n t

24
12
13 Cn =(0.0242/ log10 ( Deq / r ) ) ;
14
15 Xn =1/(2* %pi * f * Cn *10^( -6) ) ; // Cn i s i n uF h e n c e we
add 1 0 6 w h i l e p r i n t i n g
16
17 Ic =( v / sqrt (3) ) / Xn ;
18
19 printf ( \ n C a p a c i t a n c e t o n e u t r a l i s = %f uF/km\n\n ,
Cn ) ;
20 printf ( C a p a c i t i v e r e c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i s = %f ohm/
km t o n e u t r a l \n\n , Xn ) ;
21 printf ( C h a r g i n g C u r r e n t = %0 . 2 f A/km\n\n , Ic ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.3 Double circuit three phase transmission line

Double circuit three phase transmission line

1 // C h a p t e r 3
2 // Example 3 . 3
3 // p a g e 88
4 //To c l a c u l a t e t h e c a p a c i t a n c e t o n e u t r a l and
charging c u r r e n t o f a double c i r c u i t t h r e e phase
transmission line
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 // A f t e r d e r i v i n g t h e e q u a t i o n f o r Cn from t h e
t e x t b o o k and s t a r t i n g c a l c u l a t i o n from Eq 3 . 3 6
onwards
8
9 r =0.865*10^( -2) ; frequency =50; v =110 e3 ;
10 h =6; d =8; j =8; // R e f e r r i n g t o f i g g i v e n i n t h e
textbook

25
11
12 i =(( j /2) ^2+(( d - h ) /2) ^2) ^(1/2) ;
13 f =( j ^2+ h ^2) ^(1/2) ;
14 g =(7^2+4^2) ^(1/2) ;
15
16
17 Cn =4* %pi *8.85*10^( -12) /( log (((( i ^2) *( g ^2) * j * h ) /(( r
^3) *( f ^2* d ) ) ) ^(1/3) ) ) ;
18
19 Cn = Cn *1000 ; //Cn i s i n p e r m. t o c o n v e r t i t t o p e r
km , we m u l t i p l y by 1 0 0 0
20 WCn =2* %pi * frequency * Cn ;
21
22 Icp =( v / sqrt (3) ) * WCn ;
23
24 Icc = Icp /2;
25
26 printf ( \ n T o t a l c a p a c i t a n c e t o n e u t r a l f o r two
c o n d u c t o r s i n p a r a l l e l = %0 . 6 f uF/km \n\n , Cn
*10^(6) ) ;
27 printf ( C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t / p h a s e = %0 . 3 f A/km \n\n ,
Icp ) ;
28 printf ( C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t / c o n d u c t o r = %0 . 4 f A/km \n\n
, Icc ) ;

26
 Chapter 4

Representation of Power
System Components

Scilab code Exa 4.1 Per Unit Reactance Diagram

Per Unit Reactance Diagram

1 // C h a p t e r 4
2 // Example 4 . 1
3 // p a g e 103
4 // t o draw t h e p e r u n i t r e a c t a n c e d i a g r a m
5 clear ; clc ;
6 mvab =30; kvb =33; //MVA b a s e and KVA b a s e a r e
selected
7
8 gen1_mva =30; gen1_kv =10.5; gen1_x =1.6; // G e n e r a t o r
No . 1 d e t a i l s
9 gen2_mva =15; gen2_kv =6.6; gen2_x =1.2; // G e n e r a t o r
No . 2 d e t a i l s
10 gen3_mva =25; gen3_kv =6.6; gen3_x =0.56; // G e n e r a t o r
No . 3 d e t a i l s
11
12 t1_mva =15; t1_hv =33; t1_lv =11; t1_x =15.2; //
T r a n s f o r m e r T1 d e t a i l s

27
13 t2_mva =15; t2_hv =33; t2_lv =6.2; t2_x =16; //
T r a n s f o r m e r T1 d e t a i l s
14
15 tl_x =20.5; // T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e r e c a t a n c e
16
17 // Loads a r e n e g l e c t e d a s s a i d i n t h e p r o b l e m
18
19 tl_pu =( tl_x * mvab ) / kvb ^2;
20 t1_pu =( t1_x * mvab ) / kvb ^2;
21 t2_pu =( t2_x * mvab ) / kvb ^2;
22 gen1_kv_base = t1_lv ;
23 gen1_pu =( gen1_x * mvab ) / gen1_kv_base ^2;
24 gen2_kv_base = t2_lv ;
25 gen2_pu =( gen2_x * mvab ) / gen2_kv_base ^2;
26 gen3_pu =( gen3_x * mvab ) / gen2_kv_base ^2;
27
28 // d i p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t s on c o n s o l e
29
30 printf ( Per u n i t i m p e d a n c e o f t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e
g i v e n power s y s t e m a r e a s f o l l o w s : \ n\n ) ;
31
32 printf ( T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e : %0 . 3 f \n\n , tl_pu ) ;
33
34 printf ( T r a n s f o r m e r T1 : %0 . 3 f \n\n , t1_pu ) ;
35
36 printf ( T r a n s f o r m e r T2 : %0 . 3 f \n\n , t2_pu ) ;
37
38 printf ( G e n e r a t o r 1 : %0 . 3 f \n\n , gen1_pu ) ;
39
40 printf ( G e n e r a t o r 2 : %0 . 3 f \n\n , gen2_pu ) ;
41
42 printf ( G e n e r a t o r 3 : %0 . 3 f \n\n , gen3_pu ) ;

28
 Scilab code Exa 4.2 Per Unit Calculation

Per Unit Calculation

1 // C h a p t e r 4
2 // Example 4 . 2
3 // p a g e 104
4 // To draw t h e p e r u n i t r e a c t a n c e d i a g r a m when pu
v a l u e s a r e s p e c i f i e d b a s e d on e u i p m e n t r a t i n g
5 clear ; clc ;
6 mvab =30; kvb =11; //MVA b a s e and KVA b a s e a r e
s e l e c t e d in the c i r c u i t of generator 1
7
8 gen1_mva =30; gen1_kv =10.5; gen1_x =0.435; //
G e n e r a t o r No . 1 d e t a i l s
9 gen2_mva =15; gen2_kv =6.6; gen2_x =0.413; // G e n e r a t o r
No . 2 d e t a i l s
10 gen3_mva =25; gen3_kv =6.6; gen3_x =0.3214; //
G e n e r a t o r No . 3 d e t a i l s
11
12 t1_mva =15; t1_hv =33; t1_lv =11; t1_x =0.209; //
T r a n s f o r m e r T1 d e t a i l s
13 t2_mva =15; t2_hv =33; t2_lv =6.2; t2_x =0.220; //
T r a n s f o r m e r T1 d e t a i l s
14
15 tl_x =20.5; // T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e r e c a t a n c e
16
17 // Loads a r e n e g l e c t e d a s s a i d i n t h e p r o b l e m
18
19 tl_pu =( tl_x * mvab ) / t1_hv ^2;
20 t1_pu = t1_x *( mvab / t1_mva ) ;
21 t2_pu = t2_x *( mvab / t2_mva ) ;
22 gen1_pu = gen1_x *( mvab / gen1_mva ) *( gen1_kv / kvb ) ^2;
23 gen2_kv_base = t2_lv ;
24 gen2_pu = gen2_x *( mvab / gen2_mva ) *( gen2_kv / gen2_kv_base
) ^2;
25 gen3_kv_base = t2_lv ;

29
26 gen3_pu = gen3_x *( mvab / gen3_mva ) *( gen3_kv / gen3_kv_base
) ^2;
27
28 // d i p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t s on c o n s o l e
29
30 printf ( Per u n i t i m p e d a n c e o f t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e
g i v e n power s y s t e m a r e a s f o l l o w s : \ n\n ) ;
31
32 printf ( T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e : %0 . 3 f \n\n , tl_pu ) ;
33
34 printf ( T r a n s f o r m e r T1 : %0 . 3 f \n\n , t1_pu ) ;
35
36 printf ( T r a n s f o r m e r T2 : %0 . 3 f \n\n , t2_pu ) ;
37
38 printf ( G e n e r a t o r 1 : %0 . 3 f \n\n , gen1_pu ) ;
39
40 printf ( G e n e r a t o r 2 : %0 . 3 f \n\n , gen2_pu ) ;
41
42 printf ( G e n e r a t o r 3 : %0 . 3 f \n\n , gen3_pu ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.3 Excitation EMF and Reactive Power Calculation

Excitation EMF and Reactive Power Calculation

1 // Taking Base v a l u e MVA and KVA

2 clear ; clc ;
3 mvab =645; // Base MVA i n 3 p h a s e
4 kvb =24; // Base KV, l i n e to l i n e
5
6 vl =24/ kvb ; // Load v o l t a g e
7 xs =1.2;
8 xs =( xs * mvab ) / kvb ^2; // x s c o n v e r t e d t o i t s pu
9

30
10 // s i n c e t h e g e n e r a t o r i s o p e r a t i n g a t f u l l l o a d &
0.9 pf
11 pf_angle = acos (0.9) ;
12 Ia =1*( cos ( pf_angle ) - %i * sin ( pf_angle ) ) ; // l o a d
current
13 // t o f i n d e x c i t a t i o n emf
14 ef = vl + %i * xs * Ia ;
15 delta = atand ( imag ( ef ) / real ( ef ) ) ; // p o s i t i v e f o r
leading
16 ef = abs ( ef ) * kvb ; // pu t o a c t u a l u n i t c o n v e r s i o n
17 if ( delta >0) then lead_lag = l e a d i n g ;
18 else lead_lag = l a g g i n g ;
19 end
20 printf ( E x c i t a t i o n emf= %0 . 2 f kV a t an a n g l e %0 . 3 f (
%s ) \n\n ,ef , delta , lead_lag ) ;
21 // t o f i n d r e a c t i v e power drawn by l o a d
22 Q = vl * abs ( imag ( Ia ) ) ;
23 Q = Q * mvab ; // pu t o a c t u a l u n i t c o n v e r s i o n
24 printf ( R e a c t i v e power drawn by l a o d= %d MVAR ,Q ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.4 Power Factor And Load Angle Calculation

Power Factor And Load Angle Calculation

1 // Taking Base v a l u e MVA and KVA

2 clear ; clc ;
3 global mvab
4 mvab =645; // Base MVA i n 3 p h a s e
5 kvb =24; // Base KV, l i n e to l i n e
6 vt =24/ kvb ; // T e r m i n a l v o l t a g e
7 xs =1.2;
8 xs =( xs * mvab ) / kvb ^2; // x s c o n v e r t e d t o i t s pu
9

31
10 // s i n c e t h e g e n e r a t o r i s o p e r a t i n g a t f u l l l o a d &
0.9 pf
11 pf_angle = acos (0.9) ;
12 Ia =1*( cos ( pf_angle ) - %i * sin ( pf_angle ) ) ; // l o a d
current
13 // t o f i n d e x c i t a t i o n emf
14 ef = vt + %i * xs * Ia ;
15 ef = abs ( ef ) ;
16 P =1*0.9; // a t F u l l l o a d
17
18 // / / / / / w r i t i n g an i n l i n e f u n c t i o n / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
19 function [ pf , lead_lag , Q ]= excitation_change (P , ef , vt ,
xs )
20 sin_delta =( P * xs ) /( ef * vt ) ;
21 delta = asind ( sin_delta ) ;
22 ef0 = ef *( cosd ( delta ) +( %i * sind ( delta ) ) ) ;
23 Ia =( ef0 - vt ) /( %i * xs ) ;
24 Ia_mag = abs ( Ia ) ; Ia_ang = atand ( imag ( Ia ) / real ( Ia ) ) ; //
Magnitude and a n g l e o f I a
25 pf = cosd ( abs ( Ia_ang ) ) ;
26 if ( Ia_ang >0) then lead_lag = l e a d i n g ;
27 elseif ( Ia_ang ==0) then lead_lag = u n i t y p f
28 else lead_lag = l a g g i n g ;
29 end
30 Q = vt * Ia_mag * sind ( abs ( Ia_ang ) ) ;
31 Q = abs ( Q ) * mvab ;
32 endfunction
33 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////

34
35
36 // F i r s t Case when Ef i s i n c r e a s e d by 20% a t same
r e a l l o a d now
37 ef1 = ef *1.2;
38 [ pf1 , lead_lag1 , Q1 ]= excitation_change (P , ef1 , vt , xs ) ;
39 disp ( Case ( i ) : When Ef i s i n c r e a s e d by 20% ) ;
40 printf ( \n\ tPower f a c t o r p f= %0 . 2 f %s \n ,pf1 ,

32
 lead_lag1 ) ;
41 printf ( \ t R e a c t i v e power drawn by t h e l o a d = %0 . 1 f
MVAR \n , Q1 ) ;
42
43 // S e c o n d Case when Ef i s d e c r e a s e d by 20% a t same
r e a l l o a d now
44 ef2 = ef *0.8;
45 [ pf2 , lead_lag2 , Q2 ]= excitation_change (P , ef2 , vt , xs ) ;
46 disp ( Case ( i i ) : When Ef i s d e c r e a s e d by 20% ) ;
47 printf ( \n\ tPower f a c t o r p f= %0 . 2 f %s \n ,pf2 ,
lead_lag2 ) ;
48 printf ( \ t R e a c t i v e power drawn by t h e l o a d = %0 . 1 f
MVAR \n , Q2 ) ;
49
50 disp ( The a n s w e r s g i v e n h e r e a r e e x a c t v a l u e s .
Textbook a n s w e r s h a s an a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f u p t o 2
d e c i m a l p l a c e s on Xs , Ia , p f . ) ;

33
 Chapter 5

Characteristics and
Performance of Power
Transmission Lines

Scilab code Exa 5.1 SendingEnd voltage and voltage regulation

SendingEnd voltage and voltage regulation

1 // C h a p t e r 5
2 // Example 5 . 1
3 // p a g e 132
4 //To f i n d s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e and v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n
5 clc ; clear ;
6
7 load1 =5000; //kW
8 pf =0.707;
9 Vr =10000; // r e c e i v i n g end v o l t a g e
10 R =0.0195*20;
11 X =2* %pi *50*0.63*10^ -3*20;
12
13 // t o f i n d s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e and v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n
14 I = load1 *1000/( Vr * pf ) ;
15 Vs = Vr + I *( R * pf + X * sin ( acos ( pf ) ) ) ;

34
16 voltage_regulation =( Vs - Vr ) *100/ Vr ;
17 printf ( \n\ n R e c e i v i n g c u r r e n t =I=%d A\n ,I ) ;
18 printf ( S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e =Vs=%d V\n , Vs ) ;
19 printf ( V o l t a g e R e g u l a t i o n=%0 . 2 f %% ,
voltage_regulation ) ;
20
21 // t o f i n d t h e v a l u e o f t h e c a p a c i t o r t o be c o n n e c t e d
in p a r a l l e l to the load
22 voltage_regulation_desi = voltage_regulation /2;
23 Vs =( voltage_regulation_desi /100) * Vr + Vr ;
24 // by s o l v i n g t h e e q u a t i o n s ( i ) and ( i i )
25 pf =0.911;
26 Ir =549;
27 Ic =( Ir *( pf - %i * sin ( acos ( pf ) ) ) ) -(707*(0.707 - %i *0.707) )
;
28 Xc =( Vr / imag ( Ic ) ) ;
29 c =(2* %pi *50* Xc ) ^ -1;
30 printf ( \n\ n C a p a c i t a n c e t o be c o n n e c t e d a c r o s s t h e
l o a d s o a s t o r e d u c e v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n by h a l f
o f t h e a b o v e v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n i s g i v e n by : \ n C
= %d uF\n ,c *10^6) ;
31
32 // t o f i n d e f f i c i e n c y i n b o t h t h e c a s e s
33 // c a s e ( i )
34 losses = I * I * R *10^ -3;
35 n =( load1 /( load1 + losses ) ) *100;
36 printf ( \n E f f i c i e n c y i n : \ nCase ( i ) \ t n=%0 . 1 f%% ,n
);
37 // c a a s e ( i i )
38 losses = Ir * Ir * R *10^ -3;
39 n =( load1 /( load1 + losses ) ) *100;
40 printf ( \ nCase ( i i ) \ t n=%0 . 1 f%% ,n ) ;

35
 Scilab code Exa 5.2 Voltage at the power station end
Voltage at the power station end

1 // C h a p t e r 5
2 // Example 5 . 2
3 // p a g e 134
4 //To f i n d v o l t a g e a t t h e bus a t t h e power s t a t i o n
end
5 clc ; clear ;
6
7 base_MVA =5;
8 base_kV =33;
9 pf =0.85;
10 cable_impedance =(8+ %i *2.5) ;
11 cable_impedance = cable_impedance * base_MVA /( base_kV ^2)
;
12
13 transf_imp_star =(0.06+ %i *0.36) /3; // e q u i v a l e n t s t a r
impedance o f winding o f the t r a n s f o r m e r
14 Zt =( transf_imp_star *5/(6.6^2) ) +((0.5+ %i *3.75)
*5/(33^2) ) ;
15 total = cable_impedance +2* Zt ;
16
17 load_MVA =1;
18 load_voltage =6/6.6;
19 load_current =1/ load_voltage ;
20
21 Vs = load_voltage + load_current *( real ( total ) * pf + imag (
total ) * sin ( acos ( pf ) ) ) ;
22 Vs = Vs *6.6;
23 printf ( \n\ n C a b l e i m p e d a n c e= (%0 . 3 f+j%0 . 4 f ) pu \n ,
real ( cable_impedance ) , imag ( cable_impedance ) ) ;
24 printf ( \ n E q u i v a l e n t s t a r i m p e d a n c e o f 6 . 6 kV w i n d i n g
o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r =(%0 . 2 f+j%0 . 2 f ) pu \n , real (
transf_imp_star ) , imag ( transf_imp_star ) ) ;
25 printf ( \ nPer u n i t t r a n s f o r m e r impedance , Zt =(%0 . 4 f+
j%0 . 3 f ) pu \n , real ( Zt ) , imag ( Zt ) ) ;

36
26 printf ( \ n T o t a l s e r i e s i m p e d a n c e =(%0 . 3 f+j%0 . 3 f ) pu \n
, real ( total ) , imag ( total ) ) ;
27 printf ( \ n S e n d i n g end V o l t a g e =| Vs |=%0 . 2 fkV ( l i n e to
l i n e ) , Vs ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.3 Problem with mixed end condition

Problem with mixed end condition

1 // C h a p t e r 5
2 // Example 5 . 3
3 // p a g e 135
4 // p r o b l e m w i t h mixed end c o n d i t i o n
5 clc ; clear ;
6 Vr =3000; // r e c e i v i n g end v o l t a g e
7 pfs =0.8; // s e n d i n g end power f a c t o r
8 Ps =2000*10^3; // s e n d i n g end a c t i v e power
9 z =0.4+ %i *0.4; // s e r i e s i m p e d a n c e
10 Ss = Ps / pfs ; // s e n d i n g end VA
11 Qs = Ss * sqrt (1 - pfs ^2) ; // s e n d i n g end r e a c i v e power
12
13 // by s u b s t i t u t i n g a l l t h e v a l u e s t o t h e e q u a t i o n (
iii )
14 deff ( [ y ]= f x ( I ) , y=(Vr 2 ) ( I 2 ) +2Vr ( I 2 ) ( r e a l ( z )
( ( Psr e a l ( z ) ( I 2 ) ) / Vr )+imag ( z ) ( ( Qsimag ( z ) ( I
2 ) ) / Vr ) ) +( a b s ( z ) ) 2 ( I 4 ) ( S s 2 ) ) ;
15 I = fsolve (100 , fx ) ;
16
17 pfR =( Ps - real ( z ) *( I ^2) ) /( Vr * I ) ; // Cos ( p h i r )
18 Pr = Vr * I * pfR ;
19 Vs =( Ps /( I * pfs ) ) ;
20
21 printf ( \ nLoad C u r r e n t | I |= %0 . 2 f A ,I ) ;

37
22 printf ( \ nLoad Pr=%d W , Pr ) ;
23 printf ( \ n R e c e i v i n g end power f a c t o r =%0 . 2 f , pfR ) ;
24 printf ( \ n S u p p l y V o l t a g e=%0 . 2 fV , Vs ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.4 Medium Transmission line system

Medium Transmission line system

1 // C h a p t e r 5
2 // Example 5 . 4
3 // p a g e 138
4 // t o f i n d s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e and v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n
o f a medium t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s y s t e m
5 clear ; clc ;
6 D =300;
7 r =0.8;
8 L =0.461* log10 ( D /(0.7788* r ) ) ;
9 C =0.0242/( log10 ( D / r ) ) ;
10 R =0.11*250;
11 X =2* %pi *50* L *0.001*250;
12 Z = R + %i * X ;
13 Y = %i *2* %pi *50* C *0.000001*250;
14 Ir =((25*1000) /(132* sqrt (3) ) ) *( cosd ( -36.9) + %i * sind
( -36.9) ) ;
15 Vr =(132/ sqrt (3) ) ;
16 A =(1+( Y * Z /2) ) ;
17 Vs = A * Vr + Z * Ir *10^( -3) ;
18 printf ( \n\ nVs ( p e r p h a s e ) =(%0 . 2 f+%0 . 2 f ) kV , real ( Vs ) ,
imag ( Vs ) ) ;
19 Vs = abs ( Vs ) * sqrt (3) ;
20 printf ( \n\n | Vs | ( l i n e )=%d kV , Vs ) ;
21 Vr0 = Vs / abs ( A ) ;
22 printf ( \n\n | Vr0 | ( l i n e no l o a d )=%0 . 1 fkV , Vr0 ) ;

38
23 Vol_regu =( Vr0 -132) /132;
24 printf ( \n\ n V o l t a g e R e g u l a t i o n=%0 . 1 f%%\n\n , Vol_regu
*100) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.5 Maximum permissible length and and Frequency

Maximum permissible length and and Frequency

1 // C h a p t e r 5
2 // Example 5 . 5
3 // p a g e 147
4 // t o f i n d maximum p e r m i s s i b l e l e n g t h and and
frequency
5 clc ; clear ;
6 R =0.125*400;
7 X =0.4*400;
8 Y =2.8*(10^ -6) *400* %i ;
9 Z = R + X * %i ;
10
11 // ( i ) At nol o a d
12 A =1+( Y * Z /2) ;
13 C = Y *(1+ Y * Z /6) ;
14 VR_line =220000/ abs ( A ) ;
15 Is = abs ( C ) * VR_line / sqrt (3) ;
16 printf ( \n\n |VR| l i n e = %d kV , VR_line /1000) ;
17 printf ( \n | I s | = %d A , Is ) ;
18
19 // ( i i ) t o f i n d maximum p e r m i s s i b l e l e n g t h
20 //By s o l v i n g t h e e q u a t i o n s shown i n t h e book , we g e t
21 l = sqrt ((1 -0.936) /(0.56*10^( -6) ) ) ;
22 printf ( \n\n Maximum p e r m i s s i b l e l e n g t h o f t h e l i n e
= %d km ,l ) ;
23

39
24 // ( i i i ) t o f i n d maximum p e r m i s s i b l e f r e q u e n c y f o r
the case ( i )
25 //By s o l v i n g t h e e q u a t i o n s shown i n t h e book , we g e t
26 f = sqrt (((1 -0.88) *50*50) /(0.5*1.12*10^ -3*160) ) ;
27 printf ( \n\n Maximum p e r m i s s i b l e f r e q u e n c y = %0 . 1 f
Hz\n\n ,f ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.6 Incident and Reflected voltages

Incident and Reflected voltages

1 // C h a p t e r 5
2 // Example 5 . 6
3 // p a g e 149
4 // t o f i n d i n c i d e n t and r e f l e c t e d v o l t a g e s
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 R =0.125;
8 X =0.4;
9 y = %i *2.8*10^( -6) ;
10 z = R + %i * X ;
11
12 r = sqrt ( y * z ) ; // p r o p o g a t i o n c o n s t a n t
13 a = real ( r ) ; // a t t e n u a t i o n c o n s t a n t
14 b = imag ( r ) ; // p h a s e c o n s t a n t
15
16 // ( a ) At t h e r e c e i v i n g end ;
17 Vr =220000;
18 Inci_vol = Vr /( sqrt (3) *2) ;
19 Refl_vol = Vr /( sqrt (3) *2) ;
20 printf ( \n\ n I n c i d e n t V v o l t a g e=%0 . 2 f kV , Inci_vol
/1000) ;

40
21 printf ( \ n R e f l e c t e d V v o l t a g e=%0 . 2 f kV , Refl_vol
/1000) ;
22
23 // ( b ) At 200km from t h e r e c e i v i n g end
24 x =200;
25 Inci_vol = Inci_vol * exp ( a * x ) * exp ( %i * b * x ) ;
26 Refl_vol = Refl_vol * exp ( - a * x ) * exp ( - %i * b * x ) ;
27 printf ( \n\ n I n c i d e n t v o l t a g e=%0 . 2 f @ %0 . 1 f deg kV ,
abs ( Inci_vol ) /1000 , atand ( imag ( Inci_vol ) / real (
Inci_vol ) ) ) ;
28 printf ( \ n R e f l e c t e d v o l t a g e=%0 . 2 f @ %0 . 1 f deg kV ,
abs ( Refl_vol ) /1000 , atand ( imag ( Refl_vol ) / real (
Refl_vol ) ) ) ;
29
30 // ( c ) R e s u l t a n t v o l t a g e a t 200km from t h e r e c e i v i n g
end
31 res = Inci_vol + Refl_vol ;
32 printf ( \n\ n R e s u l t a n t l i n e to l i n e v o l t a g e a t 200km
=%0 . 2 f kV , abs ( res ) * sqrt (3) /1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.7 Tabulate characteristics using different methods

Tabulate characteristics using different methods

1 // C h a p t e r 5
2 // Example 5 . 7
3 // p a g e 138
4 // t o t a b u l a t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a s y s t e m u s i n g
d i f f e r e n t methods
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 Z =40+125* %i ;
8 Y = %i *10^( -3) ;

41
 9 Ir =((50*10^6) /(220000*0.8* sqrt (3) ) ) *( cosd ( -36.9) + %i *
sind ( -36.9) ) ;
10 Vr =220000/ sqrt (3) ;
11
12 // ( a ) S h o r t l i n e a p p r o x i m a t i o n
13 Vs = Vr + Ir * Z ;
14 Vs_line1 = Vs * sqrt (3) ;
15 Is1 = Ir ;
16 pfs1 = cos ( atan ( imag ( Vs ) / real ( Vs ) ) + acos (0.8) ) ;
17 Ps1 = sqrt (3) * abs ( Vs_line1 ) * abs ( Is1 ) * pfs1 ;
18
19 // ( b ) Nominal p i method
20 A =1+ Y * Z /2;
21 D=A;
22 B=Z;
23 C = Y *(1+ Y * Z /4) ;
24 Vs = A * Vr + B * Ir ;
25 Is2 = C * Vr + D * Ir ;
26 Vs_line2 = sqrt (3) * Vs ;
27 pfs2 = cos ( atan ( imag ( Is2 ) / real ( Is2 ) ) - atan ( imag ( Vs ) /
real ( Vs ) ) ) ;
28 Ps2 = sqrt (3) * abs ( Vs_line2 ) * abs ( Is2 ) * pfs2 ;
29
30 // ( c ) Exact t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e e q u a t i o n s
31 rl = sqrt ( Z * Y ) ; // p r o p o g a t i o n c o n s t a n t
32 Zc = sqrt ( Z / Y ) ; // c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i m p e d a n c e
33 A = cosh ( rl ) ;
34 B = Zc * sinh ( rl ) ;
35 C = sinh ( rl ) / Zc ;
36 D = cosh ( rl ) ;
37 Vs = A * Vr + B * Ir ;
38 Is3 = C * Vr + D * Ir ;
39 Vs_line3 = sqrt (3) * Vs ;
40 pfs3 = cos ( atan ( imag ( Is3 ) / real ( Is3 ) ) - atan ( imag ( Vs ) /
real ( Vs ) ) ) ;
41 Ps3 = sqrt (3) * abs ( Vs_line3 ) * abs ( Is3 ) * pfs3 ;
42
43 // ( d ) A p p r o x i m a t i o n

42
44 A =(1+ Y * Z /2) ;
45 B = Z *(1+ Y * Z /6) ;
46 C = Y *(1+ Y * Z /6) ;
47 D=A;
48 Vs = A * Vr + B * Ir ;
49 Is4 = C * Vr + D * Ir ;
50 Vs_line4 = sqrt (3) * Vs ;
51 pfs4 = cos ( atan ( imag ( Is4 ) / real ( Is4 ) ) - atan ( imag ( Vs ) /
real ( Vs ) ) ) ;
52 Ps4 = sqrt (3) * abs ( Vs_line4 ) * abs ( Is4 ) * pfs4 ;
53
54 // c o n v e r t i n g a l l t h e v a l u e s t o t h e i r s t a n d a r d form
b e f o r e w r i t i n g i t to t a b l e
55
56 // v o l t a g e t o kV
57 Vs_line1 = abs ( Vs_line1 ) /1000;
58 Vs_line2 = abs ( Vs_line2 ) /1000;
59 Vs_line3 = abs ( Vs_line3 ) /1000;
60 Vs_line4 = abs ( Vs_line4 ) /1000;
61
62 // C u r r e n t t o kA
63 Is1 = Is1 /1000;
64 Is2 = Is2 /1000;
65 Is3 = Is3 /1000;
66 Is4 = Is4 /1000;
67
68 // power t o MW5
69 Ps1 = Ps1 /1000000;
70 Ps2 = Ps2 /1000000;
71 Ps3 = Ps3 /1000000;
72 Ps4 = Ps4 /1000000;
73
74 // p r e p a r i n f t a b l e
75 printf ( \n\
n
);
76 printf ( \n \t\ tShort l i n e \t\t Nominal
Pi \ t \ t Exact \ t \ t Approximation );

43
77 printf ( \
n
);
78 printf ( \n | Vs | l i n e \ t \ t%0 . 2 fkV \ t \ t %0 . 2 fkV \ t \
t %0 . 2 fkV \ t \ t %0 . 2 fkV , Vs_line1 , Vs_line2 ,
Vs_line3 , Vs_line4 ) ;
79 printf ( \ n I s \ t \ t%0 . 3 f@%0 . 1 f d e g kA \ t \ t%0 . 2 f@%0
. 1 f d e g kA\ t \ t%0 . 4 f@%0 . 1 f d e g kA\ t%0 . 2 f@%0 . 1 f d e g kA
, abs ( Is1 ) , tand ( imag ( Is1 ) / real ( Is1 ) ) , abs ( Is2 ) ,
tand ( imag ( Is2 ) / real ( Is2 ) ) , abs ( Is3 ) , tand ( imag ( Is3 )
/ real ( Is3 ) ) , abs ( Is4 ) , tand ( imag ( Is4 ) / real ( Is4 ) ) ) ;
80 printf ( \ n p f s \ t \ t%0 . 3 f l a g g i n g \ t \ t%0 . 3 f
l e a d i n g \ t \ t%0 . 3 f l e a d i n g \ t \ t%0 . 3 f l e a d i n g , pfs1
, pfs2 , pfs3 , pfs4 ) ;
81 printf ( \ nPs \ t \ t%0 . 2 f MW \ t \ t%0 . 2 f MW
\ t \ t%0 . 2 f MW \ t \ t%0 . 2 f MW ,Ps1 , Ps2 , Ps3 , Ps4 ) ;
82 printf ( \
n
\n\n\n ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.8 Torque angle and Station powerfactor

Torque angle and Station powerfactor

1 // C h a p t e r 5
2 // Example 5 . 8
3 // p a g e 162
4 // t o e s t i m a t e t h e t o r q u e a n g l e and s t a t i o n
powerfactor
5 clear ; clc ;
6 Sd1 =15+ %i *5;
7 Sd2 =25+ %i *15;
8 // c a s e ( a ) c a b l e i m p e d a n c e=j 0 . 0 5 pu

44
 9 r =0;
10 x = %i *0.05;
11 PG1 =20;
12 PG2 =20;
13 Ps =5; Pr =5;
14 V1 =1;
15 V2 =1;
16 d1 = asind ( Ps * abs ( x ) /( V1 * V2 ) ) ; // d e l t a 1
17 V1 = V1 *( cosd ( d1 ) + %i * sind ( d1 ) ) ;
18 Qs =(( abs ( V1 ) ^2) / abs ( x ) ) -(( abs ( V1 ) * abs ( V2 ) ) * cosd ( d1 )
/( abs ( x ) ) ) ;
19 Qr =((( abs ( V1 ) * abs ( V2 ) ) * cosd ( d1 ) /( abs ( x ) ) ) -( abs ( V1 )
^2) / abs ( x ) ) ;
20 Ql = Qs - Qr ;
21 Ss = Ps + %i * Qs ;
22 Sr = Pr + %i * Qr ;
23 Sg1 = Sd1 + Ss ;
24 Sg2 = Sd2 - Sr ;
25 pf1 = cos ( atan ( imag ( Sg1 ) / real ( Sg1 ) ) ) ;
26 pf2 = cos ( atan ( imag ( Sg2 ) / real ( Sg2 ) ) ) ;
27 printf ( \n\ nCase ( a ) \ n T o t a l l o a d on s t a t i o n 1=%d+j%0 . 3
f pu , real ( Sg1 ) , imag ( Sg1 ) ) ;
28 printf ( \ nPower f a c t o r o f s t a t i o n 1=%0 . 3 f pu l a g g i n g
, pf1 ) ;
29 printf ( \n\ T o t a l l o a d on s t a t i o n 2=%d+j%0 . 3 f pu , real
( Sg2 ) , imag ( Sg2 ) ) ;
30 printf ( \ nPower f a c t o r o f s t a t i o n 2=%0 . 3 f pu l a g g i n g
, pf2 ) ;
31 // c a s e ( b ) c a b l e i m p e d a n c e =0.005+ j 0 . 0 5 ;
32 r =0.005;
33 PG1 =20;
34 V1 =1; V2 =1;
35 Ps =5;
36 // from t h e eq ( i ) i n t h e t e x t b o o k , we can c a l c u l a t e d1
37 z=r+x;
38 theta = atand ( imag ( z ) / real ( z ) ) ;
39 z = abs ( z ) ;
40 d1 = acosd ( z *( V1 ^2* cosd ( theta ) /z - Ps ) /( V1 * V2 ) ) - theta ;

45
41 Qs =( V1 ^2* sind ( theta ) / z ) -( V1 * V2 * sind ( theta + d1 ) / z ) ;
42 Qg1 =5+ Qs ;
43 Pr =( V1 * V2 * cosd ( theta - d1 ) / z ) -( V1 ^2* cosd ( theta ) / z ) ;
44 Pg2 =25 - Pr ;
45 Qr =( V1 * V2 * sind ( theta - d1 ) / z ) -( V1 ^2* sind ( theta ) / z ) ;
46 Qg2 =15 - Qr ;
47 Ss = Ps + %i * Qs ;
48 Sr = Pr + %i * Qr ;
49 Sg1 = Sd1 + Ss ;
50 Sg2 = Sd2 - Sr ;
51 pf1 = cos ( atan ( imag ( Sg1 ) / real ( Sg1 ) ) ) ;
52 pf2 = cos ( atan ( imag ( Sg2 ) / real ( Sg2 ) ) ) ;
53 printf ( \n\ nCase ( b ) \ n T o t a l l o a d on s t a t i o n 1=%d+j%0 . 3
f pu , real ( Sg1 ) , imag ( Sg1 ) ) ;
54 printf ( \ nPower f a c t o r o f s t a t i o n 1=%0 . 3 f pu l a g g i n g
, pf1 ) ;
55 printf ( \n\ T o t a l l o a d on s t a t i o n 2=%d+j%0 . 3 f pu , real
( Sg2 ) , imag ( Sg2 ) ) ;
56 printf ( \ nPower f a c t o r o f s t a t i o n 2=%0 . 3 f pu l a g g i n g \
n\n , pf2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.9 Power Voltage and Compensating equipment rating

Power Voltage and Compensating equipment rating

1 // C h a p t e r 5
2 // Example 5 . 9
3 // p a g e 165
4 // t o d e t e r m i n e power , v o l t a g e , c o m p e n s a t i n g e q u i p m e n t
rating
5 clear ; clc ;
6 A =0.85;
7 B =200;

46
 8
9 // c a s e ( a )
10 Vs =275000;
11 Vr =275000;
12 a =5; b =75; // a l p h a and b e t a
13 Qr =0;
14 // from e q u a t i o n 5 . 6 2
15 d =b - asind (( B /( Vs * Vr ) ) *( Qr +( A * Vr ^2* sind (b - a ) / B ) ) ) ; //
delta
16 Pr =( Vs * Vr * cosd (b - d ) / B ) -( A * Vr ^2* cosd (b - a ) / B ) ;
17 printf ( \n\ n c a s e ( a ) \ nPower a t u n i t y p o w e r f a c t o r t h a t
can be r e c e i v e d =%0 . 1 f MW , Pr /10^6) ;
18
19 // c a s e ( b )
20 Pr =150*10^6;
21 d =b - acosd (( B /( Vs * Vr ) ) *( Pr +( A * Vr ^2* cosd (b - a ) / B ) ) ) ; //
delta
22 Qr =( Vs * Vr * sind (b - d ) / B ) -( A * Vr ^2* sind (b - a ) / B ) ;
23 Qc = - Qr ;
24 printf ( \n\ n c a s e ( b ) \ n R a t i n g o f t h e c o m p e n s a t i n g
e q u i p m e n t = %0 . 2 f MVAR , Qc /10^6) ;
25 printf ( \ n i . e t h e c o m p e n s a t i n g e q u i p m e n t must f e e d
p o s i t i v e VARs i n t o t h e l i n e ) ;
26
27
28 // c a s e ( c )
29 Pr =150*10^6;
30 Vs =275000;
31 // by s o l v i n g t h e two c o n d i t i o n s g i v e n a s ( i ) and ( i i
) , we g e t
32 Vr =244.9*10^3;
33 printf ( \n\ n c a s e ( c ) \ n R e c e i v i n g end v o l t a g e = %0 . 1 f
kV , Vr /1000) ;

47
 Scilab code Exa 5.10 MVA rating of the shunt reactor
MVA rating of the shunt reactor

1 // C h a p t e r 5
2 // Example 5 . 1 0
3 // p a g e 170
4 //To d e t e r m i n e t h e MVA r a t i n g o f t h e s h u n t r e a c t o r
5 clear ; clc ;
6 v =275;
7 l =400;
8 R =0.035* l ;
9 X =2* %pi *50*1.1* l *10^ -3;
10 Z = R + %i * X ;
11 Y =2* %pi *50*0.012*10^ -6* l * %i ;
12 A =1+( Y * Z /2) ;
13 B=Z;
14 Vs =275;
15 Vr =275;
16 r =( Vs * Vr ) / abs ( B ) ;
17 Ce = abs ( A / B ) * Vr ^2;
18 printf ( R a d i u s o f t h e r e c e i v i n g end c i r c l e =%0 . 1 f MVA
\n\n ,r ) ;
19 printf ( L o c a t i o n o f t h e c e n t e r o f r e c e i v i n g end
c i r c l e = %0 . 1 f MVA\n\n , Ce ) ;
20 printf ( From t h e graph , 55 MVA s h u n t r e a c t o r i s
r e q u i r e d \n\n ) ;
21 theta =180+82.5;
22 x = -75:0.01:450;
23 a = Ce * cosd ( theta ) ; // t o draw t h e c i r c l e
24 b = Ce * sind ( theta ) ;
25 y = sqrt ( r ^2 -( x - a ) ^2) + b ;
26 x1 = a :0.001:0;
27 y1 = tand ( theta ) * x1 ;
28 plot (x ,y , x1 , y1 ) ;
29 title ( C i r c l e d i a g r a m f o r e x a m p l e 5 . 1 0 ) ;
30 xlabel ( MW ) ;
31 ylabel ( MVAR ) ;

48
 Figure 5.1: MVA rating of the shunt reactor

32 plot (a ,b , m a r k e r s i z e ,150) ;
33 xgrid (2)
34 set ( gca () , g r i d ,[0 ,0])
35 get ( c u r r e n t a x e s ) ;
36 xstring ( -75 ,25 , 55 MVAR ) ;
37 xstring ( -75 , -25 , 8 3 . 5 deg ) ;
38 xstring ( -20 , -300 , 4 8 7 . 6 MVA ) ;
39 xstring (300 , -100 , 5 4 4 . 3 MVA ) ;

49
 Scilab code Exa 5.11 SendingEnd voltage and maximum power delivered

SendingEnd voltage and maximum power delivered

1 // C h a p t e r 5
2 // Example 5 . 1 1
3 // p a g e 172
4 //To d e t e r m i n e s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e . maximum power
delivered
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 A =0.93*( cosd (1.5) + %i * sind (1.5) ) ;
8 B =115*( cosd (77) + %i * sind (77) ) ;
9 Vr =275;
10 Ce = abs ( A / B ) * Vr ^2;
11 printf ( C e n t r e o f t h e r e c e i v i n g end c i r c l e i s = %0 . 1
f MVA\n\n , Ce ) ;
12 CrP =850; Vs = CrP * abs ( B ) / Vr ;
13 printf ( ( a ) From t h e diagram , \ n\ tCrP=%d \n \ t S e n d i n g
end v o l t a g e | Vs |= %0 . 1 f kV\n\n ,CrP , Vs ) ;
14 Vs =295; // g i v e n
15 r =( Vs * Vr ) / abs ( B ) ;
16 Pr_m =556; // from t h e d i a g r a m
17 printf ( ( b ) R a d i u s o f t h e c i r c l e d i a g r a m = %0 . 1 f MVA
\n\ t PR max=%d MW\n\n ,r , Pr_m ) ;
18 Ps =295; // from t h e d i a g r a m ;
19 printf ( ( c ) A d d i t i o n a l MVA t o be drawn from t h e l i n e
i s = P S=%d MVAR\n\n , Ps ) ;

50
 Chapter 6

Load Flow Studies

Scilab code Exa 6.1 Ybus using singular transformation

Ybus using singular transformation

1 // C h a p t e r 6
2 // Example 6 . 1
3 // p a g e 195
4 //To Ybus u s i n g s i n g u l a r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
5
6 clear ; clc ;
7 printf ( L e t u s s o l v e t h i s p r o b l e m by g i v i n g v a l u e s
given in the t a b l e 6.1 instead of keeping i t in
v a r i a b l e s );
8
9 y10 =1; y20 =1; y30 =1; y40 =1;
10 y34 =2 - %i *6; y23 =0.666 - %i *2;
11 y12 =2 - %i *6; y24 =1 - %i *3;
12 y13 =1 - %i *3;
13
14 Y =[ y10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
15 0 y20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
16 0 0 y30 0 0 0 0 0 0;
17 0 0 0 y40 0 0 0 0 0;

51
18 0 0 0 0 y34 0 0 0 0;
19 0 0 0 0 0 y23 0 0 0;
20 0 0 0 0 0 0 y12 0 0;
21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y24 0;
22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y13 ];
23 A =[1 0 0 0;
24 0 1 0 0;
25 0 0 1 0;
26 0 0 0 1;
27 0 0 1 -1;
28 0 -1 1 0;
29 1 -1 0 0;
30 0 -1 0 1;
31 -1 0 1 0];
32 printf ( \n\n Ybus m a t r i x u s i n g singular
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e s y s t e m o f f i g . 6 . 2 i s \n
Ybus= ) ;
33 Y =A * Y * A ;
34 disp ( Y ) ;
35 // f o r v e r i f i c a t i o n l e t u s c a l c u l a t e a s g i v e n i n t h e
t e x t book
36 printf ( \n\n For v e r i f i c a t i o n , c a l c u l a t i n g Ybus
s u b s t i t u t i n g a s g i v e n i n t h e t e x t book \n Ybus (
v e r i f i a c t i o n )= ) ;
37 Yveri =[( y10 + y12 + y13 ) - y12 - y13 0; - y12 ( y20 + y12 + y23 +
y24 ) - y23 - y24 ; - y13 - y23 ( y30 + y13 + y23 + y34 ) - y34 ;0
- y24 - y34 ( y40 + y24 + y34 ) ];
38 disp ( Yveri ) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.2 Ybus of a sample system

Ybus of a sample system

52
 1 // C h a p t e r 6
2 // Example 6 . 2
3 // p a g e 195
4 //To Ybus o f s a m p l e s y s t e m
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 y10 =1; y20 =1; y30 =1; y40 =1;
8 y34 =2 - %i *6; y23 =0.666 - %i *2;
9 y12 =2 - %i *6; y24 =1 - %i *3;
10 y13 =1 - %i *3;
11
12 // t o form Ybus m a t r i x
13 Y11 = y13 ; Y12 =0; Y13 = - y13 ; Y14 =0;
14 Y21 =0; Y22 = y23 + y24 ; Y23 = - y23 ; Y24 = - y24 ;
15 Y31 = - y13 ; Y32 = - y23 ; Y33 = y13 + y23 + y34 ; Y34 = - y34 ;
16 Y41 =0; Y42 = - y24 ; Y43 = - y34 ; Y44 = y34 + y24 ;
17
18 // c a s e ( i ) l i n e shown d o t t e d i s n o t c o n n e c t e d
19 Ybus =[ Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 ;
20 Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 ;
21 Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 ;
22 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 ];
23 printf ( ( i ) Assuming t h a t t h e l i n e shown i s n o t
c o n n e c t e d \n Ybus= ) ; disp ( Ybus ) ;
24 // c a s e ( i i ) l i n e shown d o t t e d i s c o n n e c t e d
25 Y12 = Y12 - y12 ; Y21 = Y12 ;
26 Y11 = Y11 + y12 ;
27 Y22 = Y22 + y12 ;
28
29 Ybus =[ Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 ;
30 Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 ;
31 Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 ;
32 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 ];
33 printf ( \n\n ( i i ) Assuming t h a t t h e l i n e shown i s
c o n n e c t e d \n Ybus= ) ; disp ( Ybus ) ;

53
 Scilab code Exa 6.3 Approximate load flow solution

Approximate load flow solution

1 // C h a p t e r 6
2 // Example 6 . 3
3 // p a g e 201
4 //To f i n d an a p p r o x i m a t e l o a d f l o w s o l u t i o n
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

8 // Realdemand R e a c t i v e demand Real g e n e r a t i o n

Reactive generation Bus
9 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

10 Pd1 =1; Qd1 =0.5; Pg1 =0;

Qg1 =0; // i n i t i a l i z a t i o n 1
11 Pd2 =1; Qd2 =0.4; Pg2 =4;
Qg2 =0; // i n i t i a l i z a t i o n 2
12 Pd3 =2; Qd3 =1; Pg3 =0;
Qg3 =0; // i n i t i a l i z a t i o n 3
13 Pd4 =2; Qd4 =1; Pg4 =0;
Qg4 =0; // i n i t i a l i z a t i o n 4
14
15 Pg1 = Pd1 + Pd2 + Pd3 + Pd4 - Pg2 ;
16
17 // Ybus m a t r i x from t h e n e t w o r k
18 Ybus =[ -21.667* %i 5* %i 6.667* %i 10* %i ;
19 5* %i -21.667* %i 10* %i 6.667* %i ;

54
20 6.667* %i 10* %i -16.667* %i 0;
21 10* %i 6.667* %i 0 -16.667* %i ];
22 printf ( Ybus m a t r i x o f t h e s y s t e m i s g i v e n by \ nYbus
= ) ; disp ( Ybus ) ;
23 // a s g i v e n i n t h e t e x t book u s i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l o a d
f l o w e q u a t i o n s and s i m p l i f y i n g ( i i ) , ( i i i ) , ( i v )
24 // d e l t a m a t r i x ( x ) i s o f t h e from A x=B
25 A =[ -5 21.667 -10 -6.667;
26 -6.667 -10 16.667 0;
27 -10 -6.667 0 16.667
28 1 0 0 0];
29
30 B =[3; -2; -2;0];
31
32 delta = inv ( A ) * B ; // s o l v i n g f o r d e l t a
33 printf ( \ n D e l t a o f t h e s y s t e m i s g i v e n by \ n d e l t a (
r a d )= ) ; disp ( delta ) ;
34
35 Q1 = -5* cos ( delta (2 ,1) ) -6.667* cos ( delta (3 ,1) ) -10* cos (
delta (4 ,1) ) +21.667;
36 Q2 = -5* cos ( delta (2 ,1) ) -10* cos ( delta (3 ,1) - delta (2 ,1) )
-6.667* cos ( delta (4 ,1) - delta (2 ,1) ) +21.667;
37 Q3 = -6.667* cos ( delta (3 ,1) ) -10* cos ( delta (3 ,1) - delta
(2 ,1) ) +16.667;
38 Q4 = -10* cos ( delta (4 ,1) ) -6.667* cos ( delta (4 ,1) - delta
(2 ,1) ) +16.667;
39
40 Q =[ Q1 ; Q2 ; Q3 ; Q4 ];
41 printf ( \ n I n j e c t e d r e a c t i v e power a t t h e b u s e s i s
g i v e n by \ nQi ( i n pu )= ) ; disp ( Q ) ;
42
43 Qg1 = Q1 + Qd1 ;
44 Qg2 = Q2 + Qd2 ;
45 Qg3 = Q3 + Qd3 ;
46 Qg4 = Q4 + Qd4 ;
47
48 Qg =[ Qg1 ; Qg2 ; Qg3 ; Qg4 ];
49 printf ( \n R e a c t i v e power g e n e r a t i o n a t t h e f o u r

55
 b u s e s a r e \ nQgi ( i n pu )= ) ; disp ( Qg ) ;
50 Qd =[ Qd1 ; Qd2 ; Qd3 ; Qd4 ];
51 Ql = sum ( Qg ) - sum ( Qd ) ;
52 printf ( \ n R e a c t i v e power l o s s e s a r e QL=%0 . 5 f pu , Ql )
;
53
54 printf ( \n\ n L i n e Flows a r e g i v e n a s : \ n ) ;
55 P13 =( abs ( Ybus (1 ,3) ) ) * sin ( delta (1 ,1) - delta (3 ,1) ) ; P31
= - P13 ; printf ( \ nP13=P31=%0 . 3 f pu , P13 ) ;
56 P12 =( abs ( Ybus (1 ,2) ) ) * sin ( delta (1 ,1) - delta (2 ,1) ) ; P21
= - P12 ; printf ( \ nP12=P21=%0 . 3 f pu , P12 ) ;
57 P14 =( abs ( Ybus (1 ,4) ) ) * sin ( delta (1 ,1) - delta (4 ,1) ) ; P41
= - P14 ; printf ( \ nP14=P41=%0 . 3 f pu , P14 ) ;
58
59 Q13 = abs ( Ybus (1 ,3) ) -( abs ( Ybus (1 ,3) ) ) * cos ( delta (1 ,1) -
delta (3 ,1) ) ; Q31 = - Q13 ; printf ( \n\nQ13=Q31=%0 . 3 f
pu , Q13 ) ;
60 Q12 = abs ( Ybus (1 ,2) ) -( abs ( Ybus (1 ,2) ) ) * cos ( delta (1 ,1) -
delta (2 ,1) ) ; Q21 = - Q12 ; printf ( \nQ12=Q21=%0 . 3 f pu
, Q12 ) ;
61 Q14 = abs ( Ybus (1 ,4) ) -( abs ( Ybus (1 ,4) ) ) * cos ( delta (1 ,1) -
delta (4 ,1) ) ; Q41 = - Q14 ; printf ( \nQ14=Q41=%0 . 3 f pu
, Q14 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.4 Bus voltages using GS iterations

Bus voltages using GS iterations

1 // C h a p t e r 6
2 // Example 6 . 4
3 // p a g e 209
4 //To f i n d bus v o l t a g e s u s i n g GS i t e r a t i o n s
5 clear ; clc ;

56
 6
7 // Ybus m a t r i x from t h e n e t w o r k
8 Ybus =[3 -9* %i -2+6* %i -1+3* %i 0;
9 -2+6* %i 3.666 -11* %i -0.666+2* %i -1+3* %i
10 -1+3* %i -0.666+2* %i 3.666 -11* %i -2+6* %i
11 0 -1+3* %i -2+6* %i 3 -9* %i ]
12
13 //
////////////////////////////////////////////////////

14 // Pi Qi Vi Remarks Bus no
//
15 P1 =0; Q1 =0; V1 =1.04; // S l a c k bus 1
16 P2 =0.5; Q2 = -0.2; V2 =1; // PQbus 2
17 P3 = -1.0; Q3 =0.5; V3 =1; // PQbus 3
18 P4 =0.3; Q4 = -0.1; V4 =1; // PQbus 4
19 //
///////////////////////////////////////////////////

20
21 n =1;
22 for i =1: n
23 V2 =(1/ Ybus (2 ,2) ) *((( P2 - %i * Q2 ) / conj ( V2 ) ) - Ybus
(2 ,1) * V1 - Ybus (2 ,3) * V3 - Ybus (2 ,4) * V4 ) ;
24 V3 =(1/ Ybus (3 ,3) ) *((( P3 - %i * Q3 ) / conj ( V3 ) ) - Ybus
(3 ,1) * V1 - Ybus (3 ,2) * V2 - Ybus (3 ,4) * V4 ) ;
25 V4 =(1/ Ybus (4 ,4) ) *((( P4 - %i * Q4 ) / conj ( V4 ) ) - Ybus
(4 ,1) * V1 - Ybus (4 ,2) * V2 - Ybus (4 ,3) * V3 ) ;
26 end
27
28 printf ( \ nAt t h e end o f i t e r a t i o n %d t h e v o l t a g e s a t
t h e b u s e s a r e : \ n\nV1= ,n ) ; disp ( V1 ) ; printf ( pu ) ;
29 printf ( \n\n\nV2= ) ; disp ( V2 ) ; printf ( pu ) ;
30 printf ( \n\n\nV3= ) ; disp ( V3 ) ; printf ( pu ) ;
31 printf ( \n\n\nV4= ) ; disp ( V4 ) ; printf ( pu ) ;

57
 Scilab code Exa 6.5 Reactive power injected using GS iterations
Reactive power injected using GS iterations

1 // C h a p t e r 6
2 // Example 6 . 5
3 // p a g e 210
4 //To f i n d bus v o l t a g e s and R e a c t i v e power i n j e c t e d
u s i n g GS i t e r a t i o n s
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 // Ybus m a t r i x from t h e n e t w o r k
8 Ybus =[3 -9* %i -2+6* %i -1+3* %i 0;
9 -2+6* %i 3.666 -11* %i -0.666+2* %i -1+3* %i
10 -1+3* %i -0.666+2* %i 3.666 -11* %i -2+6* %i
11 0 -1+3* %i -2+6* %i 3 -9* %i ]
12
13 // Case ( i )
14
15 //
////////////////////////////////////////////////////

16 // Pi Qi Vi Remarks Bus no
//
17 P1 =0; Q1 =0; V1 =1.04; // S l a c k bus 1
18 P2 =0.5; Q2 =0.2; V2 =1.04; // PVbus 2
19 P3 = -1.0; Q3 =0.5; V3 =1; // PQbus 3
20 P4 =0.3; Q4 = -0.1; V4 =1; // PQbus 4
21 //
///////////////////////////////////////////////////

22 printf ( \ nCase ( i ) When 0.2 <Q2<1 pu and r u n n i n g f o r 1

i t e r a t i o n , we g e t \n\n ) ;

58
23 Q2min =0.2; Q2max =1;
24 n =1;
25
26 for i =1: n
27 if Q2 < Q2min then
28 Q2 = Q2min ;
29 V2 =(1/ Ybus (2 ,2) ) *((( P2 - %i * Q2 ) / conj ( V2 ) ) - Ybus
(2 ,1) * V1 - Ybus (2 ,3) * V3 - Ybus (2 ,4) * V4 ) ;
30 elseif Q2 > Q2max then
31 Q2 = Q2max ;
32 V2 =(1/ Ybus (2 ,2) ) *((( P2 - %i * Q2 ) / conj ( V2 ) ) -
Ybus (2 ,1) * V1 - Ybus (2 ,3) * V3 - Ybus (2 ,4) * V4 ) ;
33 else
34 Q2 = - imag ( conj ( V2 ) * Ybus (2 ,1) * V1 + conj ( V2 ) *(
Ybus (2 ,2) * V2 + Ybus (2 ,3) * V3 + Ybus (2 ,4) * V4 )
);
35 [ mag , delta2 ]= polar ((1/ Ybus (2 ,2) ) *((( P2 - %i *
Q2 ) /( conj ( V2 ) ) ) - Ybus (2 ,1) * V1 - Ybus (2 ,3) *
V3 - Ybus (2 ,4) * V4 ) ) ;
36 V2 = abs ( V2 ) *( cos ( delta2 ) + %i * sin ( delta2 ) ) ;
37 end
38 V3 =(1/ Ybus (3 ,3) ) *((( P3 - %i * Q3 ) / conj ( V3 ) ) - Ybus
(3 ,1) * V1 - Ybus (3 ,2) * V2 - Ybus (3 ,4) * V4 ) ;
39 V4 =(1/ Ybus (4 ,4) ) *((( P4 - %i * Q4 ) / conj ( V4 ) ) - Ybus
(4 ,1) * V1 - Ybus (4 ,2) * V2 - Ybus (4 ,3) * V3 ) ;
40 end
41
42 printf ( Q2= ) ; disp ( Q2 ) ; printf ( pu ) ;
43 printf ( \n\n\ n d e l t a 2= ) ; disp ( abs ( delta2 ) ) ; printf (
rad );
44 printf ( \n\n\nV1= ) ; disp ( V1 ) ; printf ( pu ) ;
45 printf ( \n\n\nV2= ) ; disp ( V2 ) ; printf ( pu ) ;
46 printf ( \n\n\nV3= ) ; disp ( V3 ) ; printf ( pu ) ;
47 printf ( \n\n\nV4= ) ; disp ( V4 ) ; printf ( pu ) ;
48
49
50 // c a s e ( i i )
51

59
52 printf ( \n\n\ nCase ( i i ) When 0.25 <Q2<1 pu and r u n n i n g
f o r 1 i t e r a t i o n , we g e t \n\n ) ;
53
54 //
////////////////////////////////////////////////////

55 // Pi Qi Vi Remarks Bus no
//
56 P1 =0; Q1 =0; V1 =1.04; // S l a c k bus 1
57 P2 =0.5; V2 =1.04; // PVbus 2
58 P3 = -1.0; Q3 =0.5; V3 =1; // PQbus 3
59 P4 =0.3; Q4 = -0.1; V4 =1; // PQbus 4
60 //
///////////////////////////////////////////////////

61
62 Q2min =0.25; Q2max =1;
63 n =1;
64
65 for i =1: n
66 if Q2 < Q2min then
67 Q2 = Q2min ;
68 V2 =(1/ Ybus (2 ,2) ) *((( P2 - %i * Q2 ) / conj ( V2 ) ) - Ybus
(2 ,1) * V1 - Ybus (2 ,3) * V3 - Ybus (2 ,4) * V4 ) ;
69 elseif Q2 > Q2max then
70 Q2 = Q2max ;
71 V2 =(1/ Ybus (2 ,2) ) *((( P2 - %i * Q2 ) / conj ( V2 ) ) -
Ybus (2 ,1) * V1 - Ybus (2 ,3) * V3 - Ybus (2 ,4) * V4 ) ;
72 else
73 Q2 = - imag ( conj ( V2 ) * Ybus (2 ,1) * V1 + conj ( V2 ) *(
Ybus (2 ,2) * V2 + Ybus (2 ,3) * V3 + Ybus (2 ,4) * V4 )
);
74 [ mag , delta2 ]= polar ((1/ Ybus (2 ,2) ) *((( P2 - %i *
Q2 ) /( conj ( V2 ) ) ) - Ybus (2 ,1) * V1 - Ybus (2 ,3) *
V3 - Ybus (2 ,4) * V4 ) ) ;
75 V2 = abs ( V2 ) *( cos ( delta2 ) + %i * sin ( delta2 ) ) ;
76 end
77 V3 =(1/ Ybus (3 ,3) ) *((( P3 - %i * Q3 ) / conj ( V3 ) ) - Ybus

60
 (3 ,1) * V1 - Ybus (3 ,2) * V2 - Ybus (3 ,4) * V4 ) ;
78 V4 =(1/ Ybus (4 ,4) ) *((( P4 - %i * Q4 ) / conj ( V4 ) ) - Ybus
(4 ,1) * V1 - Ybus (4 ,2) * V2 - Ybus (4 ,3) * V3 ) ;
79 end
80
81 printf ( Q2= ) ; disp ( Q2 ) ; printf ( pu ) ;
82 printf ( \n\n\nV1= ) ; disp ( V1 ) ; printf ( pu ) ;
83 printf ( \n\n\nV2= ) ; disp ( V2 ) ; printf ( pu ) ;
84 printf ( \n\n\nV3= ) ; disp ( V3 ) ; printf ( pu ) ;
85 printf ( \n\n\nV4= ) ; disp ( V4 ) ; printf ( pu ) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.6 Load flow solution using the NR method

Load flow solution using the NR method

1 // C h a p t e r 6
2 // Example 6 . 6
3 // p a g e 218
4 //To f i n d l o a d f l o w s o l u t i o n u s i n g t h e NR method
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

8 //Pd Qd Pg Qg V
Bus Type / / / / /
9 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

10 Pd1 =2.0; Qd1 =1.0; Pg1 =0; Qg1 =0; V1 =1.04;

// 1 s l a c k bus
11 Pd2 =0; Qd2 =0; Pg2 =0.5; Qg2 =1; V2 =1;
// 2 PQ bus

61
12 Pd3 =1.5; Qd3 =0.6; Pg3 =0.0; Qg3 =0; V3 =1.04;
// 3 PV bus
13 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

14 [ V1_mag , V1_ang ]= polar ( V1 ) ;

15 [ V2_mag , V2_ang ]= polar ( V2 ) ;
16 [ V3_mag , V3_ang ]= polar ( V3 ) ;
17 y_series =1/(0.02+ %i *0.08) ;
18 y_self =2* y_series ;
19 y_off = -1* y_series ;
20 Ybus =[ y_self y_off y_off ; y_off y_self y_off ; y_off
y_off y_self ];
21
22 [ y_bus_mag_21 , y_bus_ang_21 ]= polar ( Ybus (2 ,1) ) ;
23 [ y_bus_mag_22 , y_bus_ang_22 ]= polar ( Ybus (2 ,2) ) ;
24 [ y_bus_mag_23 , y_bus_ang_23 ]= polar ( Ybus (2 ,3) ) ;
25 [ y_bus_mag_31 , y_bus_ang_31 ]= polar ( Ybus (3 ,1) ) ;
26 [ y_bus_mag_32 , y_bus_ang_32 ]= polar ( Ybus (3 ,2) ) ;
27 [ y_bus_mag_33 , y_bus_ang_33 ]= polar ( Ybus (3 ,3) ) ;
28 [ y_bus_mag_11 , y_bus_ang_11 ]= polar ( Ybus (1 ,1) ) ;
29
30 // d i r e c t c o m p u t e r s o l u t i o n h a s b e e n f o u n d a s b e l o w
by r u n n i n g f o r 3 i t e r a t i o n s
31
32 n =3;
33 for i =1: n
34 // from eq . 6 . 2 7 and 6 . 2 8
35 P2 = V2_mag * V1_mag * y_bus_mag_21 * cos ( y_bus_ang_21 +
V1_ang - V2_ang ) +( V2_mag ^2) * y_bus_mag_22 * cos (
y_bus_ang_22 ) + V2_mag * V3_mag * y_bus_mag_23 * cos (
y_bus_ang_23 + V3_ang - V2_ang ) ;
36
37 P3 = V3_mag * V1_mag * y_bus_mag_31 * cos ( y_bus_ang_31 +
V1_ang - V3_ang ) +( V3_mag ^2) * y_bus_mag_33 * cos (
y_bus_ang_33 ) + V2_mag * V3_mag * y_bus_mag_32 * cos (
y_bus_ang_32 + V2_ang - V3_ang ) ;
38

62
39 Q2 = - V2_mag * V1_mag * y_bus_mag_21 * sin ( y_bus_ang_21 +
V1_ang - V2_ang ) -( V2_mag ^2) * y_bus_mag_22 * sin (
y_bus_ang_22 ) - V2_mag * V3_mag * y_bus_mag_23 * sin (
y_bus_ang_23 + V3_ang - V2_ang ) ;
40
41 P2 = real ( P2 ) ;
42 P3 = real ( P3 ) ;
43 Q2 = real ( Q2 ) ;
44
45 delta_P2 =( Pg2 - Pd2 ) -( P2 ) ;
46 delta_P3 =( Pg3 - Pd3 ) -( P3 ) ;
47 delta_P2 =( Pg2 - Pd2 ) -( P2 ) ;
48 delta_Q2 =( Qg2 - Qd2 ) -( Q2 ) ;
49
50 // f o r m i n g j a c o b i a n m a t r i x by d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g
e x p r e s s i o n s o f P2 , P3 , Q2
51 j11 = V2_mag * V1_mag * y_bus_mag_21 * sin ( y_bus_ang_21 +
V1_ang - V2_ang ) + V2_mag * V3_mag * y_bus_mag_23 * sin (
y_bus_ang_23 + V3_ang - V2_ang ) ;
52 j12 = - V2_mag * V3_mag * y_bus_mag_23 * sin ( y_bus_ang_23 +
V3_ang - V2_ang ) ;
53 j13 = V1_mag * y_bus_mag_21 * cos ( y_bus_ang_21 + V1_ang -
V2_ang ) +( V2_mag *2) * y_bus_mag_22 * cos ( y_bus_ang_22 )
+ V3_mag * y_bus_mag_23 * cos ( y_bus_ang_23 + V3_ang -
V2_ang ) ;
54
55 j21 = - V2_mag * V3_mag * y_bus_mag_32 * sin ( y_bus_ang_32 +
V2_ang - V3_ang ) ;
56 j22 = V3_mag * V1_mag * y_bus_mag_31 * sin ( y_bus_ang_31 +
V1_ang - V3_ang ) + V2_mag * V3_mag * y_bus_mag_32 * sin (
y_bus_ang_32 + V2_ang - V3_ang ) ;
57 j23 = V3_mag * y_bus_mag_32 * cos ( y_bus_ang_32 + V2_ang -
V3_ang ) ;
58
59 j31 = V2_mag * V1_mag * y_bus_mag_21 * cos ( y_bus_ang_21 +
V1_ang - V2_ang ) + V2_mag * V3_mag * y_bus_mag_23 * cos (
y_bus_ang_23 + V3_ang - V2_ang ) ;
60 j32 = - V2_mag * V3_mag * y_bus_mag_23 * cos ( y_bus_ang_23 +

63
 V3_ang - V2_ang ) ;
61 j33 = - V1_mag * y_bus_mag_21 * sin ( y_bus_ang_21 + V1_ang -
V2_ang ) -( V2_mag *2) * y_bus_mag_22 * sin ( y_bus_ang_22 )
- V3_mag * y_bus_mag_23 * sin ( y_bus_ang_23 + V3_ang -
V2_ang ) ;
62
63 J =[ j11 j12 j13 ; j21 j22 j23 ; j31 j32 j33 ];
64 J = real ( J ) ;
65
66 // power r e s i d u a l s
67 PR =[ delta_P2 ; delta_P3 ; delta_Q2 ];
68
69 // c h a n g e s i n v a r i a b l e s
70 ch_var = inv ( J ) * PR ;
71
72 V2_ang = V2_ang + ch_var (1 ,1) ;
73 V3_ang = V3_ang + ch_var (2 ,1) ;
74 V2_mag = V2_mag + ch_var (3 ,1) ;
75
76 P1 =( V1_mag ^2) * y_bus_mag_11 * cos ( y_bus_ang_11 ) + V1_mag *
V2_mag * y_bus_mag_21 * cos ( y_bus_ang_21 + V2_ang -
V1_ang ) + V1_mag * V3_mag * y_bus_mag_31 * cos (
y_bus_ang_31 + V3_ang - V1_ang ) ;
77 Q1 = - V1_mag ^2* y_bus_mag_11 * sin ( y_bus_ang_11 ) - V1_mag *
V2_mag * y_bus_mag_21 * sin ( y_bus_ang_21 + V2_ang -
V1_ang ) - V1_mag * V3_mag * y_bus_mag_31 * sin (
y_bus_ang_31 + V3_ang - V1_ang ) ;
78
79 Q3 = - V3_mag * V1_mag * y_bus_mag_31 * sin ( y_bus_ang_31 +
V1_ang - V3_ang ) -( V3_mag ^2) * y_bus_mag_33 * sin (
y_bus_ang_33 ) - V2_mag * V3_mag * y_bus_mag_32 * sin (
y_bus_ang_32 + V2_ang - V3_ang ) ;
80 Qg3 = Q3 + Qd3 ;
81
82 end
83
84 S1 = real ( P1 ) + %i * real ( Q1 ) ;
85 S2 = P2 + %i * Q2 ;

64
 86 S3 = P3 + %i * Q3 ;
87
88 printf ( \ nThe f i n a l r e s u l t s a r e g i v e n b e l o w : \ n ) ;
89 printf ( V2=%0 . 3 f @ %0 . 3 f r a d \n , V2_mag , V2_ang ) ;
90 printf ( V3=%0 . 3 f @ %0 . 3 f r a d \n , V3_mag , V3_ang ) ;
91 printf ( Qg3=%0 . 2 f pu ( w i t h i n l i m i t s ) \n , Qg3 ) ;
92 printf ( \ nS1= ) ; disp ( S1 ) ; printf ( pu ) ;
93 printf ( \n\ nS2= ) ; disp ( S2 ) ; printf ( pu ) ;
94 printf ( \n\ nS3= ) ; disp ( S3 ) ; printf ( pu ) ;
95 printf ( \n\ n T r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s e s =%0 . 3 f pu \n ,( real ( P1
) + P2 + P3 ) ) ;
96
97 // L i n e Flows
98
99 // V mag =[ V1 mag V2 mag V3 mag ] ;
100 // V ang =[ V1 ang V2 ang V3 ang ] ;
101 v1 = V1_mag *( cos ( V1_ang ) + %i * sin ( V1_ang ) ) ;
102 v2 = V2_mag *( cos ( V2_ang ) + %i * sin ( V2_ang ) ) ;
103 v3 = V3_mag *( cos ( V3_ang ) + %i * sin ( V3_ang ) ) ;
104 V =[ v1 v2 v3 ];
105 for i =1:3
106 for j =1:3
107 s (i , j ) = conj ( V ( i ) ) *( V ( i ) -V ( j ) ) *(2.941 - %i
*11.764) + conj ( V ( i ) ) * V ( i ) *( %i *0.01) ;
108 s (j , i ) = conj ( V ( j ) ) *( V ( j ) -V ( i ) ) *(2.941 - %i
*11.764) + conj ( V ( j ) ) * V ( j ) *( %i *0.01) ;
109 end
110 end
111 P = real ( s ) ;
112 Q = - imag ( s ) ;
113 printf ( \ n L i n e Flows \ nThe f o l l o w i n g m a t r i x shows t h e
r e a l p a r t o f l i n e f l o w s ( i n pu ) ) ; disp ( P ) ;
114 printf ( \ nThe f o l l o w i n g m a t r i x shows t h e i m a g i n a r y
p a r t o f l i n e f l o w s ( i n pu ) ) ; disp ( Q ) ;

65
 Scilab code Exa 6.7 Ybus after including regulating transformer

Ybus after including regulating transformer

1 // C h a p t e r 6
2 // Example 6 . 7
3 // p a g e 234
4 //To f i n d m o d i f i e d Ybus a f t e r i n c l u d i n g r e g u l a t i n g
transformer
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 y34 =2 - %i *6; y23 =0.666 - %i *2;
8 y12 =2 - %i *6; y24 =1 - %i *3;
9 y13 =1 - %i *3;
10
11 // c a s e ( i ) when a = 1 / 1 . 0 4 ;
12 a =1/1.04;
13 // t o form Ybus m a t r i x
14 Y11 = y13 + y12 ; Y12 = - y12 ; Y13 = - y13 ; Y14 =0;
15 Y21 = - y12 ; Y22 = y12 + y23 + y24 ; Y23 = - y23 ; Y24 = - y24 ;
16 Y31 = - y13 ; Y32 = - y23 ; Y33 =( a ^2) * y34 + y23 + y13 ; Y34 = -(a ) *
y34 ;
17 Y41 =0; Y42 = - y24 ; Y43 = -a * y34 ; Y44 = y34 + y24 ;
18
19
20 Ybus =[ Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 ;
21 Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 ;
22 Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 ;
23 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 ];
24 printf ( Case ( i ) When a = 1 / 1 . 0 4 ) ;
25 printf ( \ nYbus= ) ; disp ( Ybus ) ;

66
26 printf ( \ n O b s e r v e t h e c h a n g e s i n e l e m e n t s b e t w e e n
bus 3&4 when compared w i t h t h e r e s u l t o f
example 6 . 2 );
27
28 // c a s e ( i i ) when a=e ( j 3 )
29
30 a = cosd (3) - %i * sind (3) ;
31 // t o form Ybus m a t r i x
32 Y11 = y13 + y12 ; Y12 = - y12 ; Y13 = - y13 ; Y14 =0;
33 Y21 = - y12 ; Y22 = y12 + y23 + y24 ; Y23 = - y23 ; Y24 = - y24 ;
34 Y31 = - y13 ; Y32 = - y23 ; Y33 =( abs ( a ) ^2) * y34 + y23 + y13 ; Y34 =( a
) *( - y34 ) ;
35 Y41 =0; Y42 = - y24 ; Y43 = a *( - y34 ) ; Y44 = y34 + y24 ;
36
37
38 Ybus =[ Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 ;
39 Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 ;
40 Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 ;
41 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 ];
42 printf ( \n\ nCase ( i i ) When a=e ( j 3 ) ) ;
43 printf ( \ nYbus= ) ; disp ( Ybus ) ;
44 printf ( \ n O b s e r v e t h e c h a n g e s i n e l e m e n t s b e t w e e n
bus 3&4 when compared w i t h t h e r e s u l t o f
example 6 . 2 );

Scilab code Exa 6.8 Decoupled NR method and FDLF method

Decoupled NR method and FDLF method

1 // C h a p t e r 6
2 // Example 6 . 8
3 // p a g e 226

67
4 //To f i n d l o a d f l o w s o l u t i o n u s i n g t h e d e c o u p l e d NR
method and FDLF method
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

8 //Pd Qd Pg Qg V
Bus Type / / / / /
9 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

10 Pd1 =2.0; Qd1 =1.0; Pg1 =0; Qg1 =0; V1 =1.04;

// 1 s l a c k bus
11 Pd2 =0; Qd2 =0; Pg2 =0.5; Qg2 =1; V2 =1;
// 2 PQ bus
12 Pd3 =1.5; Qd3 =0.6; Pg3 =0.0; Qg3 =0; V3 =1.04;
// 3 PV bus
13 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

14 [ V1_mag , V1_ang ]= polar ( V1 ) ;

15 [ V2_mag , V2_ang ]= polar ( V2 ) ;
16 [ V3_mag , V3_ang ]= polar ( V3 ) ;
17 y_series =1/(0.02+ %i *0.08) ;
18 y_self =2* y_series ;
19 y_off = -1* y_series ;
20 Ybus =[ y_self y_off y_off ; y_off y_self y_off ; y_off
y_off y_self ];
21
22 [ y_bus_mag_21 , y_bus_ang_21 ]= polar ( Ybus (2 ,1) ) ;
23 [ y_bus_mag_22 , y_bus_ang_22 ]= polar ( Ybus (2 ,2) ) ;
24 [ y_bus_mag_23 , y_bus_ang_23 ]= polar ( Ybus (2 ,3) ) ;
25 [ y_bus_mag_31 , y_bus_ang_31 ]= polar ( Ybus (3 ,1) ) ;
26 [ y_bus_mag_32 , y_bus_ang_32 ]= polar ( Ybus (3 ,2) ) ;
27 [ y_bus_mag_33 , y_bus_ang_33 ]= polar ( Ybus (3 ,3) ) ;
28 [ y_bus_mag_11 , y_bus_ang_11 ]= polar ( Ybus (1 ,1) ) ;
29

68
30 // c a s e ( a ) D e c o u p l e d NR method :
31 printf ( \ n c a s e ( a ) D e c o u p l e d NR method : \ n ) ;
32
33 H22 =0.96+23.508;
34 H23 = -1.04*11.764;
35 H33 =25.89;
36 L22 =1+23.508;
37 H =[ H22 H23 ; H23 H33 ];
38 delta_P =[0.73; -1.62];
39
40 delta_V_ang = inv ( H ) * delta_P ;
41 delta_V2_ang = delta_V_ang (1 ,1) ;
42 delta_V3_ang = delta_V_ang (2 ,1) ;
43 printf ( \ n d e l t a A n g l e V 2= ) ; disp ( real ( delta_V2_ang ) )
;
44 printf ( \ n d e l t a A n g l e V 3= ) ; disp ( real ( delta_V3_ang ) )
;
45 V2_ang = V2_ang - delta_V2_ang ;
46 V3_ang = V3_ang - delta_V3_ang ;
47
48 Q2 = - V2_mag * V1_mag * y_bus_mag_21 * sin ( y_bus_ang_21 +
V1_ang - V2_ang ) -( V2_mag ^2) * y_bus_mag_22 * sin (
y_bus_ang_22 ) - V2_mag * V3_mag * y_bus_mag_23 * sin (
y_bus_ang_23 - V3_ang + V2_ang ) ;
49
50 printf ( \nQ2= ) ; disp ( real ( Q2 ) ) ;
51 delta_Q2 =( Qg2 - Qd2 ) -( Q2 ) ;
52 printf ( \ n d e l t a Q 2= ) ; disp ( real ( delta_Q2 ) ) ;
53 L =[ L22 ];
54 delta_v = inv ( L ) * delta_Q2 ;
55 delta_V2 = delta_v * V2_mag ;
56
57 printf ( \ n d e l t a V 2=%0 . 3 f , delta_V2 ) ;
58 V2_mag = V2_mag + delta_V2 ;
59 printf ( \n\nV2=%0 . 3 f pu , V2_mag ) ;
60
61 Q3 = - V3_mag * V1_mag * y_bus_mag_31 * sin ( y_bus_ang_31 +
V1_ang - V3_ang ) -( V3_mag ^2) * y_bus_mag_33 * sin (

69
 y_bus_ang_33 ) - V2_mag * V3_mag * y_bus_mag_32 * sin (
y_bus_ang_32 + V2_ang - V3_ang ) ;
62
63 printf ( \n\nQ3= ) ; disp ( real ( Q3 ) ) ;
64
65 // c a s e ( b ) FDLF method :
66
67 printf ( \n\n\ n c a s e ( b ) FDLF method : \ n ) ;
68
69 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

70 //Pd Qd Pg Qg V
Bus Type / / / / /
71 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

72 Pd1 =2.0; Qd1 =1.0; Pg1 =0; Qg1 =0; V1 =1.04;

// 1 s l a c k bus
73 Pd2 =0; Qd2 =0; Pg2 =0.5; Qg2 =1; V2 =1;
// 2 PQ bus
74 Pd3 =1.5; Qd3 =0.6; Pg3 =0.0; Qg3 =0; V3 =1.04;
// 3 PV bus
75 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

76 [ V1_mag , V1_ang ]= polar ( V1 ) ;

77 [ V2_mag , V2_ang ]= polar ( V2 ) ;
78 [ V3_mag , V3_ang ]= polar ( V3 ) ;
79 y_series =1/(0.02+ %i *0.08) ;
80 y_self =2* y_series ;
81 y_off = -1* y_series ;
82 Ybus =[ y_self y_off y_off ; y_off y_self y_off ; y_off
y_off y_self ];
83
84 [ y_bus_mag_21 , y_bus_ang_21 ]= polar ( Ybus (2 ,1) ) ;
85 [ y_bus_mag_22 , y_bus_ang_22 ]= polar ( Ybus (2 ,2) ) ;
86 [ y_bus_mag_23 , y_bus_ang_23 ]= polar ( Ybus (2 ,3) ) ;

70
 87 [ y_bus_mag_31 , y_bus_ang_31 ]= polar ( Ybus (3 ,1) ) ;
88 [ y_bus_mag_32 , y_bus_ang_32 ]= polar ( Ybus (3 ,2) ) ;
89 [ y_bus_mag_33 , y_bus_ang_33 ]= polar ( Ybus (3 ,3) ) ;
90 [ y_bus_mag_11 , y_bus_ang_11 ]= polar ( Ybus (1 ,1) ) ;
91
92 B22 = -23.508;
93 B23 =11.764;
94 B32 = B23 ;
95 B33 = B22 ;
96
97 B =[ - B22 - B23 ; - B32 - B33 ];
98
99 delta_P =[0.73; -1.557];
100
101 delta_V_ang = inv ( B ) * delta_P ;
102 delta_V2_ang = delta_V_ang (1 ,1) ;
103 delta_V3_ang = delta_V_ang (2 ,1) ;
104 printf ( \ n d e l t a A n g l e V 2= ) ; disp ( real ( delta_V2_ang ) )
;
105 printf ( \ n d e l t a A n g l e V 3= ) ; disp ( real ( delta_V3_ang ) )
;
106 V2_ang = V2_ang - delta_V2_ang ;
107 V3_ang = V3_ang - delta_V3_ang ;
108
109 Q2 = - V2_mag * V1_mag * y_bus_mag_21 * sin ( y_bus_ang_21 +
V1_ang - V2_ang ) -( V2_mag ^2) * y_bus_mag_22 * sin (
y_bus_ang_22 ) - V2_mag * V3_mag * y_bus_mag_23 * sin (
y_bus_ang_23 - V3_ang + V2_ang ) ;
110
111 delta_Q2 =( Qg2 - Qd2 ) -( Q2 ) ;
112
113 delta_v = inv ([ - B22 ]) * delta_Q2 ;
114 delta_V2 = delta_v * V2_mag ;
115
116 printf ( \ n d e l t a V 2=%0 . 3 f , delta_V2 ) ;
117 V2_mag = V2_mag + delta_V2 ;
118 printf ( \n\nV2=%0 . 3 f pu , V2_mag ) ;
119

71
120 Q3 = - V3_mag * V1_mag * y_bus_mag_31 * sin ( y_bus_ang_31 +
V1_ang - V3_ang ) -( V3_mag ^2) * y_bus_mag_33 * sin (
y_bus_ang_33 ) - V2_mag * V3_mag * y_bus_mag_32 * sin (
y_bus_ang_32 + V2_ang - V3_ang ) ;
121
122 printf ( \n\nQ3= ) ; disp ( real ( Q3 ) ) ;

72
 Chapter 7

Optimal System Operation

Scilab code Exa 7.1 Incremental cost and load sharing

Incremental cost and load sharing

1 // C h a p t e r 7
2 // Example 7 . 1
3 // p a g e 246
4 //To f i n d i n c r e m e n t a l c o s t and l o a d s h a r i n g
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 // / L e t u s u s e t h e program g i v e n i n t h e Appendix G i n
the textbook to write
8 // a f u n c t i o n t h a t r e t u r n s t h e v a l u e o f lamda and
Loading o f each g e n e r a t o r
9 // when t h e t o t a l l o a d on t h e p l a n t i s s e n t t o t h e
function
10
11 function [ lamdaprev , Pg ]= optimum ( Pd )
12 n =2; // number o f g e n e r a t o r s
13 Alpha =[0.2 0.25];
14 Beta =[40 30];
15 lamda =35; // i n i t i a l g u e s s f o r lambda
16 lamdaprev = lamda ;

73
17 eps =1; // t o l e r a n c e
18 deltalamda =0.25; // i n c r e m e n t i n lamda
19 Pgmax =[125 125];
20 Pgmin =[20 20];
21 Pg =100* ones (n ,1) ;
22 while abs ( sum ( Pg ) - Pd ) > eps
23 for i =1: n
24 Pg ( i ) =( lamda - Beta ( i ) ) / Alpha ( i ) ;
25 if Pg ( i ) > Pgmax ( i ) then
26 Pg ( i ) = Pgmax ( i ) ;
27 end
28 if Pg ( i ) < Pgmin ( i ) then
29 Pg ( i ) = Pgmin ( i ) ;
30 end
31 end
32 if ( sum ( Pg ) - Pd ) <0 then
33 lamdaprev = lamda ;
34 lamda = lamda + deltalamda ;
35 else
36 lamdaprev = lamda ;
37 lamda = lamda - deltalamda ;
38 end
39 end
40 endfunction
41
42
43 // t o draw t h e t a b l e 7 . 1
44 printf ( T a b l e 7 . 1 Output o f e a c h u n i t and p l a n t
o u t p u t f o r v a r i o u s v a l u e s o f lamda \n )
45 printf (
\
n );
46 printf ( P l a n t Lamda , Unit 1 Unit 2
P l a n t Output \n ) ;
47 printf ( Rs /MWh Pg1 ,MW Pg2 ,MW
( Pg1+Pg2 ) ,MW \n ) ;
48 printf (
\

74
 n );
49
50 Pd_matrix =[40 76 130 150 175 220 231.25 250];
51 for i =1:8
52 [ lamda , Pg ]= optimum ( Pd_matrix ( i ) ) ;
53 printf ( %0 . 2 f %0 . 2 f %0 . 2 f
%0 . 2 f \n , lamda , Pg (1) , Pg (2) , Pg (1) + Pg
(2) ) ;
54 end
55 printf (
\
n );
56
57 //To draw t h e Graphs 7 . 3 and 7 . 4
58
59 Pd_test =40:3.75:250;
60 [ Pd_ro , Pd_co ]= size ( Pd_test )
61 for i =1: Pd_co
62 [ lamda , Pg ]= optimum ( Pd_test ( i ) ) ;
63 lamda_test ( i ) = lamda ;
64 Pg1_test ( i ) = Pg (1) ;
65 Pg2_test ( i ) = Pg (2) ;
66 end
67 Pg1_test = Pg1_test . ; // t r a n s p o s i n g w i t h o u t
conjugating
68 Pg2_test = Pg2_test . ;
69 lamda_test = lamda_test . ;
70
71 subplot (211)
72 plot ( Pd_test , lamda_test ) ;
73 title ( I n c r e m e n t a l F u e l c o s t v e r s u s p l a n t o u t p u t ) ;
74 xlabel ( P l a n t o u t p u t ,MW ) ;
75 ylabel ( I n c r e m e n t a l f u e l c o s t , Rs /MWh ) ;
76 set ( gca () , g r i d ,[0 ,0])
77 get ( c u r r e n t a x e s ) ;
78
79 subplot (212)
80 plot ( Pd_test , Pg1_test , Pd_test , Pg2_test ) ;

75
81 title ( Output o f e a c h u n i t v e r s u s p l a n t o u t p u t ) ;
82 xlabel ( P l a n t o u t p u t ,MW ) ;
83 ylabel ( U n i t o u t p u t ,MW ) ;
84 legend ([ U n i t 1 ; U n i t 2 ] ,[2]) ;
85 set ( gca () , g r i d ,[0 ,0])
86 get ( c u r r e n t a x e s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.2 Savings by optimal scheduling

Savings by optimal scheduling

1 // C h a p t e r 7
2 // Example 7 . 2
3 // p a g e 248
4 //To f i n d t h e s a v i n g i n f u e l c o s t by o p t i m a l
scheduling
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 // Example r e v e a l s t h a t f o r o p t i m a l l o a d s h a r i n g
u n i t s 1&2 h a s t o t a k e up 50MW and 80MW
respectively
8 // I f e a c h u n i t s u p p l i e s 65MW, i n c r e a s e i n c o s t f o r
u n i t s 1&2 a r e
9
10 Increase1 = integrate ( 0 . 2 Pg1+40 , Pg1 ,50 ,65) ;
11 Increase2 = integrate ( 0 . 2 5 Pg2+30 , Pg2 ,80 ,65) ;
12 printf ( \ n I n c r e a s e i n c o s t f o r u n i t 1 i s = %0 . 1 f Rs /
h r , Increase1 ) ;
13 printf ( \n\ n I n c r e a s e i n c o s t f o r u n i t 2 i s = %0 . 3 f
Rs / h r , Increase2 ) ;

76
Figure 7.1: Incremental cost and load sharing

77
14 printf ( \n\ nNet s a v i n g c a u s e d by optimum s c h e d u l i n g
i s = %0 . 3 f Rs / h r , Increase1 + Increase2 ) ;
15 printf ( \n\ n T o t a l y e a r l y s a v i n g a s s u m i n g c o n t i n u o u s
o p e r a t i o n= Rs %d ,( Increase1 + Increase2 ) *24*365) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.3 Economical operation

Economical operation

1 // C h a p t e r 7
2 // Example 7 . 3
3 // p a g e 249
4 //To f i n d t h e e c o n o m i c a l o p e r a t i o n
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 // from t h e t a b l e we g o t a s t h e o u t p u t i n t h e
example 7 1
8 // f o r optimum o p e r a t i o n o f l o a d 220MW, u n i t 1&2 must
be l o a d e d 100MW and 120MW r e s p w c t i v e l y
9 // and f o r a l o a d o f 76MW, u n i t 1&2 must be l o a d e d 20
MW and 56MW r e s p w c t i v e l y
10 start_up =400;
11 // c a s e ( i )
12 printf ( \ nCase ( i ) ) ;
13 // t o t a l f u e l c o s t f o r t h e l o a d o f 220MW d u r i n g 6AM
t o 6PM
14 Pg1 =100;
15 Pg2 =120;
16 C1 =0.1* Pg1 ^2+40* Pg1 +120;
17 C2 =0.125* Pg2 ^2+30* Pg2 +100;
18 total1 =( C1 + C2 ) *12;
19 printf ( \ n T o t a l f u e l c o s t f o r t h e l o a d o f 220MW
d u r i n g 6AM t o 6PM = Rs . %d , total1 ) ;

78
20
21 // t o t a l f u e l c o s t f o r t h e l o a d o f 76MW d u r i n g 6PM t o
6AM
22 Pg1 =20;
23 Pg2 =56;
24 C1 =0.1* Pg1 ^2+40* Pg1 +120;
25 C2 =0.125* Pg2 ^2+30* Pg2 +100;
26 total2 =( C1 + C2 ) *12;
27 printf ( \ n T o t a l f u e l c o s t f o r t h e l o a d o f 76MW
d u r i n g 6PM t o 6AM i f b o t h t h e u n i t s run = Rs . %d
, total2 ) ;
28
29 total = total1 + total2 ; // t o t a l f u e l c o s t f o r 24 h r s
30
31 printf ( \ n T o t a l f u e l c o s t f o r t h e l o a d d u r i n g 24 h r s
i f b o t h t h e u n i t s run = Rs . %d , total ) ;
32
33 // c a s e ( i i )
34 printf ( \n\ nCase ( i i ) ) ;
35 // I f d u r i n g l i g h t l o a d c o n d i t i o n u n i t 2 i s On and
Unit1 i s Off then
36 Pg2 =76;
37 C2 =0.125* Pg2 ^2+30* Pg2 +100;
38 total2 = C2 *12;
39 total_case2 = total1 + total2 + start_up ;
40
41 printf ( \ n T o t a l f u e l c o s t f o r t h e 24 h r s l a o d i f o n l y
u n i t 2 run d u r i n g l i g h t l o a d s i s = Rs . %d ,
total_case2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.4 Generation and losses incurred

Generation and losses incurred

79
 1 // C h a p t e r 7
2 // Example 7 . 4
3 // p a g e 263
4 //To f i n d r e q u i r e d g e n e r a t i o n f o r e a c h p l a n t and
losses incurred
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 // / L e t u s u s e t h e program g i v e n i n t h e Appendix G i n
t h e t e x t b o o k which i n c l u d e s p e n a l t y f a c t o r a l s o
to write
8 // a f u n c t i o n t h a t r e t u r n s t h e v a l u e o f lamda , L o a d i n g
o f e a c h g e n e r a t o r and l o s s e s
9 // when t h e t o t a l l o a d on t h e p l a n t i s s e n t t o t h e
function
10
11 function [ lamda , Pg , PL ]= optimum2 ( Pd )
12 n =2; // no o f g e n e r a t o r s
13 Alpha =[0.02 0.04];
14 Beta =[16 20];
15 lamda =20; // i n i t i a l v a l u e o f lamda
16 lamdaprev = lamda ;
17 eps =1; // t o l e r a n c e
18 deltalamda =0.1;
19 Pgmax =[200 200];
20 Pgmin =[0 0];
21 B =[0.001 0;0 0];
22 Pg = zeros (n ,1) ;
23 noofiter =0;
24 PL =0;
25 Pg = zeros (n ,1) ;
26 while abs ( sum ( Pg ) -Pd - PL ) > eps
27 for i =1: n
28 sigma = B (i ,:) * Pg - B (i , i ) * Pg ( i ) ;
29 Pg ( i ) =(1 -( Beta ( i ) / lamda ) -(2* sigma ) ) /( Alpha ( i
) / lamda +2* B (i , i ) ) ;
30 PL = Pg . * B * Pg ;
31 if Pg ( i ) > Pgmax ( i ) then
32 Pg ( i ) = Pgmax ( i ) ;

80
33 end
34 if Pg ( i ) < Pgmin ( i ) then
35 Pg ( i ) = Pgmin ( i ) ;
36 end
37 end
38 PL = Pg . * B * Pg ;
39 if ( sum ( Pg ) -Pd - PL ) <0 then
40 lamdaprev = lamda ;
41 lamda = lamda + deltalamda ;
42 else
43 lamdaprev = lamda ;
44 lamda = lamda - deltalamda ;
45 end
46 noofiter = noofiter +1;
47 Pg ;
48 end
49 endfunction
50
51 // I n t h i s e x a m p l e l e t u s t a k e t h e a n s w e r . i . e l o a d (
Pd ) = 2 3 7 . 0 4MW and c a l c u l a t e
52 // lamda s o t h a t we can u s e t h e a l g o r i t h m u s e d i n t h e
textbook
53 Pd =237.04
54 [ lamda_test , Pg_test , PL_test ]= optimum2 ( Pd ) ;
55 printf ( \ n L a g r a n g e s m u l t i p l i e r ( lamda ) i s \n Lamda
=%0 . 1 f , lamda_test ) ;
56 printf ( \n\ n R e q u i r e d g e n e r a t i o n f o r optimum l o a d i n g
a r e \n Pg1=%0 . 2 f MW \n Pg2=%d MW\n , Pg_test (1) ,
Pg_test (2) ) ;
57 printf ( \ nThe t r a n s m i s s i o n power l o s s i s \n PL=%0 . 2 f
MW , PL_test ) ;
58 printf ( \n\ nThe l o a d i s \n Pd=%0 . 2 f MW , Pd ) ;

81
 Scilab code Exa 7.5 Savings on coordination of losses
Savings on coordination of losses

1 // C h a p t e r 7
2 // Example 7 . 5
3 // p a g e 264
4 //To f i n d s a v i n g s when l o s s e s a r e c o o r d i n a t e d
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 function [ lamdaprev , Pg ]= optimum ( Pd )
8 n =2; // number o f g e n e r a t o r s
9 Alpha =[0.02 0.04];
10 Beta =[16 20];
11 lamda =20; // i n i t i a l g u e s s f o r lambda
12 lamdaprev = lamda ;
13 eps =1; // t o l e r a n c e
14 deltalamda =0.25; // i n c r e m e n t i n lamda
15 Pgmax =[200 200];
16 Pgmin =[0 0];
17 Pg =100* ones (n ,1) ;
18 while abs ( sum ( Pg ) - Pd ) > eps
19 for i =1: n
20 Pg ( i ) =( lamda - Beta ( i ) ) / Alpha ( i ) ;
21 if Pg ( i ) > Pgmax ( i ) then
22 Pg ( i ) = Pgmax ( i ) ;
23 end
24 if Pg ( i ) < Pgmin ( i ) then
25 Pg ( i ) = Pgmin ( i ) ;
26 end
27 end
28 if ( sum ( Pg ) - Pd ) <0 then
29 lamdaprev = lamda ;
30 lamda = lamda + deltalamda ;
31 else
32 lamdaprev = lamda ;
33 lamda = lamda - deltalamda ;
34 end

82
35 end
36 endfunction
37
38 // t h e a b o v e f u n c t i o n optimum doesn t c o o r d i n a t e
losses
39
40 // c a s e ( i ) when t h e l o s s e s a r e i n c l u d e d but n o t
coordinated
41 [ lamda_case1 , Pg_case1 ]= optimum (237.04) ;
42 // s i n c e Pg2 d o e s n o t s u p p l y t r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s e s and
t h e l o s s e s a r e s u p p l i e d o n l y by Pg1
43 Pg2_1 = Pg_case1 (2) ;
44 // t o g e t Pg1 we w i l l s o l v e Pg1+Pg2 = 0 . 0 0 1 Pg1
2+237.04
45 // t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o n can be w r i i t e n a s ( 0 . 0 0 1 Pg1 2 )
Pg1 +(237.04 Pg2 ) =0
46 p = poly ([0.001 -1 (237.04+ Pg2_1 ) ] , Pg1 ) ;
47 Pg1_1 = roots ( p ) ;
48 Pg1_1 = Pg1_1 (1) ;
49
50 printf ( \ n c a s e ( i ) when t h e l o s s e s a r e i n c l u d e d but
not c o o r d i n a t e d );
51 printf ( \ nPg1=%0 . 2 f MW Pg2=%0 . 2 f MW , Pg1_1 , Pg2_1 )
;
52
53 // c a s e ( i i ) when t h e l o s s e s a r e a l s o c o o r d i n a t e d
54 // we have t h e s o l u t i o n f o r c a s e ( i i ) from e x a m p l e 7 4
55 Pg1_2 =128.57; Pg2_2 =125; // c a s e ( i i )
56
57 printf ( \n\ n c a s e ( i i ) when t h e l o s s e s a r e c o o r d i n a t e d
);
58 printf ( \ nPg1=%0 . 2 f MW Pg2=%0 . 2 f MW , Pg1_2 , Pg2_2 )
;
59
60 // s a v i n g a t p l a n t 1 i s
61 saving1 = integrate ( 0 . 0 2 Pg1+16 , Pg1 , Pg1_2 , Pg1_1 ) ;
62 printf ( \n\ n S a v i n g a t p l a n t 1 due t o l o s s
c o o r d i n a t i o n i s = Rs %0 . 2 f / h r , saving1 ) ;

83
63
64 // s a v i n g a t p l a n t 2 i s
65 saving2 = integrate ( 0 . 0 4 Pg2+20 , Pg2 , Pg2_2 , Pg2_1 ) ;
66 printf ( \n\ n S a v i n g a t p l a n t 2 due t o l o s s
c o o r d i n a t i o n i s = Rs %0 . 2 f / h r , saving2 ) ;
67
68 // n e t s a v i n g s a c h i e v e d
69 printf ( \n\ nThe n e t s a v i n g a c h i e v e d by c o o r d i n a t i n g
l o s s e s while scheduling the r e c i e v e d load of
2 3 7 . 0 4MW i s Rs %0 . 2 f / h r , saving1 + saving2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.6 Loss formula coefficients calculation

Loss formula coefficients calculation

1 // C h a p t e r 7
2 // Example 7 . 6
3 // p a g e 268
4 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e l o s s f o r m u l a c o e f f i c i e n t s o f t h e
system
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 Ia =2 - %i *0.5; Ic =1 - %i *0.25;
8 Ib =1.6 - %i *0.4; Id =3.6 - %i *0.9;
9 Za =0.015+ %i *0.06; Zc =0.01+ %i *0.04;
10 Zb =0.015+ %i *0.06; Zd =0.01+ %i *0.04;
11
12 ID = Id + Ic ; // t o t a l l o a d c u r r e n t
13
14 // c a l c u l a t i o n o f c u r r e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r s
15 printf ( \ n C u r r e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r s a r e : \ n )
16 Ma1 =( ID / ID ) ;
17 Ma2 =(0/ ID ) ;

84
18 Mb1 =( - Ic / ID ) ;
19 Mb2 =( Id / ID ) ;
20 Mc1 =( Ic / ID ) ;
21 Mc2 =( Ic / ID ) ;
22 Md1 =( Id / ID ) ;
23 Md2 =( Id / ID ) ;
24 printf ( Ma1=%d\tMb1=%0 . 4 f \ tMc1=%0 . 4 f \tMd1=%0 . 4 f \nMa2
=%d\tMb2=%0 . 4 f \ tMc2=%0 . 4 f \tMd2=%0 . 4 f ,Ma1 , Mb1 , Mc1
, Md1 , Ma2 , Mb2 , Mc2 , Md2 ) ;
25
26 // bus v o l t a g e c a l c u l t i o n
27 [ V1_mag , V1_ang ]= polar (1.0+ Ia * Za ) ;
28 [ V2_mag , V2_ang ]= polar (1+ Ib * Zb ) ;
29 V1_ang = real ( V1_ang ) *180/ %pi ;
30 V2_ang = real ( V2_ang ) *180/ %pi ;
31 printf ( \n\ nBus v o l t a g e s a r e g i v e n by \nV1=%0 . 3 f @
%0 . 2 f d e g PU\ tV2=%0 . 3 f @ %0 . 2 f d e g PU , V1_mag ,
V1_ang , V2_mag , V2_ang ) ;
32
33 // c u r r e n t p h a s e a n g l e s a t t h e p l a n t s
34 sigma1 = atand ( imag ( Ia ) / real ( Ia ) ) ;
35 sigma2 = atand ( imag ( Ib + Ic ) / real ( Ib + Ic ) ) ;
36 printf ( \n\ n C u r r e n t p h a s e a n g l e s a t t h e p l a n t s \
nSigma1=%ddeg \ t S i g m a 2=%ddeg , sigma1 , sigma2 ) ;
37
38 // p l a n t power f a c t o r s
39 pf1 = cosd ( V1_ang - sigma1 ) ;
40 pf2 = cosd ( V2_ang - sigma2 ) ;
41 printf ( \n\ nThe p l a n t power f a c t o r s a r e \ n p f 1=%0 . 4 f \
t p f 2=%0 . 4 f ,pf1 , pf2 ) ;
42
43 // c a l c u l a t i o n o f l o s s c o e f f i c i e n t s
44 B11 =( Ma1 * Ma1 * real ( Za ) + Mb1 * Mb1 * real ( Zb ) + Mc1 * Mc1 * real (
Zc ) + Md1 * Md1 * real ( Zd ) ) /( V1_mag * V1_mag * pf1 * pf1 ) ;
45 B22 =( Ma2 * Ma2 * real ( Za ) + Mb2 * Mb2 * real ( Zb ) + Mc2 * Mc2 * real (
Zc ) + Md2 * Md2 * real ( Zd ) ) /( V2_mag * V2_mag * pf2 * pf2 ) ;
46 B12 =( Ma1 * Ma2 * real ( Za ) + Mb1 * Mb2 * real ( Zb ) + Mc1 * Mc2 * real (
Zc ) + Md1 * Md2 * real ( Zd ) ) /( V1_mag * V2_mag * pf1 * pf2 ) ;

85
47 printf ( \n\ nThe L o s s c o e f f i c i e n t s i n PU a r e \ nB11=%0
. 5 f pu \ nB22=%0 . 5 f pu \ nB12=%0 . 5 f pu ,B11 , B22 , B12 ) ;
48 printf ( \n\ nThe L o s s c o e f f i c i e n t s i n r e c i p r o c a l
megawatts a r e \ nB11=%0 . 8 f MW1\nB22=%0 . 8 f MW1\
nB12=%0 . 8 f MW1 , B11 /100 , B22 /100 , B12 /100) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.7 Optimal generation schedule for hydrothermal sys-
tem

Optimal generation schedule for hydrothermal system

1 // C h a p t e r 7
2 // Example 7 . 7
3 // p a g e 281
4 //To f i n d t h e o p t i m a l g e n e r a t i o n s c h e d u l e f o r a
t y p i c a l day o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l h y d r o t h e r m a l
system
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 h_b =20; // b a s i c head o f t h e w a t e r
8 e =0.005; // head c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r
9 r =2; // non e f f e c t i v e w a t e r d i s c h a r g e
10 Pd_1 =7; Pd_2 =10; Pd_3 =5; // l o a d a t t h r e e intervals
o f t i m e d u r i n g a day
11 alpha =0.5; // p o s i t i v e s c a l a r
12 X_0 =100; // i n i t i a l w a t e r s t o r a g e i n t h e r e s e r v o i r
13 X_3 =60; // f i n a l w a t e r s t o r a g e i n t h e r e s e r v o i r
14 // l e t u s assume t h e i n i t i a l v a l u e s o f t h e c o n t r o l
variables
15 q_2 =15;
16 q_3 =15;
17 i =0; // i t e r a t i o n c o u n t
18 grad_2 =1; grad_3 =1; // i n i t a l v a l u e f o r i t e r a t i o n s

86
19
20 while (( grad_2 >0.1) |( grad_3 >0.1) )
21
22 // w a t e r d i s c h a r g e i n t h e f i r s t i n t e r v a l
23 q_1 = X_0 - X_3 -( q_2 + q_3 ) ;
24
25 // w a t e r l e v e l a f t e r t h e f i r s t i n t e r v a l s a r e
26 X_1 = X_0 - q_1 ;
27 X_2 = X_1 - q_2 ;
28
29 // h y d r o g e n e r a t i o n s i n t h e s u b i n t e r v a l s
30 Pgh_1 =9.81*(10^ -3) *20*(1+0.5* e *( X_1 + X_0 ) ) *( q_1 - r ) ;
31 Pgh_2 =9.81*(10^ -3) *20*(1+0.5* e *( X_2 + X_1 ) ) *( q_2 - r ) ;
32 Pgh_3 =9.81*(10^ -3) *20*(1+0.5* e *( X_3 + X_2 ) ) *( q_3 - r ) ;
33
34 // t h e r m a l g e n e r a t i o n i n t h e t h r e e i n t e r v a l s
35 Pgt_1 = Pd_1 - Pgh_1 ;
36 Pgt_2 = Pd_2 - Pgh_2 ;
37 Pgt_3 = Pd_3 - Pgh_3 ;
38
39 // c a l c u l a t i n g l a m d a 1 f o r t h r e e s u b i n t e r v a l s
40 lamda_1_1 = Pgt_1 +25;
41 lamda_1_2 = Pgt_2 +25;
42 lamda_1_3 = Pgt_3 +25;
43
44 // s i n c e we a r e c o n s i d e r i n g l o s s l e s s c a s e
45 lamda_3_1 = lamda_1_1 ;
46 lamda_3_2 = lamda_1_2 ;
47 lamda_3_3 = lamda_1_3 ;
48
49 // f o r c a l c u l a t i n g l a m d a 2 f o r t h r e e i n t e r v a l s
50 lamda_2_1 = lamda_3_1 *9.81*(10^ -3) *20*(1+0.5* e *(2* X_0
-2* q_1 + r ) ) ;
51 lamda_2_2 = lamda_2_1 - lamda_3_1 *(0.5*9.81*(10^ -3) *20* e
*( q_1 - r ) ) - lamda_3_2 *(0.5*9.81*(10^ -3) *20* e *( q_2 - r
));
52 lamda_2_3 = lamda_2_2 - lamda_3_2 *(0.5*9.81*(10^ -3) *20* e
*( q_2 - r ) ) - lamda_3_3 *(0.5*9.81*(10^ -3) *20* e *( q_3 - r

87
 ));
53
54 // c a l c u l a t i o n o f g r a d i e n t v e c t o r
55 grad_2 = lamda_2_2 - lamda_3_2 *9.81*(10^ -3) *20*(1+0.5* e
*(2* X_1 -2* q_2 + r ) ) ;
56 grad_3 = lamda_2_3 - lamda_3_3 *9.81*(10^ -3) *20*(1+0.5* e
*(2* X_2 -2* q_3 + r ) ) ;
57
58 q_2 = q_2 - alpha * grad_2 ; // u p d a t i n g v a l u e o f q and
reiterating
59 q_3 = q_3 - alpha * grad_3 ;
60 i = i +1;
61 end
62
63 // Hydel and t h e r m a l g e n e r a t i o n f o r t h e t h r e e sub
i n t e r a v a l s are given in tabular format
64 printf ( \ n R e s u l t s f o r Optimal L o a d i n g o f
H y d r o t h e r m a l s t a t i o n s a t t h e end o f %d i t e r a t i o n s
,i ) ;
65 printf ( \n

n );
66 printf ( I n t e r v a l \ t \ tLoad \ t \ tHydro \ t \ t T h e r m a l \ t \
tWater d i s c h a r g e \n ) ;
67 printf ( \ t \tMW\ t \tMW\ t \tMW\ t \tm 3/ s \n ) ;
68 printf (

n );
69 printf ( 1 \ t \t%d\ t \ t%0 . 4 f \ t \ t%0 . 4 f \ t \ t%0 . 2 f \n
, Pd_1 , Pgh_1 , Pgt_1 , q_1 ) ;
70 printf ( 2 \ t \t%d\ t \ t%0 . 4 f \ t \ t%0 . 4 f \ t \ t%0 . 2 f \n
, Pd_2 , Pgh_2 , Pgt_2 , q_2 ) ;
71 printf ( 3 \ t \t%d\ t \ t%0 . 4 f \ t \ t%0 . 4 f \ t \ t%0 . 2 f \n
, Pd_3 , Pgh_3 , Pgt_3 , q_3 ) ;
72 printf (

n );

88
89
 Chapter 8

Automatic Generation and

Voltage Control

Scilab code Exa 8.1 Frequency change Calculation

Frequency change Calculation

1 // C h a p t e r 8
2 // Example 8 . 1
3 // p a g e 300
4 //To d e t e r m i n e t h e c h a n g e i n t h e f r e q u e n c y
5 clear ; clc ;
6 f =50;
7 H =5 e3 ;
8 KE = H *100*1000; //K . E s t o r e d i n t h e g e n e r a t o r
9 PI =50 e6 ; // power i n p u t t o g e n e r a t o r b e f o r e t h e stem
valve i s closed
10 EE = PI *0.4 ; // E x c e s s e n e r g y i n p u t t o t h e r o t a t i n g
parts
11 fnew = f *(( KE + EE ) / KE ) ^0.5; // f r e q u e n c y a t t h e end o f
the 0.4 sec
12 printf ( \ n K i n e t i c Energy s t o r e d i n t h e r o t a t i n g
p a r t s o f g e n e r a t o r and t u r b i n e = %d kWs e c , KE
/1000) ;

90
13 printf ( \ n E x c e s s power i n p u t t o g e n e r a t o r b e f o r e t h e
stem v a l v e b e g i n s t o c l o s e =%d MW , PI /1000000) ;
14 printf ( \ n E x c e s s e n e r g y i n p u t t o r o t a t i n g p a r t s i n
0 . 4 s e c=%d kWs e c , EE /1000) ;
15 printf ( \ n F r e q u e n c y a t t h e end o f 0 . 4 s e c=%0 . 2 f Hz\n\
n , fnew ) ;

Scilab code Exa 8.2 Load sharing and System Frequency

Load sharing and System Frequency

1 // C h a p t e r 8
2 // Example 8 . 2
3 // p a g e 301
4 //To d e t e r m i n e d e t e r m i n e l o a d s h a r i n g and s y s t e m
frequency
5 clear ; clc ;
6 f =50; // s y s t e m f r e q u e n c y
7 x =200; // l o a d on f i r s t g e n e r a t o r ( v a l u e i s assumed
first )
8 delta_f =0.01* x ; // from t h e f i r s t e q u a t i o n g i v e n i n
t h e book
9 x =(3.75) /(0.01+0.00625) ; // by s u b s t i t u t i n g ( i ) i n (
ii )
10 delta_f =0.01* x ; // r e c a l c u l a t i n g t h e v a l u e
11 x2 =600 - x ;
12 printf ( \ nLoad s h a r e d by t h e g e n e r a t o r : \ n\ t
G e n e r a t o r 1=%0 . 2 f MW\n\ t G e n e r a t o r 2=%0 . 2 f MW\n ,x ,
x2 ) ;
13 printf ( \ nSystem F r e q u e n c y=%0 . 2 f Hz\n\n ,f - delta_f ) ;

91
 Chapter 9

Symmetrical Fault Analysis

Scilab code Exa 9.1 Fault Current Calculation

Fault Current Calculation

1 // C h a p t e r 9
2 // Example 9 . 1
3 // p a g e 335
4 //To c a l c u l a t e f a u l t c u r r e n t
5 clear ; clc ;
6 // s e l e c t i n g b a s e KVA and MVA
7 mvab =100;
8 Gmva =10;
9 T1mva =10; T2mva =5;
10 Gkvb =11; // g e n e r a t o r kV b a s e
11 OHLkvb =33; // o v e r h e a d l i n e kV b a s e
12 Ckvb =6.6; // c a b l e kB b a s e
13 xg1 = %i *0.15; xg2 = %i *0.125; xt1 = %i *0.10; xt2 = %i *0.08;
14 xOHL =0.27+ %i *0.36 ; xcab = 0.135+ %i *0.08;
15
16 // c l c u l a t i n g PU i m p e d a n c e s
17
18 xg1 =( xg1 * mvab ) / Gmva ;
19 xg2 =( xg2 * mvab ) / Gmva ;

92
20 xt1 =( xt1 * mvab ) / T1mva ;
21 xt2 =( xt2 * mvab ) / T2mva ;
22 xOHL =(30* xOHL * mvab ) /( OHLkvb ^2) ;
23 xcab =(3* xcab * mvab ) /( Ckvb ^2) ;
24 // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t s
25 printf ( \n R e a c t a n c e o f G1= j%0 . 1 f pu \n , abs ( imag (
xg1 ) ) ) ;
26 printf ( R e a c t a n c e o f G2= j%0 . 1 f pu \n , abs ( imag ( xg2 )
));
27 printf ( R e a c t a n c e o f T1= j%0 . 1 f pu \n , abs ( imag ( xt1 )
));
28 printf ( R e a c t a n c e o f T2= j%0 . 1 f pu \n , abs ( imag ( xt2 )
));
29 printf ( Overhead l i n e i m p e d a n c e =(%0 . 3 f + j%0 . 3 f ) pu
\n , real ( xOHL ) , abs ( imag ( xOHL ) ) ) ;
30 printf ( C a b l e i m p e d a n c e= (%0 . 3 f + j%0 . 3 f ) pu \n ,
real ( xcab ) , abs ( imag ( xcab ) ) ) ;
31
32 // Impedance d i a g r a m i s a s shown i n t h e f i g u r e 9 . 7 i n
the textbook
33 // A XCOS s i m u l a t i o n f o r t h i s p r o b l e i s done t o
e x p l a i n t h e s u b t r a n s i e n t , t r a n s i e n t and s t e a d y
state periods of a symmetrical short c i r c u i t
34 xtotal =(( xg1 * xg2 ) /( xg1 + xg2 ) + xt1 + xt2 + xOHL + xcab ) ;
35 Isc_pu =(1/ xtotal ) ;
36 Ibase =( mvab /( sqrt (3) * Ckvb ) ) *1000;
37 Isc = Isc_pu * Ibase ;
38 x_F_to_bus =( xt1 + xt2 + xOHL + xcab ) ;
39 v_11b = x_F_to_bus * Isc_pu *11;
40 // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t s
41 printf ( \ n T o t a l i m p e d a n c e= %0 . 1 f < %0 . 2 f deg pu \n ,
abs ( xtotal ) , atand ( imag ( xtotal ) / real ( xtotal ) ) ) ;
42 printf ( S h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t= %d A\n , abs ( Isc ) ) ;
43 printf ( V o l t a g e a t 11kV bus=%0 . 2 f kV\n , abs ( v_11b ) ) ;

93
 This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

Scilab code Exa 9.2 Subtransient and Momentary current Calculation

Subtransient and Momentary current Calculation

1 // C h a p t e r 9
2 // Example 9 . 2
3 // p a g e 337
4 //To c a l c u l a t e s u b t r a n s i e n t and momentary c u r r e n t
5 clear ; clc ;
6 mvab =25;
7 Gmva =25;
8 T1mva =25; T2mva =25;
9 Gkvb =11; // g e n e r a t o r kV b a s e
10 OHLkvb =66; // o v e r h e a d l i n e kV b a s e
11 Mkvb =6.6; // motor kV b a s e
12 Mmva =5; // motor mva
13
14 XdG = %i *0.2; // G e n e r a t o r s s u b t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e
15 XdM = %i *0.25; // Motor s s u b t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e
16 XdM2 = %i *0.3; // Motor s t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e
17 Xt1 = %i *0.1; // s t e p up t r a n s f o r m e r s r e a c t a n c e
18 Xt2 = %i *0.1; // s t e p down t r a n s f o r m e r s r e a c t a n c e
19 Xtl = %i *0.15 ; // t r n a s m i s s i o n l i n e s r e a c t a n c e
20
21 // p e r u n i t c a l c u l a t i o n
22 XdM =( XdM * mvab ) / Mmva ; // p e r u n i t i m p e d a n c e o f e a c h
motor

94
95
23 printf ( \ n S u b t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e o f e a c h motor = j%0
. 2 f pu \n , abs ( XdM ) ) ;
24
25 // ( a ) s u b t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t i n t h e f a u l t
26 Isc =(3*(1/ XdM ) ) +(1/( XdG + Xt1 + Xt2 + Xtl ) ) ;
27 Ibase =( mvab *1000) /( sqrt (3) * Mkvb ) ;
28 Isc = Isc * Ibase ;
29 printf ( \ n S u b t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t i n t h e f a u l t =%0 . 1 fA \
n , abs ( Isc ) ) ;
30
31 // ( b ) s u b t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t i n t h e b r e a k e r B
32 IscB =(2*(1/ XdM ) ) +(1/( XdG + Xt1 + Xt2 + Xtl ) ) ;
33 IscB = IscB * Ibase ;
34 printf ( \ n S u b t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t i n b r e a k e r B=%0 . 1 fA \n
, abs ( IscB ) ) ;
35
36 // ( c ) t o f i n d t h e momentary c u r r e n t t h r o u g h b r e a k e r
B
37 ImomB =1.6* IscB ;
38 printf ( \ nMomentary c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e b r e a k e r B=
%dA\n , abs ( ImomB ) ) ;
39
40 // ( d ) t o compute c u r r e n t t o be i n t e r r u p t e d by
breaker in 5 cycles
41 XdM2 =( XdM2 * mvab ) / Mmva ; // p e r u n i t t r a n s i e n t i m p e d a n c e
o f e a c h motor
42 IscB =(2*(1/ XdM2 ) ) +(1/( XdG + Xt1 + Xt2 + Xtl ) ) ;
43 IscB = IscB * Ibase ;
44 ImomB =1.1* IscB ;
45 printf ( \ n C u r r e n t t o be i n t e r r u p t e d by b r e a k e r B i n
f i v e c y c l e s =%dA\n , abs ( ImomB ) ) ;

96
 Figure 9.2: Subtransient and Momentary current Calculation

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

Scilab code Exa 9.3 Subtransient Current Calculation

Subtransient Current Calculation

1 // C h a p t e r 9

97
 2 // Example 9 . 3
3 // p a g e 340
4 //To c a l c u l a t e s u b t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t i n G e n e r a t o r ,
Motor and f a u l t
5 clear ; clc ;
6 mvab =25;
7 kvb =11;
8 Vo =10.6/ kvb ; //PU P r e f a u l t v o l t a g e
9 printf ( \ n P r e f a u l t V o l t a g e = %0 . 4 f p u \n , Vo ) ;
10
11 Load =15/ mvab ; // l o a d PU w i t h 0 . 8 p f l e a d i n g
12 Io =( Load /( Vo *0.8) ) *( cosd (36.9) + %i * sind (36.9) ) ; //
Prefault current
13 printf ( \ n P r e f a u l t c u r r e n t = %0 . 4 f a t %0 . 1 f deg PU
, abs ( Io ) , atand ( imag ( Io ) / real ( Io ) ) ) ;
14
15 Eg = Vo +( %i *0.45* Io ) ; // v o l t a g e b e h i n d s u b t r a n s i e n t
reactance ( generator )
16 printf ( \n\ n V o l t a g e b e h i n d s u b t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e (
G e n e r a t o r ) = %0 . 4 f+j%0 . 2 f pu \n , real ( Eg ) , imag (
Eg ) ) ;
17
18 Em = Vo -( %i *0.15* Io ) ; // v o l t a g e b e h i n d s u b t r a n s i e n t
r e a c t a n c e ( motor )
19 printf ( \ n V o l t a g e b e h i n d s u b t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e (
Motor ) = %0 . 4 f j%0 . 4 f pu , real ( Em ) , abs ( imag ( Em ) ) )
;
20
21 Ig = Eg /( %i *0.45) ; // u n d e r f a u l t c o n d i t i o n
22 Im = Em /( %i *0.15) ; // u n d e r f a u l t c o n d i t i o n
23 printf ( \n\ nUnder F a u l t e d c o n d i t i o n \n I g =%0 . 4 f
j%0 . 4 f pu , real ( Ig ) , abs ( imag ( Ig ) ) ) ;
24 printf ( \n Im=%0 . 4 f j%0 . 4 f pu , real ( Im ) , abs ( imag (
Im ) ) ) ;
25 If = Ig + Im ; // C u r r e n t i n f a u l t
26 printf ( \n\ n C u r r e n t i n f a u l t = j%0 . 4 f pu , abs ( imag (
If ) ) ) ;
27

98
28 Ib =( mvab *1000/( sqrt (3) *11) ) ; // Base c u r r e n t
29 // A c t u a l C u r r e n t s
30 printf ( \n\nNow ) ;
31 Ig = Ig * Ib
32 Im = Im * Ib
33 If = If * Ib
34 printf ( \ n I g = %0 . 1 f j%0 . 1 f A , real ( Ig ) , abs ( imag ( Ig
)));
35 printf ( \nIm= %0 . 1 f j%0 . 1 f A , real ( Im ) , abs ( imag ( Im
)));
36 printf ( \ n I f= j%d A , abs ( imag ( If ) ) ) ;

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

Scilab code Exa 9.4 Maximum MVA Calculation

Maximum MVA Calculation

1 // C h a p t e r 9
2 // Example 9 . 4
3 // p a g e 345
4 //To c a l c u l a t e maximum MVA
5 clear ; clc ;
6 mvab =50;
7 kvb =6.6;
8 mvaA =40;
9 mvaB =50;
10 mvaC =25;
11 feeder_impedance =((0.06+ %i *0.12) * mvab ) /( kvb ^2)
12

99
Figure 9.3: Subtransient Current Calculation

100
13 Gen_A_reactance =( %i *0.1* mvab / mvaA ) ;
14 Gen_B_reactance =( %i *0.1* mvab / mvaB ) ;
15 Gen_C_reactance =( %i *0.1* mvab / mvaC ) ;
16
17 printf ( \ n G e n e r a t o r A r e a c t a n c e = j%0 . 3 f pu , abs (
Gen_A_reactance ) ) ;
18 printf ( \ n G e n e r a t o r B r e a c t a n c e = j%0 . 3 f pu , abs (
Gen_B_reactance ) ) ;
19 printf ( \ n G e n e r a t o r C r e a c t a n c e = j%0 . 3 f pu , abs (
Gen_C_reactance ) ) ;
20
21 Reactor_A_reactance =( %i *0.12* mvab / mvaA ) ;
22 Reactor_B_reactance =( %i *0.12* mvab / mvaB ) ;
23 Reactor_C_reactance =( %i *0.12* mvab / mvaC ) ;
24
25 printf ( \ n R e a c t o r A r e a c t a n c e = j%0 . 3 f pu , abs (
Reactor_A_reactance ) ) ;
26 printf ( \ n R e a c t o r B r e a c t a n c e = j%0 . 3 f pu , abs (
Reactor_B_reactance ) ) ;
27 printf ( \ n R e a c t o r C r e a c t a n c e = j%0 . 3 f pu , abs (
Reactor_C_reactance ) ) ;
28
29 function resistance = parallel ( r1 , r2 )
30 resistance =( r1 * r2 /( r1 + r2 ) ) ;
31 endfunction
32
33 Z =( feeder_impedance ) + parallel ( %i *0.125 ,( %i *0.15 +
parallel ( %i *0.22 , %i *0.44) ) ) ;
34 scmva =(1/ abs ( Z ) ) * mvab ;
35 printf ( \n\nSC MVA = %d MVA , scmva ) ;

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

101
Figure 9.4: Maximum MVA Calculation

102
 Scilab code Exa 9.5 Short Circuit Solution
Short Circuit Solution

1 // C h a p t e r 9
2 // Example 9 . 5
3 // p a g e 347
4 //To c a l c u l a t e s h o r t c i r c u i t s o l u t i o n
5 clear ; clc ;
6 // r e f e r r i n g t o f i g u r e s 9 . 1 9 i n t h e t e x t book , we g e t
d i r e c t l y the f a u l t current
7 V4o =1.0;
8 Zf = %i *0.13560;
9 If = V4o / Zf ;
10 printf ( \ n I f= j%0 . 5 f pu \n\n , abs ( If ) ) ;
11
12 // From F i g 9 . 1 9 d
13 I1 = If *(( %i *0.19583) /( %i *0.37638) ) ;
14 I2 = If *(( %i *0.18055) /( %i *0.37638) ) ;
15 printf ( I 1 = j%0 . 5 f pu \n\ n I 2 = j%0 . 5 f pu \n\n , abs
( I1 ) , abs ( I2 ) ) ;
16
17 // v o l t a g e c h a n g e s f o r bus 1 , 2 and 3
18 deltaV1 =0 -( %i *0.15) * I1 ;
19 deltaV2 =0 -( %i *0.15) * I2 ;
20 printf ( DeltaV1=%0 . 5 f pu \n\ nDeltaV2=%0 . 5 f pu \n\n ,
deltaV1 , deltaV2 ) ;
21
22 // r e f f e r i n g t o book
23 V1f =1+ deltaV1 ;
24 V2f =1+ deltaV2 ;
25 printf ( V1f= %0 . 5 f pu \n\ nV2f=%0 . 5 f pu \n\n ,V1f , V2f ) ;
26 I13 =( V1f - V2f ) /( %i *0.15+ %i *0.1) ;
27 printf ( I 1 3=j%0 . 5 f pu \n\n , abs ( I13 ) ) ;

103
28 deltaV3 =0 -(( %i *0.15) *( I1 ) +( %i *0.15) *( I13 ) ) ;
29 Vf3 =1+ deltaV3 ;
30 printf ( DeltaV3=%0 . 5 f pu \n\n , deltaV3 ) ;
31 printf ( Vf3=%0 . 5 f pu \n\n , Vf3 ) ;
32 Vf4 =0;
33 printf ( Vf4=%d\n\n , Vf4 ) ;
34 // s h o r t c i r c u i t MVA a t bus 4
35 SC_MVA_4 = abs ( If ) *100;
36 printf ( S h o r t c i r c u i t MVA a t b u s 4 =%0 . 3 f MVA ,
SC_MVA_4 ) ;

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

Scilab code Exa 9.6 Short Circuit Solution using Algorithm

Short Circuit Solution using Algorithm

1 // C h a p t e r 9
2 // Example 9 . 6
3 // p a g e 352
4 //To c a l c u l a t e s h o r t c i r c u i t s o l u t i o n u s i n g
algorithm for short c i r c u i t studies
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 Y11 =1/(0.15* %i ) +1/(0.15* %i ) +1/(0.1* %i ) +1/(0.2* %i ) ;
8 Y12 = -1/(0.2* %i ) ;
9 Y21 = Y12 ;
10 Y13 = -1/(0.15* %i ) ;
11 Y31 = Y13 ;
12 Y14 = -1/(0.1* %i ) ;

104
Figure 9.5: Short Circuit Solution

105
13 Y41 = Y14 ;
14 Y22 =1/(0.15* %i ) +1/(0.15* %i ) +1/(0.1* %i ) +1/(0.2* %i ) ;
15 Y23 = -1/(0.1* %i ) ;
16 Y32 = Y23 ;
17 Y24 = -1/(0.15* %i ) ;
18 Y42 = Y24 ;
19 Y33 =1/(0.15* %i ) +1/(0.1* %i ) ;
20 Y34 =0;
21 Y43 = Y34 ;
22 Y44 =1/(0.15* %i ) +1/(0.1* %i ) ;
23
24 // Ybus m a t r i x can be w r i t t e n a s
25
26 Ybus =[ Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 ; Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 ; Y31 Y32 Y33
Y34 ; Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 ];
27
28 Zbus = inv ( Ybus ) ;
29
30 // p r e a u l t v o l t a g e s
31 V10 =1; V20 =1; V30 =1; V40 =1;
32
33 // p o s t f a u l t v o l t a g e s
34 V1f = V10 -( Zbus (1 ,4) / Zbus (4 ,4) ) * V40 ;
35 V2f = V20 -( Zbus (2 ,4) / Zbus (4 ,4) ) * V40 ;
36 V3f = V30 -( Zbus (3 ,4) / Zbus (4 ,4) ) * V40 ;
37 V4f = V40 -( Zbus (4 ,4) / Zbus (4 ,4) ) * V40 ;
38
39 // t o c a l c u l a t e f a u l t c u r r e n t t h r o u g h Z f =0
40 If = V40 /( Zbus (4 ,4) +0) ;
41
42 // s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t i n l i n e s 1 3 ,1 2 ,1 4 ,2 4 and
23
43
44 I13f =( V1f - V3f ) /(0.15* %i ) ;
45 I12f =( V1f - V2f ) /(0.2* %i ) ;
46 I14f =( V1f - V4f ) /(0.1* %i ) ;
47 I24f =( V2f - V4f ) /(0.15* %i ) ;
48 I23f =( V2f - V3f ) /(0.1* %i ) ;

106
49
50 // I f a t a l l f a u l t o c c u r s on b u s 1 o r b u s 2
51 If12 =1/ Zbus (1 ,1) ;
52
53 // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t s
54 printf ( \n Ybus= ) ;
55 disp ( Ybus ) ;
56
57 printf ( \n Zbus= ) ;
58 disp ( Zbus ) ;
59
60 printf ( \ nV1f= %0 . 4 f pu , V1f ) ;
61 printf ( \ nV2f= %0 . 4 f pu , V2f ) ;
62 printf ( \ nV3f= %0 . 4 f pu , V3f ) ;
63 printf ( \ nV4f= %0 . 1 f pu \n , V4f ) ;
64
65 printf ( \ n F a u l t c u r r e n t=j%0 . 5 f pu \n , abs ( If ) ) ;
66
67 printf ( \ n I 1 3 f=j%0 . 3 f pu , abs ( I13f ) ) ;
68 printf ( \ n I 1 2 f=j%0 . 3 f pu , abs ( I12f ) ) ;
69 printf ( \ n I 1 4 f=j%0 . 3 f pu , abs ( I14f ) ) ;
70 printf ( \ n I 2 4 f=j%0 . 3 f pu , abs ( I24f ) ) ;
71 printf ( \ n I 2 3 f=j%0 . 3 f pu \n , abs ( I23f ) ) ;
72
73 printf ( \n F a u l t c u r r e n t f o r a f a u l t on bus 1 ( o r
bus 2 ) \n I f =j%0 . 6 f pu \n\n , abs ( If12 ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.7 Current Injection Method

Current Injection Method

1 // C h a p t e r 9
2 // Example 9 . 7

107
 3 // p a g e 355
4 //To e v a l u a t e Zbus u s i n g C u r r e n t I n j e c t i o n method
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 disp ( We can a p p r o a c h t h i s p r o b l e m u s i n g XCOS
s i m u l a t i o n )
8 disp ( I n t h i s s i m u l a t i o n ) ;
9 disp ( 1 ) For i n j e c t i n g u n i t c u r r e n t a t b u s 1 k e e p i n g
b u s 2 open c i r c u i t , we u s e a c u r r e n t s o u r c e o f 1
u n i t which i s s w i t c h e d on from t =0 t o t =2. D u r i n g
t h i s p e r i o d we can o b s e r v e t h e v o l t a g e w a v e f o r m s
o f V1 and V2 and compare w i t h t h e r e s u l t s g i v e n
i n the textbook );
10 disp ( 2 ) For i n j e c t i n g u n i t c u r r e n t a t b u s 2 k e e p i n g
b u s 1 open c i r c u i t , we u s e a c u r r e n t s o u r c e o f 1
u n i t which i s s w i t c h e d on from t =4 t o t =6. D u r i n g
t h i s p e r i o d we can o b s e r v e t h e v o l t a g e w a v e f o r m s
o f V1 and V2 and compare w i t h t h e r e s u l t s g i v e n
i n the textbook );
11
12 Z11 =7;
13 Z21 =4;
14 Z12 = Z21 ;
15 Z22 =6;
16
17 Zbus =[ Z11 Z12 ; Z21 Z22 ]

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

Scilab code Exa 9.8 Zbus matrix building using Algorithm

108
Figure 9.6: Current Injection Method

109
 Zbus matrix building using Algorithm

1 // C h a p t e r 9
2 // Example 9 . 8
3 // p a g e 360
4 //To b u i l d Zbus m a t r i x u s i n g Zbus b u i l d i n g a l g o r i t h m
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 disp ( L e t u s go on m o d i f y i n g Zbus by i n c l u d i n g n o d e s
and t h e e l e m e n t s c o n n e c t e d t o i t one by one a s
given in the textbook )
8
9 // s t e p 1 t y p e 1 m o d i f i c a t i o n
10 Zbus =[0.25];
11 printf ( \ n s t e p 1 t y p e 1 m o d i f i c a t i o n \ nZbus= ) ; disp (
Zbus ) ;
12
13 // s t e p 2 t y p e 2 m o d i f i c a t i o n
14 Zbus =[ Zbus ,0.25;0.25 ,0.25+0.1];
15 printf ( \ n s t e p 2 t y p e 2 m o d i f i c a t i o n \ nZbus= ) ; disp (
Zbus ) ;
16
17 // s t e p 3 t y p e 2 m o d i f i c a t i o n
18 Zbus =[ Zbus [0.25;0.25]; 0.25 0.25 0.35];
19 printf ( \ n s t e p 3 t y p e 2 m o d i f i c a t i o n \ nZbus= ) ; disp (
Zbus ) ;
20
21 // s t e p 4 t y p e 3 m o d i f i c a t i o n
22 Zbus = Zbus -(1/( Zbus (3 ,3) +0.25) ) *[ Zbus (1:3 ,2:2) ]*[ Zbus
(2:2 ,1:3) ];
23 printf ( \ n s t e p 4 t y p e 3 m o d i f i c a t i o n \ nZbus= ) ; disp (
Zbus ) ;
24
25 printf ( T h i s i s t h e f i n a l Zbus m a t r i x a f t e r
i n c l u d i n g a l l t h e e l e m e n t s \n ) ;
26 // s t e p 5 t y p e 4 m o d i f i c a t i o n
27 Zbus = Zbus -(1/(0.1+ Zbus (2 ,2) + Zbus (3 ,3) -2* Zbus (2 ,3) ) )

110
 *[ Zbus (1:3 ,2:2) - Zbus (1:3 ,3:3) ]*[ Zbus (2:2 ,1:3) -
Zbus (3:3 ,1:3) ];
28 printf ( \ n s t e p 5 t y p e 4 m o d i f i c a t i o n \ nZbus= ) ; disp (
Zbus ) ;
29
30 disp ( o p e n i n g a l i n e b e t w e e n 23 i s e q u i v a l e n t t o
c o n n e c t i n g ( 0.1) between bus3 bus2 )
31 Zbus = Zbus -(1/( -0.1+ Zbus (2 ,2) + Zbus (3 ,3) -2* Zbus (2 ,3) ) )
*[ Zbus (1:3 ,2:2) - Zbus (1:3 ,3:3) ]*[ Zbus (2:2 ,1:3) -
Zbus (3:3 ,1:3) ];
32 printf ( Zbus= ) ; disp ( Zbus ) ; printf ( ( same a s i n s t e p
4) );

Scilab code Exa 9.9 PostFault Currents and Voltages Calculation

PostFault Currents and Voltages Calculation

1 // C h a p t e r 9
2 // Example 9 . 9
3 // p a g e 362
4 //To f i n d p o s t f a u l t c u r r e n t s and v o l t a g e s
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 disp ( The T h e v e n i n p a s s i v e n e t w o r k f o r t h i s s y s t e m
i s drawn i n E x a m p l e 9 8 ( o r f i g 9 . 2 8 i n t h e
textbook ) );
8 disp ( U s i n g t h e Zbus m a t r i x from t h e r e s u l t s o f
e x a m p l e 9 8 , we can c a l c u l a t e p o s t f a u l t c u r r e n t s
and v o l t a g e s ) ;
9 Zbus = %i *[0.1397059 0.1102941 0.125;0.1102941
0.1397059 0.125;0.125 0.125 0.175]
10
11 // t o f i n d f a u l t c u r r e n t

111
12 V30 =1; V10 =1; V20 =1;
13 If =( V30 /( Zbus (3 ,3) +0) ) ;
14 printf ( \ n I f=j%0 . 2 f pu \n , abs ( If ) ) ;
15
16
17 // t o f i n d p o s t f a u l t v o l t a g e s
18 V1f = V10 -( Zbus (1 ,3) / Zbus (3 ,3) ) ;
19 V2f = V20 -( Zbus (2 ,3) / Zbus (3 ,3) ) ;
20 printf ( \ nV1f=%0 . 3 f , V1f ) ;
21 printf ( \ nV2f=%0 . 3 f , V2f ) ;
22
23 // t o f i n d f a u l t c u r r e n t s i n t h e TL
24 I12f =( V1f - V2f ) /( %i *0.1) ;
25 I13f =( V1f -0) /( %i *0.1) ;
26 I23f =( V2f -0) /( %i *0.1) ;
27 printf ( \n\ n I 1 2 f=%d , I12f ) ;
28 printf ( \ n I 1 3 f=j%0 . 2 f , abs ( I13f ) ) ;
29 printf ( \ n I 2 3 f=j%0 . 2 f , abs ( I23f ) ) ;
30
31 // t o f i n d g e n e r a t o r c u r r e n t s d u r i n g f a u l t s
32 Eg1 =1; Eg2 =1;
33 Ig1f =( Eg1 - V1f ) /(0.2* %i +0.05* %i ) ;
34 Ig2f =( Eg2 - V2f ) /(0.2* %i +0.05* %i ) ;
35 printf ( \n\ n I g 1 f=j%0 . 2 f , abs ( Ig1f ) ) ;
36 printf ( \ n I g 2 f=j%0 . 2 f \n\n , abs ( Ig2f ) ) ;

112
 Chapter 10

Symmetrical Components

Scilab code Exa 10.1 Symmetrical components of line currents Calcula-

tion

Symmetrical components of line currents Calculation

1 // C h a p t e r 10
2 // Example 1 0 . 1
3 // p a g e 374
4 //To c a l c u l a t e s y m m e t r i c a l c o m p o n e n t s o f l i n e
currents
5 clear ; clc ;
6 Ia =10*( cosd (30) + %i * sind (30) ) ;
7 Ib =15*( cosd ( -60) + %i * sind ( -60) ) ;
8 // from KCL I a+I b+I c =0
9 Ic = -( Ia + Ib ) ;
10 // d e f i n i n g a l p h a ( a )
11 a = cosd (120) +( %i * sind (120) ) ;
12 Ip =[ Ia ; Ib ; Ic ];
13 A =[1 1 1; a ^2 a 1; a a ^2 1];
14 IA = inv ( A ) * Ip ;
15 IB = diag ([ a ^2 ,a ,1]) * IA ;
16 IC = diag ([ a , a ^2 ,1]) * IA ;
17

113
18 function [r , theta ]= phasorform ( x )
19 r = abs ( x ) ;
20 theta = atand ( imag ( x ) , real ( x ) ) ;
21 endfunction
22
23 [ IAr , IAth ]= phasorform ( IA ) ;
24 [ IBr , IBth ]= phasorform ( IB ) ;
25 [ ICr , ICth ]= phasorform ( IC ) ;
26
27 // t o d i s p l a y t h e r e s u l t s o f s y m e t t r i c a l c o m p o n e n t s
of line currents
28
29 printf ( \n\ nIA1=%0 . 2 f @ %d deg A , IAr (1 ,1) , IAth (1 ,1)
);
30 printf ( \ nIA2=%0 . 2 f @ %d deg A , IAr (2 ,1) , IAth (2 ,1) ) ;
31 printf ( \ nIA0=%0 . 2 f A , IAr (3 ,1) ) ;
32
33
34 printf ( \n\ nIB1=%0 . 2 f @ %d deg A , IBr (1 ,1) , IBth (1 ,1)
);
35 printf ( \ nIB2=%0 . 2 f @ %d deg A , IBr (2 ,1) , IBth (2 ,1) ) ;
36 printf ( \ nIB0=%0 . 2 f A , IBr (3 ,1) ) ;
37
38
39 printf ( \n\ nIC1=%0 . 2 f @ %d deg A , ICr (1 ,1) , ICth (1 ,1)
);
40 printf ( \ nIC2=%0 . 2 f @ %d deg A , ICr (2 ,1) , ICth (2 ,1) ) ;
41 printf ( \ nIC0=%0 . 2 f A , ICr (3 ,1) ) ;
42
43 // t o c a l c u l a t e D e l t a c u r r e n t s
44
45 IAB =( Ia - Ib ) /3;
46 IBC =( Ib - Ic ) /3;
47 ICA =( Ic - Ia ) /3;
48
49 // t o g e t t h e r e s u l t s i n p h a s o r n o t a t i o n
50 [ IABr , IABth ]= phasorform ( IAB ) ;
51 [ IBCr , IBCth ]= phasorform ( IBC ) ;

114
52 [ ICAr , ICAth ]= phasorform ( ICA ) ;
53
54 printf ( \n\nIAB=%0 . 2 f @ %d deg A , IABr , IABth ) ;
55 printf ( \nIBC=%0 . 2 f @ %d deg A , IBCr , IBCth ) ;
56 printf ( \nICA=%0 . 2 f @ %d deg A , ICAr , ICAth ) ;
57
58 // t o c a l c u l t e t h e s y m m e t r i c a l c om p o n e n t s o f d e l t a
c u r r e n t s by r e u s i n g t h e v a r i a b l e I p
59 Ip =[ IAB ; IBC ; ICA ];
60 IAB = inv ( A ) * Ip ;
61 IBC = diag ([ a ^2 ,a ,1]) * IAB ;
62 ICA = diag ([ a , a ^2 ,1]) * IAB ;
63
64 [ IABr , IABth ]= phasorform ( IAB ) ;
65 [ IBCr , IBCth ]= phasorform ( IBC ) ;
66 [ ICAr , ICAth ]= phasorform ( ICA ) ;
67
68 // t o d i s p l a y t h e r e s u l t s o f s y m m e t r i c a l c o m p o n e n t s
of Delta currents
69
70 printf ( \n\ nIAB1=%0 . 2 f @ %d deg A , IABr (1 ,1) , IABth
(1 ,1) ) ;
71 printf ( \ nIAB2=%0 . 2 f @ %d deg A , IABr (2 ,1) , IABth
(2 ,1) ) ;
72 printf ( \ nIAB0=%0 . 2 f A , IABr (3 ,1) ) ;
73
74
75 printf ( \n\ nIBC1=%0 . 2 f @ %d deg A , IBCr (1 ,1) , IBCth
(1 ,1) ) ;
76 printf ( \ nIBC2=%0 . 2 f @ %d deg A , IBCr (2 ,1) , IBCth
(2 ,1) ) ;
77 printf ( \ nIBC0=%0 . 2 f A , IBCr (3 ,1) ) ;
78
79
80 printf ( \n\ nICA1=%0 . 2 f @ %d deg A , ICAr (1 ,1) , ICAth
(1 ,1) ) ;
81 printf ( \ nICA2=%0 . 2 f @ %d deg A , ICAr (2 ,1) , ICAth
(2 ,1) ) ;

115
82 printf ( \ nICA0=%0 . 2 f A\n\n , ICAr (3 ,1) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.2 Sequence Network of the System

Sequence Network of the System

1 // C h a p t e r 10
2 // Example 1 0 . 2
3 // p a g e no 390
4 //To draw s e q u e n c e n e t w o r k s o f t h e s y s t e m
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 // s e l e c t i n g g e n e r a t o r r a t i n g a s b a s e i n g e n e r a t o r
circuit
8
9 mvab =25;
10 kvGb =11; // b a s e v o l t a g e f o r g e n e r a t o r
11 kvTLb = kvGb *(121/10.8) ; // b a s e v o l t a g e f o r TL
12 kvMb = kvTLb *(10.8/121) ; // b a s e v o l t a g e f o r m o t o r s
13
14 xG = %i *0.2;
15 xT = %i *0.1;
16 xTL =100;
17 xM = %i *0.25;
18
19 mvaG =25;
20 mvaT =30;
21 mvaM1 =15;
22 mvaM2 =7.5;
23
24 kvM =10;
25
26 // c o n v e r t i n g a l l t h e r e a c t a n c e s t o PUs

116
27
28 xT = xT *( mvab / mvaT ) *(10.8/ kvGb ) ^2;
29 xTL = xTL *( mvab /( kvTLb ) ^2) ;
30 xM1 = xM *( mvab / mvaM1 ) *( kvM / kvMb ) ^2;
31 xM2 = xM *( mvab / mvaM2 ) *( kvM / kvMb ) ^2;
32
33 // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t s
34
35 printf ( \n\ n T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e v o l t a g e b a s e = %0 . 1 f
kV , kvTLb ) ;
36 printf ( \n\ Motor v o l t a g e b a s e = %d kV , kvMb ) ;
37 printf ( \n\ n T r a n s f o r m e r r e a c t a n c e = %0 . 4 f pu , abs (
imag ( xT ) ) ) ;
38 printf ( \ n L i n e r e a c t a n c e = %0 . 3 f pu , abs ( xTL ) ) ;
39 printf ( \ n R e a c t a n c e o f motor 1 = %0 . 3 f pu , abs ( imag (
xM1 ) ) ) ;
40 printf ( \ n R e a c t a n c e o f motor 2 = %0 . 3 f pu \n\n , abs (
imag ( xM2 ) ) ) ;
41
42 disp ( P o s i t i v e and N e g a t i v e s e q u e n c e d i a g r a m h a s
b e e n drawn u s i n g XCOS, s i m u l a t i o n h a s n o t b e e n
done a s i t i s n o t b e i n g a s k e d i n t h e p r o b l e m ) ;

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

Scilab code Exa 10.3 Zero sequence Network

Zero sequence Network

1 // C h a p t e r 10
2 // Example 1 0 . 3
3 // p a g e no 392

117
 4 //To draw t h e z e r o s e q u e n c e n e t w o r k s o f t h e s y s t e m
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 disp ( Z e r o s e q u e n c e d i a g r a m h a s b e e n drawn u s i n g
XCOS, s i m u l a t i o n h a s n o t b e e n done a s i t i s n o t
b e in g asked i n the problem );

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

Scilab code Exa 10.4 Zero Sequence Network

Zero Sequence Network

1 // C h a p t e r 10
2 // Example 1 0 . 4
3 // p a g e no 392
4 //To draw t h e z e r o s e q u e n c e n e t w o r k s o f t h e s y s t e m
g i v e n i n example 1 0 . 2
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 // s e l e c t i n g g e n e r a t o r r a t i n g a s b a s e i n g e n e r a t o r
circuit
8
9 mvab =25;
10 kvGb =11; // b a s e v o l t a g e f o r g e n e r a t o r
11 kvTLb = kvGb *(121/10.8) ; // b a s e v o l t a g e f o r TL
12 kvMb = kvTLb *(10.8/121) ; // b a s e v o l t a g e f o r m o t o r s
13
14 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f z e r o s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e
15
16 xT0 =0.0805; // z e r o s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e o f t r a n s f o r m e r
17 xG0 =0.06; // z e r o s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e o f g e n e r a t o r

118
18
19 // z e r o s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e o f m o t o r s
20 xM1_0 =0.06*( mvab /15) *(10/ kvMb ) ^2;
21 xM2_0 =0.06*( mvab /7.5) *(10/ kvMb ) ^2;
22
23 x_clr_0 =3*2.5*( mvab / kvGb ^2) ; // R e a c t a n c e o f c u r r e n t
l i m i t i n g r e a c t o r s t o be i c l u d e d i n t h e z e r o
sequence network
24 x_TL_0 =300*( mvab / kvTLb ^2) ; // Z e r o s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e
o f TL
25
26 printf ( \n\ n T r a n s f o r m e r z e r o s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e = %0
. 4 f pu , xT0 ) ;
27 printf ( \ n G e n e r a t o r z e r o s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e s = %0 . 2 f
pu , xG0 ) ;
28 printf ( \ n Z e r o s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e o f motor 1 = %0 . 3 f
pu , xM1_0 ) ;
29 printf ( \ n Z e r o s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e o f motor 2 = %0 . 3 f
pu , xM2_0 ) ;
30 printf ( \ n R e a c t a n c e o f c u r r e n t l i m i t i n g r e a c t o r s =
%0 . 3 f pu , x_clr_0 ) ;
31 printf ( \ n Z e r o s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e o f t r a n s m i s s i o n
l i n e = %0 . 3 f pu \n\n , x_TL_0 ) ;
32
33 disp ( Z e r o s e q u e n c e d i a g r a m h a s b e e n drawn u s i n g
XCOS, s i m u l a t i o n h a s n o t b e e n done a s i t i s n o t
b e in g asked i n the problem );

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

119
 Chapter 11

Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis

Scilab code Exa 11.1 LG and 3Phase faults Comparision

LG and 3Phase faults Comparision

1 // C h a p t e r 11
2 // Example 1 1 . 1
3 // p a g e 406
4 //To draw s e q u e n c e n e t w o r k s o f g e n e r a t o r and t o
compare LG f a u l t c u r r e n t w i l l be g r e a t e r t h a n
t h r e e p h a s e f a u l t c u r r e n t when n e u t r a l i s s o l i d l y
grounded
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 disp ( S e q u e n c e n e t w o r k s o f s y n c h r o n o u s g e n e r a t o r
g r o u n d e d t h r o u g h n e u t r a l i m p e d a n c e h a s b e e n drawn
u s i n g XCOS ) ;
8
9 disp ( S i n c e t h e d e r i v a t i o n can n o t be done h e r e , l e t
u s do t h i s p r o b l e m by t a k i n g a s u i t a b l e v a l u e s
f o r the s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e s o f the g e n e r a t o r );
10
11 disp ( X1=j 0 . 1 8 , X2=j 0 . 1 5 , X0=j 0 . 1 0 pu and Ea=1 ) ;
12

120
13 disp ( From t h e f i g s 1 1 . 1 3 and 1 1 . 1 4 i n t h e t e x t b o o k ,
we can f i n d I l g and I3L ) ;
14
15 Ea =1; X1 =0.18* %i ; X2 =0.15* %i ; X0 =0.10* %i ;
16
17 IaLG =3* Ea /(2* X1 + X0 )
18 Ia3L =3* Ea /(3* X1 )
19
20 disp ( Same v a l u e s o f s e q u e n c e i m p e d a n c e have b e e n
u s e d i n XCOS s i m u l a t i o n a l s o t o v a r i f y t h e r e s u l t
);

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

Scilab code Exa 11.2 Grounding Resistor voltage and Fault Current

Grounding Resistor voltage and Fault Current

1 // C h a p t e r 11
2 // Example 1 1 . 2
3 // p a g e 408
4 //To f i n d f a u l t c u r r e n t and v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e
grounding r e s i s t o r
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 X1eq =( %i *0.18) /2;
8 X2eq =( %i *0.15) /2;
9 Z0eq =( %i *0.10) +3*(2*20/(11^2) ) ;
10
11 Ea =1;

121
Figure 11.1: LG and 3Phase faults Comparision

122
12
13 // c a l c u l a t i o n o f f a u l t c u r r e n t
14 printf ( \ n F a u l t c u r r e n t i s g i v e n by ) ;
15 If =(3* Ea ) /( X1eq + X2eq + Z0eq )
16
17 // c u r r e n t i n g r o u n d i n g r e s i s t o r
18 Ifg = abs ( If ) *(20/(11* sqrt (3) ) ) ;
19 printf ( \n\ n C u r r e n t t h r o u g h g r o u n d i n g r e s i s t o r I f g=
%0 . 2 fkA , Ifg ) ;
20
21 // v o l t a g e a c r o s s g r o u n d i n g r e s i s t o r
22 Vgr = abs ( If *(2*20/(11^2) ) *(11/ sqrt (3) ) ) ;
23 printf ( \n\ n V o l t a g e a c r o s s g r o u n d i n g r e s i s t o r Vgr=%0
. 2 fkV \n\n , Vgr ) ;

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

Scilab code Exa 11.3 Fault and subtransient currents of the system

Fault and subtransient currents of the system

1 // C h a p t e r 11
2 // Example 1 1 . 3
3 // p a g e 409
4 //To f i n d f a u l t c u r r e n t and s u b t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t i n
a l l p a r t s o f the system
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 a = -0.5+( sqrt (3) /2) * %i ;
8

123
Figure 11.2: Grounding Resistor voltage and Fault Current

124
 9 // n e g l e c t i n g p r e f a u l t c u r r e n t s
10 Vf0 =10/11;
11 Eg = Vf0 ; Em1 = Vf0 ; Em2 = Vf0 ;
12
13 // p o s i t i v e s e q u e n c e n e t w o r k when i t i s r e p l a c e d by
i t s t h e v e n i n s e q u v i v a l e n t a s shown i n f i g 1 1 . 1 8
14 printf ( \ n s e q u e n c e i m p e d a n c e s a r e g i v e n by \n ) ;
15 Z1 =( %i *0.525* %i *0.23) /( %i *0.755) ;
16 Z2 = Z1 ;
17 Z0 = %i *1.712;
18 printf ( Z1=j%0 . 4 f \ nZ2=j%0 . 4 f \ nZ0=j%0 . 4 f , abs ( imag (
Z1 ) ) , abs ( imag ( Z2 ) ) , abs ( imag ( Z0 ) ) ) ;
19 // t o f i n d s e q u e n c e c u r r e n t
20 Ia1 = Vf0 /( Z1 + Z2 + Z0 ) ;
21 Ia2 = Ia1 ;
22 Ia0 = Ia1 ;
23
24 // t o f i n d f a u l t c u r r e n t
25 If =3* Ia0 ;
26 printf ( \n\ n F a u l t C u r r e n t= j%0 . 4 f , abs ( imag ( If ) ) ) ;
27
28
29 // component c u r r e n t f l o w i n g from g e n e r a t o r and motor
30 printf ( \n\ nComponents c u r r e n t s f l o w i n g from
G e n e r a t o r and motor a r e \n )
31 Ig1 = Ia1 *(0.23/0.755) ;
32 Ig2 = Ig1 ;
33 Ig0 =0;
34 printf ( I g 1= j%0 . 4 f \ n I g 2= j%0 . 4 f \ n I g 0=%d , abs (
Ig1 ) , abs ( Ig2 ) , abs ( Ig0 ) ) ;
35 printf ( \n ) ;
36 Im1 = Ia1 *(0.525/0.755) ;
37 Im2 = Im1 ;
38 Im0 = Ia0 ;
39 printf ( \ nIm1= j%0 . 4 f \ nIm2= j%0 . 4 f \ nIm0= j%0 . 4 f
, abs ( Im1 ) , abs ( Im2 ) , abs ( Im0 ) ) ;
40
41 // f a u l t c u r r e n t s from t h e g e n e r a t o r and motor

125
 towards g are
42 printf ( \n\ n F a u l t c u r r e n t from t h e g e n e r a t o r t o w a r d s
g a r e );
43 Ig =[1 1 1; a ^2 a 1; a a ^2 1]*[ Ig1 ; Ig2 ; Ig0 ];
44 disp ( Ig ) ;
45 printf ( and t o g from m o t o r s a r e ) ;
46 Im =[1 1 1; a ^2 a 1; a a ^2 1]*[ Im1 ; Im2 ; Im0 ];
47 disp ( Im ) ;
48
49 printf ( \ n P o s i t i v e s e q u e n c e c u r r e n t =%0 . 3 f pu ,( - %i *
Ig1 ) ) ;
50 printf ( \ n N e g a t i v e s e q u e n c e c u r r e n t =%0 . 3 f pu ,( %i *
Ig2 ) ) ;
51 printf ( \ n Z e r o s e q u e n c e c u r r e n t=%d\n , Ig0 ) ;
52
53 // u n d e r l o a d e d c o n d i t i o n , PU motor c u r r e n t s a r e
54 Im1o =(15/(25*0.909*0.8) ) *(0.800103636+ %i
*0.5998617938) ;
55 Im2o =(7.5/(25*0.909*0.8) ) *(0.800103636+ %i
*0.5998617938) ;
56 printf ( \ nThe p e r u n i t motor c u r r e n t s a r e : \ n ) ;
57 printf ( Motor1 : %0 . 2 f +j%0 . 3 f pu , real ( Im1o ) , imag (
Im1o ) ) ;
58 printf ( \ nMotor2 : %0 . 2 f +j%0 . 3 f pu , real ( Im2o ) , imag (
Im2o ) ) ;
59
60 // t h e v o l t a g e s b e h i n d s u b t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e s a r e
c a l c u l a t e d below
61 printf ( \n\ n V o l t a g e b e h i n d s u b t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e s : \
n );
62 printf ( Motor1 : ) ;
63 Em1 = Em1 -( %i *0.345* Im1o ) ;
64 printf ( Em1= %0 . 4 f j%0 . 4 f , real ( Em1 ) , abs ( imag ( Em1 ) ) )
;
65
66 printf ( \ nMotor2 : ) ;
67 Em2 = Em2 -( %i *0.69* Im2o ) ;
68 printf ( Em2= %0 . 4 f j%0 . 4 f , real ( Em2 ) , abs ( imag ( Em2 ) ) )

126
 ;
69
70 printf ( \ n G e n e r a t o r : ) ;
71 Eg = Eg +( %i *0.525*( Im2o + Im1o ) ) ;
72 printf ( Eg= %0 . 4 f j +%0 . 4 f , real ( Eg ) , abs ( imag ( Eg ) ) ) ;
73
74 // a c t u a l v a l u e o f p o s i t i v e s e q u e n c e c u r r e n t from
g e n e r a t o r and motor
75 printf ( \n\ nThe a c t u a l v a l u e o f p o s i t i v e s e q u e n c e
c u r r e n t from t h e g e n e r a t o r t o w a r d s f a u l t i s = %0
. 2 f+j%0 . 3 f , real ( Im1o + Im2o + Ig1 ) , imag ( Im1o + Im2o +
Ig1 ) ) ;
76 printf ( \ nThe a c t u a l v a l u e o f p o s i t i v e s e q u e n c e
c u r r e n t from t h e m o t o r s t o w a r d s f a u l t i s = %0 . 2 f
j%0 . 3 f , real ( - Im1o - Im2o + Im1 ) , abs ( imag ( - Im1o - Im2o +
Im1 ) ) ) ;

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

Scilab code Exa 11.4 LL Fault Current

LL Fault Current

1 // C h a p t e r 11
2 // Example 1 1 . 4
3 // p a g e 412
4 //To f i n d LL f a u l t c u r r e n t and v o l t a g e o f h e a l t h y
phase
5 clc ; clear ;
6 X1eq =0.09* %i ;

127
Figure 11.3: Fault and subtransient currents of the system

128
 7 X2eq =0.075* %i ;
8 Z0 =0.99+( %i *0.1) ;
9 Ea =1; Ia0 =0;
10
11 // t o c a l c u l a t e I a 1
12 Ia1 = Ea /( X1eq + X2eq ) ;
13
14 // t o c a l c u l a t e f a u l t c u r r e n t
15 If =( - %i * sqrt (3) ) *( - %i *6.06) ;
16 Va1 = Ea -( Ia1 * X1eq ) ;
17 Va0 =( - Ia0 * Z0 ) ;
18 Va2 = Va1 ;
19
20 // v o l t a g e i n h e a l t h y p h a s e
21 Va = Va1 + Va2 + Va0 ;
22
23 // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t
24 printf ( \ n I a 1=j%0 . 2 f , abs ( Ia1 ) ) ;
25 printf ( \ n I f=%0 . 3 f , If ) ;
26 printf ( \ nVa1=Va2=%0 . 3 f , Va1 ) ;
27 printf ( \ nVa0=%d , Va0 ) ;
28 printf ( \nVa=Va1+Va2+Va0=%0 . 2 f \n\n , Va ) ;

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

Scilab code Exa 11.5 Double line to ground Fault

Double line to ground Fault

1 // C h a p t e r 11

129
Figure 11.4: LL Fault Current

130
 2 // Example 1 1 . 5
3 // p a g e 413
4 //To f i n d Double l i n e t o g r o u n d f a u l t c u r r e n t and
v o l t a g e o f healthy phase
5 clc ; clear ;
6
7 Z1eq =0.09* %i ;
8 Z2eq =0.075* %i ;
9 Z0 =( %i *0.1) ;
10 Ea =1;
11 a =( -0.5+ %i * sqrt (3) /2) ;
12
13 // t o f i n d t h e s e q u e n c e c o mp o n e n t s o f h e a l t h y p h a s e
14 Ia1 = Ea /( Z1eq +( Z2eq * Z0 /( Z2eq + Z0 ) ) ) ;
15 Va1 = Ea -( Ia1 * Z1eq ) ;
16 Va2 = Va1 ;
17 Va0 = Va1 ;
18
19 Ia2 = -( Va2 / Z2eq ) ;
20 Ia0 = -( Va0 / Z0 ) ;
21
22 I =[1 1 1; a ^2 a 1; a a ^2 1]*[ Ia1 ; Ia2 ; Ia0 ];
23
24 // v o l t a g e o f t h e h e a l t h y p h a s e
25 Va =3* Va1 ;
26
27 // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t s
28 printf ( I a 1=j%0 . 3 f \n , abs ( Ia1 ) ) ;
29 printf ( I a 2=j%0 . 3 f \n , abs ( Ia2 ) ) ;
30 printf ( I a 0=j%0 . 3 f \n\n , abs ( Ia0 ) ) ;
31
32 printf ( I a=%0 . 3 f + j%0 . 3 f \n , real ( I (1 ,1) ) , imag ( I
(1 ,1) ) ) ;
33 printf ( I b=%0 . 3 f + j%0 . 3 f \n , real ( I (2 ,1) ) , imag ( I
(2 ,1) ) ) ;
34 printf ( I c=%0 . 3 f + j%0 . 3 f \n\n , real ( I (3 ,1) ) , imag ( I
(3 ,1) ) ) ;
35

131
 Figure 11.5: Double line to ground Fault

36 printf ( V o l t a g e o f t h e h e a l t h y p h a s e Va=3Va1=%0 . 3 f
, Va ) ;

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

Scilab code Exa 11.6 Bus Voltages and Currents Calculations

Bus Voltages and Currents Calculations

132
 1 // C h a p t e r 11
2 // Example 1 1 . 6
3 // p a g e 420
4 //To f i n d bus v o l t a g e s and c u r r e n t s
5
6 clc ; clear ;
7 v_pf =1; // p r e f a u l t v o l t a g e
8 // a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f i g . 1 1 . 2 6
9 Y1dd =(( %i *0.2) ^ -1) +(( %i *0.0805) ^ -1) ;
10 Y1fg = -( %i *0.0805) ^ -1;
11 Y1de = Y1fg ;
12 Y1ff =(( %i *0.0805) ^ -1) +(( %i *0.164) ^ -1) ;
13 Y1ee = Y1ff ;
14 Y1ef = -( %i *0.164) ^ -1;
15 Y1gg =(( %i *0.0805) ^ -1) +(( %i *0.345) ^ -1) +(( %i *0.69) ^ -1)
;
16 Y1df =0;
17 Y1dg =0;
18 Y1ed = Y1de ;
19 Y1eg =0;
20 Y1fd =0;
21 Y1fe = Y1ef ;
22 Y1gd =0;
23 Y1ge =0;
24 Y1gf = Y1fg ;
25 printf ( \nYBus and ZBus m a t r i x can be w r i t t e n a s : \
n )
26 Y1_bus =[ Y1dd Y1de Y1df Y1dg ; Y1ed Y1ee Y1ef Y1eg ; Y1fd
Y1fe Y1ff Y1fg ; Y1gd Y1ge Y1gf Y1gg ];
27 Y2_bus = Y1_bus ;
28 printf ( \ nY1 bus= ) ; disp ( Y1_bus ) ;
29 printf ( \ nY2 bus= ) ; disp ( Y2_bus ) ;
30 Y0dd =( %i *1.608) ^ -1; Y0de =0; Y0df =0; Y0dg =0;
31 Y0ed =0; Y0ee =(( %i *0.0805) ^ -1) +(( %i *0.494) ^ -1) ; Y0ef = -(
%i *0.494) ^ -1; Y0eg =0;
32 Y0fd =0; Y0fe = Y0ef ; Y0ff = Y0ee ; Y0fg =0;
33 Y0gd =0; Y0de =0; Y0gf =0; Y0gg =( %i *1.712) ^ -1;
34

133
35 Y0_bus =[ Y0dd Y0de Y0df Y0dg ; Y0ed Y0ee Y0ef Y0eg ; Y0fd
Y0fe Y0ff Y0fg ; Y0gd Y0de Y0gf Y0gg ];
36 printf ( \ nY0 bus= ) ; disp ( Y0_bus ) ;
37
38 // f i n d i n g Zbus m a t r i x
39 Z1_bus = inv ( Y1_bus ) ;
40 Z2_bus = inv ( Y2_bus ) ;
41 Z0_bus = inv ( Y0_bus ) ;
42 printf ( \n\ nZ1bus= ) ; disp ( Z1_bus ) ;
43 printf ( \ n Z 2 b u s= ) ; disp ( Z2_bus ) ;
44 printf ( \ n Z 0 b u s= ) ; disp ( Z0_bus ) ;
45
46 // t o f i n d f a u l t c u r r e n t w i t h LG f a u l t on bus e
case ( i )
47 If_e =(3* v_pf ) /( Z1_bus (2 ,2) + Z2_bus (2 ,2) + Z0_bus (2 ,2) ) ;
48 printf ( \n\n\ n F a u l t c u r r e n t w i t h LG f a u l t on bus e
i s I f e = j%0 . 5 f \n , abs ( imag ( If_e ) ) ) ;
49
50 // t o f i n d f a u l t c u r r e n t w i t h LG f a u l t on bus f
case ( i i )
51 If_f =(3* v_pf ) /( Z1_bus (3 ,3) + Z2_bus (3 ,3) + Z0_bus (3 ,3) ) ;
52 printf ( F a u l t c u r r e n t w i t h LG f a u l t on bus f i s I f f
= j%0 . 5 f \n , abs ( imag ( If_f ) ) ) ;
53
54 // t o f i n d bus v o l t a g e s and l i n e c u r r e n t s i n c a s e ( i )
55 printf ( \n\n\ nBus v o l t a g e s and c u r r e n t s a r e g i v e n
b e l o w : \ n\n ) ;
56 Vf1_d =1 -( Z1_bus (1 ,2) * If_e /3) ;
57 Vf1_e =1 -( Z1_bus (2 ,2) * If_e /3) ;
58 Vf1_f =1 -( Z1_bus (3 ,2) * If_e /3) ;
59 Vf1_g =1 -( Z1_bus (4 ,2) * If_e /3) ;
60 disp ( V f 1 d= ) ; disp ( Vf1_d ) ;
61 disp ( V f 1 e= ) ; disp ( Vf1_e ) ;
62 disp ( V f 1 f= ) ; disp ( Vf1_f ) ;
63 disp ( V f 1 g= ) ; disp ( Vf1_g ) ;
64
65 printf ( \n\n\n ) ;
66 Vf2_d = -( Z2_bus (1 ,2) * If_e /3) ;

134
67 Vf2_e = -( Z2_bus (2 ,2) * If_e /3) ;
68 Vf2_f = -( Z2_bus (3 ,2) * If_e /3) ;
69 Vf2_g = -( Z2_bus (4 ,2) * If_e /3) ;
70 disp ( V f 2 d= ) ; disp ( Vf2_d ) ;
71 disp ( V f 2 e= ) ; disp ( Vf2_e ) ;
72 disp ( V f 2 f= ) ; disp ( Vf2_f ) ;
73 disp ( V f 2 g= ) ; disp ( Vf2_g ) ;
74
75 printf ( \n\n\n ) ;
76 Vf0_d = -( Z0_bus (1 ,2) * If_e /3) ;
77 Vf0_e = -( Z0_bus (2 ,2) * If_e /3) ;
78 Vf0_f = -( Z0_bus (3 ,2) * If_e /3) ;
79 Vf0_g = -( Z0_bus (4 ,2) * If_e /3) ;
80 disp ( V f 0 d= ) ; disp ( Vf0_d ) ;
81 disp ( V f 0 e= ) ; disp ( Vf0_e ) ;
82 disp ( V f 0 f= ) ; disp ( Vf0_f ) ;
83 disp ( V f 0 g= ) ; disp ( Vf0_g ) ;
84
85 printf ( \n\n\n ) ;
86 If1_fe = - Y1fe *( Vf1_f - Vf1_e ) ; disp ( I f 1 f e = ) ; disp (
If1_fe ) ;
87 If1_de = - Y1de *( Vf1_d - Vf1_e ) ; disp ( I f 1 d e = ) ; disp (
If1_de ) ;
88 Ia1 = If1_fe + If1_de ; disp ( I a 1= ) ; disp ( Ia1 ) ;
89
90 printf ( \n\n\n ) ;
91 If1_gf = - Y1gf *( Vf2_g - Vf2_f ) ; disp ( I f 1 g f = ) ; disp (
If1_gf ) ;
92
93 printf ( \n\n\n ) ;
94 If2_fe = - Y1fe *( Vf2_f - Vf2_e ) ; disp ( I f 2 f e = ) ; disp (
If2_fe ) ; // Y 2 f e=Y 1 f e
95 If0_fe = - Y0fe *( Vf2_f - Vf2_e ) ; disp ( I f 0 f e = ) ; disp (
If0_fe ) ;
96 If_fe = If1_fe + If2_fe + If0_fe ; disp ( I f f e = ) ; disp ( If_fe
);

135
 Scilab code Exa 11.7 Short Circuit Current Calculations

Short Circuit Current Calculations

1 // C h a p t e r 11
2 // Example 1 1 . 7
3 // p a g e 423
4 //To f i n d s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t s
5
6 clc ; clear ;
7 v_pf =1; // p r e f a u l t v o l t a g e
8 a =0.5+0.8660254* %i ;
9 // a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f i g . 1 1 . 2 8 we can w r i t e Zbus
m a t r i x f o r p o s i t i v e and n e g a t i v e p h a s e s e q u e n c e
10 printf ( \ n s t e p by s t e p f o r f i n d i n g Z 1 b u s \n )
11
12 // Bus1 t o r e f e r a n c e bus
13 Z1_bus =[0.15];
14 printf ( Bus1 t o r e f e r e n c e \ n Z 1 b u s= ) ; disp ( Z1_bus ) ;
15
16 // Bus2 t o Bus1
17 Z1_bus =[ Z1_bus 0.15;0.15 0.15+0.2];
18 printf ( \ nBus2 t o Bus1 \ n Z 1 b u s= ) ; disp ( Z1_bus ) ;
19
20 // Bus2 t o r e f e r e n c e bus
21 Z1_bus = Z1_bus -(1/( Z1_bus (2 ,2) +0.15) ) *[ Z1_bus
(1:2 ,2:2) ]*[ Z1_bus (2:2 ,1:2) ];
22 Z1_bus =( %i * Z1_bus ) ;
23 Z2_bus = Z1_bus ;
24 printf ( \ nBus2 t o R e f e r e n c e \ n Z 1 b u s= ) ; disp ( Z1_bus ) ;
printf ( \ n Z 2 b u s= ) ; disp ( Z2_bus ) ;
25

136
26 // a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f i g . 1 1 . 2 9 we can w r i t e Zbus
matrix f o r zero phase sequence
27 printf ( \ n s t e p by s t e p f o r f i n d i n g Z 0 b u s \n )
28 // Bus1 t o r e f e r a n c e bus
29 Z0_bus =[0.05];
30 printf ( \ nBus1 t o r e f e r e n c e \ n Z 0 b u s= ) ; disp ( Z0_bus )
;
31
32 // Bus2 t o Bus1
33 Z0_bus =[ Z0_bus 0.05;0.05 0.05+0.4];
34 printf ( \ nBus1 t o Bus1 \ n Z 0 b u s= ) ; disp ( Z0_bus ) ;
35
36 // Bus2 t o r e f e r e n c e bus
37 Z0_bus = Z0_bus -(1/( Z0_bus (2 ,2) +0.05) ) *[ Z0_bus
(1:2 ,2:2) ]*[ Z0_bus (2:2 ,1:2) ];
38 Z0_bus =( %i * Z0_bus ) ;
39 printf ( \ nBus2 t o r e f e r e n c e \ n Z 0 b u s= ) ; disp ( Z0_bus )
;
40
41 // t o f i n d p o s i t i v e s e q u e n c e o f f a u l t c u r r e n t
42 printf ( \n\n\ n F a u l t c u r r e n t c a l c u l a t i o n \n )
43 If1_1 = v_pf /( Z1_bus (1 ,1) + Z2_bus (1 ,1) + Z0_bus (1 ,1) ) ;
printf ( I f 1 1 = j%0 . 5 f , abs ( imag ( If1_1 ) ) ) ;
44 printf ( \ n F a u l t c u r r e n t= I f 1 =3 I f 1 1 =j%0 . 1 f \n\n , abs (
imag (3* If1_1 ) ) ) ;
45
46 Vf1_1 =1 - Z1_bus (1 ,1) * If1_1 ;
47 Vf1_2 =1 - Z1_bus (2 ,1) * If1_1 ;
48
49 Vf2_1 = - Z2_bus (1 ,1) * If1_1 ;
50 Vf2_2 = - Z2_bus (2 ,1) * If1_1 ;
51
52 Vf0_1 = - Z0_bus (1 ,1) * If1_1 ;
53 Vf0_2 = - Z0_bus (2 ,1) * If1_1 ;
54
55 If1_12 =(( %i *0.2) ^ -1) *( Vf1_1 - Vf1_2 ) ;
56 If2_12 =(( %i *0.2) ^ -1) *( Vf2_1 - Vf2_2 ) ;
57 If0_12 =(( %i *0.4) ^ -1) *( Vf0_1 - Vf0_2 ) ;

137
58
59 If =[1 1 1; a ^2 a 1; a a ^2 1]*[ If1_12 ; If2_12 ; If0_12 ];
60
61 printf ( \n\n\ n S h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t on t h e
t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e i n a l l t h e t h r e e p h a s e s \n )
62 printf ( \ n I f a 1 2 = ) ;
63 disp ( If (1 ,1) ) ;
64
65 printf ( \ n I f b 1 2= ) ;
66 disp ( If (2 ,1) ) ;
67
68 printf ( \ n I f b 1 2= ) ;
69 disp ( If (3 ,1) ) ;
70
71 // s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t p h a s e ( a ) o f t h e g e n e r a t o r
72 If1_G =((0.15* %i ) ^ -1) *(1 - Vf1_1 ) *( cosd ( -30) + %i * sind
( -30) ) ;
73 If2_G =((0.15* %i ) ^ -1) *(0 - Vf2_1 ) *( cosd (30) + %i * sind (30)
);
74 If0_G =0;
75 printf ( \n\n\ n s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t p h a s e ( a ) o f t h e
g e n e r a t o r \n )
76 Ifa_G = If1_G + If2_G + If0_G ; printf ( I f a G = j%0 . 5 f ,
abs ( imag ( Ifa_G ) ) ) ;
77
78 // V o l t a g e o f t h e h e a l t h y p h a s e s o f t h e bus 1 .
79 printf ( \n\n\ n V o l t a g e o f t h e h e a l t h y p h a s e s o f t h e
bus 1\ n )
80 Vf_b_1 = Vf1_1 *( cosd (240) + %i * sind (240) ) + Vf2_1 *( cosd
(120) + %i * sind (120) ) + Vf0_1 ; printf ( V f b 1=%0 . 4 f
j%0 . 5 f , real ( Vf_b_1 ) , abs ( imag ( Vf_b_1 ) ) ) ;
81 Vf_c_1 = Vf1_1 *( cosd (120) + %i * sind (120) ) + Vf2_1 *( cosd
(240) + %i * sind (240) ) + Vf0_1 ; printf ( \ n V f c 1=%0 . 4 f
+ j%0 . 5 f , real ( Vf_c_1 ) , abs ( imag ( Vf_c_1 ) ) ) ;

138
 Chapter 12

Power System Stability

Scilab code Exa 12.1 Calculation of stored kinetic energy and rotor ac-
celeration

Calculation of stored kinetic energy and rotor acceleration

1 // C h a p t e r 12
2 // Example 1 2 . 1
3 // p a g e 439
4 //To f i n d s t o r e d k i n e t i c e n e r g y , r o t o r a c c e l e r a t i o n ,
c h a n g e i n t o r q u e a n g l e and r o t o r s p e e d
5 clear ; clc ;
6 G =100; // b a s e machine r a t i n g
7 H =8.0; // i n e r t i a c o n s t a n t
8 P =4; // no o f p o l e s
9 // ( a ) To f i n d s t o r e d e n e r g y i n r o t o r a t s y n c h r o n o u s
speed
10 stored_energy = G * H ;
11 printf ( \ n S t o r e d e n e r g y = %d MJ , stored_energy ) ;
12
13 // ( b ) To f i n d r o t o r a c c e l e r a t i o n when m e c h a n i c a l
i n p u t i s r a i s e d 80MW f o r an e l e c t r i c a l l o a d o f 50
MW
14 Pa =30; // n e t t power

139
15 f =50; // f r e q u e n c y
16 M = stored_energy /(180* f ) ;
17 alpha = Pa / M ; // r o t o r a c c e l e r a t i o n
18 printf ( \n\ nRotor a c c e l e r a t i o n = %0 . 1 f e l e c t deg / s 2
, alpha ) ;
19
20 // ( c ) To c a l c u l a t e c h a n g e i n t o r q u e a n g l e and r o t o r
s p e e d when t h e a b o v e a c c e l e r a t i o n i s m a i n t a i n e d
f o r 10 c y c l e s
21 change_angle =0.5* alpha *(10*20*10^( -3) ) ;
22 printf ( \n\ nChange i n t o r q u e a n g l e = %0 . 2 f e l e c t
d e g r e e s , change_angle ) ;
23 change_angle =60* alpha /(2*360) ;
24 printf ( \ nChange i n t o r q u e a n g l e = %0 . 3 f rpm/ s ,
change_angle ) ;
25 speed =(120* f / P ) +( change_angle *0.2) ;
26 printf ( \n\ nRoor s p e e d a t t h e end o f 10 c y c l e s = %0
. 3 f rpm , speed ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.2 steady state power limit

steady state power limit

1 // C h a p t e r 12
2 // Example 1 2 . 1
3 // p a g e 448
4 //To c a l c u l a t e s t e a d y s t a t e power l i m i t
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 Xdg =1* %i ; // g e n e r a t o r s
8 Xdm =1* %i ; // motor s
9 Xt =0.1* %i ; // t r a n s f o r m e r s
10 Xl =0.25* %i ; // t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s

140
11 Xc = -1* %i ; // s t a t i c c a p a c i t o r s
12 Xi =1* %i ; // i n d u c t i v e r e a c t o r
13 Eg =1.2; // g e n e r a t o r s i n t e r n a l v o l t a g e
14 Em =1; // motor s i n t e r n a l v o l t a g e
15
16 // c a s e ( i ) s t e a d y s t a t e power l i m i t w i t h o u t r e a c t o r
17 P1 =( abs ( Eg ) * abs ( Em ) ) /( abs ( Xdg + Xt + Xl + Xt + Xdm ) ) ;
18 printf ( \n\n S t e a d y s t a t e power l i m i t w i t h o u t
r e a c t o r = %0 . 5 f pu , P1 ) ;
19
20 // c a s e ( i i ) s t e a d y s t a t e power l i m i t w i t h c a p a c i t i v e
reactor
21 // t h r e e arms o f s t a r c o n n e c t e d r e a c t a n c e s a r e
22 Xa = Xdg + Xt + Xl ; // from g e n e r a t o r s i d e
23 Xb = Xdm + Xt ; // from l o a d s i d e
24 Xc = Xc ; // from r e a c t o r s i d e
25
26 // c o n v e r t i n g s t a r t o d e l t a
27 // r e a c t a n c e b e t w e e n g e n e r a t o r s i d e t o l o a d s i d e is
28 Xab =( Xa * Xb + Xb * Xc + Xc * Xa ) / Xc ;
29 // power l i m i t i s
30 P2 =( abs ( Eg ) * abs ( Em ) ) /( abs ( Xab ) ) ;
31 printf ( \n\n S t e a d y s t a t e power l i m i t w i t h
c a p a c i t i v e r e a c t o r = %0 . 5 f pu , P2 ) ;
32
33 // c a s e ( i i i ) s t e a d y s t a t e power l i m i t w i t h i n d u c t i v e
reactor
34 // t h r e e arms o f s t a r c o n n e c t e d r e a c t a n c e s a r e
35 Xa = Xdg + Xt + Xl ; // from g e n e r a t o r s i d e
36 Xb = Xdm + Xt ; // from l o a d s i d e
37 Xc = Xi ; // from r e a c t o r s i d e
38
39 // c o n v e r t i n g s t a r t o d e l t a
40 // r e a c t a n c e b e t w e e n g e n e r a t o r s i d e t o l o a d s i d e i s
41 Xab =( Xa * Xb + Xb * Xc + Xc * Xa ) / Xc ;
42 // power l i m i t i s
43 P3 =( abs ( Eg ) * abs ( Em ) ) /( abs ( Xab ) ) ;
44 printf ( \n\n S t e a d y s t a t e power l i m i t w i t h i n d u c t i v e

141
 r e a c t o r = %0 . 5 f pu , P3 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.3 Maximum Power Transferred

Maximum Power Transferred

1 // C h a p t e r 12
2 // Example 1 2 . 3
3 // p a g e 450
4 //To c a l c u l a t e maximum power t r a n s f e r r e d
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 Vt =1.0; // g e n e r a t o r t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e
8 V =1.0 ; // i n f i n i t e bus v o l t a g e
9 Pe =1.0 ; // power d e l i v e r e d
10 Xd =0.25* %i ; // g e n e r a t o r s t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e
11 Xl =0.5* %i ; // t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s r e a c t a n c e
12 Xt =0.1* %i ; // t r a n s f o r m e r s r e a c t a n c e
13
14 // t o c a l c u l a t e a l p h a
15 alpha = asind ( Pe * abs ( Xt + Xl /2) /( abs ( Vt ) * abs ( V ) ) ) ;
16 printf ( \n\ nAlpha=%0 . 1 f deg , alpha ) ;
17
18 // c u r r e n t t o i n f i n i t e bus
19 I =( Vt *( cosd ( alpha ) + %i * sind ( alpha ) ) -V ) /( Xt + Xl /2) ;
20 printf ( \ n C u r r e n t t o i n f i n t e bus=%d+j%0 . 3 f pu , real (
I ) , imag ( I ) ) ;
21
22 // v o t a g e b e h i n d t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e
23 E = Vt + I *( Xd + Xt + Xl /2) ;
24 printf ( \ n V o l t a g e b e h i n d t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e= E =
%0 . 3 f+j%0 . 1 f pu = %0 . 3 f @%0 . 1 f deg pu \n\n , real ( E
) , imag ( E ) , abs ( E ) , atand ( imag ( E ) / real ( E ) ) ) ;

142
25
26 delta =0:0.001:180;
27
28 // c a s e ( a ) Maximum power when s y s t e m i s h e a l t h y
29 X12 = Xd + Xt + Xl /2;
30 Pmax = abs ( V ) * abs ( E ) / abs ( X12 ) ;
31 Pe1 = Pmax * sind ( delta ) ;
32 printf ( Maximum power t h a t can be t r a n s f e r r e d u n d e r
the f o l l o w i n g condition i s )
33 printf ( \n\n ( a ) System H e a l t h y : ) ;
34 printf ( \nPmax=%0 . 2 f pu , Pmax ) ;
35 printf ( \ nPe=%0 . 2 f s i n ( d e l t a ) pu , Pmax ) ;
36
37 // c a s e ( b ) One l i n e s h o r t i n t h e m i d d l e
38 // c o n v e r t i n g b u s 3 t o d e l t a 4 0
39 Xa = Xd + Xt ; // g e n e r a t o r s i d e
40 Xb = Xl ; // h e a l t h y t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s i d e
41 Xc = Xl /2; // u n h e a l t h y l i n e s i d e
42 X12 =( Xa * Xb + Xb * Xc + Xc * Xa ) /( Xc ) ;
43 Pmax = abs ( V ) * abs ( E ) / abs ( X12 ) ;
44 Pe2 = Pmax * sind ( delta ) ;
45 printf ( \n\n ( b ) One l i n e s h o r t e d i n t h e m i d d l e : ) ;
46 printf ( \nPmax=%0 . 4 f pu , Pmax ) ;
47 printf ( \ nPe=%0 . 4 f s i n ( d e l t a ) pu , Pmax ) ;
48
49 // c a s e ( c ) One l i n e open
50 X12 = Xd + Xt + Xl ;
51 Pmax = abs ( V ) * abs ( E ) / abs ( X12 ) ;
52 Pe3 = Pmax * sind ( delta ) ;
53 printf ( \n\n ( c ) One l i n e open : ) ;
54 printf ( \nPmax=%0 . 4 f pu , Pmax ) ;
55 printf ( \ nPe=%0 . 4 f s i n ( d e l t a ) pu , Pmax ) ;
56
57 // p l o t t i n g Power a n g l e c u r v e s
58 plot ( delta , Pe1 , delta , Pe2 , delta , Pe3 ) ;
59 legend ([ 1 . 7 9 s i n ( d e l t a ) ; 0 . 6 9 4 s i n ( d e l t a ) ; 1 . 2 6 5 s i n
( d e l t a ) ]) ;
60 title ( Power a n g l e c u r v e s ) ;

143
 Figure 12.1: Maximum Power Transferred

61 xlabel ( D e l t a ) ;
62 ylabel ( Pe ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.4 Acceleration and Rotor angle

Acceleration and Rotor angle

1 // C h a p t e r 12
2 // Example 1 2 . 4
3 // p a g e 453

144
 4 //To c a l c u l a t e a c c e l e r a t i o n and r o t o r a n g l e
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 delta0 =33.9; // i n i t i a l r o t o r a n g l e
8 H =4; // i n e r t i a c o n s t a n t
9 f =50; // f r e q u e n c y
10 Pm =1; // m e c h a n i c a l power i n p u t
11 t =0.05; // t i m e i n t e r v a l
12 angular_acceleration =( Pm -0.694* sind ( delta0 ) ) *180* f / H
;
13 delta_change =0.5* angular_acceleration * t ^2;
14 delta_new = delta0 + delta_change ;
15 new_angular_acceleration =( Pm -0.694* sind ( delta_new ) )
*180* f / H ;
16
17 printf ( \n\ n I n i t i a l r o t o r a n g u l a r a c c e l e r a t i o n = %d
e l e c t deg / s 2 , angular_acceleration ) ;
18 printf ( \ n D e l t a c h a n g e=%0 . 1 f deg , delta_change ) ;
19 printf ( \nNew d e l t a =d e l t a 1=%0 . 1 f deg , delta_new ) ;
20 printf ( \ n A n g u l a r a c c e l e r a t i o n a t t h e end o f 0 . 0 5 s =
%d e l e c t deg / s 2\ n\n , new_angular_acceleration ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.5 Frequency Of Natural Oscilations

Frequency Of Natural Oscilations

1 // C h a p t e r 12
2 // Example 1 2 . 5
3 // p a g e 456
4 //To c a l c u l a t e f r e q u e n c y o f natural o s c i l a t i o n s
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 E =1.2; // no l o a d v o l t a g e

145
 8 V =1; // i n f i n i t e bus v o l t a g e
9 Xg =1.2; // s y n c h r o n o u s g e n e r a t o r r e a c t a n c e
10 Xtl =0.6 // t r a n s f o r m e r a n f t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
reactance
11 H =4; // i n e r t i a c o n s t a n t
12
13 // c a s e ( i ) 50% l o a d i n g
14 delta0 = asind (0.5) ;
15 synchronizing_coefficien =( abs ( E ) * abs ( V ) * cosd ( delta0 )
) /( Xg + Xtl ) ;
16 M = H /( %pi *50) ;
17 p = %i * sqrt ( synchronizing_coefficien / M ) ;
18 f = abs ( p ) /(2* %pi ) ;
19 printf ( \n\ n c a s e ( i ) For 50%% l o a d i n g ) ;
20 printf ( \ n D e l t a 0=%d deg , delta0 ) ;
21 printf ( \ n s y n c h r o n i z i n g c o e f f i c i e n t =%0 . 3 f MW( pu ) /
e l e c t r a d , synchronizing_coefficien ) ;
22 printf ( \nM=%0 . 4 f s 2/ e l e c t r a d ,M ) ;
23 printf ( \ n F r e q u e n c y o f o s c i l l a t i o n s =%0 . 2 f r a d / s e c =
%0 . 3 f Hz\n , abs ( p ) ,f ) ;
24
25 // c a s e ( i ) 80% l o a d i n g
26 delta0 = asind (0.8) ;
27 synchronizing_coefficien =( abs ( E ) * abs ( V ) * cosd ( delta0 )
) /( Xg + Xtl ) ;
28 M = H /( %pi *50) ;
29 p = %i * sqrt ( synchronizing_coefficien / M ) ;
30 f = abs ( p ) /(2* %pi ) ;
31 printf ( \n\ n c a s e ( i i ) For 80%% l o a d i n g ) ;
32 printf ( \ n D e l t a 0=%d deg , delta0 ) ;
33 printf ( \ n S y n c h r o n i z i n g c o e f f i c i e n t =%0 . 3 f MW( pu ) /
e l e c t r a d , synchronizing_coefficien ) ;
34 printf ( \nM=%0 . 4 f s 2/ e l e c t r a d ,M ) ;
35 printf ( \ n F r e q u e n c y o f o s c i l l a t i o n s =%0 . 2 f r a d / s e c =
%0 . 3 f Hz\n , abs ( p ) ,f ) ;

146
 Scilab code Exa 12.6 Steady State Power Limit 2

Steady State Power Limit 2

1 // C h a p t e r 12
2 // Example 1 2 . 6
3 // p a g e 457
4 //To f i n d s t e a d y s t a t e power l i m i t
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 V =1.0; // i n f i n i t e bus v o l a t g e
8 Vt =1.2; // t e r m i n a l v o l a t g e
9 Xd =0.5* %i ; // s y n c h r o n o u s g e n e r a t o r r e a c t a n c e
10 X = %i ; // s e r i e s r e a c t a n c e
11 // by s o l v i n g t h e e x p r e s s i o n s g i v e n i n t h e t e x t b o o k
12 theta = acosd (0.5/1.8) ;
13 printf ( \n\ n t h e t a=%0 . 3 f deg , theta ) ;
14 Vt = Vt *( cosd ( theta ) + %i * sind ( theta ) ) ;
15 printf ( \ nVt=%0 . 3 f+j%0 . 3 f pu , real ( Vt ) , imag ( Vt ) ) ;
16 I =( Vt - V ) / X ;
17 printf ( \ n I=%0 . 3 f+j%0 . 3 f pu , real ( I ) , imag ( I ) ) ;
18 E = Vt + Xd * I ;
19 printf ( \nE=%0 . 3 f @ %d deg pu , abs ( E ) , atand ( imag ( E ) /
real ( E ) ) ) ;
20 Pmax =( abs ( E ) * abs ( V ) ) / abs ( X + Xd ) ;
21 printf ( \n\ n S t e a d y s t a t e power l i m i t i s g i v e n by : \
tPmax=%0 . 3 f pu , Pmax ) ;
22 E =1.2; Pmax =( abs ( E ) * abs ( V ) ) / abs ( X + Xd ) ;
23 printf ( \n\ n I f t h e g e n e r a t o r emf i s h e l d f i x e d a t a
v a l u e 1 . 2 pu , s t e a d y s t a t e power l i m i t would be : \ t
Pmax=%0 . 2 f pu \n\n , Pmax ) ;

147
 Scilab code Exa 12.7 Critcal Clearing Angle

Critcal Clearing Angle

1 // C h a p t e r 12
2 // Example 1 2 . 7
3 // p a g e 475
4 //To c a l c u l a t e c r i t c a l clearing angle
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 Xd =0.25; // d i r e c t a x i s t r a n s i e n t reactance of the
generator
8 Xl1 =0.5; Xl2 =0.4; // r e a c t a n c e s o f t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
9 E =1.2; // v o l t a g e b e h i n d t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e
10 Xinf =0.05; // r e a c t n c e b e f o r e i n f i n i t e bus
11 V =1; // i n f i n i t e bus v o l t a g e
12 Pm =1; // m e c h a n i c a l i n p u t t o t h e g e n e r a t o r
13 delta =0:1:180;
14
15 // Normal o p e r a t i o n ( p r e f a u l t )
16 X1 = Xd +( Xl1 * Xl2 /( Xl1 + Xl2 ) ) + Xinf ; // e q u i v a l e n t
r e a c t a n c e b e t w e e n s e n d i n g e n e d and r e c e i v i n g end
17 // Power a n g l e e q u a t i o n b e f o r e t h e f a u l t i s
18 Pe1 =( E * V / X1 ) * sind ( delta ) ;
19 // p r e f a u l t o p e r a t i n g power =1.0 pu
20 delta0 = asin (1/ max ( Pe1 ) ) ;
21 printf ( Normal O p e r a t i o n ( p r e f a u l t ) : \ n ) ;
22 printf ( X1=%0 . 3 f PU\n , X1 ) ;
23 printf ( Pe1=%0 . 1 f s i n ( d e l t a ) \n\n , max ( Pe1 ) ) ;
24
25 // d u r i n g f a u l t t h e r e w i l l be no power t r a n s f e r
26 Pe2 =0;

148
27 printf ( D u r i n g F a u l t : \ n ) ;
28 printf ( Pe2=%d\n\n , Pe2 ) ;
29
30 // P o s t f a u l t o p e r a t i o n ( f a u l t c l e a r e d by o p e n i n g t h e
faulted line )
31 X3 = Xd + Xl1 + Xinf ;
32 Pe3 =( E * V / X3 ) * sind ( delta ) ;
33 delta_max = %pi - asin ( Pm / max ( Pe3 ) ) ;
34 // from A1 and A2 , we s o l v e A1=A2
35 deff ( [ y ]= f x ( d e l t a c r ) , y =1.5 c o s ( d e l t a c r )+
d e l t a c r 1.293 Pm ( d e l t a c r d e l t a 0 ) ) ;
36 delta_cr = fsolve (0.45 , fx ) ;
37 printf ( P o s t f a u l t o p e r a t i o n ( f a u l t c l e a r e d by
opening the f a u l t e d l i n e ) : \ n );
38 printf ( X3=%0 . 1 fPU\n , X3 ) ;
39 printf ( Pe3=%0 . 1 f s i n ( d e l t a ) \n , max ( Pe3 ) ) ;
40 printf ( D e l t a c r=%0 . 4 f r a d =%0 . 2 f deg , delta_cr ,
delta_cr *180/ %pi ) ;
41 plot ( delta , Pe1 , delta , Pe3 , delta , Pm * ones (1 , length (
delta ) ) ) ;
42 legend ( Pe1 =2.3 s i n ( d e l t a ) , Pe3 =1.5 s i n ( d e l t a ) , Pm=1
);
43 title ( Power a n g l e Diagram f o r e x a m p l e 1 2 . 7 ) ;
44 xlabel ( d e l t a ( i n d e g r e e s )&g t ; ) ;
45 ylabel ( E l e c t r i c a l o u t p u t ( Pe )&g t ; ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.8 Critcal Clearing Angle 2

Critcal Clearing Angle 2

1 // C h a p t e r 12

149
Figure 12.2: Critcal Clearing Angle

150
 2 // Example 1 2 . 8
3 // p a g e 477
4 //To c a l c u l a t e c r i t c a l clearing angle
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 Xd =0.25; // d i r e c t a x i s t r a n s i e n t reactance of the
generator
8 Xl1 =0.28; Xl2_1 =0.14; Xl2_2 =0.14; // r e a c t a n c e s of
transmission line
9 E =1.2; // v o l t a g e b e h i n d t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e
10 Xinf =0.17; // r e a c t n c e b e f o r e i n f i n i t e bus
11 V =1; // i n f i n i t e bus v o l t a g e
12 Pm =1; // m e c h a n i c a l i n p u t t o t h e g e n e r a t o r
13 Xtr =0.15; // t r a n s f o r m e r r e a c t a n c e
14 delta =0:1:180;
15
16 // p r e f a u l t o p e r a t i o n
17 X1 = Xd + Xinf +( Xtr + Xl1 + Xtr ) /2; // t r a n s f e r r e a c t a n c e
b e t w e e n g e n e r a t o r and i n f i n t e bus
18 Pe1 = E * V * sind ( delta ) / X1 ;
19 delta0 = asin (1/ max ( Pe1 ) ) ;
20 printf ( Normal O p e r a t i o n ( p r e f a u l t ) : \ n ) ;
21 printf ( X1=%0 . 3 f PU\n , X1 ) ;
22 printf ( Pe1=%0 . 2 f s i n ( d e l t a ) \n , max ( Pe1 ) ) ;
23 printf ( d e l t a 0=%0 . 3 fPU\n\n , delta0 ) ;
24 // d u r i n g f a u l t t h e r e w i l l be no power t r a n s f e r
25 // u s i n g s t a r d e l t a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n g i v e n i n t h e
textbook
26 X2 =2.424;
27 Pe2 = E * V * sind ( delta ) / X2 ;
28 printf ( D u r i n g F a u l t : \ n ) ;
29 printf ( X2=%0 . 3 f PU\n , X2 ) ;
30 printf ( Pe2=%0 . 3 f s i n ( d e l t a ) \n\n , max ( Pe2 ) ) ;
31
32 // P o s t f a u l t o p e r a t i o n ( f a u l t y l i n e switched o f f )
33 X3 = Xd + Xinf +( Xtr + Xl1 + Xtr ) ;
34 Pe3 = E * V * sind ( delta ) / X3 ;
35 delta_max = %pi - asin ( Pm / max ( Pe3 ) ) ;

151
36 // from A1 and A2 , we s o l v e A1=A2
37 deff ( [ y ]= f x ( d e l t a c r ) , y=d e l t a 0+max ( Pe2 ) c o s (
d e l t a c r ) 0.399 0.661 max ( Pe3 ) c o s ( d e l t a c r )+
delta max );
38 delta_cr = fsolve (0.45 , fx ) ;
39 printf ( P o s t f a u l t o p e r a t i o n ( f a u l t y l i n e s w i t c h e d
o f f ) : \ n );
40 printf ( X3=%0 . 1 fPU\n , X3 ) ;
41 printf ( Pe3=%0 . 1 f s i n ( d e l t a ) \n , max ( Pe3 ) ) ;
42 printf ( D e l t a c r=%0 . 4 f r a d =%0 . 2 f deg , delta_cr ,
delta_cr *180/ %pi ) ;
43 plot ( delta , Pe1 , delta , Pe2 , delta , Pe3 , delta , Pm ) ;
44 legend ( Pe1 =1.69 s i n ( d e l t a ) , Pe2 = 0 . 4 9 5 s i n ( d e l t a ) ,
Pe3 =1.2 s i n ( d e l t a ) , Pm=1 ) ;
45 title ( Power a n g l e Diagram f o r e x a m p l e 1 2 . 8 ) ;
46 xlabel ( d e l t a ( i n d e g r e e s )> ) ;
47 ylabel ( E l e c t r i c a l o u t p u t ( Pe )> ) ;
48 f = get ( c u r r e n t f i g u r e )
49 f . figure_position =[0 ,15]
50 f . figure_size =[750 ,750]

Scilab code Exa 12.9 Critcal Clearing Angle 3

Critcal Clearing Angle 3

1 // C h a p t e r 12
2 // Example 1 2 . 9
3 // p a g e 479
4 //To c a l c u l a t e c r i t c a l c l e a r i n g a n g l e
5 clear ; clc ;
6 Pmax1 =2; // p r e f a u l t ( 2 l i n e s )

152
Figure 12.3: Critcal Clearing Angle 2

153
 7 Pmax2 =0.5; // d e u r i n g f a u l t
8 Pmax3 =1.5; // p o s t f a u l t ( 1 l i n e )
9 Pm =1; // i n i t i a l l o a d i n g
10
11 delta0 = asin ( Pm / Pmax1 ) ;
12 delta_max = %pi - asin ( Pm / Pmax3 ) ;
13
14 // t o f i n d c r i t i c a l a n g l e , u s i n g eq . 1 2 . 6 7
15 delta_cr = acos (( Pm *( delta_max - delta0 ) - Pmax2 * cos (
delta0 ) + Pmax3 * cos ( delta_max ) ) /( Pmax3 - Pmax2 ) ) ;
16 printf ( Pmax1=%0 . 1 f PU\ t Pmax2=%0 . 2 f PU\ t Pmax3=%0 . 2
f PU\n\n , Pmax1 , Pmax2 , Pmax3 ) ;
17 printf ( D e l t a 0=%0 . 3 f r a d \n\n , delta0 ) ;
18 printf ( D e l t a m a x=%0 . 3 f r a d \n\n , delta_max ) ;
19 printf ( D e l t a c r=%0 . 3 f r a d =%0 . 2 f deg \n\n , delta_cr ,
delta_cr *180/ %pi ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.10 Swing Curves For Sustained Fault and Cleared
Fault at the Specified Time

Swing Curves For Sustained Fault and Cleared Fault at the Specified Time

1 // C h a p t e r 12
2 // Example 1 2 . 1 0
3 // p a g e 482
4 //To p l o t s w i n g c u r v e s f o r s u s t a i n e d f a u l t and f a u l t
c l e a r e d a t 2 . 5 and 6 . 2 5 c y c l e s
5 clear ; clc ;
6 P_delivered =18;
7 MVA_base =20;
8 Xd =0.35; E =1.1;
9 Xl =0.2;
10 V =1;

154
11
12 H =2.52;
13 f =50;
14 M = H /(180* f ) ;
15
16 // / / / / / / / P r e f a u l t / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
17 X1 = Xd + Xl /2;
18 delta =0:0.1:180;
19 Pe1 = E * V * sind ( delta ) / X1 ;
20 P_initial = P_delivered / MVA_base ; Pm = P_initial ;
21 delta0 = asind ( P_initial / max ( Pe1 ) ) ;
22
23
24 // / / / / d u r i n g f a u l t / / / / / / / /
25 X2 =1.25; // from d e l t a t o s t a r c o n v e r s i o n
26 Pe2 = E * V * sind ( delta ) / X2 ;
27
28 // / / / / p o s t f a u l t : w i t h f a u l t e d l i n e s w i t c h e d o f f
/////////
29 X3 = Xd + Xl ;
30 Pe3 = E * V * sind ( delta ) / X3 ;
31
32 Pa_0minus =0;
33 Pa_0plus = Pm - max ( Pe2 ) * sind ( delta0 ) ;
34 Pa_avg =( Pa_0minus + Pa_0plus ) /2;
35
36
37 // /// f o r a s u s t a i n e d f a u l t / / / / / / / / / / /
38 P_max = max ( Pe2 ) ;
39 delta_delta =0; // i n i t i a l l y
40 delta =21.64; // i n i t i a l l y
41 delta_old =21.64;
42 delta_t =0.05;
43 z1 =21.64
44 n =10;
45 T =0;
46 printf ( P o i n t byp o i n t c a l c u l a t i o n o f s w i n g c u r v e
f o r s u s t a i n e d f a u l t d e l t a t =0.05 s e c \n ) ;

155
47 printf (

\n ) ;
48 printf ( t \ t \tPmax\ t \ t s i n ( d e l t a ) \ t \ tPa \ t \ t y \ t \
t d e l t a \n ) ;
49 printf (

\n ) ;
50 printf ( %0 . 3 f s e c \ t%0 . 3 f \ t \ t %0 . 3 f \ t \ t \ t%0 . 3 f \ t \ t%0
. 3 f \ t \ t%0 . 3 f \n ,0.000 , P_max , sind ( delta ) ,(0.9 -
P_max * sind ( delta ) ) /2 ,8.929*(0.9 - P_max * sind ( delta )
) /2 , delta ) ;
51 for i =1: n
52 t = i * delta_t ;
53 if i ==1 then
54 Pa =(0.9 - P_max * sind ( delta_old ) ) /2;
55 else
56 Pa =0.9 - P_max * sind ( delta_old ) ;
57 end
58
59 y =( delta_t ^2) * Pa / M ;
60 delta_delta = delta_delta + y ;
61 delta = delta + delta_delta ;
62 z1 =[ z1 , delta ]; T =[ T , t ];
63 printf ( %0 . 3 f s e c \ t%0 . 3 f \ t \ t %0 . 3 f \ t \ t \ t%0 . 3 f \ t \
t%0 . 3 f \ t \ t%0 . 3 f \n ,t , P_max , sind ( delta ) ,0.9 -
P_max * sind ( delta ) ,8.929*(0.9 - P_max * sind ( delta
) ) , delta ) ;
64 delta_old = delta ;
65 end
66
67
68 // / / / / F a u l t c l e a r e d in 2 . 5 c y c l e s ( time to c l e a r
f a u l t =0.05 s e c ) / / / / /
69
70 P_max1 = max ( Pe2 ) ;
71 P_max2 = max ( Pe3 ) ;
72 delta_delta =0; // i n i t i a l l y

156
 73 delta =21.64; // i n i t i a l l y
74 delta_old =21.64;
75 delta_t =0.05;
76 z2 =21.64
77 n =10;
78 T =0;
79 printf ( \n\ n C o m p u t a t i o n s o f s w i n g c u r v e s for fault
c l e a r e d a t 2 . 5 c y c l e s ( 0 . 0 5 s e c ) \n ) ;
80 printf (

\n ) ;
81 printf ( t \ t \tPmax\ t \ t s i n ( d e l t a ) \ t \ tPa \ t \ t y \ t \
t d e l t a \n ) ;
82 printf (

\n ) ;
83 printf ( %0 . 3 f s e c \ t%0 . 3 f \ t \ t %0 . 3 f \ t \ t \ t%0 . 3 f \ t \ t%0
. 3 f \ t \ t%0 . 3 f \n ,0.000 , P_max , sind ( delta ) ,(0.9 -
P_max * sind ( delta ) ) /2 ,8.929*(0.9 - P_max * sind ( delta )
) /2 , delta ) ;
84 for i =1: n
85 t = i * delta_t ;
86 if i ==1 then
87 Pa =(0.9 - P_max * sind ( delta_old ) ) /2;
88 P_max = P_max1 ;
89 elseif i ==2 then
90 Pa =((0.9 - P_max2 * sind ( delta_old ) ) +((0.9 -
P_max1 * sind ( delta_old ) ) ) ) /2;
91 P_max = P_max2 ;
92 else
93 Pa =0.9 - P_max2 * sind ( delta_old ) ;
94 P_max = P_max2 ;
95 end
96
97 y =( delta_t ^2) * Pa / M ;
98 delta_delta = delta_delta + y ;
99 delta = delta + delta_delta ;
100 z2 =[ z2 , delta ]; T =[ T , t ];

157
101
102 if i ==1 then
103 delta_old = delta ;
104 printf ( %0 . 3 f s e c \ t%0 . 3 f \ t \ t %0 . 3 f \ t \ t \ t%0 . 3 f \
t \ t%0 . 3 f \ t \ t%0 . 3 f \n ,t , P_max , sind ( delta )
,((0.9 - P_max2 * sind ( delta_old ) ) +((0.9 - P_max1
* sind ( delta_old ) ) ) ) /2 ,8.929*((0.9 - P_max2 *
sind ( delta_old ) ) +((0.9 - P_max1 * sind (
delta_old ) ) ) ) /2 , delta ) ;
105 else
106 printf ( %0 . 3 f s e c \ t%0 . 3 f \ t \ t %0 . 3 f \ t \ t \ t%0 . 3
f \ t \ t%0 . 3 f \ t \ t%0 . 3 f \n ,t , P_max , sind ( delta
) ,0.9 - P_max * sind ( delta ) ,8.929*(0.9 - P_max *
sind ( delta ) ) , delta ) ;
107 delta_old = delta ;
108 end
109
110 end
111
112
113
114 // / / / / F a u l t c l e a r e din 6.25 c y c l e s ( time to c l e a r
f a u l t =0.125 s e c ) /////
115
116 P_max1 = max ( Pe2 ) ;
117 P_max2 = max ( Pe3 ) ;
118 P_max = P_max1 ;
119 delta_delta =0; // i n i t i a l l y
120 delta =21.64; // i n i t i a l l y
121 delta_old =21.64;
122 delta_t =0.05;
123 z3 =21.64
124 n =10;
125 T =0;
126 printf ( \n\ n C o m p u t a t i o n s o f s w i n g c u r v e s for fault
c l e a r e d a t 6 . 2 5 c y c l e s ( 0 . 1 2 5 s e c ) \n ) ;
127 printf (

158
 \n ) ;
128 printf ( t \ t \tPmax\ t \ t s i n ( d e l t a ) \ t \ tPa \ t \ t y \ t \
t d e l t a \n ) ;
129 printf (

\n ) ;
130 printf ( %0 . 3 f s e c \ t%0 . 3 f \ t \ t %0 . 3 f \ t \ t \ t%0 . 3 f \ t \ t%0
. 3 f \ t \ t%0 . 3 f \n ,0.000 , P_max , sind ( delta ) ,(0.9 -
P_max * sind ( delta ) ) /2 ,8.929*(0.9 - P_max * sind ( delta )
) /2 , delta ) ;
131 for i =1: n
132 t = i * delta_t ;
133 if i ==1 then
134 Pa =(0.9 - P_max1 * sind ( delta_old ) ) /2;
135 P_max = P_max1 ;
136 elseif i ==2 then
137 Pa =(0.9 - P_max1 * sind ( delta_old ) ) ;
138 P_max = P_max1 ;
139 elseif i ==3 then
140 Pa =(0.9 - P_max1 * sind ( delta_old ) ) ;
141 P_max = P_max2 ;
142 else
143 Pa =0.9 - P_max2 * sind ( delta_old ) ;
144 P_max = P_max2 ;
145 end
146
147 y =( delta_t ^2) * Pa / M ;
148 delta_delta = delta_delta + y ;
149 delta = delta + delta_delta ;
150 z3 =[ z3 , delta ];
151 T =[ T , t ];
152 printf ( %0 . 3 f s e c \ t%0 . 3 f \ t \ t %0 . 3 f \ t \ t \ t%0 . 3 f \ t \
t%0 . 3 f \ t \ t%0 . 3 f \n ,t , P_max , sind ( delta ) ,0.9 -
P_max * sind ( delta ) ,8.929*(0.9 - P_max * sind ( delta
) ) , delta ) ;
153 delta_old = delta ;
154
155 end

159
156
157 plot (T , z1 ,T , z2 ,T , z3 ) ;
158 set ( gca () , g r i d ,[1 1]) ;
159 legend ( S u s t a i n e d F a u l t , F a u l t c l e a r e d a t 2 . 5
c y c l e s , F a u l t c l e a r e d a t 6 . 2 5 c y c l e s ,[ ,2]) ;
160
161 title ( Swing C u r v e s f o r Example 1 2 . 1 0 f o r a
s u s t a i n e d f a u l t and f o r c l e a r i n g i n 2 . 5 and 6 . 2 5
c y c l e s , f o n t s i z e ,2.4) ;
162 xlabel ( Time ( i n s e c o n d s )> ) ;
163 ylabel ( Torque A n g l e ( d e l t a , deg )> ) ;
164 f = get ( c u r r e n t f i g u r e )
165 f . figure_position =[0 ,15]
166 f . figure_size =[645 ,1000]

Scilab code Exa 12.11 Swing Curves For Multimachines

Swing Curves For Multimachines

1 // C h a p t e r 12
2 // Example 1 2 . 1 1
3 // p a g e 488
4 //To p l o t s w i n g c u r v e s f o r f a u l t c l e a r e d a t 0 . 2 7 5 s
and 0 . 0 8 s o f a m u l t i m a c h i n e s y s t e m
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 xd1 = %i *0.067; xd2 = %i *0.1;
8
9 // p r i m i t i v e a d m i t t a n c e s o f t h e l i n e s
10 y45 =1/(0.018+ %i *0.11) ; B45 = %i *0.113;
11 y51 =1/(0.004+ %i *0.0235) ; B51 = %i *0.098;

160
Figure 12.4: Swing Curves For Sustained Fault and Cleared Fault at the
Specified Time

161
12 y41 =1/(0.007+ %i *0.04) ; B41 = %i *0.041;
13 z24 =( %i *0.022) ;
14 z35 =( %i *0.04) ;
15
16 // Bus d a t a and p r e f a u l t l o a d f l o w v a l u e s i n PU
17 V1 =1.0; P1 = -3.8083; Q1
= -0.2799; Pl1 =0; Ql2 =0;
18 V2 =1.0194+ %i *0.1475; P2 =3.25; Q2 =0.6986;
Pl2 =0; Ql2 =0;
19 V3 =1.0121+ %i *0.1271; P3 =2.10; Q3 =0.3110;
Pl3 =0; Ql3 =0;
20 V4 =1.0146+ %i *0.0767; P4 =0; Q4 =1.0;
Pl4 =1.0; Ql4 =0.44;
21 V5 =1.0102+ %i *0.0439; P5 =0; Q5 =0;
Pl5 =0.5; Ql5 =0.16;
22
23
24 // To f i n d v o l t a g e b e h i n d t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e s
b e f o r e the occurance of f a u l t
25
26 I2 =( P2 - %i * Q2 ) /( V2 ) ;
27 E2 = V2 + I2 * xd1 ;
28 E1 = V1 ;
29 I3 =( P3 - %i * Q3 ) /( V3 ) ;
30 E3 = V3 + I3 * xd2 ;
31
32 // c o n v e r t i n g l o a d s i n t o t h e i r a d m i t t a n c e s
33 Yl4 =( Pl4 - %i * Ql4 ) /( V4 * V4 ) ;
34 Yl5 =( Pl5 - %i * Ql5 ) /( V5 * V5 ) ;
35
36 // f o r m i n g augmented Bus a d m i t t a n c e m a t r i x b e f o r e t h e
occurance of f a u l t
37 Y11 = y41 + y51 ; Y12 =0; Y13 =0; Y14 = - y41 ; Y15 = - y51 ;
38 Y21 = Y12 ; Y22 =1/( xd1 + z24 ) ; Y23 =0; Y24 = -(1/( z24 + xd1 ) ) ; Y25
=0;
39 Y31 =0; Y32 =0; Y33 =1/( z35 + xd2 ) ; Y34 =0; Y35 = -1/( z35 + xd2 ) ;
40 Y41 = Y14 ; Y42 = Y24 ; Y43 = Y34 ; Y44 = y41 + Yl4 + y45 + B45 + B41 - Y24 ;
Y45 = - y45 ;

162
41 Y51 = Y15 ; Y52 = Y25 ; Y53 = Y35 ; Y54 = Y45 ; Y55 = Yl5 + y45 + y51 + B45 +
B51 - Y35 ;
42
43 Ybus =[ Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 Y15 ;
44 Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 Y25 ;
45 Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 Y35 ;
46 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 Y45 ;
47 Y51 Y52 Y53 Y54 Y55 ];
48
49 printf ( \n Augmented p r e f a u l t bus a d m i t t a n c e m a t r i x
( i n PU) i s g i v e n by \n\n Ybus=\n ) ;
50 disp ( Ybus ) ;
51 // / / / / / t o f i n d t h e Ybus d u r i n g f a u l t
52 Ybus_1 = Ybus ([1:3 ,5] ,[1:3 ,5]) ;
53 n =4
54 for k =1: n -1
55 for j =1: n -1
56 Ybus_during_fault (k , j ) = Ybus_1 (k , j ) -( Ybus_1 (k
, n ) * Ybus_1 (n , j ) ) / Ybus_1 (n , n ) ;
57 end
58 end
59 printf ( \n\n\n Bus a d m i t t a n c e m a t r i x d u r i n g f a u l t (
i n PU) i s g i v e n by \n\n Y b u s d u r i n g f a u l t =\n ) ;
60 disp ( Ybus_during_fault ) ;
61
62 // t o f i n d Ybus a f t e r t h e f a u l t h a s b e e n c l e a r e d
63 Y45 =0; Y54 =0; Y44 = Y44 - y45 - B45 ; Y55 = Y55 - y45 - B45 ;
64 Ybus_2 =[ Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 Y15 ;
65 Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 Y25 ;
66 Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 Y35 ;
67 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 Y45 ;
68 Y51 Y52 Y53 Y54 Y55 ];
69
70 // e l i m i n a t i n g node 5 from Ybus 2
71 n =5
72 for k =1: n -1
73 for j =1: n -1
74 Ybus_3 (k , j ) = Ybus_2 (k , j ) -( Ybus_2 (k , n ) * Ybus_2 (

163
 n , j ) ) / Ybus_2 (n , n ) ;
75 end
76 end
77
78 // e l i m i n a t i n g node 4 t o g e t p o s t f a u l t Ybus
79 n =4
80 for k =1: n -1
81 for j =1: n -1
82 Ybus_post_fault (k , j ) = Ybus_3 (k , j ) -( Ybus_3 (k , n
) * Ybus_3 (n , j ) ) / Ybus_3 (n , n ) ;
83 end
84 end
85 printf ( \n\n\n Bus a d m i t t a n c e m a t r i x postfault ( in
PU) i s g i v e n by \n\n Y b u s p o s t f a u l t =\n ) ;
86 disp ( Ybus_post_fault ) ;
87 printf ( \n\n\n ) ;
88 // D u r i n g f a u l t power a n g l e e q u a t i o n
89 delta3 =0:0.1:180;
90 Pe2f =0;
91 Pe3f =( abs ( E3 ) ) ^2* real ( Ybus_during_fault (3 ,3) ) + abs (
E1 ) * abs ( E3 ) * abs ( Ybus_during_fault (3 ,1) ) * cosd (
delta3 - atand ( imag ( Ybus_during_fault (1 ,3) ) / real (
Ybus_during_fault (1 ,3) ) ) ) ;
92
93 // P o s t f a u l t power a n g l e e q u a t i o n s
94 delta2 =0:0.1:180;
95 Pe2pf =( abs ( E2 ) ) ^2* real ( Ybus_post_fault (2 ,2) ) + abs ( E1
) * abs ( E2 ) * abs ( Ybus_post_fault (2 ,1) ) * cosd ( delta2
- atand ( imag ( Ybus_post_fault (1 ,2) ) / real (
Ybus_post_fault (1 ,2) ) ) ) ;
96 Pe3pf =( abs ( E3 ) ) ^2* real ( Ybus_post_fault (3 ,3) ) + abs ( E1
) * abs ( E3 ) * abs ( Ybus_post_fault (3 ,1) ) * cosd ( delta3
- atand ( imag ( Ybus_post_fault (1 ,3) ) / real (
Ybus_post_fault (1 ,3) ) ) ) ;
97
98 // m e c h a n i c a l i n p u t s which a r e assumed t o be c o n s t a n t
a r e g i v e n by
99 Pm2 = max ( real ( E2 * I2 ) ) ;

164
100 Pm3 = max ( real ( E3 * I3 ) ) ;
101
102 // x d o t f u n c t i o n d e f i n i n g t h e s w i n g e q u a t i o n s o f each
o f the machines
103 function xdot = mac2 (t ,x , tc )
104 xdot (1) = x (2) ;
105 if t > tc then
106 xdot (2) =180*50*( Pm2 -(0.6012+8.365* sind ( x (1)
-1.662) ) ) /12; // s w i n g e q u a t i o n a f t e r
c l e a r i n g the f a u l t
107 else
108 xdot (2) =180*50*( Pm2 -(0) ) /12; // s w i n g
equation b e f o r e c l e a r i n g the f a u l t
109 end
110
111 endfunction
112
113 function xdot = mac3 (t ,x , tc )
114 xdot (1) = x (2) ;
115 if t > tc then
116 xdot (2) =180*50*( Pm3 -(0.1823+6.5282* sind ( x (1)
-0.8466) ) ) /9; // s w i n g e q u a t i o n a f t e r
c l e a r i n g the f a u l t
117 else
118 xdot (2) =180*50*( Pm3 -(0.1561+5.531* sind ( x (1)
-0.755) ) ) /9; // s w i n g e q u a t i o n b e f o r e
c l e a r i n g the f a u l t
119 end
120
121 endfunction
122
123 // t o f i n d t h e s o l u t i o n o f s w i n g e q u a t i o n t o draw t h e
swing curves
124
125 // t o draw t h e s w i n g c u r v e s f o r m a c h i n e s 2 and 3 f o r
example12 . 1 1 f o r c l e a r i n g at 0 . 2 7 5 s e c
126 subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
127 x_1_0 =[19.354398 ,0] ; t0 =0; T =0:0.01:1; T =T ;

165
128 x_2_0 =[18.2459 ,0] ; tc =0.275;
129 sol1 = ode ( x_1_0 , t0 ,T , mac2 ) ;
130 sol2 = ode ( x_2_0 , t0 ,T , mac3 ) ;
131
132 plot ( T (1:20) , sol1 (1 ,1:20) ,T , sol2 (1 ,:) ) ;
133 set ( gca () , g r i d ,[1 1]) ;
134 legend ( Machine 2 , Machine 3 ,[ ,1]) ;
135 title ( Swing C u r v e s f o r m a c h i n e s 2 and 3 o f Example
1 2 . 1 1 f o r a c l e a r i n g a t + string ( tc ) + s ) ;
136 xstring (0.55 ,59 , Machine 1 i s r e f e r e n c e ( i n f i n t e bus
) );
137 xlabel ( Time ( i n s e c o n d s )> ) ;
138 ylabel ( Torque A n g l e ( d e l t a , deg )> ) ;
139
140
141 // t o draw t h e s w i n g c u r v e s f o r m a c h i n e s 2 and 3 f o r
example12 . 1 1 f o r c l e a r i n g at 0 . 0 8 s e c
142 subplot (2 ,1 ,2)
143 x_1_0 =[19.354398 ,0] ; t0 =0; T =0:0.01:1; T =T ;
144 x_2_0 =[18.2459 ,0] ; tc =0.08;
145 sol1 = ode ( x_1_0 , t0 ,T , mac2 ) ;
146 sol2 = ode ( x_2_0 , t0 ,T , mac3 ) ;
147
148 plot (T , sol1 (1 ,:) ,T , sol2 (1 ,:) ) ;
149 set ( gca () , g r i d ,[1 1]) ;
150 legend ( Machine 2 , Machine 3 ,[ ,4]) ;
151 title ( Swing C u r v e s f o r m a c h i n e s 2 and 3 o f Example
1 2 . 1 1 f o r a c l e a r i n g a t + string ( tc ) + s ) ;
152 xstring (0.44 ,43 , Machine 1 i s r e f e r e n c e ( i n f i n t e bus
) );
153 xlabel ( Time ( i n s e c o n d s )> ) ;
154 ylabel ( Torque A n g l e ( d e l t a , deg )> ) ;
155
156 f = get ( c u r r e n t f i g u r e ) ;
157 f . figure_position =[0 ,15];
158 f . figure_size =[565 ,1000];

166
 Scilab code Exa 12.12 Swing Curves For Three Pole and Single Pole Switch-
ing

Swing Curves For Three Pole and Single Pole Switching

1 // C h a p t e r 12
2 // Example 1 2 . 1 2
3 // p a g e 500
4 //To p l o t s w i n g c u r v e s f o r s i n g l e p o l e and t h r e e
pole switching
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 Xg0 =0.1; Xg1 =0.3; Xg2 =0.15; E =1.2; H =4.167;
8 Xt =0.1;
9 Xl0 =1.0; Xl1 =0.3; Xl2 =0.3; V =1;
10
11 // t r a n s f e r r e a c t a n c e d u r i n g LG f a u l t ( f a u l t n o t
c l e a r e d ) by s t a r d e l t a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s g i v e n by
12 X12_fault =1.45;
13
14 // t r a n s f e r r e a c t a n c e a f t e r LG f a u l t e d l i n e open i s
g i v e n by
15 X12_fault_open =1.22;
16
17 // t r a n s f e r r e a c t a n c e when a l l t h e l i n e s a r e h e a l t h y
i s g i v e n by
18 X12_healthy =0.8;
19
20 // power a n g l e e q u a t i o n s
21 delta =0:0.1:180;

167
Figure 12.5: Swing Curves For Multimachines

168
22
23 // P r e f a u l t c o n d i t i o n
24 Pe1 =( E * V ) * sind ( delta ) / X12_healthy ;
25 // f o r an i n i t i a l l o a d o f 1PU
26 delta0 = asind (1/1.5) ;
27
28 // d u r i n g f a u l t
29 Pe2 =( E * V ) * sind ( delta ) / X12_fault ;
30
31 // d u r i n g s i n g l e p o l e s w i t c h i n g
32 Pe3 =( E * V ) * sind ( delta ) / X12_fault_open ;
33
34 // d u r i n g t h r e e p o l e s w i t c h i n g
35 Pe4 =0;
36
37 // a f t e r r e c l o s u r e
38 Pe5 = Pe1 ;
39
40 Pm =1.0;
41
42 // x d o t f u n c t i o n d e f i n i n g t h e s w i n g e q u a t i o n s o f
machine d u r i n g s i n g l e p o l i n g
43 function xdot = mac_1_pole (t ,x , tc , tr )
44 xdot (1) = x (2) ;
45 if (t <= tc ) then
46 xdot (2) =180*50*( Pm -(0.827* sind ( x (1) ) ) ) /12; //
swing equation b e f o r e c l e a r i n g the f a u l t e d
line
47 elseif (t > tc ) &( t < tr ) then
48 xdot (2) =180*50*( Pm -(0.985* sind ( x (1) ) ) ) /12; //
swing equation during s i n g l e pole s w i t c h i n g
49 elseif (t >= tr ) then
50 xdot (2) =180*50*( Pm -(1.5* sind ( x (1) ) ) ) /12; //
after reclosure
51 end
52 endfunction
53
54 // x d o t f u n c t i o n d e f i n i n g t h e s w i n g e q u a t i o n s o f

169
 machine d u r i n g t h r e e p o l i n g
55 function xdot = mac_3_pole (t ,x , tc , tr )
56 xdot (1) = x (2) ;
57 if (t > tc ) &( t < tr ) then
58 xdot (2) =180*50*( Pm -0) /4.167; // s w i n g e q u a t i o n
during three pole switching
59 elseif (t <= tc ) then
60 xdot (2) =180*50*( Pm -(0.827* sind ( x (1) ) ) ) /4.167;
// s w i n g e q u a t i o n b e f o r e c l e a r i n g t h e
faulted line
61 elseif (t >= tr ) then
62 xdot (2) =180*50*( Pm -(1.5* sind ( x (1) ) ) ) /4.167; //
after reclosure
63 end
64 endfunction
65
66 // t o f i n d t h e s o l u t i o n o f s w i n g e q u a t i o n t o draw t h e
swing curves
67
68 // t o draw t h e s w i n g c u r v e s f o r t h r e e p o l e s w i t c h i n g
with r e c l o s u r e
69 subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
70 x_1_0 =[41.8 ,0] ; t0 =0; T =0:0.001:0.65; T =T ;
71 tc =0.075; tr =0.325;
72 sol1 = ode ( x_1_0 , t0 ,T , mac_3_pole ) ;
73 plot (T , sol1 (1 ,:) ) ;
74 set ( gca () , g r i d ,[1 1]) ;
75 title ( Swing Curve f o r t h r e e p o l e s w i t c h i n g a t +
string ( tc ) + s + and r e c l o s u r e a t + string ( tr ) +
s , f o n t s i z e ,3) ;
76 xset ( f o n t s i z e ,3)
77 xstring (0.2 ,300 , MACHINE UNSTABLE ) ;
78 xlabel ( Time ( i n s e c o n d s )> ) ;
79 ylabel ( Torque A n g l e ( d e l t a , deg )> ) ;
80
81 // t o draw t h e s w i n g c u r v e s f o r s i n g l e p o l e s w i t c h i n g
with r e c l o s u r e
82 subplot (2 ,1 ,2)

170
83 x_1_0 =[41.8 ,0] ; t0 =0; T =0:0.001:2.2; T =T ;
84 tc =0.075; tr =0.325;
85 sol2 = ode ( x_1_0 , t0 ,T , mac_1_pole ) ;
86 plot (T , sol2 (1 ,:) ) ;
87 set ( gca () , g r i d ,[1 1]) ;
88 title ( Swing Curve f o r s i n g l e p o l e s w i t c h i n g a t +
string ( tc ) + s + and r e c l o s u r e a t + string ( tr ) +
s , f o n t s i z e ,3) ;
89 xset ( f o n t s i z e ,3)
90 xstring (1.2 ,50 , MACHINE STABLE ) ;
91 xlabel ( Time ( i n s e c o n d s )> ) ;
92 ylabel ( Torque A n g l e ( d e l t a , deg )> ) ;
93
94 f = get ( c u r r e n t f i g u r e ) ;
95 f . figure_position =[0 ,15];
96 f . figure_size =[560 ,1000];

171
Figure 12.6: Swing Curves For Three Pole and Single Pole Switching

172
 Chapter 13

Power System Security

Scilab code Exa 13.1 Generation Shift Factors and Line Outage Distribu-
tion Factors

Generation Shift Factors and Line Outage Distribution Factors

1 // C h a p t e r 13
2 // Example 1 3 . 1
3 // p a g e 522
4 //To f i n d t h e g e n e r a t i o n s h i f t f a c t o r s and t h e l i n e
outage d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r s
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 // t h i s p r o b l e m can be t h o u g h t t o be s o l v e d by u s i n g
g a u s s s i e d e l method u s i n g Zbus (X m a t r i x g i v e n i n
t a b l e 1 3 . 1 ) , but t h e n i n t h i s method we n e e d t o t a l
l i n e c h a r g i n g a d m i t t a n c e s t o g r o u n d a t e a c h bus .
Hence we c a n t s o l v e t h i s p r o b l e m o n l y u s i n g t h e
g i v e n t a b l e 1 3 . 1 , And we can u s e g a u s s s i e d e l
method u s i n g Ybus by t a k i n g t h e v a l u e s o f
i m p e d a n c e s and l i n e c h a r g i n g a d m i t t a n c e s o f t h e
s y s t e m which i s t a k e n from t h e t e x t b o o k [ 1 ]
Computer Methods i n Power System A n a l y s i s , S t a g g
and ElAbiad , Page No 2 8 4

173
 8 //

9
10 // F u n c t i o n t o form t h e Ybus f o r p r i m i t v e a d m i t t a n c e
v a l u e s and l i n e c h a r g i n g a d m i t t a n c e v a l u e s
11 function Ybus = formYbus ( y_l , y_lc )
12 Ybus =[ y_l (1) + y_l (2) + y_lc (1) + y_lc (2) - y_l (1)
- y_l (2) 0 0;
13 - y_l (1) y_l (1) + y_l (3) + y_l (4) + y_l (5) +
y_lc (1) + y_lc (3) + y_lc (4) + y_lc (5) - y_l
(3) - y_l (4) - y_l (5) ;
14 - y_l (2) - y_l (3) y_l (2) + y_l (3) + y_l (6)
+ y_lc (2) + y_lc (3) + y_lc (6) - y_l (6)
0;
15 0 - y_l (4) - y_l (6) y_l (6) + y_l (4) +
y_l (7) + y_lc (6) + y_lc (4) + y_lc (7) - y_l
(7) ;
16 0 - y_l (5) 0 - y_l (7) y_l (5) + y_l
(7) + y_lc (5) + y_lc (7) ];
17 endfunction
18
19 // F u n c t i o n t o i n c o r p o r a t e l o a d f l o w a n a l y s i s f o r a
given system
20 function P_line = load_flow (E , Pg , Qg , Pl , Ql , y_l , y_lc )
21
22 // t o r e t r i e v e Ybus f o r t h e g i v e n n e t w o r k
parameters
23 Y = formYbus ( y_l , y_lc ) ;
24
25 // t o form p r i m i t i v e a d m i t t a n c e m a t r i x and
primitive l i n e charging admittances that
r e q u i r e d l a t e r i n t h e program
26 yl =[0 y_l (1) y_l (2) 0 0;
27 y_l (1) 0 y_l (3) y_l (4) y_l (5) ;
28 y_l (2) y_l (3) 0 y_l (6) 0;
29 0 y_l (4) y_l (6) 0 y_l (7) ;
30 0 y_l (5) 0 y_l (7) 0];

174
31 yc =[0 y_lc (1) y_lc (2) 0 0;
32 y_lc (1) 0 y_lc (3) y_lc (4) y_lc (5) ;
33 y_lc (2) y_lc (3) 0 y_lc (6) 0;
34 0 y_lc (4) y_lc (6) 0 y_lc (7) ;
35 0 y_lc (5) 0 y_lc (7) 0];
36
37 // t o o p t i m i z e t h e e v a l u a t i o n , c o n s t a n t s l i k e
KLs and YLs a r e e v a l u a t e d o n l y o n c e o u t s i d e
the loop
38 KL2 =(( Pg (2) - Pl (2) ) -( Qg (2) - Ql (2) ) ) / Y (2 ,2) ;
39 KL3 =(( Pg (3) - Pl (3) ) -( Qg (3) - Ql (3) ) ) / Y (3 ,3) ;
40 KL4 =(( Pg (4) - Pl (4) ) -( Qg (4) - Ql (4) ) ) / Y (4 ,4) ;
41 KL5 =(( Pg (5) - Pl (5) ) -( Qg (5) - Ql (5) ) ) / Y (5 ,5) ;
42
43 YL21 = Y (2 ,1) / Y (2 ,2) ; YL23 = Y (2 ,3) / Y (2 ,2) ;
YL24 = Y (2 ,4) / Y (2 ,2) ; YL25 = Y (2 ,5) / Y (2 ,2) ;
44 YL31 = Y (3 ,1) / Y (3 ,3) ; YL32 = Y (3 ,2) / Y (3 ,3) ;
YL34 = Y (3 ,4) / Y (3 ,3) ;
45 YL42 = Y (4 ,2) / Y (4 ,4) ; YL43 = Y (4 ,3) / Y (4 ,4) ;
YL45 = Y (4 ,5) / Y (4 ,4) ;
46 YL52 = Y (5 ,2) / Y (5 ,5) ; YL54 = Y (5 ,4) / Y (5 ,5) ;
47
48 // t o c a l c u l a t e bus v o l t a g e s ( R e f e r [ 1 ] s t a g g , pg
285)
49 n =100;
50 for i =1: n
51 E (1) = E (1) ;
52 E (2) =( KL2 / E (2) ) - YL21 * E (1) - YL23 * E (3) - YL24 * E
(4) - YL25 * E (5) ;
53 E (3) =( KL3 / E (3) ) - YL31 * E (1) - YL32 * E (2) - YL34 * E
(4) ;
54 E (4) =( KL4 / E (4) ) - YL42 * E (2) - YL43 * E (3) - YL45 * E
(5) ;
55 E (5) =( KL5 / E (5) ) - YL52 * E (2) - YL54 * E (4) ;
56 end
57 // t o c a l c u l a t e l i n e f l o w s ( R e f e r [ 1 ] s t a g g , pg
291)
58 for i =1:5

175
59 for j =1:5
60 S (i , j ) = E ( i ) *( E ( i ) -E ( j ) ) * yl (i , j ) + E ( i ) * E
( i ) * yc (i , j ) ;
61 end
62 end
63 P_line = conj ( S ) ; // s i n c e P l i n e=PjQ=c o n j ( S )
64
65 endfunction
66 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

67 // F i r s t we w i l l c a l c u l a t e t h e l i n e f l o w s f o r t h e
s y s t e m which o p e r a t i n g u n d e r n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n (
w i t h o u t any c o n g i n c y ) [ t a k e n a s Base s y s t e m f o r
comparision ]//
68 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

69 // ypq y pq /2 l i n e no
Buscode ( pq )
70 yl1 =1/(0.02+ %i *0.06) ; ylc_1 = %i *0.030; // l =1
l i n e 12
71 yl2 =1/(0.08+ %i *0.24) ; ylc_2 = %i *0.025; // l =2
l i n e 13
72 yl3 =1/(0.06+ %i *0.18) ; ylc_3 = %i *0.020; // l =3
l i n e 23
73 yl4 =1/(0.06+ %i *0.18) ; ylc_4 = %i *0.020; // l =4
l i n e 24
74 yl5 =1/(0.04+ %i *0.12) ; ylc_5 = %i *0.015; // l =5
l i n e 25
75 yl6 =1/(0.01+ %i *0.03) ; ylc_6 = %i *0.010; // l =6
l i n e 34
76 yl7 =1/(0.08+ %i *0.24) ; ylc_7 = %i *0.025; // l =7
l i n e 45
77
78 y_l_vector =[ yl1 yl2 yl3 yl4 yl5 yl6 yl7 ];
79 y_lc_vector =[ ylc_1 ylc_2 ylc_3 ylc_4 ylc_5 ylc_6
ylc_7 ];

176
 80
81
82 // Assumed v o l t a g e Generation
load
Buscode
83 // MW MVAR
MW MVAR
84 E1 =1.06+ %i *0; Pg1 =0; Qg1 = %i
*0; Pl1 =0; Ql1 = %i *0; // 1
85 E2 =1+ %i *0; Pg2 =0.4; Qg2 = %i
*0.3; Pl2 =0.2; Ql2 = %i *0.1; // 2
86 E3 =1+ %i *0; Pg3 =0; Qg3 = %i
*0; Pl3 =0.45; Ql3 = %i *0.15; // 3
87 E4 =1+ %i *0; Pg4 =0; Qg4 = %i
*0; Pl4 =0.40; Ql4 = %i *0.05; // 4
88 E5 =1+ %i *0; Pg5 =0; Qg5 = %i
*0; Pl5 =0.60; Ql5 = %i *0.10; // 5
89
90 E =[ E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 ]; Pg =[ Pg1 Pg2 Pg3 Pg4 Pg5 ];
Qg =[ Qg1 Qg2 Qg3 Qg4 Qg5 ];
91 Pl =[ Pl1 Pl2 Pl3 Pl4 Pl5 ]; Ql =[ Ql1 Ql2 Ql3 Ql4 Ql5
];
92
93 P_base = load_flow (E , Pg , Qg , Pl , Ql , y_l_vector ,
y_lc_vector ) ;
94 P_base = P_base *100; // c o n v e r t i n g back t o MW and MVARs
95
96
97
98
99 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

100 //To f i n d g e n e r a t i o n s h i f t f a c t o r l e t u s remove t h e

g e n e r a t o r a t e a c h o f PV b u s e s and c a l c u l a t e l i n e
f l o w s //
101 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

177
102
103 // ( i ) when g e n e r a t o r a t s l a c k bus t r i p s
104 Pg1_old = Pg1 ; // r e q u i r e d f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f
c h a n g e i n MWs
105 Pg1 =0; Qg1 =0; // g e n e r a t i o n r e m a i n s same
106 Pg =[ Pg1 Pg2 Pg3 Pg4 Pg5 ]; Qg =[ Qg1 Qg2 Qg3 Qg4
Qg5 ]; // u p d a t i n g t h e c h a n g e d v a l u e s
107
108 // c o n d u c t i n g l o a d f l o w s t u d i e s
109 P_G_1 = load_flow (E , Pg , Qg , Pl , Ql , y_l_vector ,
y_lc_vector ) ;
110 P_G_1 = P_G_1 *100; // c o n v e r t i n g back t o MW and MVARs
111 alpha1 =( real ( P_G_1 ) - real ( P_base ) ) /(( Pg1_old - Pg1
+0.001) *100) ; // 0 . 0 0 1 i s added t o e l i m i n a t e
d i v i d e by z e r o e r r o r
112 alpha1 = tril ( alpha1 ) ; // o n l y l o w e r t r i a n g u l a r
matrix i s r e q u i r e d
113 l1 =[ alpha1 (2 ,1) alpha1 (3 ,1) alpha1 (3 ,2) alpha1
(4 ,2) alpha1 (5 ,2) alpha1 (4 ,3) alpha1 (5 ,4) ];
114 // ( i i ) When g e n e r a t o r a t Bus2 t r i p s
115 Pg2_old = Pg2 ; // r e q u i r e d f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f
c h a n g e i n MWs
116 Pg2 =0; Qg2 =0; Pg1 =0; Qg1 =0;
117 Pg =[ Pg1 Pg2 Pg3 Pg4 Pg5 ]; Qg =[ Qg1 Qg2 Qg3 Qg4
Qg5 ]; // u p d a t i n g t h e c h a n g e d v a l u e s
118
119 // c o n d u c t i n g l o a d f l o w s t u d i e s
120 P_G_2 = load_flow (E , Pg , Qg , Pl , Ql , y_l_vector ,
y_lc_vector ) ;
121 P_G_2 = P_G_2 *100; // c o n v e r t i n g back t o MW and MVARs
122 alpha2 =( real ( P_G_2 ) - real ( P_base ) ) /(( Pg2_old - Pg2 )
*100) ;
123 alpha2 = tril ( alpha2 ) ; // o n l y l o w e r t r i a n g u l a r
matrix i s r e q u i r e d
124 l2 =[ alpha2 (2 ,1) alpha2 (3 ,1) alpha2 (3 ,2) alpha2
(4 ,2) alpha2 (5 ,2) alpha2 (4 ,3) alpha2 (5 ,4) ];
125 //To p r i n t t h e r e s u l t s o f g e n e r a t o r s h i f t f a c t o r s

178
126
127 printf ( G e n e r a t o r S h i f t F a c t o r f o r F i v e bus System \n
);
128 printf (
\
n );
129 printf ( L i n e s \ t \ t \ t Bus 1 \ t \ t \ tBus 2\ n ) ;
130 printf (
\
n );
131 for i =1:7
132 printf ( l = %d\ t \ t \ t %d\ t \ t \ t%0 . 4 f \n ,i , l1 (
i ) , l2 ( i ) ) ;
133 end
134 printf (
\
n );
135 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

136 //To f i n d L i n e Outage D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r s l e t u s

remove e a c h l i n e and c a l c u l a t e t h e l i n e f l o w s //
137 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

138
139 // c h a n g i n g t h e n e t w o r k back t o n o r m a l s y s t e m
140 Pg2 =0.4; Qg2 = %i *0.3;
141
142 // c o p y i n g t h e o r i g i n a l v a l u e s o f t h e n e t w o r k
parameters
143 y_l_vector_normal = y_l_vector ;
y_lc_vector_normal = y_lc_vector ;
144 Pg =[ Pg1 Pg2 Pg3 Pg4 Pg5 ]; Qg =[ Qg1 Qg2 Qg3 Qg4
Qg5 ]; // u p d a t i n g t h e c h a n g e d v a l u e s
145 // when j t h l i n e t r i p s t h e l o a d f l o w a n a l y s i s i s done
as f o l l o w s
146 for j =1:7

179
147 y_l_vector ( j ) =0; y_lc_vector ( j ) =0;
148 P_L = load_flow (E , Pg , Qg , Pl , Ql , y_l_vector ,
y_lc_vector ) ; // l o a d f l o w a n l y s i s
149 P_L = P_L *100;
150 select j ,
151 case 1 then fi0 = P_base (2 ,1) ,
152 case 2 then fi0 = P_base (3 ,1) ,
153 case 3 then fi0 = P_base (3 ,2) ,
154 case 4 then fi0 = P_base (4 ,2) ,
155 case 5 then fi0 = P_base (5 ,2) ,
156 case 6 then fi0 = P_base (4 ,3) ,
157 case 7 then fi0 = P_base (5 ,4) ,
158 end
159 d0 =( real ( P_L ) - real ( P_base ) ) / real ( fi0 ) ;
160 d (: , j ) =[ d0 (2 ,1) ; d0 (3 ,1) ; d0 (3 ,2) ; d0 (4 ,2) ; d0
(5 ,2) ; d0 (4 ,3) ; d0 (5 ,4) ];
161 y_l_vector = y_l_vector_normal ; y_lc_vector =
y_lc_vector_normal ; // c h a n g i n g t h e s y s t e m back
to normal
162 end
163
164 // when a l i n e t r i p s power f l o w i n t h a t l i n e i s z e r o ,
t h i s i s n o t a c c o u n t e d i n l o a d f l o w . So a c c o u n t i n g
t h i s by making a l l d i a g o n a l e l e m n t s o f d=0
165 for i =1:7
166 d (i , i ) =0;
167 end
168
169 //To p r i n t t h e r e s u l t s o f l i n e o u t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n
factors
170 printf ( \n\n\n\ n L i n e Outage D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r f o r
F i v e bus System \n ) ;
171 printf (

n );
172 printf ( L i n e s \ t \ t j =1\ t \ t j =2\ t \ t j =3\ t \ t j =4\ t \ t j =5\ t
\ t j =6\ t \ t j =7\n ) ;
173 printf (

180

n );
174 for l =1:7
175 printf ( l = %d\ t \ t%0 . 4 f \ t \ t%0 . 4 f \ t \ t%0 . 4 f \ t \ t%0
. 4 f \ t \ t%0 . 4 f \ t \ t%0 . 4 f \ t \ t%0 . 4 f \n ,l , d (l ,1) ,d (
l ,2) ,d (l ,3) ,d (l ,4) ,d (l ,5) ,d (l ,6) ,d (l ,7) ) ;
176 end
177 printf (

n\n\n ) ;

181
 Chapter 14

An Introduction to State
Estimation of Power Systems

Scilab code Exa 14.1 Estimation of random variables

Estimation of random variables

1 // C h a p t e r 14
2 // Example 1 4 . 1
3 // p a g e 533
4 //To e s t i m a t e t h e v a l u e s o f t h e random v a r i a b l e s x1
and x2
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 H =[1 0;0 1;1 1]; // g i v e n m a t r i x
8 k = inv (H * H ) *H ; // from eq 1 4 . 9
9 y =[ y1 ; y2 ; y3 ];
10 k = string ( k ) ;
11 x =[ k (1 ,1) + y (1 ,1) + k (1 ,2) + y (2 ,1) + + + k (1 ,3) + y (3 ,1) ; k
(2 ,1) + y (1 ,1) + + + k (2 ,2) + y (2 ,1) + + + k (2 ,3) + y (3 ,1)
];
12 printf ( E s t i m a t e o f x =\n ) ;
13 disp ( x ) ;

182
 Scilab code Exa 14.2 Estimation of random variables using WLSE

Estimation of random variables using WLSE

1 // C h a p t e r 14
2 // Example 1 4 . 2
3 // p a g e 534
4 //To e s t i m a t e t h e v a l u e s o f t h e random v a r i a b l e s x1
and x2 u s i n g WLSE
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 w = diag ([0.1;1;0.1]) ; // assumed m a t r i x
8 H =[1 0;0 1;1 1]; // g i v e n m a t r i x
9 k = inv (H * w * H ) *H * w ; // from eq 1 4 . 1 2 b
10 y =[ y1 ; y2 ; y3 ];
11 Px = k *k ;
12 k = string ( k ) ;
13 x =[ k (1 ,1) + y (1 ,1) + k (1 ,2) + y (2 ,1) + + + k (1 ,3) + y (3 ,1) ; k
(2 ,1) + y (1 ,1) + + + k (2 ,2) + y (2 ,1) + + + k (2 ,3) + y (3 ,1)
];
14 printf ( The w e i g h t e d l e a s t s q u a r e s e s t i m a t e o f t h e
v e c t o r x =\n ) ;
15 disp ( x ) ;
16 printf ( \n\ nThe m a t r i x k i s i n t h i s c a s e f o u n d t o be
\n ) ;
17 disp ( k ) ;
18 // c o v a r i a n c e o f measurement i s assumed i s assumed t o
be u n i t m a t r i x
19 printf ( \n\ nThe c o v a r i a n c e o f t h e e s t i m a t i o n e r r o r
i s o b t a i n e d a s Px=\n ) ;
20 disp ( Px ) ;
21

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22 printf ( \n\n\n Now c h o o s i n g W=1\n ) ;
23 w = diag ([1;1;1]) ; // assumed m a t r i x
24 H =[1 0;0 1;1 1]; // g i v e n m a t r i x
25 k = inv (H * w * H ) *H * w ; // from eq 1 4 . 1 2 b
26 Px = k *k ;
27 printf ( \n\ nThe m a t r i x k i s i n t h i s c a s e f o u n d t o be
\n ) ;
28 disp ( k ) ;
29 printf ( \n\ nThe c o v a r i a n c e o f t h e e s t i m a t i o n e r r o r
i s o b t a i n e d a s Px=\n ) ;
30 disp ( Px ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.3 Estimation of random variables using WLSE 2

Estimation of random variables using WLSE 2

1 // C h a p t e r 14
2 // Example 1 4 . 3
3 // p a g e 538
4 //To e s t i m a t e t h e v a l u e s o f t h e random v a r i a b l e s x1
and x2 u s i n g WLSE
5 clear ; clc ;
6 i =0; x =1; y =8.5
7 printf ( \n ) ;
8 printf ( i t e r a t i o n \ t \ t x ( l ) \n ) ;
9 printf ( \n ) ;
10 printf ( \t%d\ t \ t%0 . 3 f \n ,i , x ) ;
11 for i =1:1:10
12 k =(1/3) * x ^ -2 // e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e v a l u e o f
k has been p r i n t e d wrongly i n the textbook
13 x = x +( k ) *( y - x ^3) ;
14 printf ( \t%d\ t \ t%0 . 3 f \n ,i , x ) ;
15
16 end

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 Chapter 17

Voltage Stability

Scilab code Exa 17.1 Reactive power sensitivity

Reactive power sensitivity

1 // C h a p t e r 17
2 // Example 1 7 . 1
3 // p a g e 602
4 //To f i n d r e a c t i v e power s e n s i t i v i t y a t t h e bus
5 clear ; clc ;
6 Q_nom =1; // g i v e n
7 Ksh =0.8; V =1.0; // assumed
8 Qnet =( V ^2 - Ksh * V ^2) * Q_nom ;
9 // s e n s t i v i t y =dQnet /dV
10 s =2* V -2* V * Ksh ;
11 printf ( R e a c t i v e power S e n s i t i v i t y a t t h e bus i s =
%0 . 2 f pu ,s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 17.2 Capacity of static VAR compensator

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 Capacity of static VAR compensator

1 // C h a p t e r 17
2 // Example 1 7 . 2
3 // p a g e 602
4 //To f i n d c a p a c i t y o f s t a t i c VAR c o m p e n s a t o r
5 clear ; clc ;
6
7 delta_V =5/100; // a l l o w a b l e v o l t a g e f l u c t u a t i o n
8 S_sc =5000; // s y s t e m s h o r t c i r c u i t c a p a c i t y i n MVA
9 delta_Q = delta_V * S_sc ; // s i z e o f t h e c o m p e n s a t o r
10 printf ( The c a p a c i t y o f t h e s t a t i c VAR c o m p e n s a t o r
i s +%d MVAR , delta_Q ) ;

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