VERBO SER
Iksan
I Iksan I am
You iks You are
He/She/it issa He/she is
We Iksi We are
You all
They Issi They are
I
You
He/She/it Nages He/she is sweating
We
You all
They Nagesi They sweat
I
You
He/She/it lris He/she is smiling
We
You all
They lrisi They are smiling
I
You
He/She/it
We
You all
They rijis They are praising
VOCABULARIO
Singula Plural Uni Uni Acusativ Acusativ Significad
r n n o o o
plural Sing Plur
kepa kepi kep kep Father
bra bri br br Woman
Vala Vali Man
Taoba Taobi Boy
Hontes Hontesse Bird
Brzi Name
Azantys Azantyssy Azant
Sz / sri Good / plural
uha My
Kirine / Kirini Happy
Rytsas Hello
Drj Very, really, truly
Arl Again
Jirna Welcome
Valar morghlis All men must die.
All men must serve.
Valar dohaeris
Drvose Actually
Kirimvose Gracias
Se and
Geros ilas Good bye
Daor No
Kostilus Please
LECCIN 3
They are praising the knights
Azant rijis
LECCIN 2
Tips and notes
YES AND NO
You may recognize the word for "yes" from the previous lesson. In fact, it's identical to
the word for "is". In High Valyrian, what we translate as "yes" is more accurately
translated as "it is".
Negation is a bit more complex in High Valyrian than other languages, so you'll be
learning about it later.
Hello, Jon!
Rytsas, Inos!
I am very happy again
Drj kirine arl iksan
My father is actually a bird
Drvose uha kepa hontes issa
All men must die. All men must serve!
Valar morghlis. Valar dohaeris!
Welcome!
Jirna!
Thank you and welcome!
Kirimvose se jirna!
My name is Jon
uha brzi Inos issa
truly My name is Daenerys
Drj uha brzi Daenerys issa
Greetings and welcome!
Rytsas se jirna
Actually my mother is sleeping
Drvose uha mua drus
Thank you again!
Kirimvose arl!
Hello and goodbye!
Rytsas se geros ilas!
Actually the boy is sleeping!
Drvose taoba drus!
Good bye, all men must serve.
Geros ilas, valar dohaeris.
LECCIN 1
Tips and notes
JIRNA!
Welcome to High Valyrian for English speakers! High Valyrian is the language of the
old Valyrian Freehold, a thriving civilization destroyed by a mysterious cataclysm
centuries before the action of Game of Thrones begins. It was a language of dragon
tamers and warriors, but is now a language of refinement and educationa memory of
a bygone era. It's the language of the Mad King Aerys, of Aegon the Conqueror, and of
Daenerys Targaryen, Mother of Dragons.
High Valyrian is an inflectional language, where the form of a noun changes to indicate
the role it plays in a sentence, or verbs inflect for their tense, aspect, and voice.
Generally, adjectives come before the nouns they modify, and verbs come at the end of
the sentence.
As you begin your study of Valyrian, you may want to know how the Roman letters
used to spell the language are pronounced. In Old Valyria, the language was written
with a glyphic writing system, but in our world, we use a variant of the Roman alphabet
for simplicity's sake. Here's a description of the system:
CONSONANTS
B, D, H, L, M, N, Z are pronounced roughly the same as they are in
English.
o IPA: [b], [d], [h], [l], [m], [n], [z].
G is always pronounced hard, as in "get"; never as in "genre" or "gel".
o IPA: []
K, P, T are pronounced similar to English, but without aspiration
(compare "pie" to "spy". The Valyrian P is pronounced as in "spy").
o IPA: [p], [t], [k]
S is always pronounced voiceless, as in "dose"; never as in "rose".
o IPA: [s]
R is always trilled, as in Spanish "perro".
o IPA: [r]
V is now pronounced as in "vet", but used to be pronounced as the "w" in
"wet".
o IPA: [v] (Modern); [w] (Ancient)
J is now pronounced as in "jam", but used to have a slightly more palatal
pronunciation.
o IPA: [d] (Modern); [] and [j] (Antiquated)
Q is pronounced like a "k", but much further back in the mouth, with the
back of the tongue touching the uvula. There is no English equivalent.
o IPA: [q]
GH is a voiced guttural sound like a noisier version of the "g" in Spanish
"lago". There is no English equivalent.
o IPA: [] or []
LJ is pronounced like the "lli" in "million".
o IPA: []
is pronounced as in Spanish "" or the "ni" in "minion".
o IPA: []
RH is pronounced like Valyrian R, but with no voicing.
o IPA: [r]
VOWELS
A is pronounced as in "father".
o IPA: [a]
E is pronounced as in "get", and is never silent.
o IPA: [] or [e] (no distinction)
I is pronounced as in "machine".
o IPA: [i]
O is pronounced as in "note".
o IPA: [] or [o] (no distinction)
U is pronounced as in "rude".
o IPA: [u]
Y is pronounced like the "i" in "machine", but with the lips fully rounded
as if one is pronouncing U.
o IPA: [y]
, , , , , are pronounced exactly as their macron-less counterparts
but are held for a longer duration.
o IPA: [a], []~[e], [i], []~[o], [u], [y]
Note: As a shortcut, you can type a double version of the vowel to stand in for a vowel
with a macron. Thus, if you type yy it will be understood as by Duolingo.
SINGULAR AND PLURAL
In this lesson you'll be learning the singular and plural pairs for some common words.
In High Valyrian there are a number of pluralization strategies, so pay close attention to
the ending of each word you learn.
High Valyrian is a language whose nouns inflect for gender, number, and case.
Adjectives will agree with all three of these elements. In this lesson, you'll only be
focusing on plural agreement; other types of agreement will come later.
ADJECTIVE PLACEMENT
Adjectives most commonly precede the nouns they modify, but they may follow the
nouns they modify either for stylistic reasons, or to prevent overcrowding. Thus, if you
have sz which means "good", then "good man" can be translated as sz vala or vala
sz.
SIMPLE COORDINATION
High Valyrian doesn't use a word like "and" when coordinating two nouns or two
adjectives. Instead, the last word in a pair trio of nouns, adjectives, or even verbs is
modified in some way to indicate that it is participating in a coordinative structure. One
common strategy is to lengthen the final vowel of the last word in a list and shift the
word's stress to the end. Watch out for word-final long vowels in sentences with
coordination!
PRO-DROP
You'll be learning some High Valyrian pronouns later. For now, if you see a verb, the
subject will either be listed first, or will be a pronoun not present. Take, for example,
the sentence Vala issa. Translated simply, it could mean "The man is", but that's not a
very useful sentence. A better translation would be "He is a man", where "he" is simply
not necessary.
The men and the women are sweating
Vali br nagesi.
We are women
br iksi.
The boys are sweating
Taobi nagesi
You are a good boy
Sz taoba iks.
The woman is smiling
br lris.
The girl and the boy are smiling
Ria taob lrisi
We are happy men
Kirini vali iksi
My good father is smiling
uha sz kepa lris
We are women
bri iksi
You are a boy
Taoba iks
The girl and the woman are good
Ria br sz issi
The birds and the fathers are happy
Hontesse kep kirini issi
The girl and the woman are sleeping
Ria br drusi
The men and the women are sweating
Vali br nagesi
The men are sweating
Vali nagesi
They are men
Vali issi
The happy knight smiles
Kirine azantys lris
The knights and women sing
Azantyssy br vedis
He is sweating
Nages
My fathers are sweating
uhi kepi nagesi
The man and the boy are sweating
Vala taob nagesi
The birds and the fathers are happy
Hontesse kep kirini issi
The knight is sweating
Azantys nages
The good knights are sweating
Sri azantyssy nagesi
The girl and the boy are sweating
Ria taob vedis
The girl and the woman are sleeping
Ria br drusi
You are a good boy
Sz taoba iks
The man and the boy are sweating
Vala taob nagesi
The girl and the women are sleeping
Ria br drusi
They are men
Vali issi
![o IPA: [r̥ ]
VOWELS
A is pronounced as in "father".
o IPA: [a]
E is pronounced as in "get", and is never silent.
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