BOC Study Guide 5th edition Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations Oversight Editors Patricia A. Tanabe, MPA, MLS(ASCP)“ Director, Examination Activities E. Blair Holladay, PhD, SCT(ASCP)™ Vice President for Scientific Activities, ASCP Executive Director, Board of Certification ‘and the ASCP Board of Certification Staff ® ssi secieey orPublishing Team Erik N Tanck & Tae W Moon (design/production) Joshua Weikersheimer (publishing direction) Notice ‘Trade names for equipment and supplies described are included as suggestions only. In no way does their inclusion constitute an endorsement of preference by the Author or the ASCP. The Author and ASCP urge all readers to read and follow all manufacturers’ instructions and package insert warnings concerning the proper and safe use of produets. the American Society for Clinical Pathology, having exercised appropriate and reasonable effort to research material current as of publication date, does not assume any liability for any loss or damage caused by errors and omissions in this publication, Readers must assume responsibility for complete and thorough research of any hazardous conditions they encounter, as this publication (snot intended to be all-inclusive, and recommendations and regulations change over time, ) dcvcrican Society for Clinical Pathology Press Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Clinical Pathology. All rights reserved. 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Printed in Hong Kong 1413121110 ‘Tae Board of Certification Study GuideTable of Contents vi Acknowledgments vii Preface ix The Importance of Certification, CMP, Licensure and Qualification xi Preparing for and Taking the BOC Certification Examination 1 Blood Bank Questions 1 Blood Products 8 Blood Group Systems 17 Physiology and Pathophysiology 24 Serology 42 > Transfusion Practice Answers 53 Blood Products 55 Blood Group Systems 59 Physiology and Pathophysiology 62 Serology 69 Transfusion Practice 75 Chemistry Questions 75 Carbohydrates 78 Acid-Base Balance 81 Electrolytes 85 Proteins and Other Nitrogen- Containing Compounds 95 Heme Derivatives 99 Enzymes 104 Lipids and Lipoproteins 107 Endocrinology and Tumor Markers 113 TDM and Toxicology 115 Quality Assessment 117 Laboratory Mathematics 121 Instrumentation Answers 129 Carbohydrates 129 Acid-Base Balance 130 130 132 133 136 137 139 140 141 142 145 145 149 155 166 168 178 187 189 191 194 202 211 211 213 215 216 219 220 221 222 Electrolytes Proteins and Other Nitrogen- Containing Compounds Heme Derivatives Enzymes Lipids and Lipoproteins Endocrinology and Tumor Markers TDM and Toxicology Quality Assessment Laboratory Mathematics Instrumentation Hematology Questions Erythrocytes: Physiology Erythrocytes: Disease States Erythrocytes: Laboratory Determinations Leukocytes: Physiology Leukocytes: Disease States Leukocytes: Laboratory Determinations Platelets: Physiology Platelets: Disease States Platelets: Laboratory Determinations Hemostasis Hematology Laboratory Operations Answers Erythrocytes: Physiology Enythrocytes: Disease States Erythrocytes: Laboratory Determinations Leukocytes: Physiology Leukocytes: Disease States Leukocytes: Laboratory Determinations Platelets: Physiology Platelets: Disease States Platelets: Laboratory Determinations Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations iiTable of Contents 222 Hemostasis 226 Hematology Laboratory Operations 229 Immunology Questions 229 Autoantibody Evaluation 240 Infectious Disease Serology 248. Protein Analysis 258 Cellular Immunity and Histocompatibility Techniques Answers 265 Autoantibody Evaluation 268. Infectious Disease Serology 271 Protein Analysis 275. Cellular immunity and Histocompatibility Techniques 279 Microbiology Questions 279. Preanalytical and Susceptibility Testing 294 Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci 300 Gram-Negative Bacilli 313. Aerobic Gram-Negative Cocci B15. Aerobic or Facultative Gram-Positive Bacilli 317 Anaerobes B21 Fungi 328 Mycobacteria 334. Viruses and Other Microorganisms 337 Parasites Answers 345. Preanalytical and Susceptibility Testing 352 Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci 354 Gram-Negative Bacilli 358 Aerobic Gram-Negative Cocci 359 Aerobic or Facultative Gram-Positive Bacilli WW ‘The Board of Certication Stuy Guide 359 361 363 365 367 369 369 370 374 378 378 379 381 381 383 386 390 399 403 405 413 414 415 417 420 421 423 Anaerobes Fungi Mycobacteria Viruses and Other Microorganisms Parasites Molecular Biology Questions Molecular Science Molecular Techniques Applications of Molecular Testing Answers Molecular Science Molecular Techniques Applications of Molecular Testing Urinalysis and Body Fluids Questions Urinalysis: Pre-Analytical Examination Urinalysis: Physical Examination Urinalysis: Chemical Examination Urinalysis: Microscopic Examination Urinalysis: Complete Examination Urine Physiology Other Body Fluids Answers Urinalysis: Pre-Analytical Examination Urinalysis: Physical Examination Urinalysis: Chemical Examination Urinalysis: Microscopic Examination Urinalysis: Complete Examination Urine Physiology Other Body FluidsTable of Contents 427 Laboratory Operations 427 433 442 445 453 459 462 465 467 472 473 476 478 479 Questions Quality Assessment Safety Management Laboratory Mathematics Instrumentation and General Laboratory Principles Education and Communication Laboratory Information Systems Answers Quality Assessment Safety Management Laboratory Mathematics Instrumentation and General Laboratory Principles Education and Communication Laboratory Information Systems 481 Reading & References Clinical Lokoratory Certification Bxaminations‘Acknowledgments ‘The editors would like to thank Melissa Meeks and Each Miller for theie painstaking efforts in combining and reviewing this body of work in accordance with the ASCP Press and production staff. Special thanks are also extended to all our volunteers (former examination committee members and recently recruited volunteers) fr their commitment in assisting us on this essential resource for laboratory science students and their professors. Thank you to my family - Adarm, Peter and Joe, for their support and understanding during, this project. ~Patricia A. Tanabe, MPA, MLS(ASCP}"M Good luck with your board examtnation—my best to each of you as you embark on an exciting career in laboratory medicine. ~£. Blair Holladay, PRD. SCTIASCPY™ vi The Bontd of Certification Study GuidePreface ‘The Sth edition of the Board of Certification Study Guide for Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations contains over 2000 multiple choice questions. Unique to this study guide isthe differentiation of questions appropriate for both the Medical Laboratory Technician and Medical Laboratory Scientist levels from questions that are appropriate for the Medical Laboratory Scientist level anly (clearly marked MLS ONLY). The questions in this edition are arranged in chapters which correspond to the major content areas on the examination. Within each chapter, the questions are further grouped by topic. New to this edition are short answer explanations and references for each practice question. ‘Questions with images will appear as they would on the certification examination. Laboratory results will be presented in both conventional and SI units. ‘The practice questions are presented ina format and style similar to the questions included on the Board of Certification certification examinations, Please note: None of these questions will appear on any Board of Certification examination. ‘These practice questions were compiled from previously published materials and submitted questions from recruited reviewers. (Note: These reviewers do not currently serve on any Examination Committee) ‘This book is not a product of the Board of Certification, rather it is a product of the ASCP Press, the independent publishing arm of the American Society for Clinical Pathology. Use of this book does not ensure passing of an examination. The Board of Certifcation’s evaliation and credentialing, processes are entirely independent of this study guide; however, this book should significantly help you prepare for your BOC examination Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations viiQuestion Editors and Reviewers ‘ur thanks to those who edited? reviewed questions for this book. Blood Bank “Margaret . Pritsraa, MA, MT(ASCP) SBE, tired (o-Bator) armen Atte Pcesoe versity of Alabars 2 irmingham Birmingham. AL ve Joanne Kosanke, MT(ASCP)SBB™ Gotten) Manager immanchematclogy Reference abort american ed Cross Central hie Blood Services Region Columbus, OF Patrica J Blloger, MSBd, MASCE, Muscascr»Ssaao Laboratory Education and Trlning Consus Minneapolis, Minoesota Deborah Firestone, EdD, MT(ASCP) ‘SB ‘sociate Dean ‘Stony Brook Uriversiy Stony Brook. WY (Carol McConnell, MS, MLS(ASCP)™ Taboratry Gordiatcr St Prana Memorial Hospital Sun Franasc,cA Chemistry Polly Cathcart, MMSe, MTVASCPISC, ered ormery, Chemistry Supervisor Piedmont Hospital ‘anna, GA Vico S. Freeman, PRD, FACB, MLS(ASCRIMSC Department Chair ard Daringuished Teaching Profesor Unicity of erat Metical Branch Galeton, TX Ross Molina ABCC), FACE. Medial Dietor, Core Laborer, Einory University Hospital Midtown Assistant Profesor Pathology an Lab Medicine, Emory University School af Medicine tory University sili, GA Christine Papades, PD, MTASCPISC, retired Borer, Professor Pathlegy and tabortory Medicine, Medical Ualversityof South Caalina Chsleston, SC Diane Wileon, PRD, MT(ASCP) Program Diecor Media Technology Morgan Sure University Baltmore, MD PRD, MTASCP), Hematology Donna D Catellone, MS, MT(ASCE)SH (Gaiton) (lca Project Manager Heratclogy Hemodane Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Tarrytown. WY ‘Sandra Difaleo, MS, MT(ASCP) [aueation Coordinator “Tae Colorado Center for Medic) Laboratoey Science [Link] Kathy W. Jones, MS, MLS(AscP)™ Fredy = Clie Laboratory Science eogram ‘Auburn University Moangrsery Montgomery, AL Linda L. Myers, MEd, MTIASCP)SH [Asutane DrestoeCigalLabortory Se Joseph Medial Center Houston. 1 ohn K. Seariano, PRD, MT(ASCP) ‘Resatane raeosor, Pxtelogy 2 Medicine University of ew Mexico Schaal of Medicine Abaguerque. NM Ruth Scheib, MTCASCP)SH Medial Tchoolost Chevelle CGevelsnd. OF | Immunology Barbata Anne Maier, MEA, MTCASCP)SI retired (Editon) Forme Technical Specs, Trnmunology, Serology & Few Cytometry Geisinger Meal Cemer Dani PA Linda 6 Miler, PRD, StASCE) MB Profesor uf lise Laboratory Seence SUNY Upstate Metal Unive Syracu, NY Kate Rittenhouse-Olzon, PRD, SMascP) restr Dror Biotechnology Program Unwerty a alfa, Te State University sf New ore But, NY Laboratory Operations Ellen Borwell, MBA, MT(ASCP)SH Director of Chica Puthlogy laboratory Operations LUnwerty af Vngns Meal Centar Charowenue. VA Cynthia. Johns, MSA, MLS(ascryesin Se Techni Specialist [atorstony Corporation af America (Gkeand FL Rose J Monaro, PhO, MT(ASCP), DYABCO), PACH Medial Director, Core Laboratory, Emory University Hospital Mldsown ‘satan Professor, fathlony and Lab Medicine, Emory Uriverity Schoo! of Medicine Emory Universiy ‘Alans, GA Patrica A Myers, MTIASCP)[Link] Lead Technslojt, Microbiology (Gastar General Homptal (Gacaater PA Lynn Schwabe, MBA, CHE, MT(ASCP) (GaditorSafeey) Senior Bsetor, Lab Secvices Norshore Univerity Heslthtem Evanston Hosptal Vili The Board of Certification Study Guide ‘Evanston. fo Peggy Simpson, MS, MTVASCP) Aainsrative Director of Laboratories Dale Regional Medial Caner Dale, VA Microbiology ‘Yuet . McCarter, PhD, D(ABMM) (ator Director Clinical Microbiology Laboratory University of Finda Meath Seience {Center-Jacksonile Sksonvile, FL ‘Joan B Fenn, MS, NTCASCP) Profesor and Associate Division ed, ‘Medial Laboratery Scene, Department ‘a Pahclony Uninet of Uah School of Medicine Salas Cay, UT awn , Lampkin, BA, IT(ASCP)[Link] Manayer of Microbiology Services HCA Midiwert Dien, enearch Medic Conner Konan Cig, MO aren Myers, MA, MT{ASCP)SC "Tae Clerc Center fo Metied Laboratory Science Denver,CO atty Newcomb-Gayman, MT(ASCP)SM ant of Care Testing Conedinator ‘Swed Merial Center Sota, WA Molecular Pathology Stephen. Koury, PAD, MT(ASCP) ator Rewareh Asistne Professor Depormeat af Gotcha nd Cline [ab arary Scene, University 3 Blo Bara, 7 Urinalysis and Body Fluids Kristina Jackaon Behan, PRD, MTIASCP) Asocate Profesor snd Progam Director Univer of West Fedo Ciel aboratony Scenes Progra Pensacola, FL Susan Strasinger, DA, MT(ASCP), retired, ore, Visiting Assistant Profesor Unversity of West Pond Pensacola FLCertification, Certification Maintainance Program (CMP), Licensure and Qualification ‘The Importance of Certification, CMP, Licensure and Qualification ‘The practice of modern medicine would be impossible without the tests performed in the laboratory. A highly skilled medical team of pathologists, specialists, laboratory scientists, technologists, and technicians works together to determine the presence or absence of disease and provides valuable data needed to determine the course of treatment. ‘Today's laboratory uses many complex, precision instruments and a variety of automated and electronic equipment. However, the success of the laboratory begins with the laboratorians’ dedication to their profession and willingness to help others. Laboraterians must produce accurste and reliable test results, have an interest in science, and be able to recognize their responsiblity for affecting human lives. Role of the ASCP Board of Certification Founded in 1928 by the American Society of Clinical Pathologists (ASCP—now, the American Society for Clinical Pathology), the Board of Certification is considered the preeminent certification agency in the US and abroad within the field of laboratory medicine. Composed of representatives of professional organizations and the public, the Board's mission is to: “Provide excellence m certification of laboratory professionals on behalf of patients worldwide.” The Board of Certification consists of more than 100 volunteer technologists, technicians, laboratory scientists, physicians, and professional researchers. These volunteers contribute their time and expertise to the Board of Governors and the Examination Committees, They allow the BOC to achieve the goal of excellence in credentialing medical laboratory personnel in the US and abroad. ‘The Board of Governors is the policy-making governing body for the Board of Certification and is composed of 25 members. These 25 members include technologists, technicians, and pathologists nominated by the ASCP and representatives from the general public as well as from the following societies: the American Association for Clinical Chemistry, the AABB, American College of Microbiology, American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science, the American Society of Cytopathology, the American Society of Hematology, the American Association of Pathologists’ Assistants, Association of Genetic Technology, the National Society for Histotechnclogy, and the Clinical Laboratory Management Association (CLMA\. ‘The Examination Committees are responsible for the planning, development, and review of the examination databases: determining the accuracy and relevancy of the test items; confirming, the standards for each examination and performing job or practice analyses, Certification hetp://[Link]/certification Certification is the process by which a nongovernmental agency or association grants recognition ‘of competency to an individual who has met certain predetermined qualifications, as specified by that agency or association. Certification affirms that an individual has demonstrated that he or she possesses the knowledge and skills to perform essential tasks in the medical laboratory. The ASCP Board of Certification certifies those individuals who meet academic and clinical prerequisites and who achieve acceptable performance levels an examinations. In 2004, the ASCP Board of Certification implemented the Certification Maintenance Program (CMP), which mandates participation every 3 years for newly certified individuals in the US. The goal of this program is to demonstrate to the public that laboratory professionals are performing the appropriate and relevant activities to keep current in their practice. Please follow the steps outlined on the website to apply for CMP and retain your certification, ([Link] (Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 1xCertification, Certification Maintainance Program (CMP), Licensure and Qualification United States Certification bheepu/[Link]/certification ‘To apply fora Certification Examination follow these step-by-step instructions: 1. Identify the examination you are applying for and determine your eligibility. 2 Gather your required education and experience documentation 2 Apply for the examination. We offer 2 options: a. Apply online and pay by credit card b, Or download an application, pay by ceedit card, check or money order and mailto: ASCP Board of Certification 51335 Eagle Way Chicago. 60678-1039 4 Schedule your examination ata Pearson Professional Center. Visit the Pearson site (htp://wwi. pearsonvue ‘com/ascp to identify alocation and time that is convenient for you to take your ASCP examination. International Certification Iheep://www ascp org/certification/International [ASCP offers its gold standard credentials inthe form of international certification (ASCP?) to eligible individuals. The ASCP’ credential certifies professional competency among new and practicing laboratory personnel in an effort to contribute globally to the highest standards of patient safety Graduates of medical laboratory science programs outside the United States are challenged with content that mirrors the standards of excellence established by the US ASCP exams. The ASCP' Credential carries the weight of 60 years of expertise in clinical laboratory professional certification. Please visit the website to view the following: 1 Website information translated into a specific language 2 Currentlisting af international certifications. 3 Blighility guidelines 4 Step-by-step instructions to apply for international cetification, State Licensure hetp://wwwaascp org/licensure State Licensure is the process by which a state grants a license to an individual to practice their profession in the specified state. The individual must meet the state's licensing requirements, which may include examination and/or experience. It is important to identify the state and examination to determine your eligibility and view the steps for licensure and/or certification. For list of states that require licensure, please goto the website, ([Link] ‘The ASCP Board of Certification (BOC) examinations have been approved for licensure purposes by the states of California and New York. The BOC examinations also meet the requirements for all other states that require licensure. Qualification http//[Link]/qualification ‘A qualification from the Board of Certification recognizes the competence of individuals in specific technical areas. Qualifications are available in laboratory informatics, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. To receive this credential, candidates must meet the eligibility requirements land successfully complete an examination (QCYM, QIHC) or a work sample project (QUI). Candidates who complete the Qualification process will receive a Certificate of Qualification, which is valid for S years. The Qualification may be revalidated every 5 years upon receipt of completed application and fee. (Documentation of acceptable continuing education may be requested.) X The Board of Certification Study GuideAbout the Examination Preparing for and Taking the BOC Certification Examination Begin early to prepare for the Certification Examination, Because of the broad range of knowledge and skills tested by the examination, even applicants with college education and those completing formal laboratory education training programs will find that review is necessary, although the exact ‘amount will vary from applicant to applicant. Generally, last-minute cramming is the least effective method for preparing for the examination. The earlier you begin, the more time you will have to prepare; and the more you prepare, the better your chance of successfully passing the examination and scoring well Study for the Test Plan a course of study that allows more time for your weaker areas. Although it is important to study your areas of weakness, be sure to allow enough time to review all areas. It is better to spend a short time studying every day than to spend several hours every week or 2. Setting aside a regular time and, a special place to study will help ensure studying becomes a part of your daily routine, Study Resources heep://[Link] org/studymaterials Competency Statements and Content Guidelines [Link] org/contentguidelines ‘The Board of Certification has developed competency statements and content guidelines to delineate the content and tasks included in its tests. Current Content Guidelines for the Medical Laboratory Scientist (MLS) and Medical Laboratory Technician (MLT) examinations as well as other certification examinations offered by the ASCP BOC are available. Study Guide ‘The questions in this study guide are ina format and style similar to the questions on the Board of Cectfication examinations. The questions are in a multiple choice format with I best answer. Work. through each chapter and answer all the questions as presented, Next, review your answers against the answer key. Review the answer explanation for those questions, that you answered incorrectly. Lastly, each question is referenced if you require further explanation. Textbooks “The references cited in this study guide (see pp 481-484) identify many useful textbooks. The most. current reading lists for most of the examinations are available on the ASCP’s website ([Link] -[Link]/readinglists). Textbooks tend to cover a broad range of knowiedge in a given field. An added benefit is that textbooks frequently have questions at the end of the chapters that you can use to test yourself should you need further clarification on specific subject matter. Online practice tests hetp://[Link] ‘The online practice tes is a subscription product. t includes 90-day online access to the practice tests, comprehensive diagnostic scores, and discussion boards Ifyou are an institutional purchaser that would like to pay by check or purchase order (minimum of 20 tests to use a check or purchase ‘orden, please download the order form from the website. Content-specific online practice tests can be purchased online. Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations xiAbout the Examination Taking the Certification Examination ‘The ASCP Board of Certification (BOC) uses computer adaptive testing (CAT), which is criterion xeferenced. With CAT, provided you answer the question correctly, the next examination question hhas a slightly higher level of difficulty. The difficulty level of the questions presented to the examinee continues to increase until a question is answered incorrectly. At this point, a slightly easier question is presented. The importance of testing in an adaptive format is that each test is individually tailored to your ability level. Each question in the examination pool is calibrated for difficulty and categorized into a subtest area, which corresponds to the content guideline for a particular examination. The weight (value) given to each question is determined by the level of difficulty. All examinations (with the exception of phlebotomy (PBT) and donor phlebotomy (DPT)) are scheduled for 2 hours and 30 minutes and have 100 questions, The PBT and DPT examinations are scheduled for 2hours and have 80 questions. Your preliminary test results (pass/fail) will appear on the computer screen immediately upon completion of your examination. Detailed examination scores will be mailed within 10 business days, after your examination, provided that the BOC has received all required application documents. Examination results cannot be released by telephone under any circumstances. Your official detailed examination score report will indicate a “pass” or “fail” status and the specific scaled score on the total examination. A scaled score is statistically derived (in part) from the raw score (number of correctly answered questions) and the difficulty level of the questions, Because each examinee has taken an individualized examination, scaled scores are used so that all examinations may be compared on the same scale, The minimum passing score is 400. The highest attainable score is 999, If you were unsuccessful in passing the examination, your scaled scores on each of the subtests will be indicated on the report as well, These subtest scores cannot be calculated to obtain your total score, ‘These scores are provided as a means of demonstrating your areas of strengths and weaknesses in comparison to the minimum pass score, xil The Boeed of certification Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Blood Products Questions Blood Bank ‘The fellowing items have been identified generally as appropriate for both entry level medical laboratory scientists and medica! laboratory technicians. Items that are appropriate for medical laboratory scientists only ‘are marked with an “MLS ONLY” 1 Questione 52 Answers with Explanations 1 Blood Products 53° Blood Products 8 Blood Group Systems 55° Blood Group Systems 17 Physiology and Pathophysiology 59° Physiology and Pathophysiology 24 Serology 62 Serology 42 Transfusion Practice 69. Transfusion Practice Blood Products 1 The minimum hemoglobin concentration in a fingerstick from a male blood donor is: 12.0 g/Ab (120 g/t) b 125 g/l (125 g/L) 135 g/dl (135 g/L) @ 15.0 /aL (1509/1) 2 Acause for permanent deferral of blood donation is: a diabetes residence in an endemic malaria region € history of jaundice of uncertain cause 4 history of therapeutic rabies vaccine Which ofthe following prospective donors would be accepted for donation? ‘a 32-year-old woman who received a transfusion ina complicated delivery § months previously, 1b 19-year-old sailor who has been stateside for 9 months and stopped taking bis anti-inalarial medication 9 months previously ‘© 22-year-old college student who has 2 temperature of 99.2°F (37.3°C) and states that he feels well, but is nervous about donating 4. 45-year-old woman who has just recovered from a bladder infection and is still taking antibioties 4 Which one of the following constitutes permanent rejection status of a donor? 4a tattoo 5 months previously B recent close contact with «patient with viral hepatitis € 2units of blood transfused 4 months previously 4 Confirmed positive test for HBsAg 10 years previously 5, According to AABB standards, which ofthe following donors may be accepted ass blood donor? SS g_traveled toan area endemic for malaria 8 months previously spontaneous abortion at 2 months of pregnancy, 3 months previously resides with a known hepatitis patient received a blood transfusion 22 weeks previously ane (Clinicel Laboratory Certification Examinations 11: Blood Bank | Blood Products Questions Below are the results of the history abtained from a prospective female blood donor age: 16 temperature: 990°F (272°C) Het: 36% isto tetanus toxold immunization 1 week previousy 10 a 12 23 How many of the above results excludes this donor from giving blood for a routine transfusion? bi «2 a3 For apheresis donors who donate platelets more frequently than every 4 weeks, a platelet count ‘must be performed prior to the procedure and be at least: a 150 « 103/ut (150 « 108/t) 1 200% 10%/ut (200 x 10°/1) € 250 x 10/yL (250 x 10°/L) 300 « 10°/al (300 x 10°/1) Prior to blood donation, the intended venipuncture site must be cleaned with a scrub) solution containing: a hypochlorite b isopropyl alcohol © 10% acetone PVP iodine complex All donor blood testing must include: ‘2. complete Rh phenotyping b anti-CMV testing ¢ direct antiglobulin test d serological test for syphilis During the preparation of Platelet Concentrates from Whole Blood, the blood should be: 2 cooled towards 6°C b cooled towards 20°-24°C © warmed to 37°C 4 heated to 57°C “The most common cause of posttransfusion hepatitis can be detected in donors by testing for: a anti-HCV b HBeAg © anti-HAV IgM. 4 anti-HBe ‘The Western blot is a confirmatory test for the presence of: 2 CMV antibody b anti-HIV-1 ¢ HBsAg serum protein abnormalities ‘The test that is currently used to detect donors who are infected with the AIDS vieus is: 2 anti-HBe b anti-HIV 1,2 © HBsAg 4 alr 2 The Board of Certification Stady Guide1: Blood Bank | Blood Products Questions 4 4s 16 7 18 19 20 21 ‘A commonly used screening method for anti-HIV detection is a Intex agglutination by radioimmunoassay (RIA) € thin-layer-chromatography (TC) _ enzyme-labeled immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Rejuvenation of a unit of Red Blood Cells is a method used to: ‘4 remove antibody attached to RBCs b inactivate viruses and bacteria restore 2,3-DPG and ATP to normal levels 4 filter blood clots and other debris Aunit of packed cells is split into 2 aliquots under closed sterile conditions at 8 aM, The expiration time for each aliquot is now: 4 4 PMon the same day 1b BpMon the same day ¢ 8AM thenext morning 4 the original date of the unsplit unit Aunit of Red Blood Cells expiring in 35 days is split into 5 small aliquots using a sterile pediatric ‘quad set and a sterile connecting device. Each aliquot must be labeled as expiring in: a Ghours b iZhours © Sdays 35 days When platelets are stored on a rotator set on an open bench top, the ambient air temperature rust be recorded: 8 once a day B twice a day € every 4 hours @ every hour Which of the following is the correct storage temperature for the component listed? ‘4. Cryoprecipitated AHE, 4°C b Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP), ~20°C «Red Blood Celis, Frozen, -40°C d Platelets, 37°C A unit of Red Blood Cells is issued at 9:00 am. At 9:10 am the unit is returned to the Blood Bank. ‘The container has mot been entered, but the unit has not been refrigerated during this time span. ‘The best course of action for the technologist is to: ‘& culture the unit for bacterial contamination discard the unit if not used within 24 hours € store the unit at room temperature record the return and place the unit back into inventory ‘The optimum storage temperature for Red Blood Cells, Frozen is: a -80°C b -20°C © -12C a 4c (Clinical Laboretory Certification Examinations 31: Blood Bank | Blood Products Questions 22 The optimum storage temperature for Red Blood Cells a -20°¢ 20°C © -12C a 4c 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 If the seal is entered on a unit of Red Blood Cells stored at 1°C to 6°C, what is the maximum allowable storage period, in hours? as b 24 © 48 a7 ‘The optimum storage temperature for cryoprecipitated AHE is: a -20°C b 12°C e 4C a 27°C Cryoprecipitated AHF must be transfused within what period of time following thawing and pooling? a 4hours b Bhours © 12hours 4 24 hours Platelets prepared in a polyolefin type container, stored at 22°-24°C in 50 ml. of plasma, and gently agitated can be used for up to: a 26hours b 48 hours © Sdays 4 Sdays “The optimum storage temperature for platelets i: 2-20" b -12¢ «4c a 2¢ According to ABB standards, Fresh Frozen Plasma must be infused within what period of time following thawing? a 24hours b 36 hours € 48 hours 4 72hours Cryoprecipitated AHF, if maintained in the frozen state at ~18°C or below, has a shelf life of: 242 days b 6 months ¢ 12 months 436 months 4 The Board of certification Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Blood Products Questions 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Once thawed, Fresh Frozen Plasma must be transfused within: a dhours b Bhours © I2hours d 24 hours ‘An important determinant of platelet viability following storage is: 2 plasma potassium concentration b plasma pH € prothrombin time activated partial thromboplastin time In the liquid state, plasma must be stored at a 6 b2ze « 37C asec During storage, the concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) decreases in a unit of a Platelets b Fresh Frozen Plasma € Red Blood Cells 4 Cryoprecipitated AHE Cryoprecipitated AHF: ‘8 is indicated for fibrinogen deficiencies b should be stored at 4°C prior to administration € will not transmit hepatitis B virus is indicated for the treatment of hemophilia B Which apheresis platelets product should be irradiated? 48 sutologous unit collected prior to surgery bb random stock unit going to a patient with DIC «a directed donation given by a mother for her son 4 a directed donation given by an unrelated family friend Ivadiation of a unit of Red Blood Cells is done to prevent the replication of donor: granulocytes b lymphocytes © red cells 4 platelets Plastic bag overwraps are recommended when thawing units of FFP in 37°C water baths because they prevent: 12 the PPP bag from cracking when it contacte the warm water water from slowly dialyzing across the bag membrane € the entry ports from becoming contaminated with water d the label from peeling off as the water circulates in the bath ‘Which of the following blood components must be prepared within 8 hours after phlebotomy? Red Blood Cells Fresh Frozen Plasma Red Blood Cells, Frozen Cryoprecipitated AHF anor Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations: 51: Blood Bank | Blood Products Questions 39. Cryopreciptated AHE contains how many units of Factor VIL? Be Sao 80 « 130 4-250 40. Which of the following blood components contains the most Factor Vill concentration relative Mi, to volume? 42 Single-Donor Plasma b Cryoprecipitated AHF «Fresh Frozen Plasma 4 Platelets 41 The most effective component to treat a patient with fibrinogen deficiency is: OM a Fresh Frozen Plasma b Platelets Fresh Whole Blood 4 Cryoprecipitated AHF 42 Ablood component prepared by thawing Fresh Frozen Plasma at refrigerator temperature and removing the fluid portion is: a Plasma Protein Fraction b Cryoprecipitated AHF Factor IX Complex a FP24 43. Upon inspection, a unit of platelets is noted to have visible clots, but otherwise appears normal. ‘The technologist should a issue without concern bb filter to remove the lots € centrifuge to express off the clots 4 quarantine for Gram stain and culture 44 According to AABB Standards, at least 90% of all Apheresis Platelets units tested shall contain a 'Giy minimum of how many platelets? a 55x10 b 65«10 © 3.010 d 5.010 45. According to AABB Standards, Platelets prepared from Whole Blood shall have at least Gey a 5.5 x 10! platelets per unit in at least 90% of the units tested b 65x 11" platelets per unit in 90% of the units tested € 7.5 x 10! platelets per unit in 100% of the units tested 85 x 10! platelets per unit in 95% of the units tested 46 Which of the following is proper procedure for preparation of Platelets from Whole Blood? 4 light spin followed by a hard spin 'b light spin followed by 2 hard spins € 2iight spins 4. hard spin followed by a light spin 6 The Board of Certification Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Blood Products Questions 47 According to AABB standards, what is the minimum pH required for Platelets at the end of the Ii, storage period? 260 b 62 © 68 470 48 According to AABB standards, Platelets must be: a gently agitated if stored at room temperature b separated within 12 hours of Whole Blood collection € suspended in sufficient plasma to maintain a pH of 5.0 or lower prepared only from Whole Blood units that have been stored at 4°C for 6 hours 49° Aunit of Whole Blood-derived (random donor) Platelets should contain at least: 421.010" platelets b 55510" platelets € 5.5» 10) platelets 4 90% of the platelets from the original unit of Whole Blood 50 Platelets prepared by apheresis should contain at least: 2110! platelets b 3x10" platelets € 3x10" platelets @ 5x10" platelets $1 Leukocyte Reduced Red Blood Cells are ordered for a newly diagnosed bone marrow candidate NS, What isthe best way to prepare this produet? ‘8 crossmatch only CMV-seronegative units D irradiate the unit with 1,500 rads € wash the unit with saline prior to infusion 4. transfuse through a Log! leukacyte-removing filter 52. Of the following blood components, which one should be used to prevent HLA alloimmunization Uy of the recipient? ‘a Red Blood Cells b Granulocytes Irradiated Red Blood Cells _ Leukocyte- Reduced Red Blood Cells 53. A father donating Platelets for his son is connected to a continuous flow machine, which uses the principle of centrifugation to separate Platelets from Whole Blood. As the Platelets are harvested, all other remaining elements are returned to the donor, This method of Platelet collection is known as: 2 apheresis b autologous € homologous 4 fractionation 54 To qualify as a donor for autologous transfusion a patient's hemoglobin should beat least B g/dl 80 g/t) 11 wal 10 g/L) 13 g/dL (130 g/L) 15 g/dL (150 g/L) ane (Clinical Laboratory Certification Exerinations 71: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions 55. What is/are the minimum pretransfusion testing requirement(s) for autologous donations collected and transfused by the same facility? a ABO and Rh typing only 'b ABO/Rh type, antibody screen © ABO/Rh type, antibody screen, crossmatch 4 no pretransfusion testing is required for autologous donations 56 Ina quality assurance program, Cryoprecipitated AHF must contain a minimum of how many Stiy_ international units of Factor VII? a 60 b 70 © 80 430 57 An assay of plasma from a bag of Cryoprecipitated AHF yields a concentration of 9 international May units (U) of Factor VII per mL. of Cryoprecipitated AHF. Ifthe volume is 9 mL, what is the Factor VILL content of the bag in 1U? ag b 18 ©27 ae Blood Group Systems 58 Refer to the following table: Antigens 12 3 4 5 Tostresuits Z| + 0 0 +e + No 0 + 0+ 0 | Qmo +s so 9 eo wio + + 0 + Ve ++ 00 «© Given the most probable genotypes of the parents, which of the following statements best describes the most probable Rh genotypes of the 4 children? a 2are Ryr, 2are RR | b Bare Ryr, Lisrr € Lis Ryr, Lis Ryr, 2are RyRy @ Lis Ror’ Lis RyRy, 2are Ryr 59 The linked HLA genes on each chromosome constitute a(n): a allele b trait € phenotype @ haplotype 1B The Board of Certification Stady Guide1: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions 60 An individual's red blood cells give the following reactions with Rh antisera: fent-D enti-C anti anti-c antie Rh control 4 0 Bo ‘The individual's most probable genotype is: 8 DCe/DeE b Dek/dee « Deeldce 4 DCe/ace {61 _Ablood donor has the genotype: bh, AB. What is his red blood cell phenotype? A aoe B ° a AB 62 _An individual has been sensitized to the k antigen and has produced anti-k, What is her most probable Kell system genotype? a kK b kk < kk 4 Kok 63. Given the following typing results, what is this donors racial ethnicity? Lela Fya-b=r slats) 2 African American Asian American Native American @ Caucasian 64 Amother has the red cell phenotype D+CsE=c-e+ with anti-e (titer of 32 at AHG) in her serum, “The father has the phenotype D+C+E~c+e+. The baby is Rh-negative and not affected with hemolytic disease of the newborn, What is the baby's most probable Rh genotype? ary br «RR a Rr 65 _ In an emergency situation, Rh-negative red cells are transfused into an Rh-positive person of the ‘genotype CDe/CDe. The first antibody most likely to develop is a antic b anti-d © antie 4 anti-E 66 Most blood group systems are inherited as 2 sex-linked dominant b sex-linked recessive € autosomal recessive autosomal codominant 67. The mating of an Xg(a+) man and an Xg(a-) woman will only produce: Xg(a-) sons and Xg(a-) daughters B Xglas) sons and Xglar) daughters © ea-) sons and Xg(a+) daughters 4 Xg(a+) sons and Xgla-) daughters (Clinical Laboratory Certifcetion Exeminations 91: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions 68 Refer to the following data: ante anti-D antE anti-c ante Given the reactions above, which is the most probable genotype? a RR, B Ri © Ror” @ RR 69 A patient's red cells type as follows: anti-D antic anti-€ 4 a ° Which of the following genotype would be consistent with these results? Roky b Ry © RR aRr 70 The red cells of a nonsecretor (se/se) will most likely type as a Le(a-b-) b Le(arbe) © Le(arb-) d Lela-bs) 71 Which of the following phenotypes will react with anti-f2 ar BRR, © RR, a RR, 72 Apatient’s red blood cells gave the following reactions: ant antic ant ante. anti-o ‘The most probable genotype of this patient is: © RR, b Ry” © Ry a RR, 73. Anti is identified in a patient’ serum. If random crossmatches are performed on 10 donor Mis units, how many would be expected to be compatible? ao b3 © 7 410 74 Awoman types as Rh-positive. She has an antic titer of 32 at AHG. Her baby has a negative DAT and is not afected by hemolytic disease of the newborn, What is the father’s most likely Rh phenotype? br © Ry @ Rr 10 the Board of Certifcation Study Guide i1: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions 8 76 7 78 80 ‘Which of the following red cell rypings are most commonly found inthe Alvican American donor population? = Lua) B JkG@-b-) © Fy(a-b-) ak Four units of blood are needed for elective surgery. The patient's serum contains anti-C, anti-e, anti-Fy* and anti-Jk®, Which of the following would be the best source of donor blood? atest all units in current stock B test 100 group O, Rh-negative donors € test 100 group-compatible donors 4 rare donor file ‘A donor is tested with Rh antisera with the following results: eot-D —ant-C—antE antic antic Rh control + + ° + + ° What is his most probable Rh genotype? a RR b Rr © Ror a Ry ‘family has been typed for HLA because 1 of the children needs a stem cell donor. Typing results ae listed below: fatner 3:88.35 mother: A220:812.38 chies —at2.08.2 hig #2 a123:08.10 cohlé #3) A3.25:818.7 ‘What is the expected B antigen in child #3? al BAD © BIZ 4 B35 Which of the following isthe best source of HLA-compatible platelets? & mother b father € siblings cousins [A patient is group O, Rh-negative with anti-D and anti-K in her serum. What percentage of the general Caucasian donor population would be compatible with this patient? 205 b 20 © 3.0 460 (Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 121: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions 81 The observed phenotypes in a particular population are: Str Phenotype Number of persons Ionb=) 2 kasen 194 ee-bs) as ‘What is the gene frequency of Jk? in this population? 2031 b 045 © 058 4080 82 _ Ina random population, 16% of the people are Rh-negative (rr). What percentage of the My Rh-positive population is heterozygous for 7? 36% b 49% © 57% 4 66% 83 In elationship testing, a “direct exclusion’ is established when a genetic marker isi 44 absent in the child, but present in the mother and alleged father Bb absent in the child, present in the mother and absent inthe alleged father present in the child, absent inthe mother and present in the alleged father 4. present in the child, But absent in the mother and alleged father 84 Relationship testing produces the following red cell phenotyping results: ABO Rn ‘ataged father, 8 DeC-crEr0- ‘mother ° DsGrE-c-o8 chile: ° DsCre-cras What conclusions may be made? 4 there is no exclusion of paternity Bb paternity may be excluded on the basis of ABO typing paternity may be excluded on the basis of Rh typing 4 paternity may be excluded on the basis of both ABO and Rh typing 85 In a relationship testing case, the child has a genetic marker that is absent in the mother and ‘cannot be demonstrated in che alleged father. What type of paternity exclusion is this known as? 2 indicect Db direct € prior probability Hardy-Weinberg 86 A patient is typed with the following results: Pationt’s cols with Patient's serum with ana 0 Acradcalls 26 ant8 0 Brodcols 4+ antha® 2+ Ab screen 0 ‘The most probable reason for these findings is that the patient is group: ‘4 0; confusion due to faulty group O antiserum b O; with an anti-A; € Aywith an anti-A @ Ay;with an anti-a 12 The Board of Certification Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions ‘87 Human blood groups were discovered around 1900 by Jules Bordet b Louis Pasteur ¢ Karl Landsteiner 4d PLMollison 8B Cells of the As subgroup will a react with Dolichosbiflorus b bE-with anti-a, © givea mixed-field reaction with anti-A,B @DE- with anti 89. The enzyme responsible for conferring H activity on the red cell membrane is alpha ‘& galactosyl transferase 1b N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase L-fucosyi transferase N-acetyiglucosaminyl transferase an 90 Even in the absence of prior transfusion or pregnancy, individuals withthe Bombay phenotype (©,) will always have naturally occurring ‘91 The antibody in the Lutheran system that is best detected at lower temperatures is, 4 anticLu’ b anti-Lu © anti-Lu3 4 anticLui? 92 Which of che following antibodies is neutralizable by pooled human plasma? SY a antickn® D anti-ch € antiVie! @ antics 83. Anti-Sd¥is strongly suspected if 4 the patient has been previously transfused b the agglutinates are mixed-field and refractile © the patient is group A or B only a small number of panel cells are reactive 96 HLA antibodies are: a naturally occurring b induced by multiple transfusions © directed against granulocyte antigens only 4 frequently cause hemolytic transfusion reactions 95. Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC): code for HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C antigens only b are linked to genes in the ABO system € are the primary genetic sex-determinants 4 contribute to the coordination of cellular and humoral immunity. (Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations: 131: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions 26 oimmunization co platelet antigen APA-Ta and the placental ansfer of maternal antibodies 2B, would be expected ta case vewbor: a erythroblascosis b leukocytosis € leukopenia 4 thrombocytopenia 97 Saliva from which of the following individuals would neutralize an auto anti-H in the serum of a group A, Le(a-b+) patient? a group A, Le(a-b-) b group A, Le(arb-) € group 0, Le(asb-) 4 group 0, Le(a-bs) 98 Inhibition testing can be used to confirm antibody specificity for which of the following antibodies? a anti-Lut b anti-M € anti-Let a anticty? 99 Which of the following Rh antigens has the highest frequency in Caucasians? acer ano 100 Anti-D and ant-C are identified inthe serum ofa transfused pregnant woman, gravida 2, para {i 1. Nine months previously she received Rh immune globulin (RAIG) after delivery. Tests of the patient, her husband, and the child revealed the following: anti-o anti-c ante anti-c anti-e patient 0 0 ° + + father * ° 0 + + chi + 0 ° + + ‘The most likely explanation for the presence of anti-Cis that this antibody is actually anti-C* 1b from the RhIG dose © actually a naturally occurring 101 The phenomenon of an Rh-positive person whose serum contains anti-D is best explained by: MY a gene deletion b missing antigen epitopes trans position effect gene inhibition 102. When the red cells of an individual fail to react with anti-U, they usually fail to ceact with: 2 anti-M 14 the Board of Certification Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions 108 Which ofthe following red cell antigens are found on glyeophorin-A? a MN b Le, Leb «Ss 4 PP, Pe 104 Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) is associated with antibody specificity toward which of the following? ‘a Kell system antigens Duffy system antigens € Pantigen 4 I antigen 105. Which of the following is a characteristic of anti? ‘2 associated with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia 'b found in the serum of patients with infectious mononucleosis € detected at lower temperatures in the serum of normal individuals found only in the serum of group O individuals 106 Ina case of cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the patient's serum would most likely react 4+ at immediate spin with: group A cells, B cells and O cells, but not his own cells b cord cells but not his own or other adult cells € all cells of a group O cell panel and his own cells d only penicilin-treated pane! cells, not his own cells 107 Cold agglutinin syndrome is associated with an antibody specificity toward which of the following? a Fy bP el @ Rha 108 Which of the following is a characteristic of anti-? ‘& often associated with hemolytic disease of the newborn b reacts best at room temperature or &°C © reacts best at 37°C is usually igG 109 The Kell (K1) antigen is: ‘absent from the red celle of neonates b strongly immunogenic © destroyed by enzymes has a frequency of 50% in the random population 120 In chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), granulocyte function is impaired. An association exists {Six between this clinical condition and a depression of which of the following antigens? a Rh be © Kell Duffy Ctinicol Laboratory Certification Examinations 151: Blood Bank | Blood Group Systems Questions ua a2 113, 4 11s 1s u7 ‘The antibodies of the Kidd blood group system: ‘4 react best by the indirect antiglobulin test bare predominantly IgM often cause allergic transfusion reactions 4 do not generally react with antigen-positive, enzyme-treated RBCs Proteolytic enayme treatment of red cells usually destroys which antigen? a Je bE ck ak Anti-Fy is usually acold-reactive agglutinin 1b -more reactive when tested with enzyme-treated red blood cells € capable of causing hemolytic transfusion reactions 4 often an autoagglutinin Resistance to malaria is best associated with which of the following blood groups? a Rh bli ©? 4 Dutty ‘What percent of group O donors would be compatible with a serum sample that contained anti-X. and anti-Y if X antigen is present on red cells of 5 of 20 donors, and Y antigen is present on red cells of 1 of 10 donors? a 25 b 68 « 250 d 680 How many Caucasians in a population of 100,000 will have the following combination of phenotypes? ‘System Pnenotype Frequency (%) ABO. ° 46 Gm Fo 48 Pow a4 37 50 a 18 aol b 14 «144 4 1,438 What is the approximate probability of finding compatible blood among random Rh-positive units for a patient who has anti-c and anti-K? (Consider that 20% of Rh-positive donors lack cand 30% lack K) 21% & 10% a 18% 45% 16 The Board of Certification Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Physiology and Pathophysiology Questions 118 A 25-year-old Caucasian woman, gravida 3, para 2, required 2 units of Red Blood Cells. ‘The antibody screen was positive and the results of the antibody panel are shown below: —M Col D Cc £ © K Jkt JkD Let Le? MON P, 37°C ANG to 440 0+ + + + 0 4 4 ee 0 OO 2 4+ +0 040+ 0 0 + +00 0 0 B+ 0+ 4 00 + + 0 + Fee DO 4 + ee 0+ 00 + Oe FO OD 5 00+ 0+0+ + 0 + +00 0 4 6 00+ + + O + 0 + 0 + + oO 0 tH TO 00+ 0+ + + + + O Hee 0 6 00+ 0+00 + 0 + 0+ + 0 auto 00 ERI onfancorent medio ‘What is the most probable genotype of this patient? bre © Ror a RR, Physiology and Pathophysiology 129 A man suffering from gastrointestinal hleeding has received 20 units of Red Blood Cells in the last {'ii, 26 hours and is stil oozing post-operative. The following results were obtained. Pr: 20 seconds (control: 12 seconds) APT: 43 seconds (control: 31 seconds) Platelet count: 160 x 109/pL (160 x 10%) gp: 10 gic (100 9/1) Factor i 6556 What blood product should he administered? 8 Fresh Frozen Plasma Red Blood Celis, ¢ Factor Vill Concentrate 4 Platelets 220 Transfusion of which of the following is needed to help correct hypofibrinogenemia due to DIC? 7 a Whole Blood b Fresh Frozen Plasma © Cryoprecipitated AHF 4 Platelets 121 A blood component used in the treatment of hemophilia Ais. a Factor VII Concentrate b Fresh Frozen Plasma © Platelets: @ Whole Blood (tinicel Laboratory Certification Exeminations 171: Blood Bank | Physiology and Pathophysiology Questions 122Which of the following blood components is most appropriate to transfuse to an S-year-old male fiiy,-Remophiliac who is about to undergo minor surgery? ‘2 Cryoprecipitated AHF b Red Blood Cells € Platelets Factor Vili Concentrate 123 Aunt of Fresh Frozen Plasma was inadvertently thawed and then immediately refrigerated at °C 2s on Monday morning, On Tuesday evening this unit may still be transfused as a replacement for 4 all coagulation factors b Factor V Factor VIII Factor x na 124 A newborn demonstrates petechiae, ecchymosis and mucosal bleeding. The preferred blood Mil. component for this infant would be: Red Blood Cells bb Fresh Frozen Plasma € Platelets 4 Cryoprecipitated AHE 325 Which of the following would be the best source of Platelets for transfusion inthe case of ‘ir alloimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia? a father »b mother € pooled platelet-rich plasma 4 polycythemic donor 126 An obstetrical patient has had 3 previous pregnancies. Her first baby was healthy, the second was jaundiced at birth and required an exchange transfusion, while che third was stillborn, Which of the following is the most likely cause? ‘4 ABO incompatibility b immune deficiency disease € congenital spherocytic anemia 4 Rhincompatibility 127. Aspecimen of cord blood is submitted to the transfusion service for routine testing. The following. My results are obtained: anti: anti-B: antl: Rrcontrot direct antiglabulin test a negative a6 negative 2 It is known that the father is group B, with the genotype of ede/ede, Of the following 4 antibodies, which 1 is the most likely cause of the positive direct antiglobulin test? 2 antia & anti-D © antic a antic 128 ABO-hemolytic disease of the newborn: usually requires an exchange transfusion 1b most often occurs in first born childen € frequently cesults in stillbirth 4 is usually seen only in the newborn of group O mothers 1B The Board of Certiication Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Physiology and Pathophysiology Questions 129) 130 131 132 133 134 135 Which of the following antigens is most likely to be involved in hemolytic disease of the newborn? ale bP, eM Kell ‘ABO hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDEN) differs from Rh HDEN in that: ‘a Rh HDEN is clinically more severe than ABO HDFN b the direct antiglobulin test is weaker in Rh HDPN than ABO Rh HDFN occurs in the first pregnancy 4 the mother's antibody screen is positive in ABO HDN ‘The following results were obtained! anti-A anti-B anti-D WeakD DAT — Abacreen fon 0 wr a wr momer 4s 8 ° wt antiD reat renter Which of the following is the most probable explanation for these results? 8 ABO hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn b Ri hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn; infant has received intrauterine transfusions € Rh hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. infant has a false-negative Rh typing 4 large fetomaternal hemorrhage A group A, Rh-positive infant of a group ©, Rh-positive mother has a weakly positive direct antiglobulin test and a moderately elevated bilirubin 12 hours after birth. The most likely cause is: ‘4 ABO incompatibility b Rh incompatibility € blood group incompatibility due to an antibody to a low frequency antigen neonatal jaundice mot associated with blocd group In suspected cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn, what significant information can be obtained from the baby's blood smear? ‘a estimation of WBC, RBC, and platelet counts 1b marked increase in immature neutrophils (shift to the left) © differential to estimate the absolute number of lymphocytes present 4. determination of the presence of spherocytes ‘The Liley method of predicting the severity of hemolytic disease of the newborn is based on the amniotic Suid: 12 bilirubin concentration by standard methods Bb change in optical density measured at 450 nm © Rh determination 4 ratio of lecithin to sphingomyelin ‘These laboratory results were obtained on maternal and cord blood samples: mother: A baby: ABs, DAT: 3+ cord hemogiobin: 10 g/dL (100 9) Does the baby have HDN? ‘& no, as indicated by the cord hemoglobin byes, although the cord hemoglobin is normal, che DAT indicates HDN € yes, the DAT and cord hemoglobin level both support HDN @ no, a diagnosis of DN cannot be established without cord bilirubin levels (Clinical Laboratory Cercifcation Examinations: 19)1: Blood Bank | Physiology and Pathophysiology Questions 138 The main purpose of performing antibody titers on serum from prenatal immunized women is Co: a determine the identity of the antibody b identify candidates for amniocentesis or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling decide ifthe baby needs an intrauterine transfusion determine if early induction of labor is indicated, 137. Which unit should be selected for exchange transfusion ifthe newborn is group A, Rh-positive and the mother is group A, Rh-positive with anti-c? a A,CDe/CDe Bb [Link]/cDE «© O,cde/ede d Avcdelede 138 4 mothers group A, with anti-D in her serum, What would be the preferred blood product if an SH intrauterine transfusion is indicated? ‘2 0, Rh-negative Red Blood Cells 'b O, Rh-negative Red Blood Cells. Irradiated © A, Rh-negative Red Blood Cells 4. A, Rh-negative Red Blood Cells, Irradiated 139 Laboratory studies of maternal and cord blood yield the following results: Shy Maternal bleed Cord blood. [Link] 8, Rn-positive anti€inserum OAT = 2+ antic€ in eluate If exchange transfusion is necessary, the best choice of blood is: a B Rh-negative, Bs b B,Rh-positive, Er © 0, Rhenegative, E- 4 0, Rh-positive, E- 140 A blood specimen from a pregnant woman is found to be group B, Rh-negative and the serum contains anti-D with a titer of 512. What would be the most appropriate type of blood to have available for a possible exchange tvansfusion for her infant? 2 0, Rh-negative b 0, Rh-positive ¢ B, Rh-negative 4B, Rh-positive 141. Blood selected for exchange transfusion must: ‘a lack red blood cell antigens corresponding to maternal antibodies b be <3 days old € be the same Rh type as the baby be ABO compatible with the father 142 When the main objective of an exchange transfusion isto remove the infant's antibody-sensitized ted blood cells and to control hyperbilirubinemia, the blood product of choice is ABO compatible: Fresh Whole Blood Red Blood Cells (RBC) washed RBC suspended in Fresh Frozen Plasma heparinized Red Blood Cells nace 20 The Board of Certification Study Guide| 1: Blood Bank | Physiology and Pathophysiology Questions 143 14a 345 146 147 ‘To prevent graft-vs-host disease, Red Blood Cells prepared for infants who have received intrauterine transfusions should be: a saline-washed b irradiated € frozen and deglycerolized @ group: and Rh-compatible with the mother Which of the following isthe preferred specimen for the initial compatibility testing in exchange transfusion therapy? a maternal serum B cluate prepared from infant’s red blood cells, © paternal serum infant's postexchange serum Rh-lmmune Globulin is requested for an Rh-negative mother who has the following results > B contro! Weak 0 ‘Weak D controt mother's postpartum sample: 0 ° we ° int area ToS What is the most likely explanation? a mother is a genetic weak D 1b mother had a fetomaternal hemorrhage of Ds cells © mother’s red cells are coated weakly with IgG anti-D reagent is contaminated with an atypical antibody ‘The following results are seen on a maternal postpartum sample: > Deontrot Wee Weak D contro! mother's postpartum sempie: 0 0 1 ° ini= mee tara ‘The most appropriate course of action is to: ‘a report the mother as Rh-negative b report the mother as Rh-positive © perform an elution on mother’s RBCs investigate for a fetomaternal hemorthage ‘What is the most appropriate interpretation for the laboratory data given below when an Rh-negative woman has an Rh-positive child? Rosette fetal screen using enzyme-treated D+ cells, mother's sample: 1 rosstte/3 ‘otos positve control: Srosettes/S fields egative contra! no rasettes observed mother is not a candidate for Rhlg mother needs ] vial of Rhlg mother needs 2 vials of Rhlg the fetal-maternal hemorrhage needs to be quantitated anes (Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations: 221: Blood Bank | Physiology and Pathophysiology Questions 148) 149 150 151 182 153 154 Refer to the following information: Postpartum anti-O Rhcontrol_WeakD Weak D control Rosette fetal screen. motner ° ° + micro a 20 rosettes fees awoom rs ° nt ONT ra ATeroresed What is the best interpretation for the laboratory data given above? mother is Rb-positive mother is weak D+ ‘mother bas had a fetal-maternal hemorrhage mother has a positive DAT A weakly veactive anti-D is detected in a postpartum specimen from an Rh-negative woman, During her prenatal period, ail antibody screening tests were negative, These findings indicate: a that she is a candidate for Rh immune globulin, b that she is not a candidate for Rh immune globulin € anced for further investigation to determine candidacy for Rh immune globulin 4. the presence of Rh-positive cells in her circulation ‘The results of a Kleihauer-Betke stain indicate a fetomaternal hemorrhage of 35 mL. of whole blood. How many vials of Rh immune globulin would be required? 1 fetomaternal hemorchage of 35 mL of fetal Rh-positive packed RBCs has been detected in an th-negative woman. How many vials of Rh immune globulin should be given? ° b a A RI 1 2 a3 Criteria determining Rh immune globulin eligibility include: a mother is Rh-positive b infane is Rh-negative mother has not been previously immunized to the D antigen 4 infant has a positive direct antiglobulin test While performing routine postpartum testing for an Rh immune globulin (RIG) candidate, a weakly positive antibody screening test was found, Anti-D was identified. This antibody is most likely the result of ‘a massive fetomaternal hemorrhage occurring at the time of this delivery 'b antenatal administration of Rh immune globulin at 28 weeks gestation contamination of the blood sample wich Wharton jelly _ mother having a positive direct antiglobulin test Rh immune globulin administration would not be indicated in an Rh-negative woman who has atn): 2 first trimester abortion 'b husband who is Rh-positive © anti-D titer of 1:4,095, 4 positive direct antiglobulin test 22 Tee Board of Certifcation Study Guide ee1: Blood Bank | Physiology and Pathophysiology Questions 155 A Kleihauer Betke stain of a postpartum blood film revealed 0.3% fetal cells. What is the estimated volume (mL) of the fetomaternal hemorrhage expressed as whole blood? a5 b 15 <3 a 35 156 Based upon Kleihauer-Betke test results, which of the following formulas is used to determine the volume of fecomaternal hemorrhage expressed in mL. of whole blood? of fetal cells present » 30 % of fetal cells present 50 4% of maternal ells present « 30 % of maternal cells present « 50 nage 157 An acid elution stain was made using a L-hour post-delivery maternal blood sample. Out of 2,000 calls that were counted, 30 of them appeared to contain fetal hemoglobin, Its the policy of the medical center to add 1 vial of Rh immune globulin to the calculated dose when the estimated volume of the hemorrhage exceeds 20 mL of whole blood. Calculate the number of vials of Rh immune globulin that would be indicated under these circumstances. 2 3 4 5 anor 158 The roserte test will detect a fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) as small as: 2 10mb b1Smb © 20mb @ 30m 159.10 mi fetal maternal hemorrhage in an Rh-negative woman who delivered an Rh-positive baby ‘iy means that the: mother's antibody screen willbe positive for anti-D rosette test willbe postive mother is nota candidate for Rh immune globulin mother should receive 2 dases of Rh immune globulin anon 160 Mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) isa biological assay for detecting which of the following? a HLA-A antigens b HLA-B antigens, ¢ HLA-Dantigens 4 immunoglobulins 161. A.40-year-old man with autoimmune hemolytic anemia due to anti-E has a hemoglobin level of, 10.8 g/AL (108 g/L) This patient will most likely be treated with: 8 Whole Blood b Red Blood Cells ‘¢ Fresh Frozen Plasma no transfusion 162 A patient in the immediate post bone marrow transplant period has a hematocrit of 21%. The red cell product of choice for this patient would be: packed saline washed ‘microaggregate filtered irradiated nace (Clinica Laboratory Certification Exeminations: 231: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 163 HLA antigen typing i important in screening for. 2 ABO incompatibility b akidney donor € Rhincompatibility 4 ablocd donor 164 DR antigens in the HLA system are Sg. significant in organ transplantation Bb not detectable in the lymphocytotoxicity test «¢ expressed on platelets expressed on granulocytes 165 Anti-E is identified ina panel at the antiglobutin phase. When check cells are added to the tubes, ro agglutination is seen. The most appropriate course of action would be to: 44 quality control the AHG reagent and check cells and repeat the panel B open a new vial of check cells for subsequent testing that day € open a new vial of AHG for subsequent testing that day 4 record the check cell reactions and report the antibody panel result Serology 166. A serological centrifuge isrecalibrated for ABO testing after major repais, “Time in seconds 18 202580 's button delineates? yes yes yes yos. ln supernatant clear? moyen yee you button easy toresuspend? yes «yes ye 0 strength of racton? am tee Given the data above, the centrifuge time for this machine should be: ‘a 15 seconds b 20seconds © 2S seconds d 30 seconds 167 Which of the following represents an acceptably identified patient for sample collection and transfusion? ‘a ahandwritten band with patient's name and hospital identification number is affixed to the patient's leg b the addressographed hospital band is taped to the patient's bed ¢ an unbanded patient responds positively when his name is called the chart transported with the patient contains his armband not yet attached 24 The Board of Certification Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 168) 169 170 im 172 173 ‘Samples from the same patient were received on 2 consecutive days. ‘Test results are summarized below: Day m1 Day #2 anti-a a ° anti-B ° a anti-D 3+ 3 Aycels ° a Beols 4 ° ‘Ab screen ° ° How should the request for crossmatch be handled? 1 crossmatch A, Rh-positive units with sample from day 2 crossmatch B, Rh-positive units with sample from day 2 € crossmatch AB, Rh-positive units with both samples 4 collect a new sample and repeat the tests ‘The following test results are noted for a unit of blood labeled group A, Rh-negative ted with: fani:B antD ° a What should be done next? a transfuse as a group A, Rh-negative B transfuse as a group A, Rh-positive ‘¢ notify the collecting facility discard the unit What information is essential on patient blood sample labels drawn for compatibility testing? ‘4 biohazard sticker for AIDS patients patient's room number € unique patient medica! number 4 phlebotomist initials Granulocytes for transfusion thould: 44 be administered through a microaggregate filter 1} be ABO compatible with the recipients serum ¢ be infused within 72 hours of collection 4 never be transfused to patients with a history of febrile transfusion reactions A neonate will be transfused for the first time with group O Red Blood Cells. Which of the following is appropriate compatibility testing? «2 crossmatch with mother’s serum crossmatch with baby’s serum € no crosemateh is necessary if inital plasma screening is negative 4 no screening oF erossmatching is necessary (or neonates A group B, Rh-negative patient has a positive DAT. Which of the following situations would occur? a all major crossmatches would be incompatible Bb the weak D test and control would be positive € the antibody screening test would be positive the forward and reverse ABO groupings would not agree (Clinical Laboratery Certification Examinations: 251: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 274 The following reactions were obtained: Cols tested with: Sorum teated with: anti-A anti-B ant-AB Aces Bells ae ae 2 a ‘The technologist washed the patient's cells with saline, and repeated the forward typing, A saline replacement technique was used with the reverse typing, The following results were obtained: Calls tested with: ‘Serum tested with antiA anti-B antAB — Aycalls Boe 4&0 te 0 a ‘The results are consistent with: acquired immunodeficiency disease b Bruton agammaylobulinemia multiple myeloma acquired "8" antigen an 175. What is the most likely cause ofthe following ABO discrepancy? Patient's cells vs: Pationt’s serum v3: ani-A antes Avcols Bealls oO ° ° 2 recent transfusion with group O blood b antigen depression due to leukemia € false-negative cell typing due to rouleaux 4 obtained from a heel stick of a -month old baby 176 Which ofthe following patient data best reflects the discrepancy seen when a person's red cells demonstrate the acquited-B phenotype? Forward grouping Reverse grouping patinta 8 ° | patient AB, A patintc 0 8 patient 8 AB aa bE eC aD 177 Which of the following is characteristic of Ta polyagglutinable red cells? 12 if group O, they may appear to have acquired a group A antigen Bb they show strong reactions when the cells are enzyme-treated € they react with Arachis hypogaea lectin the polyagglutination is a transient condition 1178. Mixed field agglutination encountered in ABO grouping with ne history of transfusion would most likely be due to: 4 Bombay phenotype (O;) B Tactivation € Agredcells 4 positive indirect antiglobulin test 179 Which of the following is a characteristic of polyagglutinable red cells? can be classified by reactivity with Ulex europaeus are agglutinated by most adult sera are always an acquired condition autoconteot is always positive aaoe 26 The Board of Certifcation Study Guldeood Bank | Serology Questions 180 Consider the following ABO typing results: Patient's cells vs atient’s serum vs: ant ont-8 As cells 0 * Additional testing was performed using patient serum 1s RT screening cet 2 screening cat 62 fautocontrl = ts ‘What is the most likely cause ofthis discrepancy? 8 Apwith anti-A; cold alloantibody cold autoantibody 4 acquired-A phenomenon Consider the following ABO typing results: Pationt’s calls ve: Patient's serum ve: ant ante Aycels Beels & 0 “ 4 Additional testing was performed using patient serum: is ORT seraening cal! 142 screening call i+ 2a autocontol = i+ De What should be done next? 18 test serum against a panel of group O cells b neutralization € perform serum type at 37°C elution ‘The following results were obtained on a patient’s blood sample during routine ABO and Rh testing: Call testing: Serum testing: ania 0 Acoli: 4s aniB as Boel 2 anid: 0 autocontrot 0 Select the course of action to resclve this problem: 8 draw a new blood sample from the patient and repeat all test procedures b test the patient's serum with A, cells and the patient's red cells with anti-A, lectin € repeat the ABO antigen grouping using 3x washed saline-suspended cells. 4. perform antibody sereening procedure at immediate spin using group O cells Which of the following explains an ABO discrepancy caused by problems with the patient's red blood cells? an unexpected antibody rouleaux agammagiobulinemia Tn activation Clinical Laboratory Cesifcation Esrninations 271: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 184 ‘The test for weak D is performed by incubating patient's red cells with: several different dilutions of anti-D serum anti-D serum followed by washing and antiglobulin serum anti-D® serum 4 antiglobulin serum 185: Refer tothe following data: ‘tly Forward group: Reverse group: antiA anti anthA, lectin Ay calls Azcells B calls 40 de o mae Which ofthe following antibody screen results would you expect with the ABO discrepancy seen above? a negative bb positive with all screen cells at the 37°C phase positive with all screen cells at the RT phase; autocontral is negative 4 positive with al screen cell and che autocontrol cells atthe RT phase 186 ‘The following results were obtained when testing a sample from a 20-year-old, first-time blood donor: Forward group: Reverse group: fant antieB Avcelis Bells ° ° ° 3s What is the most likely cause of this ABO discrepancy? loss of antigen due to disease B acquired B € phenotype 0), “Bombay” weak subgroup of A 187 A mother is Rh-negative and the father Rh-positive. Their baby is Rh-neyative. It may be concluded that: the father is homozygous for D the mother is heterozygous for the father is heteronygous for D at least 1 of the 3 Rh typings must be incorrect aece 188 Some blood group antibodies characteristically hemolyze appropriate ced cells in the presence of ‘4 complement b anticoagulants € preservatives 4 penicillin 189. Review the following schematic diagram: PATIENT SERUM + REAGENT GROUP “O" CELLS INCUBATE — READ FOR AGGLUTINATION WASH — ADD AHG -> AGGLUTINATION OBSERVED ‘The next step would be to add “check cells" as a confirmatory measure 1b identify the cause of the agglutination ¢ perform an elution technique 4. perform a direct antiglobulin test 28 the Board of Certification Stuy Guide1: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 190 The following results were obtained in pretransfusion testing: i arc vat screening ceil! 0 ae ° 3+ autocontol 0 a ‘The most probable cause of these results is & rouleaux b awarm autoantibody € acold autoantibody multiple alloantibodies 191 A patient is typed as group O, Rh-positive and crossmatched with 6 units of blood. At the indirect antiglobulin (IAT) phase of testing, both antibody screening cells and 2 crossmatched units are incompatible. What is the most likely cause of the incompatibility? ‘recipient alloantibody b recipient autoantibody «€ donors have positive DATS 4 rouleaux 192 Refer to the following data hemoglobin 74 g/eh (74 g/t) retluiocyte count: 22% Direct Antiglobulin Test ‘Ab Screen -1AT polyspeciic: 3+ Sci 8 IgG 36 Sir 34 o. ° auto: 3+ ‘Which clinical condition is consistent with the lab results shown above? ‘a cold hemagglutinin disease 'b warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia ¢ penicillin-induceé hemolytic anemia delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction 193 A patient received 2 units of Red Blood Cells and had a delayed transfusion reaction Pretransfusion antibody screening records indicate no agglutination except after the addition of IgG sensitized cells. Repeat testing of the pretransfusion specimen detected an antibody at the antiglobulin phase. What is the most likely explanation for the original results? red cells were overwashed b centrifugation time was prolonged € patient's serum as omitted from the original testing 4. antighobulin reagent was neutralized 194 At the indirect antiglobulin phase of testing, there is no agglutination between patient serum and screening cells. One of 3 donor units was incompatible ‘The most probable explanation for these findings is that the: 1» patient has an antibody directed against a high incidence antigen ‘b patient has an antibody directed against a low incidence antigen ¢ donor has an antibody directed against donor cells donor has a positive antibody screen 195 The major crossmatch will detect a(n) ‘8 group A patient mistyped as group O Bb unexpected red cell antibody in the donor unit ‘¢. Rh-negative donor unit mislabeled as Rh-positive recipient antibody ditected against antigens on the donor red cells (Clinical Laboratory Certification Bxeminations 291: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 196 A 42-year-old female is undergoing surgery tomorrow and her physician requests that 4 units of Red Blood Cells be crossmatched. The following results were obtained. 1s sre ar screening calli 0 ° ° screening call ° o seraening calill 0 ° ° Grossmatch 1S, src war donert: B+ 1% * donors 23.4 0 0 ° What is the most likely cause of the incompatibility of donor 1? ‘a single alloantibody b multiple alloantibodies © Rh incompatibilities donor 1 has 2 positive DAT 197 Which of the following would most likely be responsible for an incompatible ntiglobulin crossmatch? ‘a recipient’ red cells possess alow frequency antigen anti antibody in donor serum € recipient's red cells are polyagglutinable 4 donor red cells have a positive direct antiglobutin test 198 A reason why a patient's crossmatch may be incompatible while the antibody screen is negative is: athe patient has an antibody against a high-incidence antigen B the incompatible donor unit has a postive direct antiglobulin test cold agglutinins are interfering in the crossmatch 4. the patient’s serum contains warm autoantibody 199 A blood specimen types as A, Rh-positve with a negative antibody sereen, 6 units of group A, Rh-positive Red Blood Cells were crossmatched and 1 unit was incompatible in the antiglobulin phase, The same result was obtained when the test was repeated. Which should be done first? b a 200 During emergency situations when there is no time to determine ABO group and Rh. repeat the ABO grouping on the incompatible unit using a more sensitive technique test a panel of ced cells that possesses low-incidence antigens perform a direct antiglobulin test on the donor unit obtain a new specimen and repeat the crossmatch type on a current sample for transfusion, the patient is known to be A, Rh-negative. The technologist should. efuse to release any blood until the patient's sample has been typed release A Rh-negative Red Blood Cells release O Rh-negative Red Blood Cells release O Rh-positive Red Blood Cells 201 A.29-year-old male is hemorrhaging severely. He is AB, Rh-negative. 6 units of blood are required STAT Of the following types available in the blood bank, which would be most preferable for crossmatch? nage 2 AB Rh-positive b A, Rh-negative € A,Rh-positive 40, Rh-negative 30 The Board of Certification Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 302 A patient ic group AB, Rh-positive and has an antighobulin. reacting anti-A; in his serum. He is in the operating room bleeding profusely and group Az® Red Blood Cells are not available, Which of the following blood types is fst choice for crossmatching? 2B Rh-positive BB Rhonegative A,B, Rh-positive 40, Rhenegative 203 A 10% red cell suspension in saline is used in a compatibility test. Which of the following would most likely occur? 1a afalse-positive result due to antigen excess b false-positive result due to the prozone phenomenon € a false-negative result due to the prozone phenomenon 4. false-negative result due to antigen excess 204 A patient serum reacts with 2 of the 3 antibody screening cells at the AHG phase. 8 of the 10 iS ynte crosematched were incompatible at the AHG phase. All reactions are markedly enhanced by enzymes. These results are most consistent with antic B anticé anti-c @ ant-Fy* 205 A patient received 4 units of blood 2 years previously and now has multiple antibodies. He has not been transfused since that time, It would be most helpful to ‘a. phenotype his cells to determine which additional alloantibodies may be produced B recommend the use of directed donors, which are more likely to be compatible ‘€ use proteolytic enzymes to destray the “in vitro” activity of some of the antibodies ! @ freeze the patient's serum to use for antigen typing of compatible units 206. Autoantibodies demonstrating blood group specificity in warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia are associated more often with which blood group system? a Bh bi cP d Duty 207 An antibody that causes in vitro hemolysis and reacts with the red cells of 3 out of ten, crossmatched donor units is most likely: a anti-Let b anti € antick 4 anti 208 A patient's serum reacted weakly positive (14%) with 16 of 16 group O panel cells at the AHG MS, test phase The autocontrol was negative. Tests with ficin-treated panel cells demonstrated no reactivity at the ANG phase, Which antibody is most likely responsible for these results? anti-ch anti-k ante antiJs> anor | Clinical Laboratory Certification Bxaminations: 311: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 209. An antibody identification study is performed with the 5-cell panel shown below: Antigens: 12 3 4 5 Testresuits wi + 00 +e fe gu 9 o+o+ 0 m oo ++ +o 0 & Sw oo +e oe e Vio+ ++ 00 + auto [An antibody against which of the following antigens could mot be excluded? al b2 3 a4 2410 A.25-yearold Caucasian woman, gravida 3, para 2, required 2 units of Red Blood Cells “The antibody screen was positive and the results of the antibody panel are shown below: —M Col BD Coc Eo K Jkt JkY bof Le? MON P, 37°C AHG 1 4 + 0 0 + + ee Oe ee ° ° 2 + + 0 0 + Oo + oO + + ° ° ee ee ) w ee) + 0 + + O + 0 . 5 0 0 + 0 + oO + 0 + 0 0 0 * 6 0 0 + + e Oe . s+ 0 0 1 7 00 0 4 0 + 4+ He ee Oe ee 1 8 0 9 + Oo + © Oe oO + 0 ew 1% auto 0 ° Which of the following antibodies may be the cause of the positive antibody screen? a anti-M and anti-K b anti-c and anti © anti-Jk? and anti-c @ anti-P; and anti-e 32. The Board of Certification Study Gulde1: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 211_A25-yearold Caucasian woman, gravida 3, para 2, requited 2 units of Red Blood Cells. MS, The antibody screen was positive and the results of the antibody panel are shown below: —M coh DB Cc E © K Jk Jk Let Leb MON P, 97°C AKG 14 + 0 Oe ee He Oe He He OO 2 + + 0 © o + 0 0 + + 0D oO oO oO a 4 oO 4s oe He Oe HH HO te 4 4 4 4 0 6 0 0 + Oe + OH Oe 5 0 0 + O + 6 + + O + + 0 0 oO 6 0 0 + + + Oo + oO + DO + + OO T 0 0 + Oe ee ee Oe HO 8 0 0 + oO + oO 0 + 0 + OH Oe ato 0 wr aent media Which common antibody has met been ruled out by the panel? b anti-Le? antiJkt 4 anti 212 In the process of identifying an antibody, the technologist observed 2+ reactions with 3 of the 10 cells in a panel after the immediate spin phase. There was no reactivity after incubation at 37°C ‘and after the anti-human globulin test phase. The antibody most likely is: a anti; B anti-Let © anti @ anti-Fy? 213 Transfusion of Che (Chido-positive) red cells toa patient with anti-Ch has been reported to cause: ‘8 no clinically significant red cell destruction B clinically significant immune red cell destruction € decreased “ICr red cell survivals 4 febrile transfusion reactions 214 Results of a serum sample tested against a panel of reagent red cells gives presumptive evidence Sly. of analloantibody directed against a high incidence antigen. Further investigation to confirm the specificity should include which of the following? ‘8 serum testing against red cells from random donors b serum testing against red cells known to lack high incidence antigens € serum testing against enzyme-treated autologous red cells, testing of an eluate prepared from the patient's red cells (Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations: 33: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 215 Refer to the following data: Forward group: Reverse group: até anteB anti-A, lectin Aycelis Apcols Balls 0 a ° a a ‘The ABO discrepancy seen above is most likely due to: anti-A) b rouleaux © anti-# unexpected IgG antibody present 216 Refer to the following panel: EM coh 0 Cc E& © K Jkt Jk Let Lee MON P, 37°C ANG CD 2 2 + + 0 oe Oe o + + 0 0 Oo 3 Bo + 0 + 4 0 Oo + + Oe HHH He ee) ° 5 0 0 + 0 + O + + O + + O ° 2 6 0 0 + + + oO + oO + Oe oe 7 00 + Oe + s4 0 + ee OO 2 8 0 0 + 0 + 0 oO + oO + Oo + + ° auto 0 ° ERT arharcamient media Based on the results of the above panel, the most likely antibodies are: a antioM and anti-K bb anci-8, anti-Jk' and anti-K © anti-Ji and anti-M anti-B and anti-Le? 217 Which characteristics are true of all 3 of the following antibodies: anti-Fy*, anti-Jieé, and anti-K? ‘a. detected at [AT phase and may cause hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDEN) and transfusion reactions bb not detected with enzyme treated cells; may cause delayed transfusion reactions © requires the [AT technique for detection; usually not responsible for causing HEN, 4 may show dosage effect; may cause severe hemolytic transfusion reactions 34 Tae Board of Certification Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 218 219 220 Refer to the following cell panel: Enzymes: Gel D Gc E © K uke Jk Let Le? MN P, ANG ANG Toes 0 Os ee Oe eee mw Ow 2 ++ 00+ 0+ 00 + + 0 ee 9 +0 ++ 0 0 + 0 + + ee oO 4 444 os 0 + 0 + 6 Oe mw oF 5 cos 0+ 04 + 0 + +00 0 6 oo ++ + 0+ 0+ 0 + + 0 0 Oo JT oos ose a ee ) 8B 00 +0 +00 + 0 + D+ + 0 Oo ato 00 Based on these results, which of the following antibodies is most likely present? a antic b antiE © anti-D @ anci-K ‘A pregnant woman has a positive antibody screen and the panel results are given below: —M Enzyme Cel D Gc E © K Jkt Jk> Fy Fy Let Le? MN Py 37°C AHG AHG To++00+s+ + 0 + 0 + 444 0 0 OO 2 ++ 00+0+ 0 + 0 0 + +00 H & oO Bo soe se o0+ + ee Oe wee Oo 4 +44 0+00 + 0 + © + + o4 9 0 B 00+0+0+ + + 4+ 0 + #00 0 Oo 6 oo++ + os 0 0 0 + 0 + ed O ° ToO0O+O0++ + + 0 + + 0 Hee ° @ oo+0+00 + + 0 0 + Oe HH mw O woo 9 0 ERI= erhancomion! media What is the association of the antibody(ies) with hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)? ‘a usually fatal HDEN 1b may cause HDFN € isnot associated with HDFN @ HDFN cannot be determined ‘Which of the following tests is most commonly used to detect antibodies attached to patient's ted blood cells in vivo? direct antiglobulin complement fixation indivect antiglobulin immunofluorescence anes (Clinical Laboratory Certification Bxasinations: 35221 223 224 225 226 227 228 36 The Board of Cartiscation Study Guide Blood Bank | Serology Questions Anti-l may cause a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) because of: anti- agglutinating the cells b C3d bound to the red cells © Tactivation 4 C3c remaining on the red cells after cleavage of C3b Which direct antiglobulin test results are associated with an anamnestic antibody response in a recently transfused patient? Tost result ——Polyspeciic.§— Ig 3 Controt rasult 8 “ ° ° result 8 a 0 ° result © a a ° ° result 0 a a te ° iianed Tes a result A b result B € result C result D In the direct (DAT) and indirect (IAT) antiglobulin tests, false-negative reactions may result ifthe: {4 patient's blood specimen was contaminated with bacteria Bb patient's blood specimen was collected into tubes containing silicon gel € saline used for washing the serurv/cell mixture has been stored in glass or metal containers 4 addition of AHG is delayed for 40 minutes or more after washing the serum/cell mixture Polyspecific reagents used in the direct antiglobulin test should have specificity for: ses specificity IgG and Iga B IgG and C34 © IgMand Iga gM and C34 In the direct antiglobulin test, the antiglobulin reagent is used to: ‘2 mediate hemolysis of indicator red blood cells by providing complement 'b precipitate anti-erythrocyte antibodies © measure antibodies in a test serum by fixing complement detect preexisting antibodies on erythrocytes AHG (Coombs) control cells: 4 can be used as a positive control for anti-C3 reagents b canbe used only for the indirect antiglobuiin test € ave coated only with IgG antibody d_ must be used to confirm all positive antiglobulin reactions AS6-year-old female with cold agglutinin disease has a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT). When the DAT is repeated using monospecific antiglabulin sera, which of the following is most likely tobe detected? a Ig b lec © C34 4 Cha ‘The mechanism that best explains hemolytic anemia due to penicillin is: 1 drug-dependent antibodies reacting with drug-treated calls 1b drug-dependent antibodies reacting in the presence of drug © drug-independent with autoantibody production 4 nonimmunologic protsin adsorption with positive DAT1: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 229 230 231, 232 233 234 235 236 Use of EDTA plasma prevents activation of the classical complement pathway by: ‘8 causing rapid decay of complement components b chelating Mg’ ions, which prevents the assembly of C6 ‘© chelating Ca ions, which prevents assembly of C1 preventing chemotaxis Which of the following medications is most likely to cause production of autoantibodies? & penicilin & cephalothin € methyldopa @ tetracycline Serological results on an untransfused patient were: antibody sereor nogative at ANG ‘rac! antiglobulin test: 3+ with anti-C3d luate: regative “These results are most likely due to: 4 warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia B cold agglutinin syndrome € paroxysmal cold hemogiobinura 4 drug induced hemolytic anemia ‘The drug cephalosporin can cause e positive direct antiglobulin test with hemolysis by which of the fellowing mechanisms? 42 drug-dependent antibodies reacting with drug-treated cells 1b drug-dependent antibodies reacting in the presence of a drug, € drug:independent with autoantibody production 4 nonimmunologic protein adsorption with positive DAT Crossmatch results at the antiglobulin phase were negative, When J drop of check cells was added, no agglutination was seen. The most likely explanation is that the: red cells were overwashed B centrifuge speed was set too high € residual patient serum inactivated the AHG reagent @ laboratorian did not add enough check cells Which of the following might cause a false-negative indirect antiglobulin test IAT)? 2 over-teading, b IgG-coated sereening cells addition of an extra drop of serum too heavy a cell suspension ‘The purpose of testing with anti-A,B is to detect: a anti-A; B anti-A; ‘subgroups of A subgroups of B What is the most appropriate diluent for preparing a solution of 8% bovine albumin fora red cel control reagent? 4 deionized water b distilled water © normal saline @ Alsever solution (Clinical Laboratory Cerefcation Bxeminations: 371: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 237 Which of the following antigens gives enhanced reactions with its corresponding antibody following treatment of the red cells with proteolytic enzymes? ary bE es aM 238 Ina prenatal workup, the following results were obtained: Forward Group: Roverse Group: anti® anti-B anti-0 Ah control Aycals calls 4 ae ° 3+ oat: ragative antibody sereen: negative ABO discrepancy was thought to be due co an antibody directed against a component of the typing sera, Which test would resolve this discrepancy? a Ay lectin b wash patient's RBCs and repeat testing € anti-A,B and extend incubation of the reverse group 4. repeat reverse group using Ay cells 239. Refer to the following pane =m cel 0 CG 6 Ee K vkE JK FY Fy SC ANG 1 oe + 0 0s ee eee ec Pc 4 + + 0 0 + 09 0 + 0 + 0 BS 0 0 + 0 + 0 HH ee Oe 68 0 0 + + + 0 + 0 6 Oe oe 7 0 0 + 0 + + 0 + + 0 0% 8 0 09 += 0 + 9 0 + oO + 9 8 ato oo ‘Eis enhancement media Based on the results of the above panel, which technique would be most helpful in determining antibody specificity? ‘4 proteolytic enzyme treatment & urine neutralization € autoadsorption 4. saliva inhibition 240 Of the following, the most useful technique(s) in the identification and classification of high-tter, low-avidity (HTLA) antibodies is/are: reagent red cell panels adsorption and elution ‘itvation and inhibition cold autoadsorption, nace 38 Tae Board of Certification Study Guideif 1: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 241 243 244 245 “To confirm a serum antibody specificity identified as anti, a neutralization study was performed and the following results obtained: a second antibody is suspected due to the results of the negative control 4 anti-P, cannot be confirmed due to the results of the negative control What happens to an antibody in neutralization study when a soluble antigen is added to the test? & inhibition b dilution complement fixation @ hemolysis To confirm the specificity of ant-Le', an inhibition study using Lewis substance was performed with the fllowing results: Lefbs) cells tubes with patient sum + Lewis substance: 0 tubes with patient gerum 4 saine contro + What conclusion can be made from these results? 1a second antibody is suspected due to the positive control anti-Le” is confirmed because the tubes with Lewis substance are negative € anti-Le*is not confirmed because the tubes with Lewis substance are negative 4. anticLe” cannot be confirmed because the saline positive is control Which of the following isthe correct interpretation of this saliva neutralization testing? Indicator cells ‘Sample A 8 ° sallva plus anti: + ° ° saliva plus anti-B: a + © saliva plus anti-H 0 ° ° & group A secretor b group B secretor © group AB secretor group O secretor ‘A person's saliva incubated with the following antibodies and tested with the appropriate Az, O, and B indicator cells, gives the following test results: ‘Antibody specificity Test results ant wactive anti-B Innbited anti-H Hnnibites ‘The person's red cells ABO phenotype is: B anes OnE Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 391: Blood Bank | Serology Questions ‘ 246 An antibody screen performed using solid phase technology revealed a diffuse layer of red blood cells on the bottom of the well. These results indicate: 2 a positive reaction b anegative reaction serum was not added dred cells have a positive direct antiglobulin test 247 On Monday, a patient's K antigen typing result was positive. Two days later, the patient's K typing ‘was negative, The patient was transfused with 2 units of Fresh Frozen Plasma, The tech might conclude that the: transfusion of FEP affected the K typing wrong patient was drawn © results are normal 4 anti-K reagent was omitted on Monday 248 Which one of che following isan indicator of polyagglutination? tI ‘a RBCs typing as weak D+ b presence of red cell autoantibody ¢ decreased serum bilirubin 4 agglutination with normal adult ABO compatible sera 249 While performing an antibody screen, a tet reaction is suspected to be rouleaux. A saline replacement testis performed and the reaction cemains. What isthe best interpretation? 2 original reaction of rouleaux is confirmed b replacement testis invalid and should be repeated € original reaction was due to true agglutination 4 antibody sereen is negative 250A 10-year-old girl was hospitalized because her urine had a distinet red color. The patient had i Shy recently recovered from an upper respiratory infection and appeared very pale and lethargic. Tests ‘were performed with the following results: Ht hemoglobin S g/d. 60 90) rates count 15% at: wank rctivty wih pol-spectc and ani-C3d; ant was negative Donath-Landsteiner test: positive; P-calls showed no hemoiyls ‘The patient probably has: ‘4 paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) b paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNE ‘€ warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia 4 hereditary erythroblastic multinuclearity with a positive acidified serum test (HEMPAS) 251. Which of the following is useful for removing IgG from red blood cells with a positive DAT to perform a phenotype? 1 | | | antibody screen negatwo 2 bromelin b chloroquine \] € Liss | 4 orr 252 A patient's serum contains a mixture of antibodies. One of the antibodies is identified as anti-D. ‘Anti-Jk°, anti-Fy* and possibly another antibody are present. What technique(s) may be helpful to 1) identify the other antibody ies)? { 4a enzyme panel: select cell panel B thiol ceagents «¢ lowering the pH and increasing the incubation time 4 using albumin as an enhancement media in combination with selective adsorption | 40 The Board of certification Stady GuideMe 1: Blood Bank | Serology Questions 253 258 255, 256 257 258 ‘A-saimple gives the following results: Cotte with: ‘Serum with: antiA 36 Accel 2 anti ae Beets 0 Which lectin should be used frst to resolve this discrepancy? Ulex ewropocus 1 Arachis hypogcca € Dolichasbfiorus Vicia graminea ‘The serum of a group O, Cde/Cée donor contains anti-D. In order to prepare a suitable anti-D reagent from this donor's serum, which of the following cells would be suitable for the adsorption? & group 0, cde/cde cells B group 0, Cde/ede celis group ApB, CDefde cells 4 group A:B, cde/ede cells ‘A.26-year-old female is admitted with anemia of undetermined origin. Blood samples are received with a crossmatch request for 6 units of Red Blood Cells. The patient is group A, Rh-negative and has no history of transfusion or pregnancy. The following results were obtained in pretransfusion testing: Is are wat screening calli 0 ° a screening cell! 0 o a autocontol ° ° 3 all6 donors ° ° 3H “The best way to find compatible blood isto: 1 doan antibody identification panel 1b use the saline replacement technique € use the pre-warm technique 4 perform a warm autoadsorption A patient's serum was reactive 2+ in the antiglobulin phase of testing with al cells on a routine panel including their own, Transfusion was performed 6 months previously. The optimal adsorption method to remove the autoantibody is, autoadsorption using the patient's 2ZAP-treated red cells autoadsorption using the patient's LISS-treated red cells ‘€ adsorption using enzyme-treated red cells from a normal donor 4 adsorption using methyldopa-treated red cells Im acold autoadsorption procedure, pretreatment of the patient's red cells with which of the following reagents is helpful? a ficin phosphate-buffered saline at pH 9.0 € low ionic strength saline (LISS) 4 albumin ‘The process of separation of antibody from its antigen is known as: 18 diffusion b adsorption © neutralization elution Clinical Laboratory Certification Buaminationt 411: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 259 Which of the following is most helpful to confirm a wealc ABO subgroup? oY a adsorption-elution b neutralization © testing with AL lectin use of anti-A,B 260. One of the most effective methods for the elution of warm autoantibodies from RBCs utilizes: a 10% sucrose b Liss change in pH 4 distilled water Transfusion Practice 261 How would the hematocrit of a patient with chronic anemia be affected by the transfusion of a unit of Whole Blood containing 475 mL of blood, vs 2 units of Red Blood Cells each with a total volume of 250 ml? 2 patient's hematocrit would be equally affected by the Whole Blood or the Red Blood Cells b Red Blood Cells would provide twice the increment in hematocrit as the Whole Blood € Whole Blood would provide twice the increment in hematocrit as the Red Blood Cells 4 Whole Blood would provide a change in hematocrit slightly less than the Red Blood Cells 262 After checking the inventory, it was noted that there were no units on the shelf marked “May Issue as Uncrossmatched: For Emergency Only.” Which of the following should be placed on this shelf? 2 Lunit of each of the ABO blood groups B units of group ©, Rh-positive Whole Blood € units of group O, Rh-negative Red Blood Cells 4 any units that are expiring at midnight 263. The primary indication for granulocyte transfusion is: “Ya. prophylactic treatment for infection b additional supportive therapy in those patients who are responsive to antibiotic therapy € clinica situations where bone marrow recovery is not anticipated severe neutropenia with an infection that is noneesponsive to antibiotic therapy 264 42-year-old male of average body mass has a history of chronic anemia requiring transfusion ‘support. Two units of Red Blood Cells are transfused. Ifthe pretransfusion hemogiobin ‘was 7.0 g/dl. (70 g/L), the expected posttransfusion hemoglobin concentration should be: 2 B0g/dL (80 g/L) b 909/490 g/t) € 100/41. (100 g/t) @ 11.0 9/4L(110 g/t) 265. How many units of Red Blood Cells are required to raise the hematocrit of a 70 kg nonbleeding man from 24% to 30%? al nage A2 The Board of Certification Study GuideSm, VISE Se | 1: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions ms 269 270 2m 22 273 For which of the following transfasion candidates would CMV-seronegative blood be moat likely indicated? renal dialysis patients b sickle cell patient € bone marrow and hematopoietic ell transplant recipients 4 CMV-seropositive patients Although ABO compatibility is preferred, ABO incompatible product may be administered ‘when transfusing Single-Donor Plasma 1b Cryoprecipitated AHF Fresh Frozen Plasma 4 Granulocytes ‘Transfusion of plateletpheresis products from HLA-compatible donors is the preferred treatment for: 1 recently diagnosed cases of TTP with severe thrombocytopenia 'b acute leukemia in relapse with neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and sepsis € immune thrombocytopenic purpura 4 severely thrombocytopenic patients, known to be refractory to random donor platelets Washed Red Blood Cells are indicated in which ofthe following situations? a an IpA-deficient patient with a history of transfusion-associated anaphylaxis b 2 pregnant woman with a history of hemolytic disease of the newborn € a patient with a positive DAT and red cell autoantibody 4 anewborn with a hematocrit of «30% Which ofthe following is consistent with standard blood bank procedure governing the infusion of fresh frozen plasma? 42 only blood group-specific plasma may be administered b group O may be administered to recipients of all bload groups € group AB may be administered to AB recipients only 4 group A may be administered to both A and O recipients ‘A patient who is group AB, Rh-negative needs 2 units of Fresh Frozen Plasina. Which of the following units of plasma would be most acceptable for transfusion? | group O, Rh-negative B group A, Rh-negative © group B:Rb-positive 4 group AB, Rh-positive ‘What increment of platelets/ul.(platelets/L), in the typical 70-kg human, is expected to result from each single unit of Platelets transfused to a non-HLA-sensitized recipient? = 3,000- 5,000 b 5,000-10,000 ‘© 20,000-25,000 4 25,000-30,000 Platelet transfusions are of most value in treating ‘4 hemolytic transfusion reaction, b posttransfusion purpura © functional platelet abnormalities 4 immune thrombocytopenic purpura (Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 431: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 274 Washed Red Blood Cells would be the product of choice for a patient with: multiple red cell alloantibodies 'b an increased risk of hepatitis infection ‘¢ warm autoimmune hemolytic anemic 4 anti-IgA antibodies 275A patient received about 15 mL of compatible blood and developed severe shock, but no fever. If the patient needs another transfusion, what kind of red blood cell component should be given? 1a Red Blood Cells b Red Blood Cells, Washed © Red Blood Cells, irradiated Red Blood Cells, Leukocyte Reduced 276 Fresh Frozen Plasma from a group A. Rh-positive donor may be safely transfused to a patient who is group: aA, Rh-negative b B Rh-negative © AB Rh-positive 4. AB, Rh negative 277 A patient admitted to the trauma unit requires emergency release of Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP). His blood donor card states that he is group AB, Rh-positive, Which of the following blood groups of FP should be issued? aa be < AB ao 278 Fresh Frozen Plasma: 2 contains all labile coagulative factors except cryoprecipitated AHE b has a higher risk of transmitcing hepatitis than does Whole Blood € should be transfused within 24 hours of thawing need not be ABO-compatible 279 ‘Ten units of group A platelets were transfused to a yroup AB patient. The pretransfusion platelet ‘count was 12 x 10%/pL (12 x 10/L) and the posttransfusion count was 18 « 10%/uL (18 « O"/L). From this information, the laberatorian would most likely conclude that the patient: ‘2 needs group AB platelets to be effective & clinical data does not suggest a need for platelets « has developed antibodies to the transfused platelets 4 should receive irradiated platelets 280. Hypotension, nausea, fushing, fever and chills are symptoms of which of the following transfusion reactions? a allergic b circulatory overload © hemolytic 4 anaphylactic A patient has become refractory to platelet transfusion. Which of the following are thy. probable causes? 42 transfusion of Rh-incompatible platelets D decreased pHi of the platelets € development of an alloantibody with anti-D specificity 4 development of antibodies to HLA antigen 44 The Board of Certification Study Guldeeens 1: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 282 A poor increment in the platelet count 1 hour following platelet transfusion is most commonly, {iy caused by splenomegaly, b alicimmunization to HLA antigens € disseminated intravascular coagulation 4 defective platelets 283. Posttransfusion purpura is usually caused by SY a antic b white cell antibodies € anti HPA-1a (PI) a platelec wash-out 284. An unexplained fallin hemoglobin and mild jaundice ina patient transfused with Red Blood Cells 1 week previously would most likely indicate: {& paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria posttransfusion hepatitis infection presence of HLA antibodies delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction 285. In a delayed transfusion reaction, the causative antibody is generally too weak to be detected in routine compatibility testing and antibody screening tests, but is typically detectable at what point after transfusion? a 3-6hours Bb 3-7 days © 60-90 days 4 after 120 days 286 The most serious hemolytic transfusion reactions are due to incompatibility in which of the following blood group systems? 2 ABO b Rb «MN Duffy 287 Severe intravascular hemolysis is most likely caused by antibodies of which blood group system? 2 ABO b Rh « Kell Duffy 288. Which of the following blood group systems is most commonly associated with delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions? a Lewis B Kidd < MNS ' 289. After receiving a unit of Red Blood Cells, patient immediately developed flashing, nervousness, fever spike of 102'F (38 9°C), shaking, chills and back pain. The plasma hemoglobin was elevated ‘and there was hemoglobinuria, Laboratory investigation of this adverse reaction would most Tikely show: e an error in ABO grouping an ervor in Rh typing presence of anti-Fy" antibody in patient’s serum presence of gram-negative bacteria in blood bag, ance Clinical Laboratory Certification Bxeminations, 454: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 280A trauma patient who has just received ten units of blood may develop: a anemia polycythemia ¢ leukocytosis @ thrombocytopenia 291 ive days after transfusion, a patient becomes mildly jaundiced and experiences a drop in ME, hemoglobin and hematocrit with no apparent hemorrhage. Selow are the results ofthe transfusion reaction workup: anti-A ant-8 anti-D Ay cells Bells Ab screen DAT patient pretranstusion nog a a eg eg neg patient osttranstusion nag 4+ 3 a 0g 1 donor #1 neg neg 4 a neg donor #2, eg at a a neg 0g, Inorder to reach a conclusion, the technician should first: 4 retype the pre-and posttcansfusion patient samples and donor #1 1 request an EDTA tube be drawn on the patient and repeat the DAT repeat the pretransfusion antibody screen on the patient's sample identify the antibody inthe serum and eluate from the posttransfusion sample 292. The most appropriate laboratory test for early detection of acute posttransfusion hemolysis is: ‘2a visual inspection for fee plasma hemoglobin 'b plasma haptoglobin concentration ‘€ examination for hematuria 4 serum bilirubin concentration 293 During initial investigation of a suspected hemolytic transfusion reaction, it was observed that the posttransfusion serum was yellow in color and the direct antiglobulin test was negative. Repeat ABO typing on the posttransfusion sample confirmed the pretransfusion results, What is the next step in this investigation? repeat compatibility testing on suspected unit(s) b perform plasma hemoglabin and haptoglobin determinations € use enhancement media to repeat the antibody screen no further serological testing is necessary 294 Which of the following transfusion reactions is characterized by high fever, shock, hemoglobinuria, DIC and renal failure? 4 bacterial contamination circulatory overload € febrile anaphylactic 295 Hemoglobinuria, hypotension and generalized bleeding are symptoms of which of the following transfusion reactions? 2 allergic B circulatory overload € hemolytic 4 anaphylactic1: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 296 When evaluating a suspected transfusion reaction, which ofthe following isthe ideal sample collection time for a bilirubin determination? 4 Ghours posttransfusion b 12 hours posteransfusion © 24 hours posttransfusion 4.48 hours posttransfusion 297 Apatient’s record shows a previous anti-Jk®, but the current antibody screen is negative, What further testing should be done before transfusion? 4 phenotype the patient’ red cells for the Jk” antigen 1b perform a cell panel on the patient's seram € crossmatch type specific units and release only compatible units for transfusion give Jk” negative crossmatch compatible blood 298 A posttransfusion blood sample {rom a patient experiencing chills and fever shows distinct hemolysis. The direct antiglobulin testis positive (mixed field). What would be most helpful to determine the cause of the reaction? 4 auto control } lution and antibody identification € repeat antibody screen on the donor unit 4 bacteriologic smear and culture 299 A patient is readmitted to the hospital with a hemoglobin level of 7 g/l. (70 g/L) 3 weeks after receiving 2 units of ved cells. he initial serological tests ar: ABOVR a antibody screen: negative ar, 1+ mixes fle ‘Which test should be performed next? ‘antibody identification panel on the patient's seram & repeat the ABO type on the donor units «perform an elution and identify the antibody in the eluate crossmatch the post reaction serum with the 3 donor units 300 Ina delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction, the direct antiglobulin test is typically. a negative b mined-field positive positive due to complement 44 negative when the antibody sereen is negative 301 A patient has had massive trauma involving replacement of 1 blood volume with Red Blood M3) Cells and crystalloid. She is currently experiencing oozing from mucous membranes and surgical incisions. Laboratory values areas follows: Pr: rormal aeTr: oral bleeding ime: prolonged platelet court: 20x 10% (20 « 10°) Remogionin’ 114 gf (14 g/t) ‘What is the blood component of choice for this patient? a Platelets } Cryoprecipitated AHF © Fresh Frozen Plasma Prothrombin Complex Clinical Laboratory Cerification Examinations 471: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 302 For a patient who has suffered an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction, the primary treatment ‘goal should be to: a prevent alleimmunization diminish chills and fever € prevent hemoglobinemia reverse hypotension and minimize renal damage 303. A patient multiply transfused with Red Blood Cells developed a headache, nausea, fever and chills uring his last transfusion. What component is most appropriate to prevent this reaction in the futuce? Red Blood Cells Red Blood Cells, Irradiated Red Blood Cells. Leukocyte-Reduced Red Blood Cells selected as CMV-reduced-risk 304 ‘The use of Leukocyte-Reduced Red Blood Cells and Platelets is indicated for which of the following patient groups? anon a CMV-seropositive postpartum mothers Bb victims of acute trauma with massive bleeding patients with history of febrile transfusion reactions burn vietims with anemia and low serum protein 305 Leukocyte-Poor Red Blood Cells would most likely be indicate for patients with a history of a febrile transfusion reaction iron deficiency anemia hemophilia A von Willebrand disease 306 Posttransfusion anaphylactic reactions occur most often in patients with 1 leukocyte antibodies b erythrocyte antibodies € IgAdeficiency Factor Vill deficiency 307 Which of the following transfusion ceactions occurs after infusion of only afew milliliters of blood and gives no history of fever? a febrile b circulatory overload anaphylactic hemolytic 308 Fever and chills are symptoms of which of the following transfusion reactions? 1a citrate toxicity . & circulatory overload « allergic a febrile 309. Hives and itching are symptoms of which of the following transfusion reactions? a febrile b allergic € circulatory overload 4 bacterial 48. Tas Board of Certification Study Gulde1: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 310 A temperature rise of IC or more occurring n ass0%iation with a transfusion, with no abnormal results in the transfusion reaction investigation, usually indicates which of the following reactions? a febrile b circulatory overload « hemolytic 4 anaphylactic 311 A 65-year-old woman experienced shaking, chills, and a fever of 102°F (38.9°C) approximately 40 minutes following the transfusion of a second unit of Red Blood Cells. The moat likely explanation for the patient's symptoms is: 44 transfusion of bacterially contaminated blood B congestive hear failure € anaphylactic transfusion reaction febrile transfusion reaction, 312 A sickle cel patient who has been multiply transfused experiences fever and chills after receiving a unit of Red Blood Cells. Transfusion investigation studies show: oar: negative plasma hemolysis: ne hemolyie observed The patient is most likely reacting to: rary plasma protein € rede white cells or cytokines 313 Use of only male donors as a source of plasma intended for transfusion is advocated to reduce thly. which type of reaction? 2 allergic b TRALL © hemolytic 4 TACO (circulatory overload) Platelets are ordered for a patient who has a history of febrile reactions following red cell transfusions. What should be done to reduce the risk of another febrile reaction? ‘4 pretransfusion administration of Benadry!* b transfuse Irradiated Platelets € give Platelets from lgA-deficient donors give Leukocyte-Reduced Platelets 315 Symptoms of dyspnea, cough, hypoxemia, and pulmonary edema within 6 hours of transfusion is ‘most likely which type of reaction? anaphylactic b hemolytic € febrile @ TRALI 326 A patient with a coagulopathy was transfused with FP'24 (plasma frozen within 24 hours of collection). After infusion of 15 mL, the patient experienced hypotension, shock, chest pain and dificulty in breathing, The most likely cause of the reaction is: a antilga b bacterial contamination € intravascular hemolysis 4 Teukoagglutinins (Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 491: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions 317 To prevent febrile transfusion reactions, which Red Blood Cell product should be transfused? ‘4 Red Blood Cells, Irradiated b CMV-negative Red Blood Cells Red Blood Cells, Leukocyte-Reduced IgA-deficient donor blood 318 During the issue of an autologous unit of Whole Blood, the supernatant plasma is observed to be dark red in color. What would be the best course af action? athe unit may be issued only for autologous use bb remove the plasma and issue the unit as Red Blood Cells € issue the unit only as washed Red Blood Cells quarantine the unit for further testing 319 Coughing, cyanosis and difficult breathing are symptoms of which of the following transfusion reactions? a febrile b allergic € circulatory overload 4 hemolytic 320 Which of the following is a nonimmunologic adverse effect of a transfusion? a hemolytic reaction b febrile nonhemolytic reaction € congestive heart failure urticaria 321. Congestive heart failure, severe headache and/or peripheral edema occurring soon after transfusion i indicative of which type of transfusion reaction? hemolytic febrile anaphylactic Circulatory overload ance 322 A patient with severe anemia became cyanotic and developed tachycardia, hypertension, and difficulty breathing after receiving 3 units of blood. No fever or other symptoms were evident This is most likely what type of reaction? fa febrile reaction b transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) € anaphylactic reaction hemolytic reaction 323A patient became hypotensive and went into shock after receiving 50 mb of a unit of Red Blood Cells. She had a shaking chill and her temperature cose to 104.8°F (40.4 °C), A transfusion reaction investigation was initiated but no abnormal results were seen. What additional testing should be performed? {2 Gram stain and culture of the donor unit b lymphocytotoxicity tests for eukoagglutinins plasma [gA level elution and antibody identification 324 The most frequent transfusion-associated disease complication of blood transfusions is: cytomegalovirus (CMV) syphilis hepatitis AIDS 50 The Board of Certification Study Guide1: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Questions eee Questions 325 ‘The purpose of a low-dose irradiation of blood components is to 326 327, 328 329 4 prevent posttransfusion purpura prevent graft-vs-host (GVH) disease sterilize components 4 prevent noncardiogenic pulmonary edema ‘Which of the following patient groups sat risk of developing graft-vs-host disease? «fall term infants 'b patients with history of febrile transfusion reactions € patients with a positive direct antiglobulin rest recipients of blaod donated by immediate family members Irradiation of donor blood is done to prevent which of the following adverse effects of transfusion? ‘= febrile transfusion reaction b cytomegalovirus infection € transfusion associated graft-vs-host disease d transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI) ‘Therapeutic plasmapheresis is performed in order to: a harvest granulocytes B harvest platelets © treat patients with polycythemia treat patients with plasma abnormalities Plasma exchange is recommended in the treatment of patients with mactoglobulinemia in order to remove: a antigen Bb excess IgM. © excess Ig abnormal platelets ‘The most important step in the safe administration of blood isto: ‘a perform compatibility testing accurately B get an accurate patient history € exclude disqualified donors 4 accurately identify the donor unit and recipient Clinical Laboratory Certification Bxaminations 51Answer Key-Blood Bank 1: Blood Bank ab 39 2e 60 Be 61 44 62 Sb 63 6b 6a Ta 65, gd 66 a4 67 10 b 68 1b 69 2b 70 3b n 4d 2 1S ¢ B 16 4 4 ia 75 We 16 19 b 7 204 8 2a 9 24 80 23 b aL 24a 82 25 a 83 264 84 27a 85 28a 86 29 a7 304 88 31b 89 32 a 90 33 € 91 34a 92 35 93 36 b 94 a7 95 38 b 96 39 b 97 40b 98 4d 99 42b 100 434 101, ae 102 45a 103 46a 104 47 b 105 48a 106 49b 107 50 € 108 sid 109 sad 110 53a it 346 12 55a 113 56 ¢ 14 s7d4 11s SB a 116 ROAR ARORA AR AA RRR TEER EA AAA EN RR AA ATA OM RAMA ORE a7, 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 4BL 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151, 153 52 The Board of Certification Study Guide ne re ne ee ee ee eee eer ee ee ee ee ee 175 176 180 187 TORR ARRAN TR ORR TR TE CATE EERE RE RA CRE ROR TE TOE OR TREN OR 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 saoe aoe orn aan 248 249 250 252 278 281 282 285 287 288 289 290 BRR TRON ON TRO TRAN RT TTR TORR RTE ane 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319) 320 321, 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 ATOR REAR TRON BATRA TARA ROR RR EN TOE ORa aan aS aa wae aaaaniane a 1: Blood Bank | Blood Products Answers Blood Products 1 b Alldonors, regardless of sex, require a minimum hemoglobin of 12.5 g/€L (225 g/L). The value rust not be performed on an earlobe stick. AASB Stands 2008, 70] Jaundice is a sign of liver impairment, which might be due to HBV or HCV. Infection with HBV and HCV is a cause for indefinite deferral. TANBB Standards 2008, p73: Kap 2008, p97 S00) € The receipt of blood products isa S-month deferral, the deferral for tra8el to areas endemic for malaria is 12 months regardless of antimalarial prophylaxis, and person taking antibiotics may have bacteremia. The requirement for temperature i not over 37.5°C or 99.5°F. {ABB Sandade 20, pp 70:78 4 Apositive test for HbsAg at any time is an indefinite deferral MABE Standaeds 2008, pp 74 1b Awoman who had a spontaneous abortion at 2 months of pregnancy, 3 ‘months previously would be aceeptable. A donor is acceptable if she has not been pregnant in the previous 6 weeks. VRARK Standard 208, pi. 74) b The Het must be >38%, A donor may be 16 unless state law differs. Temperature ‘must not exceed 99.5°F/37.5°C, blood pressure must be «180 mm Hg systolic and «100 mm Hg diastolic, pulse 50-100 unless an athlete (which can be lower). Toxoids and vaccines from synthetic or killed sources have no deferral [RAS 2043, 170-71) 4 The minimum platelet count required for frequent repeat donors is 150 « 30°/jL (150% 10°/L),A platelet count is not requived prior to the first donation or if the interval between donations is at least 4 weeks. ABH Standards 2008, p25) The scrub must use iodine, eg, PVP ‘iodine complex. Donors who are sensitive to iodine can have the area cleaned with a preparation of 2% chlorhexidine and 70% isopropyl alcohol ABE Tech Mona! 2008, yp 199,842) 9 10 11 12 13 4 MA 7 18 @ Testing for syphilis was the first ‘mandated donor screening test for {infectious disease and is still part of donor screening {RAR Tech Man 208 ch) b _ Platelets are prepared and stored at 20°.24°C for optimum function. [AB Tech Mana 2008, p98) 1b The most common posttransfusion hepatitis is hepatitis B. The estimated risk of {transmission is 1:220,000 units transfused ‘The risk of hepatitis C transmission is 1:1,800,000 units. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is a required donor test for detection of acute or chronic HBY infection. (ABR Teel Manual 200K, 9242, 260-73] 1b Western blot uses purified HIV proteins to confirm reactivity in samples whose screening test for anti-HIV is positive. WARD Tee Mapu! 208, isthe hest choice forthe ‘exchange transfusion. tne 2008, p90 4 Blood selected for exchange transfusion should be ABO-compatible with the mother and baby, and antigen-negative Prenatal antibody titers above 16 or 32 ate considered significant, and the condition of the fetus should be monitored armen 25,947 30) ‘2 Blood selected for exchange transfusion should be antigen-negative and ABO- compatible with the mother aid baby. Red Blood Cells are usually less than 7 days old CMV-, hemoglebin S-, and radiated TAT M20 pp se © For exchange transfusion, an negative Red Blood Cells are typically resuspended in ABO-compatible thawed Fresh Frozen Plasma Iai Teh an 208, pt] b Blood selected for intrauterine transfusion and transfusion to premature infants should be irradiated to prevent graft-vs-host disease, Paemeing 208, p20) If the initial antibody sereen, using either the mother's or baby's serum is positive, either antigen-neyative or AHG- ‘crossmatch-compatible units are selected until the antibody is no longer demonstrable in the baby's serum, ABR Standards 208, 95161) 145, 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 'b Care must be taken so that fetal Rh-positive RBCs in the maternal circulation are not interpreted as maternal, because the mother would be assumed erroneously to be weak Ds, Marmening 200, p39] “The presence of D+ infant’ red cells in the mother’s circulation can cause the weak D test to show mixed-eld agglutination Care must be taken so that fetal Rh-positive RBCs in the maternal circulation are not interpreted as maternal, because the mother would be assumed erroneously to be weak De are 7008, p94) 4 The rosette test is a qualitative test ‘When enzyme-treated cells are used as indicator celis, a negative test (indicating there was not an excessive bleed) can have up toJ rosette per 3 fields. The mother needs to receive 1 vial of Rhlg for a normal bleed, AR Ter Manus 200K, 095 6) © The weak D result is most likely due to excessive bleed of fotal cells. Rosette results indicate a quantitative test for approximate volume of fetal-maternal bleed should be performed. ai teh Manat 2008, pst 2] € About half of the antenatal dose of RhIG may still be present at delivery so the antibody screen may detect weak anti-D, which should not be interpreted erroneously as active rather than passive immunization. Warr 200, 890) Bb One dose of Rhig will prowect the mother from bleed of 30 mL. The bleed was 35 mL, 2 vials of Rh will be needed. InAs A 2088 ptt 2) One vial of Rh immune globulin protects against a fetomaternal hemorrhage of 25 mb of red cells, or 30 mL of Whole Blood, Divide the volume of fetomaternal hemorrhage (35 mL.) by 15; round down to 2, then add 1 extra vial = 3 vials total. {ts T2e Marl 20H 12] € _RAIG should be given to nonimmunized D- females who are pregnant or have delivered a De infant Wacmening 2005, 238), (Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 61 yueg pooig-szomsuy¥s-Blood Bank Answ 1: Blood Bank | serology 153 b About half of the antenatal dose of Shy RIG may still be present at delivery 50 the antibody screen may detect weak anti-D, which should not be interpreted exzoneously as active rather than passive immunization, {Hsemening 2008, 9390), € RIG is of no benefit once a person has been actively immunized and has formed anti-D. [Harmening 2008, 23911 B b The formula to calculate the percentaye assumes the mother's blood volume as, 5,000 mt. 0.003 «5,000 mL*15ml, [a8 Tech Manu 20K p21 The percentage is cells/100, the mother’s volume is assumed to be 5,000 mL. ‘The percentage must be multiplied by $0 to determine total volume. (AA Teh Manual 28h, 98321 157 € Use the formula: (fetal cells counted/ calls counted) x (mateenal blood volume) Assume the mother's blood volume is 5,000 mL. In this example, 30 fetal cells/2,000 cells counted «5,000 mL = 75 mL. Rhlg protects against 30 mL. So 2.5 vials are needed, rounded up to 3 full vials, Add 1 vial for hospital policy and 4 vials are needed. 81 Tech Manu! 20086, 25321 158 a The rosetce testis a sensitive method to detect EMH of 10 mL or more. [ANB Teeh Manual 2008, 99387 3 b The rosette screen will be positive if there is a FMH of 10 mL or more. & Kleihauer-Betke or flow cytometry should be performed to quantitate the FMH and determine if additional doses of Rh immune globulin are needed to prevent immunization from occurring, (RAS Tech Manual 200Hb, 931-6321 Ea € The mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) is used to detect genetic differences in the HLA D region antigens. |an88 Tech Manual 20086, 95531 161 4 Transfusion should generally be avoided ‘except in cases of life-threatening anemia A hemoglobin of 10.8 g/dl. (108 g/L) is not life-threatening, especially ifthe patient is not actively bleeding. (srmening 2065, 62. The Board of Certification Study Guide Answers 162 d__ Bone marrow transplant patients are at risk for transfusion-associated graft-vs-host disease (TA-GVHD) and therefore should receive irradiated bloed products. (Harmering 2008, 922] 163 b HLA antigen typing is important to consider before organ transplantation, Ween 2005 A351 164 a DR antigens, also known as Clase 1M antigens, are significant in organ transplantation. These antigens are ‘expressed on B lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes and endothelial cells and are detected in the lymphocytotoxicity test [iarening 208, p26 4461 165 a Negative check cells means the results of tubes with the neyative eeactions are invalid. The reactivity of the check cells should be verified with anti-IgG since anti-E was detected, indicating the anti-lgG was reactive, All tests that were nonreactive with the check cells requires repeat test performance, Waren 200, pi Serology 166 b The listed criteria are typical for Br serological calibration of a centrifuge Optimum spin time is the least amount of time when all criteria are satisfied ats eh Mona 2008 pps 8) 167 a Samples must be labeled with 2 independent patient identifiers and the date of collection. This information should be identical to that on the patient's identification band and request. [a Tech Matus 200, 39 4 Results of ABO and Rh testing on a current specimen must always be compared to that of a previous transfusion record. Errors in typing or patient identification ray be detected when discrepancies are found. Collection of a new sample allows determination of which sample was incorrectly collected. |AABB Tech Maru 200, 51) 1681: Blood Bank | Serology 169 € A serological test to confirm the ABO on al) RBC units and Rh on units labeled as Rh-negative must be performed prior to transfusion. Any errors in labeling must be reported to the collection facility. ANB Tech Manna 2008, p45) 170 € Samples must be labeled with 2 independent patient identifiers and the date of collection. This information should be identical to that on the patients identification band and request. There must be a mechanism to identify the phlebotomist, but initialing the sample tubes is not required. a Stones 200, $811: |AADR Tec Maral 208, an 171 b Granuloeytes must be compatible with recipient's plasma. Granulocyte products. have an expiration of 24 hours. [ais Standards 20089, 45-46, $8} 172 € Because neonates are immunologically immature, alloimmunization to red cell, antigens is very rare during the neonatal period. No crossmatching is required if the inti antibody screen performed with either the baby’s oF mothers plasma is negative anda 70, 516, AA Tah 2008, ats ao 178 b A positive DAT will interfere with weak D testing causing both the patient and control to demonstrate positive results. Any positive result in the control cube invalidates any results anh Maat 20, pt 174 © Patients with multiple myeloma demonstrate rouleaux formation, which can cause theappearance of agglitination, i thecelaye washed oem edu plasina, and tests repeated, an accurate red cel typing is obtained. By performing a saline replacement with the reverse typin true agglutination will remain when the cell buttons of the reverse cells are resuspended in saline {Fe Manual 2008, p80 379) 175 @ ABO immunoglobulins develop at approximately 3 months of age, attain adult levels by age 10, and may, bat not always, decline in titer in the elderly (ach Manus 20,85) Answers 176 b Acquired B occurs in group A individuals and is due to deacetylation of the A antigen by bacterial enzymes. Detection of acquired Bis dependent upon the source of anti-B used. Vat Tech Manual 00m, 367) 177 a Tis caused from a somatic mutation and the phenomenon is persistent. Resolution of the red cell typing can be performed with enzyme-treated patient Cells, since Tn is denatured by enzymes. Although the reactivity with anti-A may be weak, testing with anti-A lectin gives strong reactivity, unlike subgroups of A, ‘which are weakly reacting with anti-A and nonreactive with Ay lectin. Iara 2005, $8515) 178 ¢ | Mixed-field reactivity is a characteristic of the Ag subgroup. Transfusion history would be important to be sure it is not 2 cell populations. (ANI Tet Ma 208, 56) 179 b _ Polyagylutination isa property of the cells, Most adult plasma agghutinate the cells due to naturally occurring antibodies directed towards the crypt antigens, {nas Tech Man 200K, 170) 180 € Presence of agglutination with Ay cells, screening cells and autocontrol at 1S and RT is indicative of a cold autoantibody, Iaenwsing 2008, 28 181 € Warming serum and reagent red Ay celle to.37°C before repeating ABO typing will decrease/eliminace reactivity of cold autoantibody, Waren 7035, p28 182 d_ Unexpected reactivity with reverse ‘cells should include a test with screen ells at immediate spin to determine if alloantibodies are present. Resolution of the ABO discrepancy can be performed with ‘group B cells that lack the corresponding antigen for the identified alloantibody, Fai Toh Mal 208, 972-372] 183 Most ABO discrepancies are due to problems in the reverse typing. Discrepancies stemming from the forward type or the patient's cells are usually due to ‘Tn activation from a somatic mutation, [Hanmer 2005. p50 Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 63 yueg pooig-szomsuyAnswers-Blood Bank 1: Blood Bank | Serology 184 b Although monoclonal anti-D react with most D+ red blood cells, cells with fewer antigen sites requires testing after the antiglobulin test. The testis referred to asa test for weak D TAABO Tech Manual 2080, 394) 185 ¢ 185 (volume? x concentration2). A solution of 6%-8% albumin is used with some anti-D reagents as a control for spontaneous agglutination, ABI Tech Manu 2008, pp 726.727] 237 b__Rhantibodies show enhanced reactivity with enzyme pretreated cells. Treatment of red cells with enzymes weakens reactivity with antibodies in the MNS and Duffy systems (Harmering 2005, 167, 180.283) 238 b Patients may have antibodies to components of reagents, Washing the patient's ces prior to testing to remove their plasma from the cell suspension will resolve the reactivity with anti-B. (AAR Tech Manual 20n8b, 9370} a _Enzyme treatment would allow for differentiation of the remaining antibodies after rule outs. The Fy" antigen would be denatured, allowing determination of ‘whether anti-Jk? and -K are present, and to confirm anti-E, [Marmerng 2005, 7252), € _ Soluble forms of some blood group antigens can be prepared from other sources and used to inhibit reactivity of the corresponding antibody, such as the HTLA antibodies anti-Ch and anti-Rg, Most HTLA antibodies, although weakly reactive in undiluted serum, will continue to react weakly at higher dilutions (aH Tech Mao 2008, pp 85) 4 _ For neutralization studies to be valid, the saline dilutional control must be reactive. Since neutralization studies involve adding a substance to the patient’s plasma, nonreactivity in test tubes may be due to simple dilution, The saline control acts as the dilutional control and must be reactive When the saline control is reactive, then if the tube with the substance is nonreactive, the interpretation that neutralization hhas occurred is made. If itis reactive, neutralization did not occur, RAB ck Manus) 2008, yi ‘In neutralization, a known source of a blood group soluble substance (for example, saliva, urine, or plasma) is incubated with 2 plasma antibody. During the incubation, ‘the antibody combines with the soluble substance, The antibody is neutralized and inhibited from combining with the same blood group substance found on red blood cells when the blood cells are added to the system. Tarn 28,7252] (Clinical Laboratory Certification Exeminations 67 yueg poorg-szomeuy1: Blood Bank | Serology Answers 243 b Anti-Le? is confirmed because the 250 a The Donath-Landsteiner test is tubes with Lewis substance ae negative, Iiy_@lagnestic for PCH, The antibody is IgG Answers-Blood Bank Nonreactivity of the serum with Le(b+) cells indicates the anti-Le" in the serum was neutralized by the Lewis substance. The test is valid since the patient's serum with saline rather than substance added is still able to react with the Le(br) cells. Iisrmeing 2005, p58) 244 d Reactivity with anti-H is no longer Sky demonstrable, which indicates H substance is present. There is no Aor B substance in the saliva as evidenced by the ability of anti-A and anti-B reacting with respective cells, People with H substance and no A or B substance are group O secretors TAA Tech Mana 20D, A 245 € Secretor studies demonstrates the SEV. presence ofa substance by the observation bf neutralization ofthe corresponding Sntibody. Nonreactivity with B and O cell indicates Band H substances are present sn the saliva so the red cll from this person are group @ (AE a 20, 246 a Inthe solid phase technology, the antibody screening cells are bound te the surface of the well. Antibody specific for antigen on the red blood cells attaches, resulting in a diffuse pattern of red blood cells in the weil. A negative reaction would have manifested as a pellet of red blood cells in the bottom of the well [Mase 2005, 206-247] 247 b The K antigen is integeal to the red cell membrane and would not change in a patient. Errors in typing or patient identification may be detected when discrepancies are found when comparing historical records. Wb Tech Mapua! 2008, pA 4) 248 a Polyagglutination is a property of the red blood cells. Structures on the red cells, are altered due to bacterial enzymes or 2 somatic mutation, so crypt antigens not normally exposed on cells are now present. Antibodies to the exposed structures are naturally occurring in adult plasma |Harenening 2005, 528 249 ¢ — Rouleaux will readily disperse in saline whereas true agglutination will eemain after saline replacement. {AABS Tech Man 20085, 9903-904 1oard of Certification Study Guide and is biphasic: hemolysis occurs when the antibody is incubated with cells and cold ‘temperatures and then incubated at 37°C Often the antibody demonstrates specificity towards the high-incidence antigen P (nat to bbe confused with P)). The antibody screen is usually negative and the patient's red cells are coated with complement. [ai Tech Maral 200K, p33, $ 14 Bb Two reagents used for removing. {IgG from red blood cells are chloroquine diphosphate (CDP) and EDTA glycine acid (EGA). Using either of these procedures is useful to reduce a patient's DAT and allow phenotyping with IAT reactive antisera, UAH Tach Mon 208, p84 a Anti-Fy! would not react with enzyme protreated cells: a select cell panel would allow for individual reactivity of the remaining 2 antibodies. Thiol reagents ‘would be used to disperse agglutination of IgM antibodies, the antibodies in question are IgG Wanner 2005, 92521 € _ Dolichos bifforus plant seed extract forms complexes with N-acetylgalactosamine. When properly diluted, if can distinguish between A; donor cells and all other subgroups of A. IAABR Tech Mal 2008, 5 4 The serum of a group 0 individual contains anti-A, anti-B and anti-A ‘Tu prepare a suitable reagent, the ABO antibodies must be removed and anti-O left in the serum. The serum would need to be adsorbed with calls of the AB, cde/ cde phenotype. {Wemening 2005, 91101, d__ Since the auto control is positive after the AHG phase and no reactivity was detected at immediate spin, the serology is most consistent with 2 warn autoantibody. ‘An adsorption with autologous cells to remove the antibody to used the adsorbed plasma for alloantibody detection is the next step. ABR Tech Mansa 2008, 9508-507]1: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Answers | 256 a ZZAPisa reagent to remove IgG from 263 A Granulocyte transfusions may be | 1S, the patient's own cells to allow better Aiy indicated for severely neutropenic patients adsorption of IgG autoantibody from the patient's plasma onto the cells. The intent of the autoadsorption is to remove autoantibody to look for alloantibodies prior to transfusion. |AABB Tech Mana 2008, p07 508 257 a Treating autologous cells with 3 Bis proteolytic enzyme such as fcin enhances the adsorption of the cold reactive antibody, |AABE Teh Marl 208, 9512 513] 258 d_Anelution is the process af removal of antibody from red blood cells. The product of the elution method isan eluate. The ‘eluate contains the antibody and can be used in antibody identification methods. [armen 2005, p52 259 48 Adsorption and elution techniques are used to detect ABO antigens that sre not detectable by direct agglutination ‘The cells are incubated with the antibody (anti-A or anti-B) to the antigen expected ‘on the red blood cells, An elution method is performed and the antibedy in the eluate is tested for recovering anti-A (or anti-B depending on the specificity that was used in the adsorption) | Teh Man 208, ps 260 € _Antibody-antigen complexes are dependent upon a neutral pH. Extremes in pH causes dissociation. Both auto and alloantibodies are recovered in elutes prepared by reagent kits that alter the pH | Tech Maa 2008, pp 221 ‘Transfusion Practice 261 b Esch unit of Whole Blood or RECS will increase the hematocrit by 3%-5%, so 2 units of RBCs will increase the hematocrit by twice as much as 1 unit of Whole Blood. [Marmening 005, p30) 262 ¢ For emergency transfusions, group O- RBC units should be used, [Bsemening 2005, 24) with infections not controlled by antibiotic therapy, whe are expected to recover bone marrow production of white cells. IRABR Tech Man! 008, p56 597) 264 b Each unit of RBCS is expected to increase the hemoglobin level by 1-1.5 g/dL / (20-15 g/t). 3 ; wl [Haemening 20083081 265 b Each unit of RBCs is expected to imerease the hematocrit level by 3%-5%, so it would take 2 units to raise the level 6%, {Harmen 2005, 52051, 266 ¢ _CMV-seronegative or leukoreduced Sy blood products should be administered to immunocompromised patients, including hone marrow and hematopoietic cll vansplant recipients {armen 2005, 310) 1b Cryoprecipitate contains ABO antibodies so one should consider giving \ ‘ABO compatible, especially when infusing large volumes, heel Mast 2008, pa?) ae 268 d_ Class | HLA antigens on platelets are a known cause for platelet refractoriness, Leukoreduction of blood products is used as 1 mechanism to reduce or prevent patients from developing antibodies. Ins races Gide 20, eht2) 269 a Patients with Iga deficiency who have 5S) had anaphylactic transfusion reactions should receive washed RBCs. Anaphylactic reactions are typically caused by ant-IgA in the recipient. Washing removes plasma IgA from the donor unit. cells eam 205,05] 270 d_FRP should be ABO compatible with the recipient's RBCs. Avoid FFP with antibodies toA or Bantigens the patient may have Group A plasma has anti-B, and should only be transfused to A or O recipients, Warmening 200,987) ‘d__FEP should be ABO compatible with | the recipient's RBCs. Avoid FFP with ABO antibodies to A or B antigens the patient may have {armen 2005, 307, b Each unit of platelets should increase the | | \ 272 count 5,000-10,000/ 11 (5,000-10,000/L). [Param 200, ¢805] (tinial Laboratory Certification Examinations 691: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice 273 ¢ Functional abnormalities are frequent Ontr_in hypoproliferative thrombocytopenia, Decreased platelets is not an outcome of a hemolytic transfusion reaction, posttransfusion purpura is usually self-limiting and is due to an antibody toa specific platelet antigen, immune thrombocytopenia purpura patients hhave low platelet counts but rarely have hemorrhage (AAG Teck Manual 206, p57] Washing red blood cells with saline removes donor plasma and IgA. and prevents anaphylactic reactions due to anti-IgA in the recipient, Tarmening 205, p35] 274 275 b Anaphylactic transfusion reactions are distinguished from other types of reactions by 1) the absence of fever, and 2) the reactions are sudden in onset after infusion of only a few mL of blood. Since the reaction is due to anti-lgA, washing the donor red blood cells to remove al plasma protein is indicated. Alternatively, blood products from IgA-deficient donors may be used. (Harmen 2008, 93421 276 a FFP should be ABO compatible with the recipient's RBCs, Avoid FEP with AZO antibodies to A or B antigens the patient may have. Rh type is not significant armen, 2005, p307) 277 ¢ FFP should be ABO compatible with the recipient's RBCs. [f patient's type has not been determined (currently), plasma lacking anti-A and anti-B should be given [Warmer 2005, p2071 278 ¢ _FEP contains all factors, including cryoprecipitate, (t does not have a higher risk of transmitting hepatitis than Whole Blood. Ir must be transfused. “within 24 hours of thawing and must be ‘ABO compatible. [Harmen 2005, g207) 279 ¢ Bach unit of platelets should increase the count 5,000-10,000 platelets/ (5,000: 10,000/L). Platelet antibodies can diminish this expected increment {armen 2005, 9308] 70 The Board of Certification Study Guide 280 284 285 286 Answers € Symptoms of hemolytic transfusion reactions are fever, chills, Rushing, chest and back pain, hypotension, nausea, dyspnea, shock, renal failure, and DIC. Circulatory overload, allergic, and anaphylactic reactions are not characterized by fever. [Haren 20, e330) d__Alloimmunization to the HLA results in refractoriness to random donor platelet transfusions. |armeniey 2005, 399) 1b Alloimmunization to the HLA results in refractoriness to random donor platelet transfusions, [Harmen 201, 843) € _ Posttransfusion purpura (PTP) is caused by platelet-specific alloantibedy in» previously immunized recipient. Transfused donor platelets in blood products are destroyed, with concomitant destruction of the recipient's own platelets, through unknown mechanisms, The ustal antibody specificity is HPA-a, Irfrmening 2008, 345-145) 4 Previously immunized patients may have an undetectable level of antibody. ‘Transfusion of antigen-positive donor sed cells may cause an anamnestic response and result in a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction. Symptoms may be mild, and present only as jaundice and unexplained anemia, |Harmering 200, p43) b Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions are caused by a secondary anamnestic response in a previously alloimmunized recipient. Unlike a primary response, a secondary response is rapid. Antibody may be detectable 3-7 days from the time of transfusion, {Harmeing 20,9340] ‘4 Antibodies in the ABO system may activate complement and cause immediate intravascular hemolysis if incompatible blood is transfused. Antibodies in the Rh, Duffy, and MN systems typically cause extravascular hemolysis, which is ususlly lass severe |Harmering 200,3381: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice 287 @ ABO antibodies activate complement and may cause intravascular hemolysis, Rh, Kell, and Duffy antibodies are primarily associated with extravascular hemolysis. (Bren 2005, p01, 48,177 288 b Antibodies in the Kidd system activate complement and may cause intravascular hemolysis. The antibodies often decline in Vivo, are weak, show dosage, and are difficult to detect in vitro, making them prime ‘candidates for causing anamnestic delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions. {Psrmening 28, p13) 289 a ABO antibodies activate complement and may cause intravascular hemolysis, ‘The antibodies are naturally occurring against A and B antigens that the recipient lacks. Rh and Duffy antibodies may also cause hemolytic transfusion reactions, bout the antibodies are the results of alloimmunization and not naturally present in recipients who lack the antigen. The incidence of septic transfusion reactions from bacterial contamination of Red Blood Cells is rare, about 1:500,000. {ovsenig 200, pp, 319, 344) 290 d Patients receiving >1 blood volume replacement often develop thrombo- cytopenia and requite platelet transfusion. Marmenng 2005, ph 291 a A positive DATin a posttransfusion {hiv blood sample usualy indicates that the patient is producing alloantibody against {an antigen present on the transfused donor red cells. An elution should be performed to remove the antibody from the red cells and identify it. Free antibody may also be present in the serum. Ifthe antibody screen is postive, the antibody should be identified Irae 208, p20) 292 a Free hemoglobin released from destruction of transfused donor red cells will impart a distinct pink or red color in the posttransfusion sample plasma [armening 2005, p348) Answers 293 d The immediate steps required to investigate a transfusion reaction include a clerical check of records and labels, visual inspection of postreaction plasma for hemolysis, and direct antiglobulin test and repeat ABO typing on the postreaction sample. Additional investigation is performed when there is evidence of hemolysis, bacterial contamination, TRALI, ‘or other serious adverse event. a Standards 20085, 7-4 2, 294 a In septic transfusion reactions. patients experience fever »101°F (38.3°C), shaking chills, and hypotension. In severe reactions, patients develop shock, renal failure, hemoglobinuria, and DIC. (ABB Teh Man 2008, 7251 295 € Clinical signs of a hemolytic transfusion reaction include fever and chills, and, in severe cases, DIC. Circulatory overload, allergic and anaphylactic reactions are not characterized by fever and DIC. Marmening 2005 338 243) 296 a Bilirubin is 9 marker for red cell hemolysis, Bilirubin peaks at 5-7 hours after transfusion and is back to pretransfusion levels at 24 hours if liver function is normal {AA Tech Mal 200K, 723) 297 d Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions ‘may occur in recipients who aze previously immunized but who do not have detectable antibody, if they receive blood with the corresponding antigen. When there is a hnistory of clinicaly significant antibodies, donor red cells should be phenotyped and antigen-negative blood selected, A complete antigiobulin crossmatch must be performed Iara 2007, p81 82,7 298 b if the direct antiglobulin test is positive ina transfusion reaction investigation, the antibody should be cluted fram the red cells and identified. [Mares 207, p72 74) tin 1 Laboratory Certification Examinations 71. yueg poojg-siomsny1: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Answers 299 € Lack of expected rise in hemoglobin after transfusion may be a sign of a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction. if the DAT. is positive, an elution should be performed to remove and identify the antibody coating the transfused donor red cells. In this, case, the antibody is not detectable in the antibody screen, so a routine cell panel on. the serum would not be helpful. Since the transfusion occurred 3 weeks previously, donor samples are not availabie for testing [armen 2005, p40, 249-3501 300 b Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions are associated with extravascular hemolysis, rather than intravascular. Alloantibody coats the transfused antigen-positive donor cells, in the recipient's circulation, producing a mixed-field positive reaction in the DAT. Uiormenng 205, psa. 349-3501 a _ In massive transfusions, Platelets are Sky. indicated ifthe platelet count is less than, 50,000/yL (50,000/t), [armen 2005, p14 302 d Treatment of acute hemolytic transfusion reactions focuses on supportive measures and control of DIC, hypotension, and acute renal failure. (Harmen 2005 9339}, 303 ¢ Red Blood Cells, Leukocyte-Reduced should be chosen, because febrile nonhemolytic transfusion eactions are either due to chemokines released from leukocytes in nonieukoreduced blood components or to patient antibodies directed towards donor HLA antigens on the leukocytes. leacmering 200, p3411 304 € Leukocyte-Reduced RBCs and Platelets can be used to prevent further nonhemolytic transfusion reactions. |Warmening 2005, 6310) 305 a Leukocyte antibodies area primary cause of febrile transfusion reactions. Leukocyte-reduced blood components reduce the risk of febrile nonhemolytic reactions. THarmening 2005, 34) 306 ¢ Anaphylactic transfusion reactions are attributed to anti-lgA in IgA- deficient recipients. (Haemening 2008 382] 72 The Board of CortiGeation Study Guide 307 308 309 310 sa 312 ‘€ Two distinguishing features of anaphylactic transfusion reactions are that symptoms occur with transfusion of only. small amounts of blood, and the patient has, no fever. Isarmening 2005, 9342] Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions are defined as fever of 1°C or ‘greater (over baseline temperature) during or after transfusion, with no other reason for the elevation than transfusion, and no evidence of hemolysis in the transfusion reaction investigation. Allergic reactions, citrate toxicity, and circulatory overload are not characterized by fever. [earmeing 2008 383] b Allergic reactions are a type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reaction to an allergen in plasma, Most are mild reactions shown by urticaria (hives, swollen red wheals) which may cause itching, {Hsrmenig 2008, yp 341-342) a Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions are defined as fever of 1°C or greater (over baseline temperature) during for after transfusion, with no other reason. for the elevation than transfusion, and no ‘evidence of hemolysis in the transfusion reaction investigation Iarmening 2005, 03611 4 Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions ocurin about 1% of transfusions, taking fone ofthe mast common types of action. Neither transfusion-associated Circulatory overload (TACO) or anaphylactic transfusion reactions are characterized by fever. Baccerially contaminated Red Blood Cells are rare, and rapidly produce severe symptoms upon transfusion Uren 205 99413481 d_ Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions are caused by leukoagglutinins in the patient or cytokines released from donor leukocytes during storage. Since these reactions are net caused by red cell antibodies, transfusion investigation studies ‘show no hemolysis or abnormal test results. argues 2007, pp 72-741 3— Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Answers 313 b TRALI is most commonly caused. BE, by donor HLA or granulocyte-epecific antibodies that react with recipient antigens, ‘causing damage to the lung basement membrane and bilateral puimonary edema within 6 hours of transfusion, Multiparous females are more likely to have antibodies than males. Using male donors as the sole source of plasma products is a strategy for reducing the risk of TRALL {ARB Tech Manus 200M, ppi733-735) 314d Prestorage leukoreduction reduces the Bly number of white cells in Apheresis Platelets and RBCs, and significantly decreases the risk of febrile reactions, |AABB Yet Mapu 2008, p71 315 d_Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, dyspnea, hypotension, and hypoxemia occurring within 6 hours of transfusion are clinical symptoms of TRALL (Marques 2007, 85 316 @ Anaphylactic transfusion reactions are severe reactions that occur after infusion of a small amount of donor blood. Symptems are hypotension, shock, respiratory distress, dyspnea, and substernal pain. Anaphylactic reactions are usually caused by anti-|gA. {ares 2007.51 317 © _Leukoreduction of blood products xeduces the risk of febrile norhhemolytic transfusion reactions, which are caused by leukoagglutinins or cytokines from white cells {Marya 207,120 318 d One reason to quarantine blood components before transfusion is hemolysis of the red cells, Hemalysis of red cells is an indication of contamination or improper storage, (Haraeaing 200, p24 319 ¢ Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) is hypervolemia manifested by coughing, cyanosis, and pulmonary edema. (aero 2005, 783] 320 € Transfusion associated circulatory overload (TACO) is hypervolemia caused by blood eransfusion in susceptible patients. Hemolytic (antibody to red cell antigen) febrile NHTR (leukoagglutinins or cytokines), and allergic (reaction to allergens in plasma) are immunologic reactions (RAB Teh anu 2008, 9725-73 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 228 @_Transfusion-induced hypervolemia causing edema and congestive heart failure isa feature of transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO). Hypervolemia is not a complication of a hemolytic, febrile, ‘or anaphylactic transfusion reaction, IMarening 206, p38 343] Bb Hypervolemia due to transfusion in susceptible patients, such as cardiac, elderly, infants, or severely anemic, causes circulatory overload (TACO) and associated respiratory and cardiac problems. (armen 200,43 ‘a Septic transfusion reactions due to contaminated blood products are manifested by high fever, chills, hypotension, shock, nausea, diarrhea, renal failure, and DIC. Symptoms usually appear rapidly. ‘Transfusion reaction investigation shows ro evidence of unexpected blood group antibodies. A Gram stain and blood culture of the donor unit may detect the presence of aerobic or anaerobic organisms. (Warmer 205, 4) yueg poojg-sremsuy ¢ Hepatitis transmission is unlikely, but hac a higher risk of transmission through blood transfusion than CMV (rare), syphilis (no transfusion-transmitted cases reported {in >30 years), or HIV (2:2,300,000 units). (AWE Tes Maral 2008, 242 2511, b Irradiation inhibits proliferation of ‘T cells and subsequent GVHD. {aren 208, p2291 Blood from a family member may be homozygous fora shared HLA haplotype, allowing donar lymphocytes to engraft in the recipient and cause transfusion- associated CVHD. [Harmen 208, pL € Gamma irradiation of blood products prevents donor lymphocytes from replicating after transfusion and causing transfusion associated graft-vs-host disease in susceptible patients, {armeving 20, p3471 The most common use of therapeutic plasmapheresis isto remove plasma abnormalities, such as pathologies! antibodies, immune complexes, or cryoglobulins. UAABE Praca Gude 2007, ch Clinical Laboratory Certification Ereminations 731: Blood Bank | Transfusion Practice Answers 329 b_ Macroglobulinemia, also known as, (air Waldenstrdm, is a syndrome with [gM monoclonal paraprotein, Since IgM protein ’s intravascular, plasma exchange provides symptomatic relief (RABE Prarie Gade 207, ch 330 a The major cause of transfusion: associated fatalities is transfusion of blood to the wrang patient. (Warmeing 20, p26 74 ‘The Board of Cartifiation Study Guide2: Chemistry | Carbohydrates Questions Chemistry ‘The fllowing ters have been identified generally as appropriate for both entry level medical laboratory scientists and medical laboratory technicians. Items that are appropriate for medical laboratory scientists only are marked with an "MLS ONLY.” 75 Questions 128 Anawers with Explanations 75. Carbohyrats 128 Carboyaices 78 Ac Bose Balonce 129 Acid eae lance 81. Elecrotes 130 Eletroyes {85 Protein ond Other Nitrogen Contasng 130 Protensand Other Niroge-Conttning Compounds Compounds 95. Heme Derivatives 132 Heme Derivocies 99. Enzymes 183 Enaynes 4104 Lipide and Lipprteine 4136 Lips ond Lipoproteins 107 Endocrinology and Tumor Markers 137 Enéocrinalogy and Tumor Markers 113 TOM and Tology 139 TDM and Toncogy 115 Quality Assessment 140 Quality Assesment 117 Laboratory Mathematics 141 Laboratory Mathematics 121 Instrumentation 4342 Insiumentation Carbohydrates 1 Following overnight fasting, hypoglycemia in adults is defined as a glucose of 8 <70 mp/él (53.9 mmol/L) 1B 560 mg/dl (<3.3 mmol/L) ©. $55 mg/dl. (<3,0 mmol/L) £45 mg/dl. (£2,5 mmol/L) ‘The following results are from a 21-year-old patient with a back injury who appears otherwise healthy: whole blood glucose: 77 mg/dl (4.2 mmol) serum glucose: 88 mg/GL & Bmmolt) CSF glucose: 56 mgidL (2.1 mmovA) ‘The best interpretation of these results is that: ‘athe whole blood and serum values are expected but the CSF value is elevated B the whole blood glucose value should be higher than the serum value «all values are consistent with a normal healthy individual 4 the serum and whole blood values should be identical ‘The preparation of a patient for standard glucose tolerance testing should include: ‘a ahigh carbohydrate diet for 3 days Bb alow carbohydrate diet for 3 days € fasting for 48 hours prior to testing. bed rest for 3 days Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 752: Chemistry | Carbohydrates Questions 4 Ifa fasting glucose was 90 mg/4L., which of the following 2-hour postprandial glucose results would most closely represent normal glicose metabolism? a 55 mp/éb 3.0 mmol/L) b 100 mg/dl (5.5 mmol/L) € 180 mp/él (9.9 mmol/L) 260 mp/éb (14.3 mmol/L) 5 Ahealthy person with a blood glucose of 80 mg/dL (4.4 mmol/L) would have a simultaneously determined cerebrospinal fluid glucose value of: a 25 mg/dL (1.4 mmol/L) 1b 50 mg/dl (2.3 mmol/L) € 100 mg/Al (5.5 mmol/L) 150 mg/dl (8.3 mmol/L) 6 25-year-old man became nauseated and vomited 90 minutes after receiving a standard 75 g carbohydrate dose for an oral glucose tolerance test. The best course of action is to: ‘& give the patient a glass of orange juice and continue the test 1B start the test over immediately with a 50 g carbohydrate dose ‘€. draw blood for glucose and discontinue test 4 place the patient in a recumbent position, reassure him and continue the test 7 Cerebrospinal fluid for glucose assay should be: a refrigerated b analyzed immediately © heated to 56°C 4 stored at room temperature after centrifugation 8 Which ofthe following 2 hour postprandial glucose values demonstrates unequivocal hyperglycemia diagnostic for diabetes mellitus? ‘2 160 mg/dl. (88 mmol/L) b 170 mg/dL. (0.4 mmol/L) © 180 mg/dl (9.9 mmol/L) 200 mg/al. (11.0 mmol/L) 9 Serum levels that define hypoglycemia in pre-cerm or low birth’ weight infants are: a thesameas adults B lower than adults € the same asa normal full-term infant higher than a normal full-term infant 10 A45-year-old woman has a fasting serum glucose concentration of 95 mg/l. (5.2 mmol/L) anda 2-hour postprandial glucose concentration of 105 mg/l. (5.8 mmol/L). The statement which best ‘describes this patient’ fasting serum glucose concentration is a normal; reflecting glycogen breakdown by the liver b normal; reflecting glycogen breakdown by skeletal muscle € abnormal; indicating diabetes mellitus abnormal; indicating hypoglycemia 11 Pregnant women with symptoms of thirst, frequent urination or unexplained weight loss should have which of the following tests performed? 4 tolbutamide test b lactose tolerance test © epinephrine tolerance test 4 glucose tolerance test 76 Tha Roard of Cartiscation Study Guide2: Chemistry | Carbohydrates Questions 2 3 4 15, 16 7 18 19 Th the fasting state the arterial and capillary blood glucose concentration varies from the venous glucose concentration by approximately how many mg/dl. (mmol/L)? aL mg/dl. (0.05 mmol/L) higher b Smg/dl (0.27 mmol/L) higher 10 mp/Al. (0.55 mmol/L) lower 15 mg/dl. (0.82 mmol/L) lower ‘The conversion of glucose or other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate is called glycogenesis b glycogenolysis € gluconeogenesis 4 glycolysis ‘Which one of the following values obtained during a ghucose tolerance test are diagnostic of diabetes mellitus? a Dhour specimen = 150 mg/dL (8.3 mmol/L) 1B fasting plasma glucose = 126 mg/dL (6.9 mmol/L) € fasting plasma glucose = 110 mg/dl.(6.1 mmol/L) @ Dhour specimen = 180. mg/al.(9.9 mmol/L) ‘The glycated hemoglobin value represents the integrated values of glucose concentration during the preceding: 8 13 weeks b 4S weeks 6-8 weeks 16-20 weeks Monitoring long-term glucose control in patients with adult onset diabetes mellitus can best be accomplished by measuring; a weekly fasting 7 AM serum glucose B glucose tolerance testing € J-hour postprandial serum glucose hemoglobin Ai. [patient with Type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus has the following results: Tost Pationt Reference Range fasting blood gucose: «150 mg/dl (8.3 mmovl) 70-110 mg/aL.(3.9-6.1 mmoVL) hemoglobin Ae 85% 4.0%-6.0% {ructosemine: 25 mov, 20-29 mov. ‘After reviewing these test results, the technologist concluded that the patient is ina ‘a “steady state” of metabolic control b state of flux, progressively worsening metabolic control <¢_improving state of metabolic control as indicated by fructosamine 4. state of flux as indicted by the fasting glucose level ‘Total glycosylated hemoglobin levels in a hemolysate reflect the: 1 average blood glucose levels of the past 2-3 months ‘b average blood glucose levels for the past week «blood glicose level at the time the sample is drawn 4d hemoglobin A;, level at the time the sample is drawn Which ofthe following hemoglobins has ghucose-6-phosphate on the amino-terminal valine of the beta chain? as be © Ay aA Clinical Laboratory Certification Bxeminations: 77Questions 20 A patient with hemolytic anemia will: ‘4 show a decrease in glycated figb value }b show an increase in glycated Hgb value € show little or no change in glycated Hgb value 4 demonstrate an elevated Hgb Ay 21 _In using ion-exchange chromatographic methods, falsely increased levels of Hgb Ay, might be demonstrated in the presence of: 42 iron deficiency anemia pernicious anemia © thalassemias dd Hgbs 22 An increase in serum acetone is indicative of a defect in the metabolism of: a carbohydrates b fat € urea nitrogen uric acid 23 _Aninfant with diarrhea is being evaluated for a carbohydrate intolerance. His stool yields a Positive copper reduction test and 2 pH of $.0. It should be concluded that a further tests are indicated 'b results are inconsistent—repeat both tests € the diarrhea is not due to carbohydrate intolerance the tests provided no useful information 24 Blood samples were collected atthe beginning ofan exercise class and after thirty minutes of ‘aerobic activity. Which of the following would be most consistent with the post-exercise sample? ‘4 normal lactic acid, low pyruvate b low lactic acid, elevated pyruvate € elevated lactic acid, low pyruvate elevated lactic acid, elevated pyruvate 25 What is the best method to diagnose lactase deficiency? a Hy breath test Bb plasma aldolase level © LDH level 4 Daxylose test Base Balance 26 The expected blood gas results fora patient in chronic renal failure would match the pattern of: ‘4 metabolic acidosis bb respiratory acidosis € metabolic alkalosis 4 respiratory alalosis 27 Severe diarrhea causes: metabolic acidosis b metabolic alkalosis € respiratory acidosis 4 respiratory alkalosis 78 The Board of Certification Study Guide2: Chemistry | Acid-Base Balance Questions 28 ‘The following blood gas results were obtained: pe 718 Fo, 86mm Hg PCOp: 80mm Hg Opsatuation 92% HCO 7921 mEg/L (21 mol) To03: 23 mEa/t (28 mein} [Link] “8.0 mEg/L.(-8.0 mmovl} ‘The patient's results are compatible with which of the following? 8 fever B uremia © emphysema a dehydration 29 Factors that contribute toa PCO, electrode requiring 60-120 seconds to reach equilibrium include the: ‘8 diffusion characteristics of the membrane b actual blood PO, € type of calibrating standard (i, liquid or humidified gas) 4 potential ofthe polarizing mercury cell 30. An emphysema patient suffering from fuid accumulation in the alveolar spaces is likely to be in what metabolic state? 1 respiratory acidosis b respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis 31 At blood pH 7.40, what is the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid? a isa b 201 © 251 4 303 32. The reference range for the pH of arterial blood measured at 37°C is: a 7.28-7.34 b 733-737 © 735-745 4745-750 33. A 68-year-old man arrives in the emergency room with a glucose level of 722 mg/dL. (39.7 mmol/L) and serum acetone of 4+ undiluted, An arterial blood gas from this patient is likely to be: low pH b high pH © low PO, a high PO? 34 Apatient is admitted to the emergency room in a state of metab the following would be consistent with this diagnosis? © high TCO, increased HCO, b low TCO, increased HCO, € high TCO», decreased H,COs d low TCO2, decreased HCO, alkalosis. Which of Clinical Laboratory Certification Examinations 792: Chemistry | Acid-Base Balance Questions 35 _ A person suspected of having metabolic alkalosis would have which of the following laboratory findings? 4 CO, content and PCO, elevated, pH decreased } CO) content decreased and pit elevated € CO; content, PCO and pH decreased 4 CO, content and pH elevated 36 Metabolic acidosis is described as a(n): 1a increase in CO content and PCO, with a decreased ptt decrease in CO; content with an increased pH ‘© increase in CO with an increased pH 4d. decrease in COz content and PCO with a decreased pH 37 Respiratory acidosis is described as a(n) fa increase in CO, content and PCO2 with a decreased pH Bb decrease in CO content with an increased pli € increase in CO content with an increased pH decrease in COp content and PCO» with a decreased pH 38 Acommon cause of respiratory alkalosis is: 2 vomiting starvation asthma 4 hyperventilation 39° Acidosis and alkalosis are best defined as fluctuations in blood pH! and CO2 content due to changes in: a Bohr effect b O;content ¢ bicarbonate buffer carbonic anhydrase 40. Ablood gas sample was sent to the lab on ice, and a bubble was present in the syringe, The blood had been exposed to room air for a least 30 minutes. The following change in blood gases will occur: ‘4 COp content increased/PCO2 decreased 1b CO3 content and PO? increased/pH increased € CO; content and PCO> decreased/pH decreased 4 PO3 increased/tCO3 decreased 41 The following laboratory results were obtained: Serum slectrolytes sodium 198 mEq/L (196 mmo) potassium: 4.4 meal (4.4 mmol} chloride 92 méq/t. 2 mmoi carbonate: 40 mEqyt (40 mmol.) ‘torial blood ok 132 POO: Tamm Hs ‘These results are most compatible with: respiratory alkalosis, respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis ‘metabolic acidosis aah 80 The Board of Certification Study Guide