Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy &

Radiative Transfer 65 (2000) 787}803

Conductive}radiative coupling in an absorbing}emitting

axisymmetric medium
V. Le Dez!,*, R. Vaillon", D. Lemonnier!, M. Lallemand!
!Laboratoire d+Etudes Thermiques, UMR 6608 CNRS-ENSMA, BP-109, 86960 Futuroscope Cedex, France
"Centre de Thermique de Lyon ESA CNRS 5008-Villeurbanne, France

Abstract

A modeling of simultaneous radiation}conduction in axisymmetric semi-transparent motionless bodies

(hereafter labeled stm) is proposed. The stm is an emitting}absorbing medium with gray spectral radiative
properties. Its interfaces are smooth with specular re#ection; they are assumed to be opaque or transparent.
The two-dimensional modeling is based on a double-grid representation: (i) a physical one corresponding to
curvilinear coordinates adapted to the stm body shape, in which the radiative source is calculated by means
of a ray-tracing technique and the formal solution of the radiative transfer equation (RTE), and (ii) an
abstract one with an orthogonal grid for which the enthalpy equation is solved by a "nite di!erences scheme.
The nonlinear discretized equations are solved iteratively by passing from one to the other representation.
Results are presented for the cases of a "nite length cylinder and a truncated paraboloid both "tted with
prescribed temperatures at the ending black cross sections, the lateral surface being opaque or transparent,
and subjected to an imposed uniform temperature. In the case of the cylinder, results are compared with
those obtained by a discrete ordinates method in curvilinear orthogonal coordinates. ( 2000 Elsevier
Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Conductive}radiative coupling; Axisymmetric medium; Semi-transparent motionless body

1. Introduction

The simultaneous conductive}radiative heat transfer in absorbing}emitting materials of multi-

dimensional geometries is of great interest in many practical processes when the radiative partici-
pation is of a determinant contribution, specially at high temperature for glass forming, optical and

* Corresponding author. Tel.: #33-549-418-100; fax: #33-549-418-101.

E-mail address: ledez@[Link] (V. Le Dez)

0022-4073/00/$ - see front matter ( 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 2 2 - 4 0 7 3 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 1 1 2 - 0
788 V. Le Dez et al. / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 65 (2000) 787}803

textile "ber processing. However, mathematical di$culties arise when solving the radiative prob-
lem for general situations in which a semi-transparent motionless body (stm) is thermally particip-
ating. Pure radiation transfer in a cylindrical stm have been primarily approached by Kesten [1]
and Dua and Cheng [2] by exact calculation for quite simple thermal con"gurations. More general
radiative situations have been treated approximately by Menguc and Viskanta [3,4] by using the
PN method applied to "nite cylinder enclosures and by Fiveland [5] and Truelove [6] by means of
the discrete ordinates approximation. An exact numerical solution has been found by Selcuk and
Tahiroglu [7]. Independent numerical experiments by the Monte Carlo method have also been
performed by Steward and Cannon [8]. So far, solutions for the radiative}conductive/convective
coupling problem have been solved approximately by numerical methods. The SN method was
adopted by El Wakil and Sacadura [9] to assess the radiative source term in the radi-
ative}convective heat transfer problem in closed square enclosures. The same method was used by
Li and Ozisik [10] and later by Bouguerra and Lemonnier [11] to predict heat transfer enhance-
ment in annular enclosures. Vaillon and Lallemand [12] applied the SN technique in curvilinear
orthogonal coordinates, which produces good results, compared to those obtained by the "nite
volumes method in unstructured meshes [13,14]. Both PN and SN methods are e$cient for
semi-transparent bodies of simple purely di!use re#ector shapes, but are not well suited for the
general axisymmetric case bounded with purely specular re#ector shapes.
We have already proposed the use of a ray-tracing technique in order to carry out a mapping of
the emissivity of axisymmetric stm bodies "tted with semi-transparent lateral boundaries [15]. This
technique was also considered for a combined conductive}radiative problem in an axisymmetric
geometry [16]. The main advantages are: (i) it avoids multidimensional numerical solutions of the
RTE, since with the ray-tracing method, the radiative problem is worked out in a completely exact
way in the one-dimensional geometry of the ray, (ii) it allows one to handle radiation intensity "elds
and temperature distributions in separated and quite independent grid systems, (iii) it allows one
to express in a simple way the local radiative source needed in the conductive problem in terms
of the 2D temperature "eld, and (iv) it accounts for the multi-re#ections on the lateral surface in a
natural way.
The purpose of this paper is an investigation of the conductive}radiative heat transfer
coupling in an absorbing}emitting medium by the ray-tracing technique, in a general axi-
symmetric stm body shape, for which cross sections are black and subjected to prescribed
temperatures.
The discretized two-dimensional equation of the thermal problem is presented in Sections 2
and 3, the local radiative source term is expressed in Sections 4 and 5 in the case of maximum of
generality, by taking into account the emission and the absorption of radiation as well as
multi-re#ections on the opaque or transparent lateral boundary. Results of the applied method are
discussed in Section 7 for the case of the "nite stm cylinder and the truncated paraboloid.

2. The double-grid representation

The two-dimensional modeling of the conductive}radiative coupling in axisymmetric stm bodies

is based on a double-grid representation of the heat transfer phenomena. One is used as the
representation of the distance radiative e!ects, and the other one concerns the heat transfer by
 V. Le Dez et al. / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 65 (2000) 787}803 789

proximity and is useful in order to treat the conductive e!ect. Accordingly, one has to consider (i) a
radiative scheme supported by the exact shape of the body in which the ray-tracing technique
allows exactly the assessment of the directional monochromatic intensity of the radiation "eld
when the two-dimensional temperature distribution is assumed to be known in the medium.
Moreover, the regular re#ections on the interface are represented naturally, and (ii) a conductive
scheme, supported by an orthogonal grid which permits the resolution of the enthalpy equation in
terms of a "nite di!erence scheme, in which is introduced the speci"c local radiative source term
calculated by means of the "rst representation. The coupling of the two heat transfer modes is
undertaken using an iterative procedure which goes between the two representations and ex-
changes the informations found in each description.
The considered physical system is an absorbing}emitting homogenous medium in which the
spectral properties are spectrally independent. The geometry of the stm is a "nite truncated
axisymmetric body with plane parallel ending black cross sections. Its lateral surface is assumed to
be smooth, specularly opaque or transparent re#ector. All physical surfaces are subjected to
prescribed temperatures. A two-dimensional grid is generated by cutting out perpendicularily to
the z-axis of symmetry, the physical body of length ¸ in N slices of thickness *z"¸/(N#1), and
by cutting out radially each slice along M curvature lines forming NM rings of largest
*r(z)"R(z)/M , where R(z) is the equation of the lateral surface.
In this grid, any optical phenomenon is easy to handle, but is not suitable for the representation
of the conductive problem by a "nite di!erence scheme. In order to retrieve an orthogonal grid, the
physical space of coordinates (r, z) is transformed into an abstract space of coordinates (r6 , z6 ) which
conserves the mesh number and the local temperature

¹M (r6 , z6 )"¹(r, z), (1)

with the one-to-one transformation [17] (see Fig. 1)

r z
r6 " for 04r6 41, z6 " for 04z6 41. (2)
R(z) ¸

Fig. 1. One-to-one transformation between the physical space and the computational one.
790 V. Le Dez et al. / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 65 (2000) 787}803

3. The discretized energy equation

At steady state, the combined conductive}radiative problem is to solve the heat equation
div(q6 #q6 )"0, (3)
3 #
where q6 and q6 are the heat #ux density of radiation and conduction, respectively. Let us write
3 #
div q6
SM " 3, (4)
k
#
where k is the thermal conductivity. SM (r6 , z6 )"S(r, z) is the local radiative heat source density. In the
#
presence of a radiative source, the heat-transfer equation in the abstract domain becomes
1 L2¹M 1#r6 2R@ 2 L2¹M 2r6 R@ L2¹M 1#r6 2(2R@ 2!RRA) L¹M
# ! # !SM (r6 , z6 )"0, (5)
¸2 Lz6 2 R2 Lr6 2 R¸ Lr6 Lz6 r6 R2 Lr6
where we have set
dR(z) d2R(z)
R@" , RA" . (6)
dz dz2
In particular, when R(z) is a constant equal to R , one retrieves the equations for cylindrical
0
geometry;
1 L2¹M 1 L2¹M 1 L¹M
# # !SM (r6 , z6 )"0. (7)
¸2 Lz6 2 R2 Lr6 2 r6 R2 Lr6
0 0
By using a "nite di!erence scheme adapted to the abstract working space, the heat equation
becomes
r6 R@ 1 r6 R@
! j i ¹ # ¹ # j i ¹
2¸R *r6 *z6 i~1,j~1 ¸2*z6 2 i~1,j 2¸R *r6 *z6 i~1,j`1
i i

C D A B
1#r6 2R@ 2 1#r6 2(2R@ 2!R RA) 1 1#r6 ~2R@ 2
# j i ! j i i i ¹ !2 # j i ¹
R2*r6 2 2R2r6 *r6 i,j~1 ¸2*z~2 R2*r6 2 ij
i i j i

C D
1#r6 2R@ 2 1#r6 2(2R@ 2!R RA) r6 R@
# j i ! j i i i ¹ # j i ¹
R2*r6 2 2R2r6 *r6 i,j`1 2¸R *r6 *z6 i`1,j~1
i i j i
1 r6 R@
# ¹ ! j i ¹ !S "0 (8)
¸2*z~2 i`1,j 2¸R *r6 *z6 i`1,j`1 ij
i
with
j!1
r6 "( j!1)*r6 " ,
j M (9)
1
*z6 " .
N#1
S is the radiative source term at mesh indices (i, j).
ij
 V. Le Dez et al. / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 65 (2000) 787}803 791

Eq. (5) is valid for all internal nodes (i, j) and can then be recast in physical variables according to
Eqs. (1) and (2):
( j!1)R@ 1 ( j!1)R@
! i¹ # ¹ # i¹
2R *z i~1,j~1 *z2 i~1,j 2R *z i~1,j`1
i i

C D
(2j!3)M2#( j!1)2[2( j!2)R@ 2#R RA] 1 M2#( j!1)2R@ 2
# i i i ¹ !2 # i ¹
2( j!1)R2 i,j~1 *z2 R2 ij
i i
(2j!1)M2#( j!1)2(2jR@ 2!R RA) ( j!1)R@
# i i i ¹ # i¹
2( j!1)R2 i,j`1 2R *z i`1,j~1
i i
1 ( j!1)R@
# ¹ ! i¹ !S "0 (10)
*z2 i`1,j 2R *z i`1,j`1 ij
i
with
¸
*z" . (11)
N#1
Special attention has to be paid to the following peculiar nodes (1,1), (1, M), (N,1), (N, M) so also to
r6 "0 for nodes (i, 1) with 24i4N!1,
z6 "0 for nodes (1, j) with 24j4M!1,
r6 "1 for nodes (i, M) with 24i4N!1,
z6 "1 for nodes (N, j) with 24j4M!1,

4. The radiative source term

In an absorbing}emitting medium, the monochromatic directional intensity of radiation is

governed by the RTE which can be written along the curvilinear coordinate s [18,19] as
d¸
j #i ¸ "n2i ¸0[¹(s)], (12)
ds j j j j j
where i is the monochromatic absorption coe$cient (m~1), n is the refraction index of the
j j
medium, ¸0[¹(s)] is the Planck function at local temperature ¹(s) and ¸ is the monochromatic
j j
intensity to be found. Let
q "i s (13)
j j
be the optical depth along a path; then the RTE becomes
d¸
j #¸ "n2¸0[¹(s)]. (14)
dq j j j
j
The radiative heat source entering the energy equation (10) can be written as the di!erence
between the energy emitted per unit volume and the absorbed energy in that volume incoming
792 V. Le Dez et al. / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 65 (2000) 787}803

from the entire space [19]. Thus, the divergence of the radiative #ux is given by

P G P H
`=
div q (s)" i 4pn2¸0[¹(s)]! ¸ (q ,)) d) dj. (15)
3 j j j j j
j/0 )/4p
If the medium may be considered as gray, Eq. (15) yields

C P D
1
div q (s)"4pin2 ¹4(s)! ¸(q,)) d) (16)
3 4pn2
)/4p
with p being the Stephan}Boltzmann constant.
Under these conditions, the discretized form of the source at the mesh point (i, j) becomes
4ipn2
S " (¹4 !Z ), (17)
ij k ij ij
where

P
1
Z " ¸ij(q, )) d) (18)
ij 4pn2
)/4p
with ¸ij(q, )) being the local value at point (i, j) of the incoming intensity in the direction ) which
depends on the whole temperature "eld ¹. ¸ij(q, )) is the solution of the RTE (14).
The numerical calculation of the integral is obtained by approximating it by a quadrature of
discrete directions ) (u , m ) associated with speci"c weights (u , u@ ),
pq p q p q
1 P Q
Z " + + u u@ ¸ij(u , m )sin m . (19)
ij 4pn2 p q p q q
p/1 q/1
The following section will be devoted to the calculation of ¸ij(q, )) for a given direction
) (u ,m ) belonging to the chosen quadrature (Gaussian in our case).
pq p q

5. The intensity assessment by the ray-tracing technique in an stm

The solution of the RTE is simple when integrated in the curvilinear coordinate q following the
optical path of a beam. It yields the spatial evolution of the intensity ¸(r, z, u, m) when the beam is
launched from a point (r, z) in a given direction ) determined by the polar angles (u, m) (see Fig. 2).
The ray-tracing technique is well adapted to solve the RTE in an stm bounded by smooth
surfaces, and it has been explained in detail in Ref. [15] for axisymmetric bodies. The "xed aim of
this method when applied to an stm is to assess directional spectral intensities into the body
whatever the optical path of the beam is. It is developed at the geometric optics approximation and
follows the laws of re#ection and the Snell}Descartes law of refraction.
A given beam launched from an observation point, say P(r, h, z), reaching a point O situated on
0
one of the two ending cross sections, undergoes a complex geometrical trajectory made up of
the superposition of a "nite number of partial paths PO , O O , ,O O , ,O O
m m m~1 2 k`1 k 2 1 0
(k"1,2, m!1), where m is the number of re#ections on the lateral surface.
Because of the axisymmetry of the body and of the boundary conditions, the radiative problem is
independent on the polar angle h of point P in the absolute frame (x, y, z). At any cross section
 V. Le Dez et al. / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 65 (2000) 787}803 793

Fig. 2. Beam launched in the direction )(u, m) from point P(r, z) and one re#ection on the lateral surface at point O .
1

situated at the abscissa z, a given point P(r, z) in the physical domain receives an impinged radiation
of intensity ¸(r, z, u, m) in the direction )(u, m).
Two cases have to be considered:
f m3[0,p/2]: `ascending pointsa, that is, all points belonging to the trajectory are above point P,
f m3]p/2,p]: `descending pointsa or `descending and ascending pointsa; because of the lateral
surface curvature, there may exist some points which are located under P at the beginning of
their trajectory, then at a given point it may become an ascending trajectory towards the upper
cross section.
Here, we only examine the case m3[0, p/2], with black ending cross sections, the lateral surface
being specularly re#ecting (the case m3]p/2,p] with same conditions on the surfaces can be treated
in a similar way).
If m4p/2, that is, for radiation coming from the superior half-space, all the rays arriving at
P undergo specular re#ections (in "nite number) on the lateral surface and are located in the upper
half-space. Let O be the "rst impact point on the lateral surface of the beam starting from P and
m
going towards O , the point located on the upper boundary surface. Di!erent situations occur
0
depending on the number of re#ections m:
f for m"0, that means there is no point on the lateral surface, the solution of the RTE is

P
¸(P, u, m) p q0
"¸(O )e~q0# ¹4(q)e~q dq, (20)
n2 0 p
q/0
where
q0"iPO (21)
0
and ¸(O ) is the intensity on the boundary containing O .
0 0
794 V. Le Dez et al. / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 65 (2000) 787}803

Let X be the unit vector along the beam PO ; then one has
0

A B
sin m cos u
!X" sin m sin u . (22)
cos m
For any point M located on PO , PM"!sX"!(q/i)X and point M is such as
0
X "X !sX: (23)
M P
thus,

S
q2 q
r " r2# sin2 m#2r sin m cos u,
M i2 i
(24)
q
z "z# cos m.
M i
At point M of corresponding temperature ¹(r , z ), hereafter denoted as [¹(r , z )](P), from
M M M M
Eq. (24) one deduces
¸!z
q0"i : (25)
cos m
hence,

P
¸(P,u,m) q0
p "¹4e~q0# ¹4(r , z )(P)e~q dq, (26)
pn2 S M M
q/0
where ¹ is the absolute temperature of the upper cross section.
S
Case m"1 (one reyection on the lateral surface). The distance s between P and O is such that
1 1
PO "!s X. (27)
1 1
If O belongs to the lateral surface of the body, whose equation is z"z f( r/R ), with R and
1 0 0 0
z being two "xed constants, and f being a continuous real function, the coordinates of the impact
0
point are given by an equation such as (24), and have to satisfy the condition

A B
Jr2#s2 sin2 m#2rs sin m cos u
z#s cos m"z f 1 1 . (28)
1 0 R
0
If this equation has no solution, this means that point O is located on the upper boundary
1
surface, and s "(¸!z)/cos m.
1
Now, we suppose that there exists a solution s . Let n@ be the internal normal unit vector at
1 1
point O on the lateral surface; one has
1

A B
!a cos h
11 1
n@ " !a sin h , (29)
1 J1#a2 1 1
1 1
 V. Le Dez et al. / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 65 (2000) 787}803 795

with a "(z /R )(df/dr)(r /R ) and h being the polar angle of point O , the coordinates of point
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
O being deduced from the relation X 1 "X !s X, with s obtained by Eq. (28).
1 O P 1 1
The beam in direction X is re#ected on the lateral surface at O according to an angle
1
# between vectors X and n@ ; we get
1 1
cos # "!X n@ . (30)
1 1
The ray of director unit vector u is re#ected according to the law
1
u "X#2 cos # n@ . (31)
1 1 1
In the local frame (O , n@ , t , t ) associated with point O where t and t form an orthonormal
1 1 1 2 1 1 2
base of the tangent plane at the surface in O , one has
1

A B
cos #
1
u(1)" p (32)
1 1
q
1
with the condition: cos2 # #p2 #q2 "1.
1 1 1
The correspondence between X in the absolute frame (O , x, y, z) and X(1) in the previous local
1
frame is ensured by the relationship
X(1)"M~1X, (33)
1
where M is the matrix of passage between the two representations, given by
1

A B
a cos h cos h
! 1 1 !sin h ! 1
J1#a2 1 J1#a2
1 1
a sin h sin h
M " ! 1 1 cos h 1 . (34)
1 J1#a2 1 J1#a2
1 1
1 a
0 ! 1
J1#a2 J1#a2
1 1
Thus, by Eq. (33)

A B A B A B
cos # sin m cos u cos #
1 1
p "M~1 sin m sin u #2 0 (35)
1 1
q cos m 0
1
from which the three unknown quantities # , p and q can be obtained as follows:
1 1 1
a sin m cos(h !u)!cos m
cos # " 1 1 ,
1 J1#a2
1
p "!sin m sin (h !u), (36)
1 1
a cos m#sin m cos (h !u)
q "! 1 1 .
1 J1#a2
1
796 V. Le Dez et al. / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 65 (2000) 787}803

The following step consists in determining the geometrical characteristics of the next impact
point O , located on the upper boundary surface, after the "rst re#ection. In the local frame
0
associated with O , one has
1

A B
cos #
1
O O(1)"s p (37)
0 1 0 1
q
1
and in the absolute frame, O O "M O O(1).
0 1 1 0 1
Thus, since O is on the upper ending surface, s satis"es
0 0
(¸!z )J1#a2
s " 1 1. (38)
0 cos # !a q
1 1 1
Any point M of curvilinear coordinate s belonging to the ray O O , is given by
1 0
X "X 1 #su , and its coordinates in the absolute frame are
M O 1

S C D
(cos # !a q )2 q2 2r q(a cos # #q )
r " r2 # 1! 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 .
M 1 1#a2 i2 iJ1#a2
1 1 (39)
q cos # !a q
z "z # 1 1 1.
M 1 i J1#a2
1
which allows one to have the temperature at point M with respect to O , hereafter denoted as
1
[¹(r , z )](O1 ).
M M
Then one has
¸(r, z, u, m) (0) (1) (1)
p "o e~*q0 `q0 +¹4#d(1!o )e~q0 ¹4
pn2 1 S 1 L

P P
(1) (0)
q0 0(1) q0
# ¹4(r , z )(p)e~q dq#o e~q ¹4(r , z )O1 e~q dq, (40)
M M 1 M M
q/0 q/0
where ¹ is the temperature of the lateral surface, d"0 if the lateral surface is transparent, and
L
d"1 if the lateral surface is opaque. o is the re#ection factor at point O .
1 1
Case m'1 (m reyections on the lateral surface). The incoming intensity at point P in the direction
X(u, m), when the number of re#ections on the lateral surface is m'1, is the total contribution due
to all radiative processes which occur along the geometrical path O P"O , O , O ,2, O , P,
0 0 1 2 m
starting from the upper boundary surface at temperature ¹ and arriving at P after running over
S
the various segments O O ,2, O O , , O P, will be written as
0 1 k k`1 2 m

G A B H
¸(r, z, u, m) m~1 k~1 + k 0(m~j)
[e~ j/0 q ]#(1!o )e~q0 ¹4
(m)
p "d + (1!o ) < o
pn2 m~k m~j m L
k/1 j/0

A B P
(m)
m + m 0(m~j) q0
# < o [e~ j/0 q ]¹4# ¹4(r , z )(P)e~q dq
j S M M
j/1 q/0
 V. Le Dez et al. / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 65 (2000) 787}803 797

A B P
(m~k)
m k~1 + k~1 0(m~j) q0
# + < o [e~ j/0 q ] ¹4(r , z )(Om~k`1 )e~q dq. (41)
m~j M M
k/1 j/0 q/0
The term in curly bracket corresponds to the emission of the lateral surface at temperature ¹ ,
L
the second term is the contribution from the upper plane boundary surface at temperature ¹ , the
S
third one is associated with the emission of the ending segment O P, and the last term is the sum of
m
the contributions of each segment O O (k"0,2, m!1) on the path O O .
k k`1 0 m
The temperatures ¹4(r , z )(Om~k`1 ) are evaluated at any point M located on the segment
M M
O O whose coordinates are given by Eq. (39) after replacing index (1) by (m!k#1), and
m~k`1 m~k
for temperatures ¹4(r , z )(P) evaluated on the segment O P.
M M m
If m'p/2, that is, for radiation coming from either the lower half-space (in the case of the
cylinder, radiation comes only from the lower half-space), or the upper one associated with
simultaneous descending and ascending points (because of the surface curvature), the same
procedure is performed to obtain ¸(r, z, u, m).
Once the geometric description is performed and the various incoming directional intensities are
carried out for the discrete set of chosen directions, the incident energy at any point P of the
physical domain can be calculated using Eq. (19).

6. Numerical procedure

The two-dimensional discretized heat-transfer equation, Eq. (10), has the particularity, when the
source term S given by Eq. (16) is introduced in it, (i) to be dependant on all the temperatures at
ij
the mesh points surrounding the considered node (i, j), (ii) to contain a nonlinear term in ¹4 , and
ij
(iii) that the incident radiative term is a function of the entire two-dimensional temperature-"eld.
In order to solve the discretized energy equation (10), the following double iterative procedure, with
label ¸ for the temperatures, is performed:
f the nonlinear term is replaced by
¹4(L)"4¹3(L~1)¹(L)!3¹4(L~1), (42)
ij ij ij ij
f the local temperatures at a given running point M necessary to estimate the radiative intensity
"eld (Eq. (41)) are obtained by means of two linear interpolations between the mesh points
results,
f the unknown temperatures are determined by an ADI resolution technique for a "xed index i
(or j) associated with the Thomas' algorithm. Once an estimation of the temperature "eld is
obtained, it is used to compute the intensity "eld which gives another temperature "eld, the
procedure being repeated up to convergence.

7. Results

We present results obtained for a gray truncated cylinder and a gray truncated paraboloid both
subjected to prescribed temperatures on the boundary surfaces. The following computational
798 V. Le Dez et al. / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 65 (2000) 787}803

Fig. 3. (a) Temperature "eld in the cylinder; all surfaces are black (i"10 m~1) (ray-tracing method). (b) Temperature
"eld in the cylinder; all surfaces are black (i"10 m~1) (discrete ordinates method).

results were obtained with typical grids of N"25]M"25 meshes, and the calculation of the
radiative source was carried out with 800 discrete angular directions in each hemisphere, with
a 20-point Gauss quadrature.
Figs. 3a,b and 4a,b show the temperature "elds obtained by the ray-tracing method and the
discrete ordinates method [12], in a gray cylinder at radiative equilibrium, of length ¸"0.1 m and
radius R"0.05 m, when the lateral surface is black. The prescribed temperatures on the di!erent
boundaries are the following:
f ¹"2000 K on the upper ending section,
f ¹"1000 K on the lower ending section,
f ¹"1500 K on the lateral surface.
The absorption coe$cient is i"10 and 100 m~1. One observes well-known temperature discon-
tinuities between the medium and the boundary surfaces, important when the absorption coe$c-
ient is low, smothered when it becomes higher. Results obtained by the two methods are quite
 V. Le Dez et al. / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 65 (2000) 787}803 799

Fig. 4. (a) Temperature "eld in the cylinder; all surfaces are black (i"100 m~1) (ray tracing method). (b) Temperature
"eld in the cylinder; all surfaces are black (i"100 m~1) (discrete ordinates method).

similar, especially for high absorption, although signi"cant di!erences exist for low absorption in
the cold areas inside the medium; these di!erences may be explained by using a discretization
scheme for the directional intensities calculation in the discrete ordinates method, while the
intensities are exactly computed in the ray-tracing technique.
Figs. 5}7 show the temperatures and radiative sources for a nonscattering gray paraboloid in
a situation of conductive}radiative coupling, of length ¸"0.02 m, whose equation is
R(z)"0.1225Jz (in m), when the lateral surface is transparent, for three di!erent absorption
coe$cients (i"10, 100 and 1000 m~1), with a thermal conductivity k "1 W m~1 K~1. Temper-
#
atures on the boundary surfaces are the same as for the cylinder. We may notice that the
thermal behaviour is quite di!erent when the absorption coe$cient is increased: when it is low,
the temperature "eld is regular, relatively similar to the one that would be obtained for a
truncated cylinder; when it becomes higher, there is a temperature-pro"le inversion inside
the medium, and the source "elds, have singular behaviours, especially for very strong
absorptions.
800 V. Le Dez et al. / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 65 (2000) 787}803

Fig. 5. Temperature and radiative source "elds in the paraboloid (i"10 m~1).

Fig. 6. Temperature and radiative source "elds in the paraboloid (i"100 m~1).

Fig. 7. Temperature and radiative source "elds in the paraboloid (i"1000 m~1).

The apparent directional emissivity maps for the same paraboloid are presented at two di!erent
positions on the lateral surface (z"0.1 and 0.9 L) in Figs. 8a,b, 9a,b, and 10a,b: when the
absorption is low, the emissivity diagram is characteristic of isothermal apparent emissivities
emerging from a paraboloid [15], and remains practically constant as the location point moves on
 V. Le Dez et al. / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 65 (2000) 787}803 801

Fig. 8. (a) Emissivity diagram at z"0.1 L (i"10 m~1): e "0.477. (b) Emissivity diagram at z"0.9 L
/03.!-
(i"10 m~1): e "0.529.
/03.!-

Fig. 9. (a) Emissivity diagram at z"0.1 L (i"100 m~1): e "0.480. (b) Emissivity diagram at z"0.9
/03.!-
L (i"100 m~1): e "0.539.
/03.!-

the lateral surface, from a morphological point of view; however, the values of the equivalent
emissivities increase when the location point is near the ending upper black surface; when the
absorption becomes higher, the emissivity diagrams tend to be quite similar to those obtained for
a medium con"ned between two in"nite parallel planes, since neither the absorption nor the
geometrical e!ects are predominant.

8. Concluding remarks

We would like to point out that the ray-tracing method is able to provide an exact solution of the
incoming spectral intensity at a given point for a given direction when the temperature "eld is
802 V. Le Dez et al. / Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 65 (2000) 787}803

Fig. 10. (a) Emissivity diagram at z"0.1 L (i"1000 m~1): e "0.512, e "0.539. (b) Emissivity diagram at
/03.!- .!9
z"0.9 L (i"1000 m~1): e "0.512, e "0.539.
/03.!- .!9

known, for an absorbing}emitting stm, when multi-re#ections on the lateral surface are taken into
account. The choice of the discrete directions is totally free and we emphasise that the physical and
computational grids can be handled separately, rendering the method very e$cient for complex
axisymmetric geometries.

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