Chapter 4 Design of Tension Members

4-21. Select a single-angle tension member to resist the service loads Pd = 70k and Pl = 90 k. The member
is to be 20 ft long and is to be connected in the longer leg with one line of four 7/8-in. bolts 4 in an
center. Assume that Fy = 42 ksi and Fx = 60 ksi. Neglect block shear.
Solution:

For LRFD
Pu = (1.2) (70) + (1.6) (90) = 228k

For ASD
Pu = 70 + 90 = 190k

(a) Minimum Ag = Pu / Φt Fy = 228 / (.90) (42) = 6.03 sq.in.

(b) Assume u = 0.80 (Case 8 AISC Table D3.1)

Minimum Ag = Pu / Φt Full + Estimated area of one bolt hole
= 228 / (0.75) ( 60) (0.80) + (1) (7/8 + 1/8) (angle t)
= 6.33 sq.in. + 1.0t

(c) Preferable min t = (12 x 20) / 300 = 0.80 in.

Angle t (in.) Area of one 1-in bolt Gross area read = Lightest angle available its area
hole (sq.in.) larger of Pu/Φt Fy (sq.in.) and its least radius of gyration
or Pu/ Φt FuU plus (in.)
estimated hole area
(sq.in.)
½ 0.500 6.83 1 L 8 x 8 x ½ ( A =7.75, Rg = 1.59)
9/16 0.56 6.89 1 L 8 x 6 x 9/16 (A = 7.56, Rg = 1.30)
5/8 0.625 6.95 1 L 8 x 4 x 5/8 (A = 7.11, Rg = 0.856)
¾ 0.750 7.08 1 L 0.4 x ¾ (A = 7.69, Rg = 0.856)
7/8 0.875 7.20 1 L 5 x 5 7/8 (A = 7.69, Rg = 0.971)
1 L 6 x 4 7/8 (A = 7.69, Rg = 0.854)

Try 1L 8 x 4 5/8 (A = 7.11 sq.in. Rg = 0.856 (answer

4-23. A tension member is to consist of four equal leg angles, arranged as shown in the accompanying
illustrations to support the service loads Pd = 180 k and Pl = 320 k. The member is assumed to be
24 ft long and is to have one line of three ¾ in bolts in each leg. Design the member with 50 ksi
steel, Fu = 65 ksi, and including the necessary tie plate. Neglect block shear.

Solution:

For LRFD
Pu = (1.2) (180) + (1.6) (320) = 728k
For ASD
Pu = 180 + 320 = 190k

(a) Minimum Ag = Pu / Φt Fy = 728 / (.90) (50) = 16.18 sq.in.

(b) As all legs are connected U = 1.0

Minimum Ag = Pu / Φt Full + Estimated area of holes assuming angle t = ½ in.

= 728 / (0.75) ( 60) (1.0) + (8) (7/8 + 1/8) (1/2)
= 18.43 sq.in.

(c) Preferable min Rg = (12 x 24) / 300 = 0.96 in.

Angle t (in) Area of 8 7/8 in. Ag read (sq.in.) Angles

holes (sq.in.)
7/16 3.06 17.99 4 LS 6 x 6 7/16 (5.06 sq.in. each)
½ 3.50 18.43 4 LS 5 x 5 x ½ (4.75 sq.in. each)
9/16 3.94 18.87 4 LS 6 x 6 x 9/16 (6.45 sq.in. each)
5/8 4.38 19.31 4 LS 5 x 5 5/8 (5.86 sq.in. each)

Try 4 LS 5 x 5 x ½ (A = 4 x 4.75 = 19.0 sq.in.)

Checking:
(a) Pm = (50)(19.0) = 950k

For LRFD
Φt = 0.90
Φt Pm = (0.90) (950)
Φt Pm = 855 k > 728 k

For ASD
Ώt = 1.67
Pm / Ώt = 950 / 1.67
Pm / Ώt = 568.9 k > 500k

(b) U = 1.0
Pm = FuAe = (65)[19.00-(8)(3/4+1/8)(1/2)] = 1007.5

For LRFD
Φt = 0.75
Φt Pm = (0.75) (1007.5)
Φt Pm = 755.6 k > 728 k

For ASD
Ώt = 2.0
Pm / Ώt = 1007.5 / 2.0
Pm / Ώt = 503.7 k > 500k
 Design of tie plates:
Distance between bolt lines = 18-(2)(3) = 12 in.
Minimum length of PLs = (2/3) (12) = 8 in.
Minimum width of PLs = 12 + (2) (1 ½) = 15 in.
Minimum thickness of PLs = (1/50) (12) = 0.24 in. Say ¼ in.
Minimum preference of tie plates
Rg of 1L = 0.980 in.
12 / 0.980 = 300
L = 24.5 ft.

For both LRFD and ASD use 4Ls 5 x 5 x ½ with ¼ x 12 x 1ft 3 in. ties PLs at center line of span

4-25. Select a standard treaded rod to resist service loads Pd = 15k and Pl = 18k, and Pl = 12k, using A36
steel.
Solution:
For LRFD
Pu = (1.2) (15) + (1.6) (18) = 46.8 k

For ASD
Pa = 15 + 18 = 33 k

Ad = Pu / Φ 0.75Fu = 46.8 / (0.75) (0.75) (58) = 1.434 sq.in.

Try 1 3/8 in. diameter rod from AISC Table 7-18 using the gross area of the rod (1.49 sq.in.)
Rm = 0.75 FuAd = (0.75) (58)(1.49) = 64.8 k

For LRFD
ΦRm = (0.75) (64.8) = 48.6 k > 746.8 k (ok)

For ASD
Rm / Ώ = 64.8 / 2.00 = 32.4 k approximately equal to 33k (ok)

Use 1 3/8 diameter rod with 6 threads per inch for both LRFD and ASD (answer)
 Chapter 5 Introduction to Axially Loaded Compression Members
5-4. Determine the critical buckling load for each of the columns, using the euler equation. E = 29 x
10^psi. Proportional limit = 36,000 psi. Assume simple ends and maximum permissible L/r =
200. The 2 C12 x 30s shown for L = 36 ft 0in.

Solution:

Using 2C12x30 section (For one C A = 8.81 sq.in., Ix = 162 sq.in., Iy = 5.12 sq.in., x bar =
0.674 in.

Ag = (2) (8.81) = 17.62 sq.in.

Ix = (2) (162) = 324 in.^4
Iy = (2) [5.12 + (8.81) (6.826) ^2] = 831.2 in.^4
Rgx = 324 / 17.62 = 4.29 in.
l/r = (12) (36) / 4.29 = 100.70
Fe = 𝜋^2 E / (l / r)^2 = 𝜋^2 (29 x 10^3) / (100.70)^2 = 28.23 ksi
Pcr = (28.23) (17.62) = 497.4 k (answer)

5-11. A W12 x 106 with ¾ x 16-in cover plate bolted to each flange is to be used for a column with KL
= 18 ft.

Solution:
 Using a W12 x 106 (A = 31.12 sq.in., d = 12.19 in., Ix = 933 in ^4, Iy = 301 in^4) plus ¾ x16
each flange.
Ag = 31.2 + (2)(3/4 x 16) = 55.2 sq.in.
Ix = 933 + (2) (3/4 x 16) ( 6.825)^2 = 2051 in.^2
Iy = 301 + (2) (1/2 x ¾ x 16^3) = 813 in. ^4
√813
Rgy = 55.2 = 3.83 in.
kl / r = (12) (18) / 3.84 = 56.25
ΦFcr = 35.725 ksi
Fcr / Ώc = 23.75 ksi (from AISC 4-22)

For LRFD
ΦcPm = (35.725) (55.2) = 1972 k (answer)

For ASD
Pm / Ώc = 23.75 / 55.2 = 1131 k (answer)

5-13 (a).

Solution:

A = (4) (11.0) = 44.0 sq.in.

Ix = Iy = 4[35.4 + (11.0) (8.14)^2 ] = 3057 in.^4
√3057
Rgx = Rgy = 44.0 = 8.34 in.
(kl / r)x = (kl / r)y = (12) (22) / 8.34 = 31.65
Reffering to AISC Table 4 – 22

For LRFD
ΦcFcr = 41.84 ksi
ΦcPm = 41.84 (41.40) = 1841 k (answer)

For ASD
Fcr / Ώc = 27.84 ksi
 Fcr / Ώc = 27.84 (44.0) = 1225 k (answer)
5-15 (b).

A = (3/4) (12) + (4) (7.11) = 37.44 in^2

Ix = (1/12) (3/4) (12)^3 + 4 [8.11 + (7.11) (5.098) ^2] = 879.6 in.^4
Iy = (1/12) (12) (3/4)^3 + (4) [47.0 + (7.11) (3.265)^2] = 491.6 in.^4
√491.6
Ry = 37.44 = 3.62 in.
(kl/r)y = (2.1) (12 x 28) / 3.62 = 194.92

Reffering to AISC Table 4-22

For LRFD
ΦcFcr = 5.94 ksi
ΦcPm = 5.94 (37.44) = 222.4 k (answer)

For ASD
Fcr / Ώc = 3.95 ksi
Fcr / Ώc = 3.95 (37.44) = 147.9 k (answer)

5-19. Compute the maximum total service live load moment that can be applied to the A572, Grade 50
section shown if KxLx = 16ft and KyLy = 11ft. Assume that the service load is 30 percent dead
and 70 percent live. Solve by both LRFD and ASD methods.
Solution:

A = (1) (14) + (1) (12) = 26 sq. in.

y = (14) (0.5) + (12) (7) / 26 = 3.5 in.
Ix = (1/12) (14) (1)^3 + (1 x 14) (3.0)^2 + (1/12) (1) (12)^3 + (12)(3.5)^2 = 418.2 in.^2
Iy = (1/12) (1) (14)^3 + (1/12) (12) (1)^3 = 229.7 in^4
√418.2
Rx = 26
= 4.01 in.
√229.7
Ry = = 2.97 in.
26
(kL/r)x = (12) (16) / 4.01 = 47.88
(kL/r)y = (12) (11) / 2.97 = 44.44

Reffering to AISC Table 4-22

For LRFD
ΦcFcr = 38.04 ksi
ΦcPm = 38.04 (26) = 989.04 k
(1.2) (3/7 L) + 1.6L = 989.04
L = 466.8 k (answer)

For ASD
Fcr / Ώc = 25.32 ksi
Fcr / Ώc = 25.32(26) = 653.8 k
3/7L + L = 658.3
L = 460.8 k (answer)
 Chapter 6 Design of Axially Loaded Compression Members
6-15. A W14 section of 50 ksi steel is to be selected to support the axial compressive loads Pd = 400 k
and Pl = 275 k. The member, which is to be 24 ft long, is to be fixed top and bottom and is to be
fixed top and bottom and is to have lateral support at its one-third points, perpendicular to the y
axis (pinned).

Solution:

For LRFD:
Pu = (1.2) (400) + (1.6) (275) = 920 k
Assume kl / r = 40
ΦcFcr = 40 ksi
A Required = 920 / 40 = 23 sq.in
Try W14 x 82 (A = 24.0 sq.in.
Rgx = 6.05 in, Rgy = 2.48 in.
(KL / r)x = (12) (15.6) / 6.05 = 30.94
(KL / r)y = (12) (8) / 2.48 = 38.71
ΦcFcr = 40.36 ksi
ΦcPm = (40.36) (24.0) = 968.6 k > 920k
Use W14 x 82 (Subsequent check of W14 x 74 shows it will not do)

For ASD
Pa = 400 + 275 = 675 k
Assume KL / r = 40
Fcr / Ώc = 26.6 sq.in.
Area required = 675 / 26.6 = 25.38 sq.in.
Try W14 x 90 (A = 26.5 sq.in.)
rx = 6.14 in., ry = 3.7 in.
(KL / r)x = (12) (15.6) / 6.14 = 30.49
 (KL / r)y = (12) (8) / 3.7 =25.95
Fcr / Ώcr = 27.95 ksi
Fcr / Ώc = (27.95) (26.95) = 740.7 k > 675 k ok
Use W14 x 90 (Subsequent check of W14 x 82 shows it will not do) (answer)

6-17. Assuming axial loads only, select W sections for an interior column of laterally braced frame
shown in the accompanying illustration. Use Fy = 50 ksi and the LRFD method. Each column
section can be used for one or two stories before it is spliced, whichever seems advisable.
Miscellaneous data: Concrete weighs 150 lb/ft^3. LL on roof = 30 psf. Partition load on interior
floors = 15 psf. Partiton load on interior floors = 15 psf. All joints are assumed to be pinned so as
to simplify calculations. Frames = 36 ft on center.

Solution:
Estimation of loads for Roofing:
Dead Load
Roof slab (4/12) (150) (40) (36) = 72000lbs
Roofing sheet (6) (4) (36) = 8640 lbs
Fireproofing 500 lbs
Total (Pd) 81140 lbs

Total Pl (30) (40) (36) = 43200 lbs

Pu = (1.2) (81.4) + (1.6) (43.2) = 166.5 k

KL = 12 ft
W14 x 43

Estimation of loading for third floor:

Dead Load
Floor slab (6/12) (150) (40) (36) = 108000lbs
Fireproofing 500
Total (Pd) 108500

Live Load
Partitions (15) (40) (36) = 21600
Live Load (80) (40) (36) = 115200
Total Pl 136800
 Total Load = (1.2) (108.5) + (1.6) (136.8) + 166.5 = 515.58 k
KL = 12 ft
W14 x 61

Estimation of loadings for second floor:

Total load = (1.2) (108.5) + (1.6) (136.8) + 515.58 = 864.66 k
KL = 12 ft
W14 x 90

Estimation of first floor:

Total = (1.2) (108.5) + (1.6) (136.8) + 846.66 = 1213.74 k
KL = 12 ft
W14 x 109

Use W14 x 61 for rool level and third floor level, use W14 x 109 for second and first floor
level. (answer)

6-19. Determine the LRFD design strength and the ASD allowable strength of the section shown if
snug tight bolts 4 ft on center are used to connect the A36 angles. KxLx = KyLy = 20ft.

Solution:

Using 2Ls 8 x 6 x 1 (For each angle A = 13.0 sq.in., Ix = 38.8 in.^4 ,Iy = 80.9 in.^4
Ix = (2) (38.8) = 77.6 in.^4
Iy = (2) [80.9 + (13.0) (2.65 + 0.375 / 2)^2] =371.1 in.^4
√77.6
rx = = 1.73 in
(2)(13.0)

√371.1
ry = (2)(13.0)
= 4.02 in

(kl / r)x = (12) (20) / 1.73 = 138.73

(kl / r)y = (12) (20) / 4.02 = 59.70
Reffering to AISC Section E6.1:
a = distance between connectors = (4) (12) = 48 in.
ri = r3 for 1 angle = 1.28 in.
 ka / ri = (1.0) (48) / 1.28 = 37.5 < ¾ x 138.73 = 104 ok
As (kl /r)x controls the buckling mode does not involve relative deformations that produce
shear forces in the connectors between the two angles.

For LRFD
ΦcFcr = 11.65 ksi
ΦcPm = (11.75) (2 x 13.0) = 305.5 k (answer)

For ASD
Fcr / Ώc = 7.67 ksi
Fcr / Ώc = (7.67) (2 x 13.0) = 199.4 k (answer)

6-21. Four 4 x 4 x ½ angles are used to formed the member shown in the accompanying illustration.
The member is 30 ft. long, has pinned ends, and consist of 50 ksi steel. Determine the LRFD
design strength and the ASD allowable strength of the member. Design single lacing and end tie
plates, assuming connections are made to the angles with ¾-in bolts.

Solution:

Using 4 Ls 4 x 4 x ½ ( A = 3.75 sq.in. each, Ix = Iy = 5.52 in.^4 each

Ix = Iy = 4[5.52 + (3.75) (7.82)^2] = 939.4 in.^4

√939.4
rx = ry = (4)(3.75)
= 1.73 in
 (kl / r)x = (kl / )y =(12) (30) / 7.91 = 45.51

For LRFD
ΦcFcr = 29.049 ksi
ΦcPm = (29.049) (4 x 0.75) = 435.7 k

For ASD
Fcr / Ώc = 19.349 ksi
Fcr / Ώc = (19.349) (4 x 3.75) = 290.2 k

Design of End Tie PLs:

Minimum length = 13 in.
Minimum width = 13 + (2) (1 ¼) = 15.5 in.
Minimum t = (1/50) (13) = 0.26 in.
Use end tie PLs 9/32 x 13 x 1 ft-4in.

Design of single lacing (LRFD):

Assume lacing inclined at 60 degrees with main members
Shear = (0.02) (435.7) = 8.71 k or 4.36 k / lacing bar

Member Length = 13 / cos 300 + (2) (1 ¼) = 17 ½ in.

Resultant member force = (15/13) (4.36) = 5.03 k compression
Assume L/r = 140
t = 0.370 in. say 3/8 in.
L/r = 15 / (0.298) (3/8) = 138.4

For LRFD
ΦcFcr = 11.82 ksi
Area required = 0.426 / (3/8) = 1/14 in.
But min. width = (2) (1 ¼) = 2 ½ in.
Use lacing bars 3/8 x 2 ½ x 1 ft 5 ½ in. (answer)