On the occassion of Diwali, Harish went to IMPORTANCE OF M ANUFACTURING

a market with his parents. They purchased

Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone
shoes and clothes for him. His mother
of development in general and economic
purchased utensils, sugar, tea and diyas development in particular mainly because–
(earthen lamps). Harish observed that the
shops in the market were flooded with • Manufacturing industries not only help in
items for sale. He wondered how so many modernising agriculture, which forms the
items could be made in such large backbone of our economy, they also reduce
quantities. His father explained that shoes, the heavy dependence of people on
clothes, sugar etc. are manufactured by agricultural income by providing them jobs
machines in large industries, some utensils in secondary and tertiary sectors.
are manufactured in small industries, while • Industrial development is a precondition for
items like diyas are made by individual eradication of unemployment and poverty
artisans in household industry. from our country. This was the main
philosophy behind public sector industries
Do you have some ideas about these
industries?
and joint sector ventures in India. It was also
aimed at bringing down regional disparities
by establishing industries in tribal and
backward areas.
Production of goods in large quantities after
• Export of manufactured goods expands
processing from raw materials to more
trade and commerce, and brings in much
valuable products is called manufacturing. Do
needed foreign exchange.
you know that paper is manufactured from
wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel • Countries that transform their raw
from iron ore and aluminium from bauxite? materials into a wide variety of furnished
Do you also know that some types of clothes goods of higher value are prosperous.
are manufactured from yarn which itself is an India’s prosperity lies in increasing and
industrial product? diversifying its manufacturing industries as
People employed in the secondary activities quickly as possible.
manufacture the primary materials into Agriculture and industry are not exclusive
finished goods. The workers employed in steel of each other. They move hand in hand. For
factories, car, breweries, textile industries, instance, the agro-industries in India have given
bakeries etc. fall into this category. Some people a major boost to agriculture by raising its
are employed in providing services. In this productivity. They depend on the latter for raw
chapter, we are mainly concer ned with materials and sell their products such as
manufacturing industries which fall in the irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides,
secondary sector. pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and
The economic strength of a country is tools, etc. to the farmers. Thus, development and
measured by the development of competitiveness of manufacturing industry has
manufacturing industries. not only assisted agriculturists in increasing

2015-16
their production but also made the production tend to come together to make use of the
processes very efficient. advantages offered by the urban centres known
In the present day world of globalisation, as agglomeration economies. Gradually, a
our industry needs to be more efficient and large industrial agglomeration takes place.
competitive. Self-sufficiency alone is not In the pre-Independence period, most
enough. Our manufactured goods must be at manufacturing units were located in places
par in quality with those in the international from the point of view of overseas trade such as
market. Only then, will we be able to compete Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, etc. Consequently,
in the international market. there emerged certain pockets of industrially
developed urban centres surrounded by a huge
Contribution of Industry to National agricultural rural hinterland.
Economy
Over the last two decades, the share of Industry – Market Linkage
manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17 per
cent of GDP – out of a total of 27 per cent for
the industry which includes 10 per cent for
mining, quarrying, electricity and gas.
This is much lower in comparison to some
East Asian economies, where it is 25 to 35 per
cent. The trend of growth rate in manufacturing
over the last decade has been around 7 per
cent per annum. The desired growth rate over
the next decade is 12 per cent. Since 2003,
manufacturing is once again growing at the
rate of 9 to 10 per cent per annum. With
appropriate policy interventions by the
government and renewed efforts by the
industry to improve productivity, economists
predict that manufacturing can achieve its
target over the next decade. The National
Manufacturing Competitiveness Council
(NMCC) has been set up with this objective. Fig. 6.1

Industrial Location The key to decision of the factory location

is the least cost. Government policies and
Industrial locations are complex in nature.
specialised labour also influence the location
These are influenced by availability of raw
of industry.
material, labour, capital, power and market,
etc. It is rarely possible to find all these factors
available at one place. Consequently,
manufacturing activity tends to locate at the
most appropriate place where all the factors of
industrial location are either available or can
be arranged at lower cost. After an industrial
activity starts, urbanisation follows. Sometimes,
industries are located in or near the cities.
Thus, industrialisation and urbanisation go
hand in hand. Cities provide markets and also
provide services such as banking, insurance,
transport, labour, consultants and financial
advice, etc. to the industry. Many industries Fig. 6.2

66 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

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 by the state and individuals or a group of
Classification of Industries individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly
List the various manufactured products you owned by public and private sector.
use in your daily life such as – transistors, • Cooperative sector industries are owned
electric bulbs, vegetable oil, cement, and operated by the producers or
glassware, petrol, matches, scooters, suppliers of raw materials, workers or
automobiles, medicines and so on. If we both. They pool in the resources and share
classify the various industries based on a the profits or losses proportionately such
particular criterion then we would be as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the
able to understand their manufacturing coir industry in Kerala.
better. Industries may be classified as
follows: Based on the bulk and weight of raw material
and finished goods:
On the basis of source of raw materials • Heavy industries such as iron and steel
used:
• Light industries that use light raw
• Agro based: cotton, woollen, jute, silk materials and produce light goods such
textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, as electrical industries.
edible oil.
• Mineral based: iron and steel, cement,
aluminium, machine tools,
petrochemicals.
Classify the following into two groups on the
According to their main role: basis of bulk and weight of raw material and
• Basic or key industries which supply their finished goods.
products or raw materials to manufacture (i) Oil (vi) Sewing Machines
other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper
(ii) Knitting needles (vii) Shipbuilding
smelting, aluminum smelting.
(iii) Brassware (viii) Electric Bulbs
• Consumer industries that produce goods
for direct use by consumers – sugar, (iv) Fuse wires (ix) Paint brushes
toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, (v) Watches (x) Automobiles
fans etc.

On the basis of capital investment: Agro Based Industries

• A small scale industry is defined with Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and
reference to the maximum investment edible oil, etc. industries are based on
allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit agricultural raw materials.
has changed over a period of time. At Textile Industry: The textile industry
present the maximum investment allowed occupies unique position in the Indian
is rupees one crore. economy, because it contributes significantly
On the basis of ownership: to industrial production (14 per cent),
employment generation (35 million persons
• Public sector, owned and operated by directly – the second largest after agriculture)
government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc. and foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6
• Private sector industries owned and per cent). It contributes 4 per cent towards
operated by individuals or a group of GDP. It is the only industry in the country,
individuals –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., which is self-reliant and complete in the value
Dabur Industries. chain i.e., from raw material to the highest
• Joint sector industries which are jointly run value added products.

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 67

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 Fig. 6.3: Value addition in the textile industry

Cotton Textiles: In ancient India, cotton While spinning continues to be centralised

textiles were produced with hand spinning in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu,
and handloom weaving techniques. After the weaving is highly decentralised to provide
18th century, power-looms came into use. scope for incorporating traditional skills and
Our traditional industries suffered a setback designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari,
during the colonial period because they embroidery, etc. India has world class
could not compete with the mill-made cloth production in spinning, but weaving supplies
from England. low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of
the high quality yarn produced in the country.
Weaving is done by handloom, powerloom and
• The first successful textile mill was in mills.
established in Mumbai in 1854. The handspun khadi provides large scale
• The two world wars were fought in Europe, employment to weavers in their homes as a
India was a British colony. There was a cottage industry.
demand for cloth in U.K. hence, they gave Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on
a boost to the development of the cotton spinning yar n and weaving khadi?
textile industry.
Table 4.2: India: Production of Fabrics in India
Sector 2009-10 2010-11*
As on 30 November 2011, there were 1946 (Provisional)
cotton and human-made fibre textile milk in Mill Sector 3.3 3.5
the country. About 80 per cent of these are Powerlooms (in Hosiery) 84.1 84.1
in the private sector and the rest in the public Handlooms 11.3 11.1
and cooperative sectors. Apart from these, Others 1.3 1.3
there are several thousand small factories Total 100% 100%
with four to ten looms.
Source: Office of Textile Commissioner, Mumbai,
In the early years, the cotton textile
Economic Survey, 2011-12.
industry was concentrated in the cotton
growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Note: 90 per cent of the weaving, cutting and
Availability of raw cotton, market, transport processing is in decentralised sector.
including accessible port facilities, labour, Study the figures above and note the share
moist climate, etc. contributed towards its of mills in the production of fabric.
localisation. This industry has close links
with agriculture and provides a living to Why is it important for our country to keep
farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers the mill sector loomage lower than power
engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, loom and handloom?
dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and India exports yarn to Japan. Other
sewing. The industry by creating demands importers of cotton goods from India are
supports many other industries, such as, U.S.A., U.K., Russia, France, East European
chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and
materials and engineering works. African countries.
68 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

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India: Distribution of cotton, woollen and silk industries

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 69

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 India has the second largest installed banks of the Hugli river, in a narrow belt (98
capacity of spindles in the world, with 43.13 km long and 3 km wide).
million spindles (2011-12) after China. Since
the mid-eighties, the spinning sector has The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in
received a lot of attention. 1859 at Rishra. After Partition in 1947, the
We have a large share in the world trade jute mills remained in India but three-fourth
of cotton yarn, accounting for one fourth of of the jute producing area went to
the total trade. However, our trade in Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).
garments is only 4 per cent of the world’s
total. Our spinning mills are competitive at Factors responsible for their location in
the global level and capable of using all the the Hugli basin are: proximity of the jute
fibres we produce. The weaving, knitting and producing areas, inexpensive water
processing units cannot use much of the high transport, supported by a good network of
quality yarn that is produced in the country. railways, roadways and waterways to
There are some large and modern factories facilitate movement of raw material to the
in these segments, but most of the mills, abundant water for processing raw
production is in fragmented small units, jute, cheap labour from West Bengal and
which cater to the local market. This adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar
mismatch is a major drawback for the Pradesh. Kolkata as a large urban centre
industry. As a result, many of our spinners provides banking, insurance and port
export cotton yarn while apparel/garment facilities for export of jute goods.
manufactures have to import fabric. In 2010-11 the jute industry was
supporting 3.7 lakh workers directly and
another 40 lakhs small and marginal farmers
Yarn is sold at Rs. 85 per kg. If it is sold as a
who were engaged in cultivation of jute and
trouser it fetches Rs 800 per kg. Value is
mesta. Many more people were associated
added at every stage from fibre to yarn to indirectly.
fabric and to garment. Challenges faced by the industry include
stiff competition in the international market from
Why is it important for us to improve our synthetic substitutes and from other
weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil,
large quantities? Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. However, the
internal demand has been on the increase due
Although, we have made significant
to the Government policy of mandatory use of
increase in the production of good quality long
jute packaging. To stimulate demand, the
staple cotton (356 lakh bales of 170 kgs each
products need to be diversified. In 2005,
during 2011-12), the need to import is still felt. National Jute Policy was formulated with the
Power supply is erratic and machinery needs objective of increasing productivity, improving
to be upgraded in the weaving and processing quality, ensuring good prices to the jute farmers
sectors in particular. Other problems are the and enhancing the yield per hectare. The main
low output of labour and stiff competition with markets are U.S.A., Canada, Russia, United
the synthetic fibre industry. Arab Republic, U.K. and Australia. The growing
global concern for environment friendly,
Jute Textiles
biodegradable materials, has once again opened
India is the largest producer of raw jute and the opportunity for jute products.
jute goods and stands at second place as an
exporter after Bangladesh. There were about Sugar Industry
80 jute mills in India in 2010-11. Most of these India stands second as a world producer of
are located in West Bengal, mainly along the sugar but occupies the first place in the

70 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

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production of gur and khandsari. The raw Iron and Steel Industry
material used in this industry is bulky, and The iron and steel Industry is the basic
in haulage its sucrose content reduces. Where industry since all the other industries — heavy,
should the mills be ideally located? In medium and light, depend on it for their
2010-11 there were over 662 sugar mills in machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture a
the country spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, variety of engineering goods, construction
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific
Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat along with equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty
per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
This industry is seasonal in nature so, it is Make a list of all such goods made of steel
ideally suited to the cooperative sector. Can that you can think of.
you explain why this is so? Production and consumption of steel is often
In recent years, there is a tendency for the
regarded as the index of a country’s
mills to shift and concentrate in the southern development. Iron and steel is a heavy industry
and western states, especially in Maharashtra,
because all the raw materials as well as finished
This is because the cane produced here has a
goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy
higher sucrose content. The cooler climate
transportation costs. Iron ore, coking coal and
also ensures a longer crushing season.
Moreover, the cooperatives are more lime stone are required in the ratio of
successful in these states. approximately 4 : 2 : 1. Some quantities of
Major challenges include the seasonal manganese, are also required to harden the steel.
nature of the industry, old and inefficient Where should the steel plants be ideally
methods of production, transport delay in located? Remember that the finished products
reaching cane to factories and the need to also need an efficient transport network for their
maximise the use of baggase. distribution to the markets and consumers.
In 2010-11 with 72.2 million tonnes of steel
Mineral based Industries production, India ranked 4th among the world
Industries that use minerals and metals as raw crude steel producers. It is the largest producer
materials are called mineral based industries. of sponge iron. In 2010-11 per capita cosumption
Can you name some industries that would fall of steel in the country was only around 49 kg per
in this category? annum against the world average of 182 kg.

Processes of Manufacture of Steel

Fig. 6.4

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 India: Iron and Steel Plants

72 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

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 Table 5.2: Total finished steel production An integrated steel plant is large, handles
in India everything in one complex – from putting
Year Production together raw material to steel making, rolling
(In million tonnes per annum) and shaping.

2005 45.7
2006 49.4 Most of the public sector undertakings
2007 53.0 market their steel through Steel Authority of
2008 57.8 India Ltd. (SAIL).
2009 56.6 In the 1950s China and India produced
2010 68.3 almost the same quantity of steel. Today, China
2011 72.2 is the largest producer of steel. China is also the
world’s largest consumer of steel. In 2004, India
Source: Ministry of Steel, Govternment of India
was the largest exporter of steel which accounted
Why is the per capita consumption of steel for 2.25 per cent of the global steel trade.
so low in India? Chotanagpur plateau region has the maximum
concentration of iron and steel industries. It is
Collect information about steel plants largely, because of the relative advantages this
located in your own State and show them region has for the development of this industry.
on the map of India. These include, low cost of iron ore, high grade
raw materials in proximity, cheap labour and
Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric vast growth potential in the home market.
furnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron. Though, India is an important iron and steel
They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as producing country in the world yet, we are not
well. They produce mild and alloy steel of able to perform to our full potential largely due
given specifications. to: (a) High costs and limited availability of coking

800

683.2
700

China 637.4
577
600
Production in Million Tonnes

India
489.7 512.3
500
421
400 355.7

300

200

100 68.8 72.2

53 57.8 56.6
45.7 49.4
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year

Fig. 6.5: Steel Production in India and China

Source : World Steel Association, website : [Link]

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 73

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coal (b) Lower productivity of labour (c) Irregular
supply of energy and (d) Poor infrastructure.
We also import good quality steel from other
countries. However, the overall production of
steel is sufficient to meet our domestic demand.
Liberalisation and Foreign Direct
Investment have given a boost to the industry
with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.
There is a need to allocate resources for
research and development to produce steel
more computatitively.
Fig. 6.6: Strip coasting mill at smelter of NALCO
Have you read about the Kalinganagar
controversy? Collect information from Nadu. In 2008-09 India produced over 15.29
different sources and discuss. lakh million tonnes of aluminium.
Bauxite, the raw material used in the
Aluminium Smelting smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured
Aluminium smelting is the second most rock. The flow chart given below shows the
important metallurgical industry in India. It is process of manufacturing aluminium. Regular
light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor supply of electricity and an assured source of
of heat, mallable and becomes strong when it is raw material at minimum cost are the two
mixed with other metals. It is used to prime factors for location of the industry.
manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires. It has
gained popularity as a substitute of steel,
copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries. A factory produces aluminium saucepans with
Aluminium smelting plants in the country plastic handles. It obtains aluminium from a
are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar smelter and a plastic component from
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil

Fig. 6.7

Fig. 6.8

74 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

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 another factory. All the manufactured entirely imported as the country does not have
saucepans are sent to a warehouse: any reserves of commercially usable potash or
1 . (a) Which raw material is likely to be most potassium compounds in any form. India is
expensive to transport and why? the third largest producer of nitrogenous
(b) Which raw material is likely to be fertilisers. There are 57 fertiliser units
the cheapest to transport and why? manufacturing nitrogenous and complex
nitrogenous fertilisers, 29 for urea and 9 for
2 . Do you think the cost of transporting the
producing ammonium sulphate as a by-
finished products after packaging is likely
to be cheaper or more expensive than the product and 68 other small units produce
cost of transporting aluminium and single superphosphate. At present, there are
plastic? Why? 10 public sector undertakings and one in
cooperative sector at Hazira in Gujarat under
the Fertiliser Corporation of India.
Chemical Industries After the Green Revolution the industry
The Chemical industry in India is fast growing expanded to several other parts of the country.
and diversifying. It contributes approximately Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab
3 per cent of the GDP. It is the third largest in and Kerala contribute towards half the fertiliser
Asia and occupies the twelfth place in the world production. Other significant producers are
in term of its size. It comprises both large and Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar,
small scale manufacturing units. Rapid growth Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi,
has been recorded in both inorganic and Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.
organic sectors. Inorganic chemicals include
Cement Industry
sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilisers,
synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, Cement is essential for construction activity
dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used such as building houses, factories, bridges,
to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) roads, airports, dams and for other commercial
and caustic soda. These industries are widely establishments. This industry requires bulky
spread over the country. and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica,
Why do you think it is so?
alumina and gypsum. Coal and electric power
are needed apart from rail transportation.
Organic chemicals include petrochemicals,
which are used for manufacturing of synthetic
Where would it be economically viable to
fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs,
set up the cement manufacturing units?
drugs and pharmaceuticals. Organic chemical
plants are located near oil refineries or
petrochemical plants. The industry has strategically located
The chemical industry is its own largest plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to
consumer. Basic chemicals undergo processing the market in the Gulf countries.
to further produce other chemicals that are
used for industrial application, agriculture or
directly for consumer markets. Make a list of Find out where the plants are located in other
the products you are aware of. States of India. Find their names.

Fertiliser Industry The first cement plant was set up in

The fertiliser industry is centred around the Chennai in 1904. After Independence the
production of nitrogenous fertilisers (mainly industry expanded. Decontrol of price and
urea), phosphatic fertilisers and ammonium distribution since 1989 and other policy
phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilisers which reforms led the cement industry to make rapid
have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate strides in capacity, process, technology and
(P), and potash (K). The third, i.e. potash is production. There are 128 large plants and
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 75

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332 mini cement plants in the country. India employment generation. It is encouraging to
produces a variety of cement. know that 30 per cent of the people employed
Improvement in the quality has found the in this sector are women. This industry has
produce a readily available market in East been a major foreign exchange earner in the
Asia, Middle East, Africa and South Asia apart last two or three years because of its fast
from a large demand within the country. This growing Business Processes Outsourcing
industry is doing well in terms of production (BPO) sector. The continuing growth in the
as well as export. Efforts are being made to hardware and software is the key to the success
generate adequate domestic demand and of IT industry in India.
supply in order to sustain this industry.

Automobile Industry
Automobiles provide vehicle for quick
transport of good services and passengers.
Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters,
three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are
manufactured in India at various centres.
After the liberalisation, the coming in of new
and contemporary models stimulated the
demand for vehicles in the market, which led
to the healthy growth of the industry
including passenger cars, two and three-
wheelers. This industry had experienced a
quantum jump in less than 15 years. Foreign Fig. 6.9: Cable manufacturing facilities at HCL,
Direct Investment brought in new technology Rupnarainpur (West Bengal)
and aligned the industry with global
developments. At present, there are 15
manufacturers of passenger cars and multi-
utility vehicles, 9 of commercial vehicles, 14
of the two and three-wheelers. The industry
is located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai,
Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore,
Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.

Information Technology and

Electronics Industry
The electronics industry covers a wide range
of products from transistor sets to television,
telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, telephone
exchange, radars, computers and many
other equipments required by the Fig. 6.10: Gas turbine rotor an assembly bed
at BHEL, Hyderabad
telecommunication industry. Bangalore has
emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other
important centres for electronic goods are Industrial Pollution and Environmental
Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Degradation
Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. By
2010-11 (STPI) Software Technology Parks of Although industries contribute significantly to
India have come up across 46 locations at India’s economic growth and development, the
different centres of India. However, the major increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise
industry concentration is at Bangalore, Noida, and resulting degradation of environment that
Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune. A they have caused, cannot be overlooked.
major impact of this industry has been on Industries are responsible for four types of
76 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

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India: Some Software Technology Parks

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 77

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pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise. machinery, factory equipment, generators,
The polluting industries also include thermal saws and pneumatic and electric drills also
power plants. make a lot of noise.
Air pollution is caused by the presence of high Control of Environmental Degradation
proportion of undesirable gases, such as
sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Air- Every litre of waste water discharged by our
borne particulate materials contain both solid industry pollutes eight times the quantity of
and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and freshwater. How can the industrial pollution of
smoke. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper fresh water be reduced? Some suggestions are-
factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting (i) minimising use water for processing by
plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and reusing and recycling it in two or more
small factories that ignore pollution norms. successive stages
Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with (ii) harvesting of rainwater to meet water
long-term effects. Are you aware of the Bhopal requirements
Gas tragedy that occurred? Air pollution
(iii) treating hot water and effluents before
adversely affects human health, animals, plants,
releasing them in rivers and ponds.
buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.
Treatment of industrial effluents can be
Water pollution is caused by organic and done in three phases
inorganic industrial wastes and affluents (a) Primary treatment by mechanical means.
discharged into rivers. The main culprits in this This involves screening, grinding,
regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and flocculation and sedimentation.
dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and
electroplating industries that let out dyes, (b) Secondary treatment by biological process
detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like (c) Tertiary treatment by biological,
lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, chemical and physical processes. This
synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and involves recycling of wastewater.
rubber, etc. into the water bodies. Fly ash, Overdrawing of ground water reserves by
phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are
industry where there is a threat to ground water
the major solid wastes in India. resources also needs to be regulated legally.
Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by
water from factories and thermal plants is fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic
drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and
What would be the effect on aquatic life? inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by
Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
and weapon production facilities cause Machinery and equipment can be used and
cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. Soil generators should be fitted with silencers.
and water pollution are closely related. Almost all machinery can be redesigned to
Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts Noise absorbing material may be used apart
and garbage renders the soil useless. Rain from personal use of earplugs and earphones.
water percolates to the soil carrying the
pollutants to the ground and the ground water
also gets contaminated.
Noise pollution not only results in irritation
and anger, it can also cause hearing
impairment, increased heart rate and blood
pressure among other physiological effects.
Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of Fig. 6.11: Sewage T reatment plant under Yamuna
stress. Industrial and construction activities, action paln at Faridabad

78 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

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 The challenge of sustainable development (d) Reducing environmental pollution through
requires integration of economic development ash pond management, ash water recycling
with environmental concerns. system and liquid waste management.
(e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-
NTPC shows the way
line database management for all its
NTPC is a major power providing corporation power stations.
in India. It has ISO certification for EMS
(Environment Management System) 14001.
The corporation has a pro-active approach
for preserving the natural environment and
resources like water, oil and gas and fuels
in places where it is setting up power plants.
This has been possible through-
(a) Optimum utilisation of equipment
adopting latest techniques and
upgrading existing equipment.
(b) Minimising waste generation by
maximising ash utilisation.
(c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological
balance and addressing the question of Fig. 6.12: Ramagundam plant
special purpose vehicles for afforestation.

EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES E XERCISES

1. Multiple choice questions.
(i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material.
(a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c) Sugar (d) Jute
(ii) Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?
(a) HAIL (b) SAIL (c) TATA Steel (d) MNCC
(iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
(a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c) Jute (d) Steel
(iv) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc.
(a) Steel (c) Aluminium
(b) Electronic (d) Information Technology

2. Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.

(i) What is manufacturing?
(ii) Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.
(iii) Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.
(iv) What are basic industries? Give an example.
(v) Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement?

3. Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words.

(i) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What
problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a
rise in the production capacity?
(ii) How do industries pollute the environment?
(iii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation
by industry?
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 79

2015-16
 ACTIVITY
Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of
letters in each word are hinted in brackets.
(i) Used to drive machinery (5) P...........................
(ii) People who work in a factory (6) W..........................
(iii) Where the product is sold (6) M..........................
(iv) A person who sells goods (8) R...........................
(v) Thing produced (7) P...........................
(vi) To make or produce (11) M..........................
(vii) Land, Water and Air degraded (9) P...........................

P ROJECT WORK
Select one agro-based and one mineral based industry in your area.
(i) What are the raw materials they use?
(ii) What are the other inputs in the process of manufacturing that involve
transportation cost?
(iii) Are these factories following environmental norms?

ACTIVITY
Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden
answers.
G G G P V A R A N A S I

U O J I P G X K M Q W V

K S U G A R C A N E E N

O T T O N O Z V O P T R

A U E L U B H I L A I U

T K O C R A Q N T R L N

E I R O N S T E E L S J

E N A N O E P I T L R Y

G A N U J D R A G D T A

N T A R P O A P U E P Y

A S N A E N J D I Y S K

S M H V L I A J H S K G

1. T extiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials
from agriculture are called…
2. The basic raw material for sugar industry.
3. This fibre is also known as the ‘ Golden Fibre’.
4. Iron-ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry.
5. A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.
6. Railway diesel engines are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh at this place.
80 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

2015-16