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Routing Basic Interview Questions and Answers

What is Routing?
The function of Routing is to Route packets between networks that are not locally attached.

What is a Router?
A Router is a networking device that performs routing that is it routes packets between devices that are on
different networks.
Router is a Layer 3 device.

What are the different types of memory in router?

RAM - Running configuration file: running-config is stored in RAM
NVRAM - Start up Configuration file: startup-config is stored in NVRAM
Flash Memory - IOS is stored in Flash Memory
ROM - Instructions for POST, Bootstrap program, Mini-IOS is stored in ROM

What are the possible locations of IOS image?

FLASH and TFTP Server.

What is ROM Monitor?

If the Bootstrap program is not able to find a valid IOS image, it will act as ROM Monitor.
ROM Monitor is capable of performing certain configuration task such as:-
[Link] a lost password
[Link] the configuration register value etc.
[Link] IOS image using TFTP

What are the different modes in Router?

[Link] Mode >
[Link] Mode #
[Link] Configuration Mode #(Config)
Each Mode has access to different set of IOS commands.

What is the command to enter PRIVILEGE mode from USER mode?

> enable

What is the command to enter Global Configuration mode from PRIVILEGE Mode?

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# configure terminal

What is the command to Reboot a Router?

# reload

What is the command to backup IOS to TFTP server?

# copy flash tftp

What is the command to copy running-config to startup config?

# copy running-config startup-config

What is the command to display the current running configuration?

# show running-config

Define static routing?

In Static routing routes are manually configured on the router by a network administrator.
Static routing has the following Advantages -
[Link] is no overhead on the router CPU.
[Link] is no bandwidth usage between routers.
[Link] is secure as the administrator can choose to allow routing access to certain networks only.
Static routing has the following Disadvantages -
[Link] administrator must really understand the internetwork and how each router is connected in order to
configure routes correctly.
[Link] is not feasible in large networks because maintaining it is a full-time job.

What is Default Route?

A default route speci es a path that the router should take if the destination is unknown. All the IP
datagrams with unknown destination address are sent to the default route.

What is a Dynamic Routing?

In Dynamic routing, routes are learned by using a routing protocol. Routing protocols will learn about routes
from other neighboring routers running the same routing protocol. Example - OSPF, EIGRP, RIP.

What is a Routed Protocol?

A Routed Protocol carries data from one network to another network. Routed Protocol carries user tra c
such as file transfers, web traffic, e-mails etc.
Example:- IP (Internet Protocol), IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) and AppleTalk.

What is Routing Protocol?

Routing Protocols learn the routes and provide the best routes from one network to another network.
Example - RIP (Routing Information Protocol) , EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) and OSPF
(Open Shortest Path First).

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What is IGP?
An Interior Gateway Protocol refers to a routing protocol that handles routing within a single autonomous
system. Example - RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF.

What is EGP?
An Exterior Gateway Protocol refers to a routing protocol that handles routing between di erent
Autonomous Systems (AS). Example:- Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).

What is an Autonomous System?

An Autonomous System (AS) is a group of networks under a single administrative control.

What is Administrative Distance (AD)?

Administrative Distance is the trust worthiness of a routing protocol. Routers use AD value to select the best
path when there are two or more di erent routes to the same destination learned through two di erent
routing protocols.

What are the Range of AD values?

0 to 255, where 0 is the Best and 255 is the worst.
Routing Protocol Administrative Distance Value
Directly Connected 0
Static route 1
EIGRP 90
OSPF 110
RIP 120

What is Distance-Vector Routing Protocol?

Distance vector routing protocols use the distance or hops as metric to find paths to destinations.
Example:- Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)

What is Link-State Routing Protocol?

Each router running a link state routing protocol originates information about the router, its directly
connected links, and the state of those links. This information is sent to all the routers in the network as
multicast messages.
Link-state routing always try to maintain full networks topology by updating itself incrementally only when
network topology changes. Example:- Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

What is Hybrid Routing Protocol?

A Hybrid Routing protocol takes the advantages of both Distance Vector and Link State Routing protocols.
[Link] sends traditional Distance Vector updates.
[Link] has Link State characteristics also which means it synchronizes routing tables between neighbors at
startup, and then it sends specific updates when network topology changes.

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Example:- Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

What is a Route metric?

Routing Protocol uses Route Metric value to nd the best path when there are two or more di erent routes
to the same destination.
Different routing protocols use Route Metric to compute the distance to destination.
RIP - Hop Count, OSPF - Cost, EIGRP - Bandwidth, Delay, Reliability, Load, MTU.

What is Hop Count?

Hop count is the number of routers from the source through which data must pass to reach the destination
network.

What is Bandwidth, Delay, Reliability, Load ?

[Link] - It is the Data capacity of a link in Kbps.
[Link] - It is the time takes to reach the destination.
[Link] - The path with the least amount of errors or downtime.
[Link] - It is the amount of utilization of a path.
[Link] - Maximum transmission unit (MTU) de nes the maximum Layer 3 packet that can be sent over a
medium.

What is Cost?
Cost is the inverse proportion of bandwidth of the links.

What is CDP?
Cisco Discovery Protocol is a CISCO proprietary protocol to help administrators in collecting information
about both locally attached and remote devices.

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7 comments Routing Basic

Cisco router static routing default route dynamic routing routed protocol routing protocol administrative distance igp egp distancevector routing protocol linkstate routing
protocol hybrid routing protocol route metric routing notes

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MOHAN DASARI
hi ,Thank you simply and superb ....

Amar
Excellent. Well covered most of the topics.

Tsegay
your note is helpful to me and i want to say thank you very much

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 4

Anoop
Thanks....really helpful..

Dinesh
excellent covered most of the topics

Saurabh
You really did a good job and collect the useful information at one place. Appreciate your effort.

kunal kandpal
i want full ccna basic interview question please provide pdf

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