TORTS AND DAMAGES

I. INTRODUCTION

A. CONCEPT: CULPA AQUILIANA, QUASI-DELICT, TORTS

1. Padilla v. CA, L-39999, 129 SCRA 558 (1984)

2. Syquia v. CA, GR 98695 (January 27, 1993).
3. Gashem Shookat Baksh v. CA, GR 97336, 217 SCRA (1993).
4. LRTA v. Navidad, GR 145804, 397 SCRA 75 (2003)

B. DISTINCTIONS

i. Culpa Aquiliana
ii. Culpa Contractual
iii. Culpa Criminal

5. Calalas v. CA, GR 122039 (May 31, 2000).

6. Barredo v. Garcia, 73 Phil 607
7. Cangco v. MRR, 38 Phil 769

II. QUASI-DELICT

A. ELEMENTS (Article 2176, CC)

i. Culpable Act or Negligence

ii. Damage to another
iii. Causal relation between culpable act or negligence and the damage to another

8. Picart v. Smith, 37 Phil. 809

9. Daywalt v. Corporacion de PP Agustino Recoletos, 39 Phil. 587
10. Air France v. Carrascoso, 18 SCRA 155.
11. Gilchrist v. Cuddy, 9 Phil. 542

Damnum Absque Injuria

12. Board of Liquidators v. Kalaw, GR 18805 (August 14, 1967)

13. Farolan v. Solmac Marketing Corp., GR 83589 (March 13, 1991)

B. NO DOUBLE RECOVERY RULE (Article 2177, CC)

14. Joseph v. Bautista, 170 SCRA 540

15. Bermudez, Sr. v. Herrera, 158 SCRA 168
16. Singson v. Bank of P.I., 23 SCRA 1117
17. Air France v. Carrascoso, 18 SCRA 155
18. Rafael Reyes Trucking v. People, GR 129029 (April 3, 2000).

III. NEGLIGENCE

A. CONCEPT

19. Jarco Marketing v. CA, GR 129792 (December 21, 1999)

See RA9344

Applicability of Articles 1172-1174.

20. Sarmiento v. Sun-Cabrido, GR 141258 (April 9, 2003).

 TORTS AND DAMAGES

B. AS PROXIMATE CAUSE (Article 2179)

21. Taylor v. Manila Electric, 16 Phil 8

22. Bataclan v. Medina, 109 Phil 185
23. Fernando v. CA, 208 SCRA 714
24. Urbano v. IAC, 157 SCRA 1
25. Bernal v. House and Tacloban Electric, 54 Phil 327
26. Gabeto v. Araneta, 42 Phil 252.
27. McKee v. IAC, 211 SCRA 517.

C. PROOF OF NEGLIGENCE

28. Ong v. Metropolitan Water District, 104 Phil. 397

29. Lucas v. Tuano, GR 178763 (April 21, 2009)

D. PRESUMPTION OF NEGLIGENCE

i. respondeat superior (Articles 1755-1756)

30. PAL v. CA, 106 SCRA 391

31. National Development v. CA, 164 SCRA 593.
32. International Flavors v. Argos, GR 130362 (September 10, 2001).
33. Castilex Industrial v. Vasquez, GR 132266 (December 21, 1999).

[Link] of rules and statutes

a. traffic rules (Articles 2184-85)

34. Manuel v. CA, 227 SCRA 29.

35. Mallari v. CA, G.R. No. 128607 (January 31, 2000).

b. statutes and ordinances / administrative rules

36. Marinduque Iron v. Workmen’s Compensation, 99 Phil. 480

37. Cipriano v. CA, 263 SCRA 711
38. F.F. Cruz & Co. v. CA, 164 SCRA 731
39. Sanitary Steam Laundry v. CA, 300 SCRA 20

iii. Dangerous weapons and substances (Article 2188)

40. Araneta v. Arreglado, 104 Phil. 529

iv. res ipsa loquitur

41. Africa v. Caltex, 16 SCRA 448.

42. Cebu Shipyard v. William Lines, G.R. 132607, 5 May 1999.
43. D.M. Consunji, Inc. v. CA, G.R. No. 137873, 20 April 2001.
44. NPC v. CA, G.R. No. 124378, 8 March 2005
45. Perla Compania v. Sarangaya, G.R. No. 147746, 25 Oct. 2005
46. Philam Insurance v CA, GR 165413, February 22, 2012

v. Common carrier

47. Perena v. Zarate, GR 157917, August 29, 2012

 TORTS AND DAMAGES

E. DEFENSES

i. Plaintiff’s negligence is proximate cause of injury

48. PLDT v. CA, G.R. 57079 (September 29, 1989).

49. Kim v. Phil. Aerial Taxi, 58 Phil. 838.
50. American Express v. Cordero, G.R. No. 138550, 14 Oct 2005
51. Cayao-Lasam v. Ramolete, GR 159132 (December 18, 2008)

ii. Comparative v. Contributory Negligence (Article 2179)

Comparative Negligence

52. Umali v. Bacani, 69 SCRA 263

53. Phoenix Construction v. IAC, 148 SCRA 353.
54. PCI Bank v. CA, G.R. No. 121413, 29 Jan 2001.
55. Estacion v. Bernardo, G.R. No. 144723,27 Feb 2006

Contributory Negligence

56. Rakes v. Atlantic Gulf, 7 Phil 359

57. Taylor v. Manila Electric Railroad & Light Co., 16 Phil. 8
58. PBCom v. CA, 269 SCRA 695
59. Lambert v. Heirs of Castillon, GR 160709, 23 Feb 2006
60. Estacion v. Bernardo, GR. 144723, 27 Feb 2006.
61. PNR v. Brunty, G.R. No. 169891, 2 Nov. 2006

iii. Assumption of Risk (Article 1174)

62. Afialda v. Hisole, 85 Phil. 67

1
63. Transporto v. Mijares, 1 CAR 2s 860 (1961)
64. Ilocos Norte Electric v. CA, 179 SCRA 5
65. Co v. CA, 291 SCRA 111.

iv. Doctrine of Last Clear Chance

66. Picart v. Smith, 37 Phil. 809

67. Ong v. Metropolitan Water District, 104 Phil. 398.
68. PLDT v. CA, 178 SCRA 94
69. Raynera v. Hiceta, G.R. No. 120027 (April 21, 1999)
70. Phoenix Construction v. IAC, 148 SCRA 353.

v. Prescription (Article 1146)

71. Kramer v. CA, 178 SCRA 518

72. Spouses Santos v. Pizardo, G.R. No. 151452, 29 Jul 2005
73. De Guzman v. Toyota Cubao, G.R. No. 141480, 29 Nov. 2006

[Link] Majeur / Fortuitous Event (Article 1174)

74. Gotesco Investment Corp. v. Chatto, 210 SCRA 18.

75. Servando v. Phil. Steam, 117 SCRA 832
76. Yobido v. CA, 281 SCRA 1.

vii. Diligence (Article 2180, last paragraph)

77. Ong v. Metropolitan Water District, 104 Phil. 398.

78. Dulay v. CA, G.R. No. 108017 (April 3, 1995).

1 See AQUINO, TORTS AND

DAMAGES 284 (2016).
 TORTS AND DAMAGES

79. Go v. IAC, 197 SCRA 22.

viii. Mistake & Waiver

80. Gatchalian v. Delim, 203 SCRA 126

81. Theis v. CA, 268 SCRA 167.
82. YHT Realty v. CA, G.R. No. 126780 (17 Feb 2005)

[Link] or sudden peril doctrine

F. CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE

83. Gula v. Dianala, 132 SCRA 245

84. San Ildefonso Lines v. CA, 289 SCRA 568

IV. VICARIOUS/PRIMARY/SOLIDARY LIABILITY

A. VICARIOUS LIABILITY (ARTICLES 2180-2182, CC)

i. Parents & guardians

ii. Owners & managers of enterprises

85. Pestano v. Sumayang, G.R. No. 139875, 4 Dec 2000.

86. Real v. Belo, G.R. No. 146224, 26 Jan 2007
87. Castilex Industrial v. Vasquez, G.R. No. 132266, 21Dec. 1999.

iii. Employers

88. Carticiano v. Nuval, G.R. No. 138054, 28 Sept 2000.

89. L.G. Foods v. Pagapong-Agraviador, G.R. No.
158995, 26 Sept. 2006 Medical negligence/malpractice
90. Ramos v. CA, GR 124354, 29 Dec 1999 (D), 11 April 2002 (R)
91. Flores v. Pineda, GR 158996 (November 14, 2008)
92. Professional Services v. Natividad, G.R. Nos. 126297; 31 Jan 2007 (D), 11
Feb 2008 (R1); and 2 Feb 2010 (R2, en banc)
93. Li v. Soliman, GR 165279 (June 07, 2011, en banc)
94. Aquino v. Heirs of Calayag, GR 158461 (August 22, 2012)
95. Casumpang v. Cortejo, GR 171127, (March 11, 2015)

See Nogales v. Capitol Medical, G.R. No. 142625, 19 Dec 2006

iv. State

v. Teachers/heads of establishments

See liability of drivers and owners/employers under Section 13 of

Republic Act No. 10586 or An Act Penalizing Persons Driving under the
Influence of Alcohol, Dangerous Drugs and other Similar Substances

B. PRIMARY LIABILITY (ARTICLES 2183-2193)

i. Possessors/Users of animals (Article 2183)

ii. Owners of motor vehicles (Article 2184)

 TORTS AND DAMAGES

96. Mallari v. CA, G.R. No. 128607 (January 31, 2000).

iii. Manufacturers & Processors (Article 2187)

97. Coca-Cola Bottlers v. CA, G.R. No. 110295 (October 18, 1993).

iv. Municipal corporations (Article 2189)

98. City of Manila v. Teotico, 22 SCRA 267

99. Jimenez v. City of Manila, 150 SCRA 510
100. Guilatco v. City of Dagupan, 171 SCRA 382.
101. Q.C. Gov’t v. Dacara, GR 150304 (June 15, 2005).

See Section 24 of the Local Government Code (RA 7160)

v. Building proprietors (Article 2190-2191, 2193)

102. Deroy v. CA, 157 SCRA 757

[Link]/Architects/Contractors (Articles 2192 & 1723)

C. SOLIDARY LIABILITY (ARTICLE 2194)

103. Lanuzo v. Ping, 100 SCRA 205

104. Gelisan v. Alday, 154 SCRA 388
105. But see Philippine Rabbit v. IAC, 189 SCRA 158
106. PNCC v. CA, G.R. 159270, 22 Aug 2005.
107. Chan v. Iglesia ni Cristo, G.R. No. 160283, 14 Oct 2005
108. People v. Yao, GR 208170, August 20, 2014
109. People v. Montesclaros [607 Phil. 296, 329 (2009).

D. STRICT LIABILITY TORTS

i. Possessors/Users of animals (Article 2183)

110. Vestil v. IAC, 179 SCRA 47

[Link] & Processors (Art. 2187)

iii. Head of Family (Art. 2193)

V. SPECIAL TORTS (HUMAN RELATIONS)

[Link] OF RIGHT (ARTICLE 19)

111. Velayo v. Shell, 100 Phil. 168

[Link] TO LAW AND MORALS (ARTICLES 20 AND 21)

112. Hermosissima v. CA, 109 Phil. 628

113. Ponce v. Legaspi, 208 SCRA 377

E. UNJUST ENRICHMENT (ARTICLES 22 & 23)

114. Pecson v. CA, 244 SCRA 407
115. Security Bank v. CA, 249 SCRA 206
 TORTS AND DAMAGES

F. JUDICIAL VIGILANCE (ARTICLE 24)

116. Cruz v. NLRC, 203 SCRA 286

G. THOUGHTLESS EXTRAVAGANCE (ARTICLE 25)

H. DISRESPECT FOR PERSON (ARTICLE 26)

117. Tenchavez v. Escaño, 15 SCRA 355

I. DERELICTION OF DUTY (ARTICLE 27)

118. Javellana v. Tayo, 6 SCRA 1042

J. UNFAIR COMPETITION (ARTICLE 28)

119. Willaware v. Jesichris Mfg, GR 195549, September 03, 2014

120. Manila Oriental v. NLU, 91 Phil. 28
121. Spinner v. Hesslein, 54 Phil. 224

K. VIOLATION OF CIVIL/POLITICAL RIGHT (ARTICLE 32)

122. Lim v. Ponce de Leon , 66 SCRA 299

123. MHP Garments v. CA, 236 SCRA 227
124. ABS-CBN v. CA, 301 SCRA 572
125. Bricktown v. CA, 239 SCRA 126
126. Newsweek v. IAC, 142 SCRA 141
127. MVRS Publication v. Islamic Da’wah, 396 SCRA 210
128. Silahis Int’l Hotel v. Soluta, G.R. No. 163087 (February 20, 2006)
129. RCPI v. Verchez, G.R. No. 164349 (January 31, 2006)
130. PEA v. Ganac-Chu, G.R. No. 145291, 21 Sept. 2005

VI. INTERFERENCE IN CONTRACTUAL RELATION (ARTICLE 1314)

131. Yu v. CA, GR 86683 (January 21, 1993).

132. So Ping Bun v. CA, GR 120554 (September 21, 1999)
133. Lagon v. CA, GR 119107 (March 18, 2005)
134. Gilchrist v. Cuddy, 29 Phil. 542
135. Daywalt vs. Corporacion Agustinos Recoletos, 39 Phil. 587 [1919]
136. Tayag v. Lacson, GR 134971 (March 25, 2004).

VII. CIVIL LIABILITY ARISING FROM CRIME (RULES OF COURT)

A. REMEDIES

i. Civil action with criminal action (Rule 111[1], ROC)

[Link] civil action (Rule 111 [2a])
iii. Independent civil action (Arts. 30 & 31, CC; R111[3], ROC)

137. Cruz v. CA, GR 122445 (November 18, 1997)

138. DMPI Employees v. Velez, GR 129282 (November 29, 2001).
139. Casupanan v. Laroya, GR 145391 (August 26, 2002).
 TORTS AND DAMAGES

140. Cerezo v. Tuazon, GR 141538 (March 23, 2004).

141. Rodriguez v. Ponferrada, GR 155531-34 (July 29, 2005).
142. Santos v. Pizardo, GR 151452 (August 29, 2005)
143. Hyatt Industrial v. Asia Dynamic, GR 163597 (July 29, 2005)
144. Safeguard Security v. Tangco, G.R. No. 165732, 14 Dec. 2006
145. Phil. Rabbit Bus Lines v. People, GR 147703 (April 14, 2004).

B. EFFECTS

i. Acquittal/dismissal (Art. 29, CC; R111 [2b] & 120 [2], ROC)
[Link] of civil liability (Rule 111[2b], ROC)

146. Manantan v. CA, GR 107125 (January 29, 2001), 350 SCRA 387.
147. Sanchez v. FEBTC, GR 155309 (November 15, 2005).
148. Manliclic v. Calaunan, G.R. No. 150157, 25 Jan 2007

C. PREJUDICIAL QUESTION (Art. 36, CC; R111, Sec. 6, ROC)

149. Quiambao v. Osorio, GR L-48157 (March 16, 1988)

150. Yap v. Paras, GR 101236 (January 30, 1992).
151. Tamin v. CA, GR 97477 (May 8, 1992).
152. Spouses Lee-Yu v. PCIB, GR 14790 (17 March 2006)
153. Marbella-Bobis v. Bobis, GR 138509 (July 31, 2000).

D. SUBSIDIARY LIABILITY (Arts. 102-103, RPC; Art. 106-109 Labor Code)

i. Concept and requisites

ii. Diligence is not a defense

154. Carpio v. Doroja, 180 SCRA 1

155. Bantoto v. Bobis, 18 SCRA 690
156. Yonaha v. CA, 255 SCRA 397

VIII. DAMAGES

A. CONCEPT/KINDS OF DAMAGES (ARTICLE 2197)

157. Ong v. CA, G.R. No. 117103, 301 SCRA 387 (1999).

B. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF RECOVERY

158. Air France v. CA, 171 SCRA 399
159. Dichoso v. CA, 192 SCRA 169
160. PAL v. Miano, 242 SCRA 235
161. DBP v. CA, 284 SCRA 14

C. ACTUAL DAMAGES (ARTICLES 2199-2203; 2207, 2209)

i. damnum emergens/lucrum cessans
ii. disability
iii. indemnity for death
iv. interest
v. Attorney’s Fees (Article 2208)
 TORTS AND DAMAGES

162. PNOC Shipping v. CA, 358 Phil. 38 (1998).

163. Nacar v. Gallery Frames, GR 189871, 13 August 2013
[See BSP Resolution No. 799 dated July 1, 2013]
164. Francisco v. Co, GR. 151339 (January 31, 2006)
165. Marikina Autoline v. People, GR. 152040 (March 31, 2006).
166. Magbanua v. Junsay, G.R. No. 132659, 12 Feb. 2007
167. Interest: Agner v. BPI Family Savings, GR 182963, (June 03, 2013)
BSP Circular No. 799 series of 2013
168. City Trust v. Villanueva, G.R. No. 141011 (July 19, 2001)
169. Spouses Ong v. CA, G.R. No. 117103 (January 21, 1999)
170. Ramos v. CA, G.R. No. 124354 (December 29, 1999)
171. Industrial Insurance Co. v. Bondad, GR 136722 (April 12, 2000)
172. Pestano v. Spouses Sumayang, G.R. No. 139875 (Dec 4, 2000)
173. Perena v. Zarate, GR 157917 (August 29, 2012)
174. People v. Jugueta, GR 202124 (April 5, 2016)

D. MORAL DAMAGES (ARTICLES 2217-2220)

175. Villanueva v. Salvador, GR. 139436 (January 25, 2006).

176. Morris vs. Court of Appeals, 352 SCRA 428 (2001).
177. Francisco vs. Ferrer, Jr., 353 SCRA 261 (2001).
178. Filipinas Broadcasting v. Ago Medical, GR 141994, 17 Jan 2005.
179. Montinola v. PAL, GR 198656, 8 September 2014
180. Meyr Enterprises v. Cordero, GR 197336, September 03, 2014
181. Olivarez Realty v. Castillo, GR 196251, July 09, 2014
182. Mendoza v. Gomez, GR 160110, June 18, 2014
183. Arco Pulp & Paper v. Lim, GR 206806, June 25, 2014
184. Expertravel & Tours v. CA, G.R. No. 130030 (June 25, 1999).
185. Francisco v. Ferrer, G.R. No. 142029 (February 28, 2001).
186. Ramos v. CA, G.R. No. 124354 (December 29, 1999).
187. Industrial Insurance Co. v. Bondad, GR 136722 (April 12, 2000).
188. Calalas v. CA, G.R. No. 122039 (May 31, 2000).
189. Cocoland Dev’t v. NLRC, GR 98458 (July 17, 1996), 328 Phil. 351.

E. NOMINAL DAMAGES (ARTICLES 2221-2223)

190. China Airlines v. CA, GR 129988 (14 July 2003), 406 SCRA 113.
191. Mercury Drug v. Serrano, GR 160509 (March 10, 2006).
192. Locsin v. Hizon, GR 204369, September 17, 2014
193. Deoferio v. Intel Technology, GR 202996, June 18, 2014
194. Cojuangco v. CA. GR 119398 (July 2, 1999)
195. Industrial Timber v. Ababon, GR 164518 (January 25, 2006).

F. TEMPERATE DAMAGES (ARTICLES 2224-2225)

196. Victory Liner v. Gammad, GR 159636 (November 25, 2004).

197. Premiere Dev’t Bank v. CA, GR 159352 (April 14, 2004).
198. Josefa v. Meralco, GR 182705, July 18, 2014
199. Adriano v. Lasala, GR 197842, October 09, 2013
200. Lorenzo Shipping v. NPC, GR 181683, October 7, 2015
201. Republic v. Looyuko, GR 170966, June 22, 2016
 TORTS AND DAMAGES

G. LIQUIDATED DAMAGES (ARTICLES 2226-2228)

202. Azcuna v. CA, GR 116665 (March 20, 1996)

203. Radiowealth Finance v. Del Rosario, GR 138739 (July 6, 2000).

H. EXEMPLARY DAMAGES (ARTICLES 2229-2234)

204. Makabali v. CA, GR L-46877 (January 22, 1988).

205. People v. Catubig, GR 137842 (August 23, 2001).
206. Trans-Asia v. CA, GR 118126 (March 4, 1996).
207. Q.C. Gov’t v. Dacara, GR 150304 (June 15, 2005).
208. Ramos v. CA, G.R. No. 124354 (December 29, 1999).
209. Sulpicio v. Sesante, GR 172682 (July 27, 2016).

I. MITIGATION OF DAMAGES (ARTICLES 1192, 2203-2204, 2214-2215)

210. Malaysian Airlines v. CA, 156 SCRA 321

211. Bricktown v. Amor Tierra, 239 SCRA 126
212. Lim v. CA, GR 125817 (January 16, 2002).
213. Sanitary Laundry v. CA, GR 119092 (December 10, 1998)
214. IS v. CA, GR 131109 (June 13, 1999)

IX. PROCEDURAL RULES ON DAMAGES

A. SPECIFICATION OF AMOUNT OF DAMAGES

B. FILING FEES FOR CLAIMS FOR DAMAGES

215. Sun Insurance v. Asuncion, GR 79937-38 (February 13, 1989).

216. Iniego v. Guillermo, GR 166876 (March 24, 2006).
217. IBC v. Legasto, GR 169108 (April 18, 2006)
218. Ng Soon v. Alday, 178 SCRA 221
219. Manantan v. CA, G.R. No. 107125 (January 29, 2001).

See:
SC Circular No. 7 (March 24, 1983)
SC Circular No. 57-97 (September 17, 1997)
SC Circular No. 70-97 (October 21, 1997)