Organic Chemistry
Name Reactions
1. Aldol Condensation: condensation between two molecule of an
-hydrogen atom to form a
- -hydroxyketone is known as aldol
condensation.
Aldol condensation takes place in prese ase.
2. Cannizzaro Reaction: The disproportio redox) of
-hydrogen atom HO, HCHO,
R3C.CHO etc.) in presence of form salt of an acid &
a primary alcohol is known as action.
3. Carby When a primary amine is heated with alcoholic
c h and chloroform, an offensive smelling compound
c amine ( alkyl or arylisocyanide) is formed.
en Condensation: The self condensation of este -
hydrogen atom in the presence of an alkoxide (C2H5ONa) to give a
-ketoester is called Claisen condensation. Eg. Two molecule of
-ketobutanoate.
5. Clemmension Reduction: The reduction of >C=O group to methyl
group (>CH2) with amalgamated zinc and conc. HCl is known as
Clemmension reduction.
6. Coupling Reaction: The reaction in which a diazonium salt
condenses with an aromatic compound having an electron rich
group eg, aniline, phenol or their derivatives to form an azo
compound (Ar-N=N-Ar) is termed as coupling reaction.
7. Etard Reaction: Chromyl chloride ( CrO2Cl2) oxidizes
group to a chromium complex, which on hydrolysi
corresponding benzaldehyde. It is called Etard
8. Esterification Reaction: Reaction o with a carboxylic
acid in the presence of a small nc.H2SO4 to form an
ester is called esterification
Esterification process is versible.
9. Finkelstein Reacti dides can be prepared by the reaction
of alkyl chlo id / des with NaI in dry acetone.
10. Friede tion: Introduction of an alkyl (-R) or an acyl
( p in to the benzene ring of an aromatic compound in
t ence of of a lewis acid catalyst (eg.anhydrous aluminium
or Zinc chloride) is called as Friedel-Craft reaction).
Introduction of an acyl group (RCO-) i ll ation.
11. Gabriel pthalimide synthesis: This meth o prepare
primary amine. The various steps i
i) pthalimide is treated wi h l ution of KOH to form
potassium pthalimide
ii) The potassium salt h an alkylhalide.
iii) The product N-a mide is hydrolysed with dilute
HCl to form a pri .
rmann Reaction: Gattermann reaction is used for obtaining
chlorobenzene or bromobenzene from benzenediazonium chloride
by treating it with Cu/HCl or Cu/HBr respectively.
13. Gattermann-Koch Reaction: When benzene or its derivative is
treated with carbon monoxide and HCl in the presence of
anhydrous aluminium chloride or CuCl, it gives benzaldehyde or
substituted benzaldehyde.
14. Iodoform test: The compound containing methyl group bonded to
carbonyl group (CH3-CO-) or (CH3-CH.OH-) reacts with aquous
NaOH and iodine solution gives yellow ppt of Iodofor
15. Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Reaction: When alip xylic acid
-hydrogen are reacted with bromine in
presence of small amount of red ph he corresponding
-haloacids are obtained.
16. Hinsberg Tes test is employed to distinguish primary,
seconda y amine. The reagent used in this test is
benzene chloride. The tests are:
a) Prim It gives sulphonamide with hinsberg reagent,
t mide is soluble in NaOH or KOH.
B) Secondary amine:-With hinsberg reagent,it forms
sulphonamide, which is insoluble in NaOH or KOH.
C) Tertiary amine:- Tertiary amine do not react with hinsberg
reagent ,because it is not having replaceable hydrogen.
17. Hoffmann-Bromamide Reaction: When an amide is heated with
bromine and an alkali, a primary amine containing one carbon less
than the amide is obtained. This reaction is called Hoffmann-
Bromamide reaction. This reaction is very useful for converting a
higher homologue to next lower one.
18. -Electrolysis process: Preperation of hi by the
electrolysis of sodium or potassium salt of low is
19. Kolbe,s Schmith process n gives the method for
fixation of CO2 in the b ium phenoxide on heating
that 120-1400C under 4 ure with CO2 gives sodium
salicylate which o with dil.HCl gives salicylic acid(2-
hydroxy benzoic a
20 R Tiemann Reaction: The reaction of pheonal with
rm or carbon-tetrachloride in the presence of aqueos alkali
0k followed by hydrolysisof the resulting product gives
salicyldehyde and salicylic acid respectively.
21. Rosenmund Reduction: Reduction of acid chloride (RCOCl)to the
corresponding aldehyde with hydrogen using Pd/BaSO4 as catalyst
is known as rosenmund reaction.Here Pd/BaSO4 used as negative
catalyst and prevent further reduction to alcohol.
22. Sandmayer Reaction: The convesion of benzene diazonium salt
into halogen of cyano derivative of the parent aromatic
hydrocarbon by treating it with a mixture containing th
corrsponding salt and the acid is called sandmeyer rea
23. Saponification Process: Hydrolysis f presence of an
alkali is known as saponification.In sodium salt of
fattyacids(commonly called a ained.
24. Stephen Rea es can be reduced to corresponding imine
with sta e in the presence of hydrochloric acid, which
on hydro rresponding aldehyde. This reaction is called
Stephe
25 : The synthesis of alkyl fluorides is accomplished
ating an alkyl chloride/ bromide in the presence of a metallic
uo ide such as AgF,Hg2F2 etc.
26. : In williamson synthesis,when an alkoxide
or a phenoxide is made to react with an alkyl halide,an ether is
obtained.In this method,haloarenes can not be used for the
preparation of alkyl-aryl ethers because of the low reactivity of
aryl halides.
27. Wolf-Kishner reaction: A carbonyl compound on heating
hydrazine and pottassium hydroxide(KOH)in a high boiling polar
solvent such as ethylene glycol,gets reduced to give a hydrocarbon.
28. Wurtz-Fittig Reaction: This reaction is used for obtain her
alkane from the halogen derivatives by using s di
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