Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Advances in Meteorology
Volume 2014, Article ID 471864, 7 pages
[Link]

Research Article
Relationship between Size of Cloud Ice and
Lightning in the Tropics

Deen Mani Lal,1 Sachin D. Ghude,1 Jagvir Singh,2 and Suresh Tiwari1
1
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411008, India
2
Ministry of Earth Sciences, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110060, India

Correspondence should be addressed to Deen Mani Lal; dmlal@[Link]

Received 25 November 2013; Accepted 1 February 2014; Published 20 March 2014

Academic Editor: Pavan S. Kulkarni

Copyright © 2014 Deen Mani Lal et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The association of lightning flashes with mean cloud ice size over continental and oceanic region in the tropical areas has been
analyzed using the observations from various satellite platforms (MODIS, TRMM, and LIS) for the period 2000–2011. We found
that frequency of lightning in general is higher over the continental region compared to oceanic region, whereas larger size of cloud
ice is observed over the oceanic regions compared to the continental regions. Relationship between lighting and cloud ice size shows
similar features over both continental and oceanic regions. For the first time, we show that total lighting increases with increase in
the cloud ice size; attends maximum at certain cloud ice size and then decreases with increase in cloud ice size. Maximum lightning
occurred for the mean cloud ice size of around 23–25 𝜇m over the continental region and mean cloud ice size of around 24–28 𝜇m
over the oceanic region. Based on our observation we argue that the relation between lightning and mean cloud ice size follow the
curve linear pattern, and not linear.

1. Introduction and Rutledge [8], Petersen et al. [9, 10], and Dye et al. [11]
have found that strong updraft and production of significant
Generation of lightning in atmosphere is still a matter of lightning occurs at the height where the temperature is
debate. It is a commonly established fact that ice is a key in between 0∘ C to −40∘ C. It is also believed that most of
element to generate and separate the positive and negative the noninductive charges inside the thunderstorm (due to
charges inside the cloud which assists formation of lightning rebounding collisions between graupel and ice crystals in the
in the atmosphere [1]. During the occurrence of deep con- presence of super-cooled liquid water) are generated in this
vection, water vapors are uplifted and condensed to form the temperature region [4, 12–18]. The separation of the charge
deferent sizes of noninductive hydrometers (ice crystal, hail, among the particles inside a cloud depends on the relative
drops, etc.); afterwards they are evaporated/sublimated and motion of hydrometers, whereas the rate of charge transfer
dispersed zonally and meridionally in the upper troposphere and polarity depends on the size of particle, temperature and
[2]. During upward motion, hydrometers collide with each the liquid water content [19–21]. In addition, charges are also
other generating the charge on ice crystals, graupel, and generated on crystal during condensation, evaporation, and
liquid water [3, 4]. Some of the earlier studies [3, 5] have sublimation/melting of ice. The rapid growth of electrification
shown that approximately 5 × 10−4 e.s.u. (0.17 pC) charges are has been reported when cloud particles are frozen and form
transferred per collision between the crystals and graupels of the ice during updraft [22, 23]. Laboratory experiment [3]
radius approximately 50 𝜇m. This activity mostly takes place showed that graupel pellets gain much more charges if
at the height where the temperature is colder than −10∘ C [6]. graupels are growing by riming and collide with ice. Some
Similarly, in other studies based on field measurement the laboratory experiment also showed that during freezing of
charge density around 1 to 10 C/km3 at the levels between distilled water very small negative charges are generated,
the isotherms of −10 to −25∘ C have been reported [7]. Carey whereas during melting much larger negative charges are
2 Advances in Meteorology

generated [24, 25], but this effect could not be observed when 68–83] in our analysis. Similarly, we used MODIS 1∘ × 1∘
water is contaminated. gridded level-3 monthly average cloud particle size data set
Aerosol also affects the cloud ice concentration and its from Aqua (2002–2011) over the oceanic region shown in
size by reducing the mean droplet size, which enhances the Figure 1(d) as O1 [lat. (−32)–(−20), long. (−146)–(−126)],
ice concentration in the region where temperature is less O2 [lat. 12–22, long. 49–73], and O3 [lat. 0–18, long. 124–
than zero [26]. Takahashi [27] found that increasing tendency 149]. We have also used MODIS, Terra platform data set, for
of lightning flashes is positively correlated with increasing the period of 2000-2001 for oceanic region. The agreement
concentration of cloud ice as well as its size. Sherwood et between MODIS monthly average cloud particle size data
al. [28] reported that occurrence of maximum lightning is product from Terra and Aqua is observed to be 90% (𝑅 =
associated with small size of cloud ice. In another study, 0.95) suggesting that both data sets are quite consistent.
decreasing size of cloud ice with increasing the aerosol TRMM Microwave Instrument (TMI) profiling gives global
concentration has also been reported [29]. vertical hydrometer profiles and surface rainfall mean on
In recent study over central India [30] a positive corre- 0.5∘ × 0.5∘ grid resolution. This data set is available at TRMM
lation has been found between ice concentration and light- Online Visualization and Analysis System (TOVAS) web-
ning during premonsoon and monsoon seasons, whereas based interface ([Link]
Deierling et al. [1] reported significant correlation between [Link]?instanceid=TRMM Monthly). We have used area
both precipitation and nonprecipitation ice mass with total average monthly vertical profile of cloud ice concentration
lightning over Northern Alabama and Colorado/Kansas. retrieved by 3A12 algorithm over the continental region (L1,
Similar relation between lightning and cloud ice masses has L2, and L3) and oceanic region (O1, O2, and O3). We have also
also been reported in other field observations [1, 10, 17, 31– used lightning data from LIS which is a science instrument
34]. The combined effect of aerosol with thermodynamic on board the TRMM observatory launched on 28 November,
effect over India [35] and threefold enhancement of cloud- 1997. The detection efficiency of LIS is more than 80% in both
to-ground lightning flash density over Houston, Texas [36], daytime and nighttime with resolution (4 to 7 km) over a large
raises the issue of pollution or heat island effect as a cause. region (600 × 600 km) of the Earth’s surface for total lightning
As ice is a form of frozen cloud drops above the freezing (i.e., intracloud + cloud-to-ground) [41].
level during deep convection, some results reported positive
relation of lightning with strong updraft [11, 37–39].
2.1. Selection of Study Area. Figures 1(a) and 1(b) show the
Sizes of cloud ice represent the meteorological condition,
example of spatial distribution of size of cloud ice and
aerosol effect, atmospheric dynamics, and are closely related
lightning, respectively, for the year 2005. Year 2005 is neither
to the cloud electrification and lightning discharge. It is
drought year nor very heavy rainfall year. It is considered as
still not clear whether small or large ice sizes increase the
normal rainfall year [42]. In order to study the association
lightning flashes. Sherwood et al. [28] reported that small
between size of cloud ice and lightning, we have selected three
ice generate more lightning, whereas less cloud electrification
regions over the continental region as L1, L2, and L3 and
in small cloud ice area is also reported [18, 40]. In this
over the ocean as O1, O2, and O3 shown in Figure 1(d). We
study we have presented the relationship between size of
have used 12 years (2000–2011) of monthly cloud ice size and
cloud ice and lightning flashes on global scale (over tropical
lightning data over the study area (L1, L2, L3 and O1, O2, O3)
regions). Lightning flashes and effective radius of cloud ice are
for analysis.
considered over both continental as well as oceanic region.

3. Results
2. Data
3.1. Spatial Distribution of Cloud Ice Size and Lightning.
In this study monthly mean cloud effective radius of ice phase Figure 1 shows the spatial and seasonal pattern of lightning
(cloud particle size) (QA-W) from Moderate Resolution and cloud effective radius (cloud particle/ice size) over the
Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Level-3, cloud ice con- tropical regions for the year 2005. A clear spatial change
centration from 3A12 version 6, and area averaged lightning in lightning and cloud ice can be seen in Figure 1. It is
from Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on board of Tropical interesting to note from Figure 1 that frequency of lightning
Rainfall Measurement Mission’s (TRMM) satellite for the in general is higher over the continental region compared
period of 2000–2011 data sets have been used for analysis. to oceanic region. The annual average lightning flashes
MODIS Level-3 was first launched on 18 December, 1999, on over the areas L1, L2, and L3 are generally greater than
board the Terra platform and subsequently on 4 May, 2002, on 500 flashes/km2 /month, whereas over the areas O1, O2, and
board the Aqua platform, which is uniquely designed (high O3 are less than 25 flashes/km2 /months. On the other hand,
spatial resolution, wide spectral range, and near daily global larger size of cloud ice is observed over oceanic region
coverage) to observe and monitor cloud effective radius compared to continental regions. The average cloud ice size is
and other Earth changes. We have used MODIS 1∘ × 1∘ greater than 30 𝜇m (some places more than 40 𝜇m) over the
gridded level-3 monthly averaged cloud particle size from oceanic region (O1, O2, and O3) and less than 25 𝜇m over the
Terra platform (2000–2011) over continental region shown selected areas (L1, L2, and L3) on continental region. During
in Figure 1(d) as L1 [lat. (−35)–(−22), long. (−67)–(−47)], spring months (March, April, and May; MAM), intense
L2 [lat. (−12)–(−8), long. 9–29], and L3 [lat. 24–34, long. lightning can be seen (Figure 1(d)) over the continental
Advances in Meteorology 3

40 N
30 N
20 N
10 N
0
10 S
20 S
30 S
40 S
180 W 120 W 60 W 0 60 E 120 E 180 E 1 2 3 4 5 >5 >10 >25 >50 >100 >200 >500

5.0 12.0 19.0 26.0 33.0 40.0

Annual average
(a) (b)
O2 L3

O3
MAM
L2
O1 L1

(c) (d)

JJA

(e) (f)

SON

(g) (h)

DJF

1 2 3 4 5 >5 >10 >15 >25 >50 >100 >150

10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40

(i) (j)

Figure 1: Spatial distribution of (a) size of cloud ice and (b) lightning for the annual average and four seasons during 2005.

regions such as Uruguay and surrounding regions (East part JJS), winter (December, January, and February; DJF), and fall
of Argentina and south Brazil), central part of United State, months (September, October, and November; SON).
Colombia, Central African Republican and surrounding
region, Democratic Republican of Congo (DRC), eastern part 3.2. Relationship between Cloud Ice Size and Lightning. In
of South Africa, India (Indo Gangetic plain and in some order study the relationship between cloud ice size and
other parts), South-East part of China, Thailand, and Indone- lightning in detail we have analyzed the monthly mean cloud
sia. Lightning frequency greater than 150 flashes/km2 /month effective radius and total lightning (for the period 2000–
(Figure 1(d)) and the average effective cloud ice diameters 2011) averaged over the continental (L1, L2, and L3) and
between 22 and 25 𝜇m (Figure 1(c)) have been observed oceanic (O1, O2, and O3) areas shown in Figure 1(d). Months
over these regions. The lightning frequency over Mexico, corresponding to the cloud ice size between 19 and 34 𝜇m are
Guatemala, Nicaragua, Angola, Namibia, and the entire part grouped in the bin size of 1 𝜇m (we have considered all the
of Brazil during spring months has been observed to be less months (12×12 = 144 months) for frequency count). We have
than 25 flashes/km2 /month (effective cloud ice diameter 28– noticed that there were hardly any months in which monthly
31 𝜇m). In comparison with continental regions (discussed mean cloud ice size was less that 19 𝜇m or greater than 34 𝜇m
above) the low lightning frequency (<5 flashes/km2 /month) during the study period. Lightning corresponding to each bin
and large ice particle size (31–40 𝜇m) has been observed over (of 1 𝜇m) is then added to obtain total lightning for every
the oceanic region. In Figure 1, the similar features are also 1 𝜇m bin between 19 and 34 𝜇m. Figure 2 shows relationship
evident during summer monsoon (June, July, and August; between cloud ice size and lighting over the three different
4 Advances in Meteorology

Continental Oceanic
10000
350000

300000
Lightning flashes (km2 )/month

8000

250000
6000
200000

150000 4000

100000
2000
50000

0 0

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 24 25 26 27 28 29

(A) (A)

1000000 2000
Lightning flashes (km2 )/month

800000
1500

600000
1000
400000

500
200000

0 0

23 24 25 26 27 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

(B) (B)

40000
150000
Lightning flashes (km2 )/month

120000 30000

90000
20000
60000

30000 10000

0
0
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0
Ice size (𝜇m) Ice size (𝜇m)

(C) (C)
(a) (b)

Figure 2: Relationship between mean cloud ice size and lightning over continental region (a) L1 (A), L2 (B), and L3 (C) and over oceanic
region (b) O1 (A), O2 (B), and O3 (C).
Advances in Meteorology 5

×10−5 ×10−5
8 10

6 8
Ice (g/m3 )

Ice (g/m3 )
4
6
2
4
0
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Altitude height (km)/level
Ice size (𝜇m)
(a)
(a)
12 40
Ice (g/m3 )

9 32

Ice (g/m3 )
6 24
3 16
0 8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0
Altitude height (km)/level 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
(b) Ice size (𝜇m)
(b)
Figure 3: Distribution of cloud ice concentration as a function of
altitude averaged during 2000–2011 period (a) over the continental Figure 4: Relation between mean cloud ice size and cloud ice
region L1 and (b) oceanic region O2. concentration averaged during 2000–2011 period at 12 km altitude
(a) over the continental region L1 and (b) oceanic region O2.
continental (Figure 2(a)) and oceanic regions (Figure 2(b)). It
can be seen that relationship between lighting and cloud ice
size shows similar pattern over both continental and oceanic among them during upward motion [41, 43]. This process
regions. Maximum lightning occurred for the mean ice cloud enhances the electric filed inside the cloud and generate
sizes of 24, 25, and 23 𝜇m over the continental regions L1, lightning. During convection, cloud ice grows its size by
L2, and L3, respectively. Similarly, over the oceanic regions combination of collection and condensation or deposition.
O1, O2, and O3 maximum lightning occurred for the slightly The increasing ice concentration with respect to mean ice size
greater mean cloud ice size of 26, 24, and 28 𝜇m, respectively. from 19 to 24 𝜇m in Figure 4 can be attributed to the growth
It is interesting to note from Figure 2 that total lighting of ice size. Therefore, generated charge (due to collision and
increases with increase in the cloud ice size, attains maximum condensation) increases with increasing the ice concentration
at certain cloud ice size, and after that starts decreasing with and attends the maximum charge with the maximum ice
increasing cloud ice size. concentration at 24 𝜇m inside the cloud. Hence, increasing
In order to understand this relationship we have analyzed lightning frequency with increasing the ice concentration
vertical distribution of cloud ice concentration and rela- with respect to ice size from 19 to 24 𝜇m with maximum
tionship between cloud size with ice concentration over the lightning at 24 𝜇m can be seen in Figure 2. Takahashi [27] has
continental and oceanic region. Figures 3(a) and 3(b) show also found increase in lightning with increase in the ice con-
the cloud ice concentration at different altitude averaged centration and ice size, compliments to our results. The latent
during 2000–2011 period over the continental region L1 and heat is generated during condensation or deposition increases
oceanic region O2, respectively. It can be seen that ice con- the updraft velocity of the hydrometers, which enhances the
centration increases from altitude of 6 km, attends maximum hydrometers concentration at high altitude (Figure 3) as well
concentration around 8–11 km over L1 and 10–14 km over O2 as electric filed inside the cloud. Ziegler and MacGorman
region, and decreases nearly to zero concentration at 18 km. [44] and Dey et al. [11] found that altitude range of about 7–
Figure 4 shows the distribution of cloud ice concentration as 10 km is favorable for electrification of clouds for generating
a function of mean cloud size at an altitude of 12 km (near lightning discharge. This is consistent with Figure 3 where we
to same height) over L1 and O2 regions, respectively. It can observed maximum ice concentration between 8 and 14 km
be seen from Figure 4 that ice concentration over L1 and O2 altitude ranges. It can also be seen from Figure 3 that although
regions increases with respect to ice size up to 24 𝜇m, attends maximum ice concentration over both land and oceanic
maximum concentration at 24 𝜇m, and ice concentration regions are found approximately in same altitude range (8–
decreases with ice size above 24 𝜇m. Similar relationship 14 km), yet less lightning occurs over oceanic region. It might
between ice concentration and ice size is also seen for the be due to weak updraft velocity in mix-phase region over
altitudes ranged between 8 and 14 km (not shown here). The ocean as compared to continental region.
charge is generated due to growth of ice size by condensation On the other hand, increased size of cloud ice increases
(deposition, combination of collection, etc.) and collision its terminal velocity and thereby reduces the uplift velocity.
6 Advances in Meteorology

Therefore, larger particle descends isothermally towards the Acknowledgments

ground and begins to melt [45]. In this case charge with oppo-
site polarity is also generated on hydrometer [43], however, The authors are gratefully thankful to Earth Observatory
unable to generate the charge to produce the lightning due to System and Earth System Science Program who provided
slow sublimation and low concentration of ice. Takahashi [4] the TRMM data. The authors also acknowledge the MODIS
also showed that the charge transfers per collision slow down mission scientists and associated NASA personnel for the
with increase in ice diameter size. Therefore, the negative production of the data used in this research.
relationship between total lightning and mean cloud ice size
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