Kian and Siahan (2001) have studied the use of outrigger and belt truss system
for high-rise concrete buildings. The lateral displacement reduction related to the
use of outrigger and belt system location in high-rise concrete building subjected
to wind or earthquake load. Eight 40−storey two dimensional models analyzed
using GT-Strudl for wind load and five 60−storey three dimensional models
analyzed using ETABS for earthquake load. They have studied the maximum
displacement reduction can be achieved by providing outrigger and belt system
at different location. The use of outrigger and belt truss system in high-rise
buildings increase the stiffness and makes the structural form efficient under lateral
load. For two-dimensional model, single outrigger provided at the middle of the
structure height reduces the maximum displacement by 56 %, while providing first
outrigger at the top and second outrigger at the middle of the structure height
reduces displacement 65%.
Jagadish J. S. and Doshi T. D. (2013) have carried out a study on bracing
systems on high rise steel Structures. This study elaborates effect of different types
of bracing systems using in multi storied steel buildings. In G + 15 stories steel
building Single-Diagonal, X bracing, Double X bracing, K bracing and V bracing
are used. In steel building property of sections and connections, Gravity load and
wind load are designs using IS 800:2007, IS 875-Part1, IS 875-Part2 and IS 875-
Part3. STAAD Pro V8i software program is used to perform analysis in steel
building. They conclude the reduction of displacement using different bracing as
compare to without bracing steel structure.
Jani K. and Patel P. V. (2013) studied aspect of analysis and design of diagrid
structural system for high rise steel buildings. Structural design of high rise
buildings is governed by lateral loads due to wind or earthquake. Lateral load
resistance of structure is provided by interior structural system or exterior structural
system. In change to vertical columns in framed tube, diagrid structure consists of
inclined columns on the exterior surface of building. Due to inclined columns lateral
loads are resisted by axial action of the diagonal compared to bending of vertical
columns in framed tube structure. A regular floor plan of 36 m × 36 m size is
considered. ETABS software is used for modeling and analysis of structural
members. All structural members are designed as per IS 800:2007 considering all
load combinations. Building with varying storey are studied (36 ,50,70,80). From
the study it is observed that most of the lateral load is resisted by diagrid columns
on the periphery, while gravity load is resisted by both the internal columns and
peripherial diagonal columns. So, internal columns need to be designed for vertical
load only.
Kulkarni et al. (2013) have presented seismic response of reinforced concrete braced
frames The elastic seismic response of reinforced concrete frames with reinforced
concrete bracing member in different bracing patterns, are analyzed numerically.
A typical frame of twelve storey building with 5-bay structures been taken for study.
A number of structures and their different patterns with and without braces have
been analyzed and compare with each other. Axial force, shear force and bending
moment in one particular worst loaded column segment is considered for a typical
[Link] have conclude that optimally braced frames are stiff, strong, least force
induced in the structure, displacement within limit and economical structural
system as compared to fully braced frames.
Badami S. and Suresh M. R. (2014) studied a study on behavior of structural
systems for tall buildings subjected to lateral loads this papper includes study of
most commonly used structure system in reinforced concrete structure such as
rigid frame “Rigid Frame”, “Shear Wall/Central Core”, “WallFrame Interaction”, and
“Outrigger”. Basic assumption and modelling is done using etabs. Analysis is done
keeping in mind Indian standards. They have concluded outrigger syste is over all
system as it just not reduce lateral displacement but also reduces storey drift.
Effectvely placing outrigger will help to increase stiffness and effectiveness of
structure.
Sattar et al. (2014) Studied Deflection Control in High Rise Building Using Belt
Truss and Outrigger Systems. The effect of building displacements of high rise
building subjected to lateral forces using outrigger and belt truss system. The L-
shape RC frame building of 15, 20 and 25 storey has been taken for study. The
design of wind load and the earthquake load was calculated based on IS 875 (Part
3) and IS 1893 (Part-1): 2002. ETABS software program is used to perform
analysis. They have taken different five structure using outrigger and belt truss
system. The different load combination has been taken for analysis purpose.
presence of the additional stiffness in terms of double core shear wall + stringer
beam + floor rigidity, structure 4 is a stiffer structure. Floor rigidity is not required
to be increased beyond that required for the load carrying of Dead load and Live
load on floors. Moments in Corner column are less compared to the middle column.
Moments in outer periphery columns are less compared to the moments in interior
columns. Column forces and moments are minimal in case of “Building frame with
Double Core arrangement of shear wall and Stringer beams” for which drift and
displacement are less.
M. M. Birje et al. (2014) have studied comparative study on structural parameter
of r.c.c and composite. They have shown the structural behavior of RCC and
composite high rise buildings while seismic load is [Link] also they have
studied the effect of displacements, axial forces, base shear and natural period in
that building, and also they have performed 3D analysis. They have got values of
displacements, axial forces, base shear and natural period by doing the analysis.
They have design the structure by using Euro code 4 and the lateral loads were
determine by using IS1893(Part-I)2002. They have adopt the three models with
different story height for analysis. They have used ETABS 2013 software for
modeling and analysis. They analyze the building model for Equivalent Static
Analysis (ESA) and Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) with different load
combination. And by study and analysis they have conclude that the composite
structure is good solution as compared to RCC structure for high rise building.
They found the reduction in total weight of composite structure and size of the
column and beam sections as compared to RCC structure. And also they found
the axial force is reduce in composite structure.
Patil D.M. and Sangle K.K. (2015) have studied Seismic behaviour of different
bracing systems in high rise 2-d steel buildings. This study compares the seismic
behaviour of different bracing systems in high rise 2-D steel buildings. By nonlinear
static pushover analyses they have perform the analysis on different bracing
systems in high rise steel buildings. They have adopted different structural
configurations of moment resisting frames (MRFs), chevron braced frames
(CBFs), V-braced frames (VBFs), X-braced frames (XBFs) and zipper braced
frames (ZBFs) in model of high rise steel buildings of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 stories.
They have design the building model as per IS1893 (part-I):2002, IS875-1987 and
[Link] analysis is done in SAP2000v16. MRF buildings show higher
storey displacement and inter-storey drift ratio indicating that MRF buildings are
more flexible than other braced buildings, so prone to excessive damage in seismic
event. ZBF, VBF and CBF have higher seismic response depending on different
seismic parameters such as fundamental time period, base shear, roof
displacement, storey displacement, inter-storey drift ratio and performance point
than XBF and MRF.
Patel C.M. and Chandiwala A.K. (2015) have studied a review paper on
comparative study of reinforced concrete filled steel tube structure with traditional
reinforced concrete and steel structure. The different literature paper ae studied to
know the effect of axial force, joint reaction, time period and story drift in CFST,
RCC and Steel structure. In that literature paper they have taken the various
stories and story height for the analysis. In that all papers they have perform
analysis in program of ETABS. By reading and understanding that literature
papers and on the base of that papers they have conclude that the composite
structure is advisable for high-rise building because it perform well in condition of
axial force, shear force and base shear and more economical than R.C.C
structures and Steel Structures. And also CFST columns were good at earthquake
resistant properties like high strength, ductility and large energy absorption
capacity.
Yadav S. and DR. Garg V. (2015) have studied advantage of steel diagrid building
over conventional building. Study shows the structural behaviour of diagrid
structure and compare it with the conventional building. They have selected the
G+15 story steel building model for modelling. They have modelled the buiding
and analyze it by using STAAD Pro. software. They have designed the structure
using IS800:2007 and the seismic force were considered as per IS1893(Part-I):
2002. They have assumed that the building is located in seismic zone V. They
have take primary load case and different load combinations of dead load, live load
and earthquake load. They have assumed dead load and live load using IS875
(Part-I and Part-II):1987. They selected the columns and the observed the effects
by applied forces on it. After the analysis they have found the use of diagrids
significantly decreases the maximum shear force and bending moment in internal
and perimeter beams. The bending moment in internal column also decreases in
diagrid building. This reduces the sectional requirement of beams and columns in
diagrid building. An overall economy of nearly 12% is achieved in diagrid building
compared to conventional building.
Nimmy D. and Ranjeet R. (2015) studied analytical investigation on the
performance of tube-in-tube structure subjected to lateral loads. Now a days
tubular structure are becoming common systems as they are more feasible and
effective. Here entire structure act as a unit, having tube inside a tube. Lateral load
are transfer by sharing between two tubes. Continuum approach is used to analyze
structure in which horizontal member connected to vertical assume to be
continuous. Three models are studied with varying position of inner tube. Sap2000
is used to analyze and study comparative aspects between htree models.
Equivalent static, Response spectrum analysis and Time history analysis is done
and the output of three models are evaluated to have a comparative study of their
seismic performance. It is seen that model with core locate at corner and time
history analyse yields a better results.
Srinivas S. K. and Beryl S. (2015) worked on a study on behaviour of outrigger
system on high rise steel structure by varying outrigger depth. Outrigger system is
one of the most effective system used for high rise structures to resist horizontal
forces. The present study is an attempt to study the static and dynamic behavior
of the outrigger structural system on steel structure by reducing the depth of
outrigger. 5X5 bay 40 story 3D steel structures is modeled in ETABS v2013
software. Steel structure with central core and steel structure with outrigger
structural system of varied depth of outrigger are compared. Lateral deflection and
storey drift are consider as the measure aspects in the study. They conclude us
eof outrigger system increase stiffness of structure. Decrease in the depth of the
outrigger to 1/3rd of the story height reduces the percentage reduction of lateral
displacement and story drift up-to 6% – 7%. The decrease in the depth of the
outrigger to 2/3rd of the story height reduces the percentage reduction of lateral
displacement and story drift up-to 4% – 5% in comparison with outrigger depth of
full story height.
Varsani H. et. al (2015) Different structural systems like Exo-skeleton structural
system, diagrid structural system, etc are used in near development of tall
buildings. An exoskeleton structure consists of independent and lateral load
resisting sub systems. In diagrid structure, it consists of inclined columns on the
exterior surface of building, compared to closely spaced vertical column in framed
tube. Analysis of Exoskeleton structural system, diagrid structural system and
conventional structural system for 24 storey building is presented here. A regular
floor plan of 36 m × 36 m size is considered for all structures. ETABS software is
used for modelling and analysis of structural members. All structural members are
considered as per IS 800:2007 considering all load combinations. Comparison of
aspects such as storey displacement, storey shear and storey drift with
conventional building is presented in this paper. From the study it is observed that,
the top storey displacement due to earthquake load is very much less in diagrid
structure as compared to the conventional frame building and Exoskeleton
structural system.
Kun wang et. al. (2016) have studied experimental study on hysteric behavior of
composite frame with concrete-encased CFST column. They have proposed
composite frame for long span building. Concrete encased steel beam and
concrete encased concrete filled steel tube are used to effectively construct
building with long span. Testing were doe for cracks and the seismic beaviour is
explained using hysteresis behavior, skeleton curves, rigidity degradation, energy
dissipation and residential deformation were calculated. Hysteretic curves for the
two specimens are lower relative to small axial compressive ratio without vertical
load on the top of the columns are comparatively plump with spindle shape and
have perfect seismic performance. Steel tube under circular tension can achieve
effective constraint for the concrete in the steel tube in the compressive zone.
Prestress can reduce cracks and improve performance.
Xinzheng Lu et. al. (2016) have studied Development and application of a
simplified model for the design of a super-tall mega-braced frame-core tube
building. Super-tall buildings has become an important trend in earthquake
engineering. Here, a simplified nonlinear model is developed and applied to
compare two design schemes of a super-tall mega-braced frame-core tube
building, which is an actual engineering project with a total height of approximately
540 m. The analyses indicate that the fully braced scheme is superior because of
its more uniform energy distribution. Compared to the refined FE model, the
proposed simplified model reduces the computational time by a factor of 100 while
still providing a reliable accuracy in predicting theseismic performances of the two
considered design schemes. The plastic energy dissipation characteristics of both
schemes are predicted and compared using the proposed simplified model. The
fully braced scheme is found to induce a uniform plastic energy dissipation
distribution and effectively
Nanduri et. al. have studied Optimum Position of Outrigger System for High-Rise
Reinforced Concrete Buildings Under Wind And Earthquake Loadings. Tall
building constructions has been rapidly increasing worldwide introducing new
requirement that need to be met through engineering technologies. The stiffness
of the structure becomes more important and introduction of outrigger systems
between the shear walls and external columns is often used to provide required
lateral stiffness to the structure. The objective of this thesis is to study the behavior
of outrigger and, outrigger location optimization and the efficiency of each outrigger
when three outriggers are used in the structure. In Nine 30−storey three
dimensional models of outrigger and belt truss system are subjected to wind and
earthquake load, analyzed and compared to find the lateral displacement reduction
related to the outrigger and belt truss system location. They have shown 23%(30
storey building) maximum displacement reduction can be achieved by applying
first outrigger at the top and second outrigger in the structure height. Storey drift
and displacement can be increase using outrigger and different truss systems.
