Formula Sheet
3D stress analysis
V von Mises >
0.5 (V 1 V 2 ) 2 (V 2 V 3 ) 2 (V 3 V 1 ) 2 @ W oct
1
3
>
V 1 V 2 2 V 1 V 3 2 V 2 V 3 2 @
1/ 2
V XX l12V xx m12V yy n12V zz 2m1 n1V yz 2n1l1V xz 2l1 m1V xy
V YY l 22V xx m22V yy n22V zz 2m2 n2V yz 2n2 l 2V xz 2l 2 m2V xy
V ZZ l32V xx m32V yy n32V zz 2m3 n3V yz 2n3 l3V xz 2l3 m3V xy
V XY l1l 2V xx m1 m2V yy n1 n2V zz (m1 n2 m2 n1 )V yz (l1 n2 l 2 n1 )V zx (l1 m2 l 2 m1 )V xy
l (V xx V ) mV xy nV xz 0
lV xy m(V yy V ) nV yz 0 Hx
1
E
>
V x v(V y V z ) @
lV xz mV yz n(V zz V ) 0
Hy
1
E
>
V y v(V z V x ) @
V 3 (V xx V yy V zz )V 2 (V xxV yy V yyV zz V zzV xx V yz2 V zx2 V xy2 )V
Hz
1
>
V z v(V x V y ) @
(V xxV yyV zz 2V yzV zxV xy V xxV yz2 V yyV zx2 V zzV xy2 ) 0 E
Mohr’s circle
V V3 ·
2
§ 1
V 2
NS ¨ V NN 2 ¸ t (V 2 V 3 ) 2 W 12 1 §Hx Hy · 1
© 2 ¹ 4 Js ¨¨ ¸¸ sin 2T J xy cos 2T
2 © 2 ¹ 2
V V3 ·
2
§ 1
V 2
NS ¨ V NN 1 ¸ d (V 3 V 1 ) 2 W 22
© 2 ¹ 4 Hx Hy Hx Hy 1
Hn cos 2T J xy sin 2T
V1 V 2 ·
2
§ 1 2 2 2
V NS
2
¨ V NN ¸ t (V 1 V 2 )
2
W 32
© 2 ¹ 4
Strain gauges
dR dU dU / U R3 R1 R4 R2
(1 2v)H GF 1 2v V0 Vs
R U H ( R2 R3 )( R1 R4 )
8
Plastic behaviour of materials
V KH n
H1 H2 H3 1
1/ n 1 1 1 Es
d 2X § M · V 1 (V 2 V 3 ) V 2 (V 1 V 3 ) V 3 (V 1 V 2 )
¨¨ ¸¸ 2 2 2
dx 2 © KI n ¹
V K M 1
§ V1 · n 2 § D E·
> @
n 1 n
y rn In H1 ¨ ¸ D E DE D E 1 2 n ¨1 ¸
2
©K¹ © 2 2¹
1
ª 1 § e ·2 º § V1 · n E 1·
> @
1 n
3
M yp «1 ¨ ¸ » §
M H2 ¨ ¸ D E DE D E 1
2 2 2n ¨D ¸
2 ¬« 3 © h ¹ ¼» ©K¹ © 2 2¹
1
§ V1 · n 2 D 1·
> @
1 n
TL §
I H3 ¨ ¸ D E DE D E 1 2 n ¨ E ¸
2
JG ©K¹ © 2 2¹
dH 1 dH 2 dH 3 dH e
T ³ UW dA 2S ³ WU 2 dU
1 1 1 Ve
A A
V 1 (V 2 V 3 ) V 2 (V 1 V 3 ) V 3 (V 2 V 2 )
2 2 2
Sc 3 § U3 · 4 § 1 U 03 ·
T ¨¨ 4 30 ¸¸W yp Typ ¨1 ¸ D V 2 /V1
6 © c ¹ 3 ¨© 4 c 3 ¸¹
E V 3 /V1
4 §¨ 1 I yp ·¸
3
Tu Typ 1 pr pr
3 ¨© 4 I 3 ¸¹ Vz V2 VT V1 Vr V3 0
2t t
Fracture
§ EJ s · § 2 EJ s ·
1/ 2 1/ 2
d3 SV 2 a dE d3 dWs Vf Vf
G 0 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
dA E dA dA dA © 4a ¹ © Sa ¹
KI V ycyc Sa
V cos 2 ( E ) Sa
K II W xcyc Sa
V sin( E ) cos( E ) Sa
9
Sa
KI OsV f I
Q
Sa
KI V f I §a·
1.65
Q Q 1 1.464¨ ¸
©c¹
ª § a ·º
>
Os «1.13 0.09¨ ¸» 1 0.1 1 sin I 2
© c ¹¼
@
¬
1/ 4
ª 2 §a·
2
º
f I «sin I ¨ ¸ cos I »
2
¬« © ¹
c ¼»
Stress fields ahead of a crack tip for Mode I and Mode II
in a linear elastic, isotropic material
Mode I Mode II
§T ·ª §T · §3T ·º §T ·ª §T · §3T ·º
Vxx KI
cos¨ ¸1« sin¨ ¸sin¨ ¸»
K II
sin¨ ¸«2 cos¨ ¸cos¨ ¸»
2Sr ©2 ¹¬ ©2 ¹ © 2 ¹¼ 2Sr ©2 ¹¬ ©2 ¹ © 2 ¹¼
V yy KI §T ·ª §T · §3T ·º K II §T · §T · §3T ·
cos¨ ¸1
« sin¨ ¸sin¨ ¸» sin¨ ¸cos¨ ¸cos¨ ¸
2Sr ©2 ¹¬ ©2 ¹ © 2 ¹¼ 2Sr ©2 ¹ ©2 ¹ © 2 ¹
W xy KI §T · §T · §3T · K II §T ·ª §T · §3T ·º
cos¨ ¸sin¨ ¸sin¨ ¸ cos¨ ¸1« sin¨ ¸sin¨ ¸»
2Sr ©2 ¹ ©2 ¹ © 2 ¹ 2Sr ©2 ¹¬ ©2 ¹ © 2 ¹¼
V zz 0 (Plane stress) 0 (Plane stress)
v(V xx V yy ) (Plane strain) v(V xx V yy ) (Plane strain)
W xz , W yz 0 0
10
Crack-tip displacement fields for Mode I and Mode II
(linear elastic, isotropic material)
Mode I Mode II
ux KI r §T ·ª §T ·º K II r §T ·ª §T ·º
cos¨ ¸«N 1 2sin 2 ¨ ¸» sin¨ ¸«N 1 2cos2 ¨ ¸»
2 P 2S ©2 ¹¬ ©2 ¹¼ 2P 2S ©2 ¹¬ ©2 ¹¼
uy KI r §T ·ª §T ·º K II r §T ·ª §T ·º
sin¨ ¸«N 1 2cos2 ¨ ¸» cos¨ ¸«N 1 2sin 2 ¨ ¸»
2 P 2S ©2 ¹¬ ©2 ¹¼ 2P 2S ©2 ¹¬ ©2 ¹¼
NOTE: P is the shear modulus. N = 3-4v (plane strain) and N = (3-v)/(1+v) (plane stress)
Nonzero stress and displacement components in Mode
III (linear elastic, isotropic material)
K III §T · K III §T · 2K III r §T ·
W xz sin¨ ¸ W yz cos¨ ¸ uz sin¨ ¸
2Sr ©2 ¹ 2Sr ©2 ¹ P 2S ©2 ¹
Stress intensity solutions for common configurations
Single Edge Notched Tension Specimen
Sa
2 tan ª Sa · º
3
§a· 2W §a· §
f¨ ¸ «0.752 2.02¨ ¸ 0.37¨1 sin ¸ »
©W ¹ Sa «¬ ©W ¹ © 2W ¹ »¼
cos
2W
Single Edge Notched Bend Specimen
S a
§a· W W
3 ª a§ a ·° §a· § a · ½°º
2
f¨ ¸ 3/ 2 «
1.99 ¨1 ¸®2.15 3.93¨ ¸ 2.7¨ ¸ ¾»
©W ¹ § a ·§ a · « W © W ¹°̄ ©W ¹ © W ¹ °¿¼»
2¨1 2 ¸¨1 ¸ ¬
© W ¹© W ¹
Double Edge Notched Tension Specimen
Sa § Sa ·ª §a· º
2 4
§a· §a·
f¨ ¸ sec¨ ¸ «1 0.025¨ ¸ 0.06¨ ¸ »
©W ¹ 4W © 2W ¹ «¬ ©W ¹ © W ¹ »¼
11
P §a·
NOTE: KI f¨ ¸ Where B is the specimen thickness
B W ©W ¹
V Sa § SV ·
K I2 K II2 K III
2
K eff K eff V Sa sec¨¨ ¸¸
G 2
© 2V YS
2P 1§ V · ¹
E E 1 ¨¨ ¸¸
2 © V YS ¹
2 2
1 § KI · 1 § KI · K I (O ) (cos 2 E B sin 2 E )
ry ¨¨ ¸¸ rp ¨ ¸¸ KI
2S © V YS ¹ S ¨© V YS ¹ KI V Sa
K II K I (O ) (sin E cos E )(1 B)
Contact
x2 y2
1 W1
1
V 1 V 3 ; W 2 1
V 1 V 2 W 3 1
V 2 V 3
a2 b2 2 2 2
§b· §b· §b·
d Ax 2 By 2 V max cV ¨ ¸; W max cW ¨ ¸; W oct (max) cG ¨ ¸;
©'¹ ©'¹ ©'¹
2
1§ 1 1 1 1 · 1 ª§ 1 1 · § 1 1 ·º § 1 1 ·§ 1 1 · 2
B ¨¨ ¸¸ «¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¸» 4¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ sin D
4 © R1 R2 R1c R2c ¹ 4 ¬© R1 R1c ¹ © R2 R2c ¹¼ © R1 R1c ¹© R2 R2c ¹
2
1§ 1 1 1 1 · 1 ª§ 1 1 · § 1 1 ·º § 1 1 ·§ 1 1 · 2
A ¨¨ ¸¸ «¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¸» 4¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ sin D
4 © R1 R2 R1c R2c ¹ 4 ¬© R1 R1c ¹ © R2 R2c ¹¼ © R1 R1c ¹© R2 R2c ¹
1 § 1 v12 1 v22 ·
' ¨ ¸ cb 3 P' § ·
A B ¨© E1 E2 ¸¹
b zs czs b
P ¨ A B ¸
G cG ¨ ¸
2 w' S¨ b ¸
b ¨ ¸ b ka
S © ' ¹
Creep
ª º
BV en 1 «V 1 V 2 V 3 »
1
H1
¬ 2 ¼
ª º
BV en 1 «V 2 V 3 V 1 »
1
H2 Hc BV n
¬ 2 ¼
ª º
BV en 1 «V 3 V 1 V 2 »
1
H3
¬ 2 ¼
Other relations
1 1
sin 2T 2 sin T cos T ; sin 2 T (1 cos 2T ); cos 2 T (1 cos 2T )
2 2
12
