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CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Electric Currents
Charges that produce repulsion and attraction between objects can also produce an
electric current if the charge can flow though it. An electric current is actually the
flow of electric charge moving a particular direction. To maintain an electric current,
the charge needs a continuous path to travel around (closed circuit)
Convectional Current and Electron Flow
Electron Flow
When electric currents pass through a circuit the electrons in the conductor go through
the conductor to produce a flow of negative charge in the direction they travel. The
negative charge flows from the negative points to positive points. This is the opposite
to the direction of conventional current flow.
Conventional Currents
Early experiments believe that electricity is the flow of positive charge around the
circuit. We therefore represent the flow of electric current as from a positively
charged point to a negatively charged point. We use arrows to indicate the direction of
the current flow and we call this direction conventional current direction.
+ - + -
conventional current electron flow
Closed Circuit
A closed circuit is one which there is an unbroken charge in which the charge can
continuously flow.
An Open Circuit
An open circuit is one which has a break at one or more points of the path so that no
current can flow in the circuit.
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A Short Circuit
A short circuit acts as a by pass for the electric current by providing an easier path for
the current to flow.
Series and Parallel Connections
There are basically two ways in which conductors can be joined together in a circuit.
These are:
a) Series Connections
The lamps in the diagram above are connected in series. When lit they shine at
equal brightness. That means that the same current flows through all the
lamps. If one lamp fails or is loose the circuit is broken, hence no current
flows and all the lamps go off.
b) Parallel Connections
The lamps in the diagram above are in parallel connection. In parallel
connection the current splits up and only part of the current flows through
each lamp. If one of the lamp fails it does not affect the other lamps in the
circuit.
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Definitions
Current (I) Units: Amperes (A)
A current of one (1) ampere is the flow of charge at a rate of one (1) coulomb per
second. Current is the force between the current carrying conductors. We can use the
ammeter to measure the current. One of the formulas we can use to measure the
current is:
current = charge
Q
time
I t
I = Q
t
Charge (Q) Units: Coulombs (C)
A Coulomb is the quantity of electric charge, which passes a point in the conductor at
a steady current of one (1) ampere for one (1) second.
charge = current × time
Q=I×t
Potential Difference (p.d.) Units: Volts (V)
The potential difference between two points is the work done per coulomb when
electrical energy is converted to another form of energy when current flows through a
circuit.
potential difference = energy
charge W
V = W Q V
Q
Electromotive Force (e.m.f.) Units: Volts (V)
An electromotive force is the work done per coulomb when another form of energy is
converted to electrical energy at a cell or generator. The e.m.f. is the total amount of
energy a cell or a generator can produce and it is the sum of all the p.d. inserted.
Both the electromotive force and the potential difference can be measured by using
the voltmeter.
N.B. one (1) volt = one (1) joule / coulomb [1 J/C]
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Examples
1. A battery circulates a charge around a circuit of one (1) minute. If the current
in the circuit is five (5) amperes, what quantity of charge passes through the
battery?
2. A charge of 120 coulombs goes through a lamp every two minutes. Calculate
the electric current.
3. A current of 20 amps flows through a heater for one (1) hour converts
8.6 × 106 joules of electrical energy into heat energy. Calculate:
(a) the total charge flowing through the heater.
(b) p.d. across the heater.
4. A battery circulates 80 C of charge around a circuit. If the p.d. across a lamp
in the circuit is 12 volts. How much energy is converted into heat and the light
by the lamp? If the charge flows at a constant rate for 40 seconds, what is the
current during this time?
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Kirchhoff 1st Law
This law states that the total current entering the junction in a circuit must equal to the
total current leaving it. (As shown in the diagram below).
1A
6A 2A 6A
3A
Example
The figure below shows the currents of 5A and 3A entering a junction in a circuit and
a current of 2A leaving. Find the size and the direction of the current of x.
2A
5A x
3A
Read only:
PFC Page 214 – 216
Conductors and insulators
Read and make notes on
PFC Page 223 – 225
How do objects become charge?
Figure 12.17: types of resistors
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Resistors
Resistors are small devices, which oppose the flow of current in the circuit.
Resistors in Series
R1 R2
We can calculate the total resistance for resistors in series by using:
RT = R1 + R2 Units: ohms (Ω)
Examples
Find the equivalent resistor for the following circuit diagrams.
a)
2Ω 3Ω
b) 5Ω 2Ω 1Ω
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Resistors in Parallel
R1
R2
R3
We can calculate the total resistance for resistors in parallel by using:
1 = 1 + 1
RT R1 R2
Examples
Find the equivalent resistor for the following circuit diagrams.
a)
6Ω
3Ω
b)
6Ω
9Ω
3Ω
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Mixed Series and Parallel Combinations of Resistors
Examples
Find the equivalent resistors for the following circuit diagrams.
a) 6Ω
3Ω
3Ω
b)
5Ω 7Ω
3Ω
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Ammeters
We use the ammeters to measure the current in a circuit; therefore it should not
change the amount of current that is flowing. If the ammeter has any resistance it
would increase the total resistance in the circuit and reduce the amount of current
flowing. Hence the ideal ammeter should have zero resistance.
Ammeters are connected in series with the current to be measured.
Voltmeters
The voltmeter is used to measure the voltage across a given part of the circuit. The
resistance of the voltmeter is very high to prevent any current flowing through it. Any
current flowing through the voltmeter means an increase in the current in the circuit
hence affecting the reading of the voltmeter. Hence the ideal voltmeter has an infinite
resistance and zero current passing through it.
The voltmeter is connected in parallel width or across the voltage to be measured.
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Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law states that the current through a conductor at a constant temperature is
directly proportional to the potential difference between its ends.
I ∝V
V = constant
I
where the constant the is the resistance of the conductor
R = V
I V
or
I R
V = IR
Examples
a) A current of 4A flows through a headlamp when it is connected to a car
battery providing that a voltage of 12 V flows across the headlamp. Calculate
the resistance of the headlamp.
b) What is the resistance needed to drive a current of 0.2 A through a torchlight
lamp of resistance 25 Ω?
c) What is the potential difference required to produce a current of 2.5A through
a conductor of resistance 12.5 Ω?
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RESISTORS CURRENT VOLTAGE
SERIES:
V1 V2
The current is the same in The voltage divides up
each resistor. directly according to the
each resistance.
I1 = I2 = IT
R1 R2 VT = V1 + V2
V1 = I1R1 = IT R1
IT
V2 = I2 R2 = IT R2
PARALLEL:
R1 The current divides The voltage is the same in
according to the inverse each resistor.
I1 ratio of each resistance.
IT V1 = V2 = VT
R2 IT = I1 + I2
I2
I1 = V1 = VT
R1 R1
VT
I2 = V2 = VT
R2 R2
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Examples
1. Calculate 3A
a) total resistance
b) total voltage
c) voltage across
(i) 4Ω
(ii) 2Ω resistors
4Ω 2Ω
2. Calculate: 3A
a) total resistance
b) total voltage
c) voltage across
(i) 4Ω
(ii) 2Ω resistors 2Ω
4Ω
3. Calculate: 15V
a) total resistance
b) total current
c) voltage across 3Ω
(i) 2Ω 2Ω
(ii) 3Ω
(iii) 6Ω 6Ω
20V
4. Calculate:
a) total resistance
b) total voltage
c) voltage across 6Ω 4Ω
(i) 4Ω
(ii) 2Ω
(iii) 30Ω resistors 30Ω
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Power
When the energy is converted from one form to another the rate of conversion is
defined as power. Units of power: watts (W)
They are three basic formulas we can use calculate the power of an electrical circuit.
1. P = IV
P
I V
P
2. P = I2R
I2 R
3. P = V2 V2
R
P R
Examples
a) An electric fire has a power rating of 3 kW. Calculate the current that will
flow through the fire when it is connected to the 240 V mains supply.
b) A torch bulb is labelled 2.5 V, 0.3 A. Calculate the power of the bulb and the
energy converted in 10 minutes.
c) An electric kettle has a heating element rated 2 kW when connected to a
250 V electrical supply. Calculate:
(i) the current that would flow when the element was connected to the
250 V supply.
(ii) the resistance of the element.
(iii) The heat produced by the element in one (1) minute.
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Resistivity Units: ohm meter (Ωm)
The resisitivity (ρ) of a material is the numerical value equal to the resistance (R) of
the material 1m long with a cross section of 1 m2.
R = ρL
A
The resistance of a conductor depends on:
The thickness of the conductor. (i.e. the resistance of the conductor is
inversely proportional to is cross sectional area.)
R α 1
A
The resistance of the conductor. The resistance of a conductor is directly
proportional to the length.
R αL
The resistance depends on the material that makes up the conductor.
Read only:
PFC Page 229
Some important characteristics and graphs of
resistors.
PFC Page 235 -243
Ammeters and voltmeters at work
Resistivity
Electrical energy and power
Read and make notes (include diagrams):
PFC Page 255
Simple cell and zinc carbon
Dry cell
PFC Page 309
Electricity at home
Connecting a cable to a power plug
Fuses and breakers
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